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Yang

Andrew Yang (born January 13, 1975) is an American entrepreneur, attorney, author, and political figure who founded the nonprofit Venture for America to promote job creation through entrepreneurship in underinvested cities and later co-founded the centrist Forward Party to advance electoral reforms amid dissatisfaction with the two-party system. Born in Schenectady, New York, to Taiwanese immigrant parents who emphasized achievement and assimilation, Yang earned a B.A. in economics from Brown University in 1996 and a J.D. from Columbia Law School in 1999. After briefly practicing corporate law at Davis Polk & Wardwell, where he found the work unfulfilling, Yang transitioned to the startup sector, co-founding a healthcare staffing company that he sold in 2009. In 2011, Yang launched Venture for America with seed funding of $121,000, recruiting top college graduates for two-year fellowships to work at startups in places like and New Orleans, with the goal of generating 100,000 jobs over a by revitalizing local economies through rather than traditional subsidies. The program ultimately facilitated nearly 3,000 jobs before winding down operations in , drawing praise for its focus on deployment but criticism for falling short of its ambitious targets amid challenges in scaling entrepreneurial ecosystems. Yang's political rise began with his 2017 book The War on Normal People, which argued that and technological displacement were eroding middle-class jobs, necessitating policies like (UBI) to mitigate economic disruption. In 2018, he entered the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries without prior elected experience, campaigning on the "Freedom Dividend"—a $1,000 monthly payment to every U.S. adult citizen funded partly by a on tech giants—to address job loss from and , a stance rooted in empirical trends showing declining labor force participation rather than partisan redistribution. Though he suspended his bid on February 11, 2020, after modest primary showings, Yang's emphasis on data-driven solutions and critiques of partisan gridlock elevated UBI discourse and positioned him as an outsider voice. Post-campaign, Yang ran for mayor in 2021, initially leading polls with a platform blending tech-savvy governance and pandemic recovery but finishing fourth amid gaffes and shifting voter priorities. In 2022, he co-founded the Forward Party, merging with smaller groups to push for ranked-choice voting, open primaries, and independent redistricting, aiming to reduce polarization by incentivizing broader coalitions over ideological purity. His efforts have endorsed cross-party candidates and secured in states like , though the party struggles against entrenched duopoly barriers. Yang's career has included controversies, such as 2019 allegations of pay discrimination and abrupt firing of a female employee at an early startup he led, which he attributed to performance issues but which prompted claims of gender bias. Former staffers from his presidential also reported a male-dominated culture fostering alienation, prompting Yang to acknowledge shortcomings in inclusivity. These incidents, while not derailing his trajectory, highlight tensions in his entrepreneurial and environments.

Philosophy and Cosmology

Historical Origins

The concept of emerged in ancient thought as one aspect of the complementary duality with yin, initially denoting the bright, elevated, and active side of natural phenomena, such as the sunlit slope of a hill or the southward-facing exposure receiving direct sunlight. Etymologically, as defined in Xu Shen's (ca. 100 CE), yang (陽) signifies "height" and "brightness," evoking solar warmth, motion, and expansion, in contrast to yin's connotations of shade, enclosure, and stillness. These terms drew from observable environmental patterns, with yang associated with daytime activity and celestial luminosity as early as the (ca. 1600–1046 BCE). The earliest textual references to yang appear in oracle bone inscriptions from the late Shang period (ca. 1400–1100 BCE), where it described phenomena like and directional orientations in s, often paired implicitly with yin to denote light versus shadow. By the dynasty (ca. 1046–771 BCE), yang featured in the Shijing (Book of Odes), China's oldest anthology of poetry compiled between the 11th and 7th centuries BCE, as in passages observing landscapes divided into sunlit (yang) and shaded (yin) aspects, reflecting early cosmological awareness of balanced opposites. The Yijing (Book of Changes), originating as a divination manual around 1000 BCE during the Zhou era, formalized yang as the unbroken solid line in hexagrams, symbolizing creative, penetrating force amid flux, though its appended philosophical commentaries (Yi zhuan) elaborating the duality date to the (475–221 BCE). Philosophical systematization of yang occurred during the Spring and Autumn (770–476 BCE) and Warring States periods, when the Yinyang School integrated it into broader cosmogonies, viewing yang as the dynamic, masculine principle generating heat, growth, and order from primordial qi (vital energy). Thinkers like Zou Yan (ca. 305–240 BCE) linked yang with the five phases (wuxing), positing cyclical interactions where yang dominated phases like summer and fire, influencing Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) cosmology and statecraft. This evolution marked yang's transition from descriptive topography to a foundational metaphysical category, emphasizing interdependence with yin rather than absolute opposition, as evidenced in texts like the Zuozhuan (ca. 4th century BCE), which portrayed yin and yang as manifestations of heavenly forces.

Core Principles and Symbolism

Yang constitutes the active, bright, and expansive aspect of the Yin-Yang duality in ancient , embodying qualities of motion, heat, firmness, and positivity. Originating from observations of and daytime phenomena, as recorded in oracle bone inscriptions dating to the 14th century BCE, Yang is etymologically tied to "height, brightness, and the south side of a " in Xu Shen's (ca. 100 CE). It contrasts with Yin's passivity, darkness, and contraction, forming a foundational opposition that generates all phenomena through their interdependent interaction, without which isolated Yang would lack definition or sustainability. Core principles of emphasize its role in driving cosmic and vital processes via , the fundamental energy of existence. Yang promotes upward movement, illumination, and generation, associating it with the heavens, sun, warmth, south-facing slopes, and masculine traits, as seen in texts like the where extreme Yang manifests as "boiling" intensity leading to (he) when balanced by Yin. This includes mutual , where excess Yang depletes itself to produce Yin (e.g., peak daytime yielding to night), and intertransformation, enabling cyclical renewal essential for natural equilibrium, human physiology (e.g., excess Yang causing heat-related disorders per the ), and ethical order. Symbolically, Yang appears as the solid, unbroken line in the I Ching's trigrams and hexagrams, denoting initiative, strength, and aggression, and as the white, curved half of the taijitu diagram enclosing a black dot to signify Yin's latent presence within it, preventing absolute dominance and underscoring potential reversal. In Taoist cosmology, this representation highlights Yang's aggressive, controlling, and hot nature fueling the "dance" of transformation with Yin, organizing into the myriad forms of reality from celestial bodies to biological functions.

Applications in Traditional Chinese Systems

In traditional Chinese cosmology, yang embodies the dynamic, expansive force associated with , , motion, and the heavens, contrasting with yin's receptive qualities; this duality structures understandings of natural cycles, such as the sun's daily rise (yang dominance) and seasonal transitions where yang wanes in autumn to yield to yin. The interplay of yin and yang generates , the vital energy animating the , with yang driving proliferation and transformation from primordial chaos into ordered phenomena. In (TCM), yang principles guide diagnosis, treatment, and prevention by assessing imbalances in bodily energies; for instance, yang excess manifests as fever, restlessness, or exterior symptoms, often addressed through cooling yin-nourishing or to restore equilibrium. The Eight Principles framework differentiates yang pathologies as acute, hot, and superficial, exemplified in the Six Divisions where Taiyang layer represents the outermost yang defense against pathogens via sweating or purgation. Therapies like yang-invigorating formulas, using pungent and warm substances, target deficiencies causing or cold extremities, emphasizing yang's role in propulsion of and . The (Book of Changes) applies as solid, unbroken lines symbolizing initiative and strength in construction for ; practitioners cast yarrow stalks or coins to generate trigrams, where lines (valued at 9 in changing form) indicate advancing forces amid yin's yielding (6). This models cosmic patterns, with pure hexagrams like Qian denoting creative heaven and pure potential, informing oracular advice on timing actions during yang-dominant phases of change. In , yang energy informs spatial arrangements to harmonize environments, favoring bright, open, active features like south-facing entrances or dynamic water elements to counter stagnant yin; excess yang risks agitation, while —achieved through contrasting forms—promotes and by mirroring natural yin-yang fluxes. Practitioners evaluate site orientations, advocating yang-enhancing elements such as upward slopes or accents to invigorate flow in dwellings or landscapes.

Influence and Reception in Global Thought

The concept of , as the dynamic, active, and luminous force complementary to yin in Chinese cosmology, has exerted influence on Western intellectual traditions primarily through interpretations of the (Book of Changes), where yang lines represent solid, unbroken trigrams symbolizing expansion and initiation. , in his 1703 correspondence and writings, encountered the 's via Jesuit missionaries and recognized its parallels to his own development of binary arithmetic, viewing the yang (solid) and yin (broken) lines as foundational to a universal calculus that underpins modern computing, though he framed this as a convergence of rational principles rather than direct adoption of Chinese metaphysics. In psychology, Carl Jung integrated yang-yin duality into his framework of the psyche, interpreting yang as akin to the conscious, masculine animus archetype that balances the unconscious anima, emphasizing their interdependent opposition to achieve individuation and wholeness, as detailed in his commentaries on the I Ching and Taoist texts like the Secret of the Golden Flower. Jung described this as the "unus mundus," a unified reality mirroring the Taoist tao, but cautioned against superficial Western appropriations that ignore the empirical integration of opposites in psychic experience. Reception in global scientific discourse has been analogical rather than causal, with yang's assertive dynamism invoked in discussions of quantum wave-particle duality, where complementarity echoes the mutual generation of yin and yang without implying empirical equivalence, as explored in philosophical analyses distinguishing ancient symbolism from testable hypotheses. In management theory, the yin-yang lens has been applied to paradox resolution, treating yang as proactive tension that fosters innovation over binary conflict, though empirical validation remains limited to qualitative case studies rather than rigorous experimentation. Critiques highlight selective Western receptions that romanticize yang as universal harmony, overlooking its rootedness in observable natural cycles like solar activity and seasonal growth, which prioritize causal interdependence over abstract idealism; mainstream academic sources, often influenced by holistic paradigms, sometimes amplify these analogies without addressing their non-falsifiable nature. Nonetheless, yang's emphasis on balanced activity has informed cross-cultural frameworks in fields like environmental ethics, advocating dynamic equilibrium in human-nature relations as seen in contemporary Sino-Western dialogues on sustainability.

Onomastics and Linguistics

As a Surname

Yang primarily romanizes the Chinese surname (Yáng), derived from the word for "" tree, symbolizing resilience and nature in ancient contexts. This character traces its origins to the (c. 1046–256 BCE), where descendants of King Wu's son, Tang Shu, were enfeoffed in the state of Yang and adopted the name from the placename. Additional lineages emerged from areas like Hongnong County in present-day Province, where figures such as Yang Dao settled and took the amid historical migrations. The surname also corresponds to (Yáng), connoting "positive," "sun," or "masculine" in , often linked to in yin-yang cosmology, though less common than 楊. varies by dialect and system: yields "Yang," "Yeung" or "Yeong," and other forms include "Young" or "Ieong" in overseas communities. These variants reflect phonetic adaptations in , Hakka, and Korean-influenced contexts, where appears as a surname akin to borrowings. In prevalence, Yang ranks as the sixth most common surname in mainland China, borne by an estimated 42.7 million individuals as of recent tallies. Globally, it holds the seventh position among surnames, affecting roughly 1 in 153 people, with over 99% concentrated in Asia due to Han Chinese diaspora. In the United States, its bearers numbered 106,033 in the 2010 census, rising from the 397th to the 290th most common surname between 2000 and 2010, predominantly among Asian/Pacific Islander populations (95%). This distribution underscores migration patterns from China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, with clusters in regions like California and New York.

As a Given Name or Component

Yang functions as a masculine in onomastics, derived primarily from the character 阳 (yáng), which denotes "," "sun," or "male," evoking principles of positivity and yang energy in traditional , or from 洋 (yáng), signifying "" or "foreign." These characters distinguish it from the surname Yang, typically rendered as 杨 (yáng, " "). The name's connotations of brightness, vitality, and expansiveness align with parental aspirations for strength and prosperity in offspring. As a component in compound given names, which conventionally consist of one or two characters following the surname, Yang integrates into bisyllabic forms to convey layered meanings; for instance, in Liu Yang (刘洋), the astronaut's given name employs 洋 for "ocean," symbolizing vast potential. Such usage reflects Chinese naming practices emphasizing auspicious traits, with Yang appearing in historical and contemporary contexts to balance familial heritage with individualistic attributes. Prevalence remains modest compared to surnames, but it persists in mainland China, Taiwan, and overseas Chinese communities, occasionally adopted in Western contexts for boys to evoke exotic or natural imagery. Notable bearers include (born 1977), the retired short-track speed skater who secured three gold medals for at the in , exemplifying the name's association with achievement in athletic domains. Similarly, (born 1986), though her surname is , illustrates the character's phonetic and symbolic overlap in , where given-name components like 阳 appear in stage adaptations. These instances underscore Yang's role in fostering identities tied to dynamism and exposure, without dominating popularity rankings.

Geography

Rivers and Natural Features

The Yang River (阳河; Yáng Hé), also known as Yanghe and translating to "Sunny River," flows as a of the Xiaoqing River through in Province, northern . Environmental assessments have identified significant contamination in this waterway, including (PFAS), pharmaceuticals and (PPCPs), and originating from six plants along its course, highlighting risks to the ecosystem. A more prominent waterway incorporating "Yang" in its nomenclature is the Yangtze River (Yangzi Jiang), China's longest river at 6,300 kilometers, originating on the in Province and discharging into the near . Its basin encompasses 1.8 million square kilometers, supporting over 400 million people through , fisheries, and navigation, though it faces challenges from sedimentation, flooding, and pollution. The river's dynamic flow and sediment load contribute to fertile plains like the , a key agricultural and economic hub producing 40% of China's rice output. Notable natural features along the Yangtze include the , a series of steep, narrow canyons formed by tectonic uplift and erosion over millions of years, extending 660 kilometers with cliffs rising up to 1,200 meters. These gorges, including Qutang, , and Xiling, exhibit dramatic landscapes and biodiversity hotspots, though dam construction has altered water levels and habitats since impoundment began in 2003. Upstream, the river traverses high-altitude plateaus and glaciated valleys near its source at 5,200 meters elevation, feeding into ecosystems supporting endemic species like the .

Settlements and Administrative Divisions

Yang, denoting "ocean" or "foreign" in ancient contexts, features in several Chinese toponyms for administrative divisions, often linked to historical prefectures or coastal influences. serves as a in Province, administering three districts (Guangling, Hanjiang, and Jiangdu), two county-level cities (Gaoyou and Yizheng), and one county (Baoying). This structure supports its role as a historical transport and cultural hub along the Yangtze River. Yangjiang operates as a in southwestern Province, established on February 4, 1988, with borders adjoining to the west, Yunfu to the north, to the east, and the to the south. Its divisions emphasize coastal and industrial zones, including knife manufacturing clusters. At the county level, Yang County (Yangxian) lies within Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, featuring extensive rural landscapes dedicated to crops like , , and corn, alongside conservation areas for species such as the . Other smaller entities include Yangbi Yi Autonomous County in , Yunnan Province, which integrates ethnic minority with agricultural . These divisions reflect localized adaptations of China's hierarchical system, from townships to prefectures.

Notable Individuals

Scientists and Innovators

(c. 1238–1298), a of the , advanced combinatorial through his treatise Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa (1261), where he illustrated the binomial coefficients in a triangular array now known as Yang Hui's triangle, predating Blaise Pascal's work by nearly 400 years. He also contributed methods for solving quadratic equations, constructing magic squares, and computing square roots, emphasizing practical applications in and . Chen-Ning Yang (1922–2025), a , shared the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics with for their prediction of parity non-conservation in weak interactions, overturning a long-held principle and confirmed experimentally shortly thereafter. Yang co-developed the Yang-Mills theory in 1954, foundational to modern gauge theories underlying the of , and made key advances in , including off-diagonal long-range order for and . His work spanned integrable systems, , and principles, influencing . Andrew Chi-Chih Yao (born 1946), a , received the 2000 for fundamental contributions to the , including Yao's principle for proving communication complexity lower bounds and algorithms for pseudorandom number generation. He pioneered models for , , and quantum computation, earning the 2021 for creating trends in computational theory. Yao established the Institute for at in 2004, fostering AI and quantum research in .

Political and Business Figures

Andrew Yang (born January 13, 1975) is an American entrepreneur, author, and political figure who founded Venture for America, a nonprofit fellowship program launched in 2011 to deploy recent college graduates to startups in economically distressed cities. He ran as a Democrat in the 2020 U.S. presidential primaries, emphasizing (UBI) of $1,000 per month for adults to address job displacement from , though his campaign suspended on February 11, 2020, after failing to meet delegate thresholds. Yang later established the Forward Party in October 2021 as a centrist alternative and sought the Democratic nomination for mayor in 2021, receiving about 115,000 first-choice votes but withdrawing after the primary on June 22. Yang Shangkun (August 3, 1907 – September 14, 1998) was a senior leader who served as President of the from April 1988 to March 1993, succeeding . A close associate of and one of the influential "" after Mao's death, he commanded the during the June 1989 declaration and military intervention against pro-democracy demonstrators in , which resulted in hundreds to thousands of deaths according to various estimates. Jerry Yang (born November 6, 1968), a Taiwanese-American entrepreneur, co-founded in April 1994 with while pursuing studies at , initially as a of websites called "Jerry and David's Guide to the ." The company rebranded to and expanded into a major ; Yang served as CEO from June 2007 to January 2009 amid challenges including a rejected acquisition offer, later departing the board in 2012 to focus on through AME Cloud Ventures. Yang Yuanqing (born 1964) has led Group Limited as chairman since 2011 and CEO since 2009, having joined the company—then known as Legend—in 1988 as an engineer. Under his leadership, acquired IBM's personal computer division for $1.75 billion in December 2004, enabling global expansion; by fiscal year 2023, the firm reported revenues of approximately $61.9 billion, positioning it as the world's largest PC vendor by shipments.

Artists and Cultural Icons

Edward Yang (1947–2007) was a pioneering Taiwanese filmmaker whose works defined the New Taiwan Cinema movement, blending narrative innovation with social observation in films like (1991) and (2000), the latter earning acclaim at the for its portrayal of familial introspection amid Taiwan's economic transformation. Born in and educated in the United States, Yang directed eight feature films between 1982 and 2000, often employing ensemble casts and long takes to capture the alienation and flux of urban modernity in . Yang Fudong (born 1971) ranks among China's leading contemporary artists, specializing in multi-channel film installations and photographic series that probe existential disquiet and through dreamlike, black-and-white tableaux. Working primarily in after studying in , his seminal works like Seven Intellectuals in a Bamboo Forest (2003–2007) reinterpret eremitism via modern youth adrift in surreal landscapes, exhibited at institutions including the Guggenheim Museum. Fudong's practice, which eschews overt political critique in favor of ambiguous introspection, has positioned him as a bridge between cinematic tradition and experimental . William Yang (born 1943), an Australian photographer and performance artist of Chinese heritage, has chronicled 's evolving social fabric since the , with a focus on communities, multicultural identities, and urban subcultures through intimate, diaristic imagery. Relocating from to in 1969, Yang pioneered photo-narratives in live performances, such as (1992), which documented the AIDS crisis's toll on circles, blending personal testimony with projected slides to foster empathy and historical record. His oeuvre, spanning over five decades, underscores Asian-Australian experiences and has been featured in major surveys like the Biennale of . Yang Yongliang (active since the 2000s) is a Shanghai-based digital artist who fuses shan shui conventions with hyper-detailed urban detritus, producing photomontages that lament and unchecked development in series like Sky and Paradise. Drawing from aesthetics, his works embed skyscrapers, factories, and debris into misty vistas, critiquing the dissonance between idealized and China's explosive modernization, as seen in exhibitions reimagining Northern Song landscapes through a lens of ecological caution.

Fictional and Media Representations

Literary and Mythological Figures

In , Yang Jian, commonly known as (二郎神, "Second Youth God"), is a prominent warrior deity revered for his martial prowess and divine insight. Born to a mortal father and the sister of the , Yang Jian possesses a on his forehead that enables him to discern truth from illusion and combat supernatural threats. He wields a three-pointed, double-edged and is accompanied by the celestial hound Xiaotian Quan, which assists in battles against demons and evil spirits. Erlang Shen's exploits include subduing flood-causing dragons and aiding in the capture of the Monkey King Sun Wukong in the classic novel . Erlang Shen first emerges as a key figure in the Ming dynasty novel Investiture of the Gods (Fengshen Yanyi), where he serves as a disciple of the immortal Yuding Zhenren and plays a pivotal role in the conflict between the Shang dynasty and the Zhou forces backed by heavenly powers. In this narrative, Yang Jian demonstrates shape-shifting abilities, such as transforming into birds or beasts, and uses his to expose hidden enemies. His deification follows heroic acts, including the execution of his tyrannical father and stepmother, establishing him as a god of , , and . These tales draw from earlier Tang dynasty folklore, evolving Yang Jian into a symbol of dutiful vigilance against chaos. In literature, Yang Lin appears as a fictional in the Song dynasty-inspired epic (Shuihu Zhuan), one of the Four Great Classical Novels. Portrayed as the "Sleek Leopard," Yang Lin is a cunning who initially serves the imperial forces before joining the Liangshan Marsh bandits, showcasing themes of loyalty and rebellion against corrupt authority. His character embodies the novel's archetype of the skilled but opportunistic fighter, contributing to group tactics in ambushes and defenses. While less mythologized than , Yang Lin's depiction reflects historical banditry motifs adapted into literary heroism.

Modern Entertainment and Pop Culture

In the animated television series Yin Yang Yo! (2006–2009), Yang is depicted as the older twin brother of Yin, both anthropomorphic rabbits trained by their panda mentor Yo in the mystical martial art of Woo Foo to combat evil forces. The character embodies a brash, action-oriented personality contrasting his sister's more balanced approach, with the series airing 65 episodes across two seasons on networks including and . Yang Lee appears as a playable character in the video game series, debuting in (1999) as the quieter, more strategic twin brother of Yun, both employing a family-style kung fu known as Kyokugenryu. Developed by , Yang features in subsequent titles like Street Fighter III: 2nd Impact (1999) and Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike (1999), with his moveset emphasizing precise zoning and anti-air techniques such as the Tourou Zan uppercut. In the American animated web series (2013–present), produced by , Yang Xiao Long is a central character and half-sister to protagonist , characterized by her explosive temper, pun-making humor, and a Semblance ability that converts kinetic energy from hits into enhanced strength for counterattacks. Introduced in the on July 18, 2013, Yang wields the transforming shotgun-gauntlets Ember Celica and drives the narrative through arcs involving personal loss and recovery, appearing across nine volumes as of 2023. The 2021 science fiction film , directed by and distributed by , centers on a near-future family grappling with the malfunction of their android companion named Yang, portrayed as a techno-sapien figure to their , raising themes of , , and . Premiering at the on January 21, 2021, the film stars in the titular role and explores paternal grief through protagonist Jake () repairing and uncovering Yang's hidden digital life. Chinese fantasy films like The Yin-Yang Master (2021), directed by Li Weiran, adapt the Onmyoji novel and game series, featuring yin-yang masters—practitioners of ancient cosmology—who summon spirits and perform exorcisms against demonic threats in a historical setting infused with elements. Released on February 12, 2021, the film stars as the stoic master Qingming, who allies with a guard to avert catastrophe from a serpent demon, grossing over ¥440 million at the amid the .

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