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ABN

The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) was an international confederation of anti-communist émigré organizations from nations subjugated by the Soviet Union and other socialist regimes, founded in late 1946 to coordinate resistance against Bolshevik imperialism and promote the liberation of captive peoples through ideological and political unity.^[1]^[2] Emerging from wartime conferences among Ukrainian, Baltic, and Caucasian nationalist leaders who had opposed both Nazi and Soviet occupations, the ABN emphasized integral nationalism, federalist alternatives to Soviet centralism, and rejection of both fascist and communist totalitarianism as twin evils.^[3] Its defining charter, adopted at a 1946 Munich congress, outlined a platform for joint struggle against Moscow's domination, including advocacy for decolonization of Eastern Europe and Eurasia, and it maintained operations primarily from West Germany until the Soviet collapse.^[2] The organization's most notable achievements included fostering alliances among disparate groups—such as Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Georgian, Cossack, and Turkestani factions—through annual conferences, joint declarations, and propaganda efforts that influenced Western anti-communist policies during the Cold War, including input to bodies like the U.S. National Security Council.^[3] It published multilingual bulletins, books, and radio broadcasts to expose Soviet atrocities and promote self-determination, while rejecting accommodation with either superpower blocs that ignored Eastern independence.^[4] Controversies arose from the wartime backgrounds of some founders, affiliated with groups like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army that collaborated tactically against Soviets before turning on Nazi forces, leading to postwar smears equating anti-Bolshevik resistance with fascism—a narrative often amplified by Soviet-aligned academia despite primary evidence of the ABN's explicit anti-totalitarian stance.^[5] The bloc persisted into the 1990s, adapting to post-Cold War realities by supporting independence movements, though it dissolved amid reduced relevance after 1991.^[2]

Business and Administrative Identifiers

Australian Business Number

The Australian Business Number (ABN) is a unique 11-digit identifier issued to businesses, sole traders, partnerships, trusts, and other entities registered in the Australian Business Register (ABR).^[6]^[7] It enables streamlined interactions with government agencies, including tax reporting and registration for the goods and services tax (GST). Introduced on 1 July 2000 alongside the GST as part of broader tax reforms under A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999, the ABN replaced multiple fragmented identifiers to reduce administrative burdens on businesses.^[8]^[9] Administered by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) through the ABR, with the Commissioner of Taxation serving as the ABR Registrar, the system maintains a centralized database of over 20 million active and inactive ABNs as of recent records.^[10]^[11] Entities must demonstrate entitlement by carrying on an enterprise in Australia—defined as activities for producing supplies, such as goods or services—or making taxable supplies connected to the indirect tax zone.^[12] Non-residents conducting business in Australia may also apply if their activities meet these criteria.^[7] Registration is free and typically processed online via the ABR website, requiring proof of identity such as a Tax File Number (TFN), with processing times ranging from immediate to 28 days for manual verification.^[6]^[13] The ABN format comprises nine entity-specific digits followed by two check digits, which are calculated using a weighted modulus-89 algorithm to ensure validity and prevent errors in transcription. Publicly accessible details via the ABN Lookup tool include the ABN itself, entity name, status (active or cancelled), GST registration, and main business location, while protected data like TFNs remain confidential.^[14] Businesses must quote their ABN to suppliers to avoid a 10% withholding tax on payments and to claim GST input tax credits; failure to do so can result in penalties. Entities anticipating annual GST turnover exceeding AU$75,000 are mandated to register for GST, which requires an active ABN.^[15] Updates to ABN details, such as address changes, must be reported within 28 days, and inactive ABNs can be cancelled to prevent misuse.^[16] As of 2024, the ABR integrates with other registries like business names and superannuation funds to minimize duplication.^[11]

Financial Institutions

ABN AMRO

ABN AMRO Bank N.V. is a Dutch multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Amsterdam, primarily operating in the Netherlands with select international activities.^[17] Its origins trace back to 1824 through predecessor institutions, culminating in the 1991 merger of Algemene Bank Nederland and Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank to form ABN AMRO, which at the time ranked among Europe's largest banks by tier 1 capital.^[18]^[19] The bank provides retail banking, commercial banking, private banking, and asset management services, emphasizing digital solutions and economic advisory for clients.^[20] During the 2007-2008 financial crisis, ABN AMRO was acquired by a consortium of Fortis, Royal Bank of Scotland, and Banco Santander, but Fortis's Dutch operations faced collapse, leading the Dutch government to nationalize the entity in 2008 to protect depositors and the financial system.^[18] This resulted in a 2010 legal merger with Fortis Bank Nederland, re-establishing ABN AMRO in its modern form under state ownership.^[18] Partial privatization began in 2015 via public share offerings, with the Dutch state's stake reduced to approximately 20% by September 2025 through accelerated sales amid rising merger interest in the sector.^[21] As of Q2 2025, ABN AMRO reported a net profit of €606 million and a return on equity of 9.4%, driven by mortgage portfolio growth of €1.8 billion, though it faced a €15 million fine from De Nederlandsche Bank in June 2025 for violating the state-imposed bonus cap during its partial nationalization period.^[22]^[23] The bank maintains a focus on sustainable finance and SME support, including initiatives like the SME Takeover Desk launched in October 2025 to facilitate business successions.^[24] It ranks as the Netherlands' third-largest bank by assets, with total revenue of approximately €8.75 billion in recent annual figures.^[25]

Healthcare and Medical Uses

Advance Beneficiary Notice

The Advance Beneficiary Notice of Noncoverage (ABN), standardized as Form CMS-R-131, is a written document that Medicare Fee-for-Service providers, including physicians, suppliers, home health agencies, and independent laboratories, must deliver to beneficiaries prior to furnishing items or services anticipated to be denied by Medicare.^[26] Its primary function is to notify the beneficiary of the provider's belief that Medicare will not cover the service—typically due to lack of medical necessity, exceeding allowable frequency or duration limits, or failure to meet statutory coverage criteria—thereby enabling informed consent and shifting potential financial liability from the provider to the patient if denial occurs.^[27] This mechanism stems from Section 1879 of the Social Security Act, which permits beneficiary liability for noncovered services under specific conditions while protecting providers from payment denials attributable to their own errors.^[28] Providers are required to issue an ABN only when they reasonably expect Medicare denial for reasons within the beneficiary's control, such as opting for a non-standard treatment or when services deviate from coverage guidelines; it is not mandated for routine, expectedly covered procedures or post-service denials.^[29] The form must specify the service or item, the rationale for anticipated noncoverage (e.g., "not medically reasonable and necessary"), estimated costs in ranges or specifics, and beneficiary options: acceptance with full payment responsibility, limitation to covered aspects, or refusal of the service.^[30] Beneficiaries must sign to acknowledge receipt, and verbal notices suffice only in emergencies, followed by written delivery; failure to obtain a valid ABN exposes providers to liability for denied claims, potentially requiring write-offs or appeals.^[31] The ABN form originated as a tool to clarify liability under Medicare's evolving claims processing rules, with a standardized one-page version introduced by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in 2001 to simplify prior multi-form variants.^[32] Subsequent revisions include a 2011 update to CMS-R-131, with a renewed version mandated effective August 31, 2020, extending its OMB approval expiration to June 30, 2023, to incorporate clearer language and compliance aids amid rising audit scrutiny.^[33]^[34] When billing with an ABN, providers append modifiers like GA (for expected denial) or GY (for statutorily excluded items) to claims, facilitating Medicare's automated review and potential appeals by beneficiaries if coverage is later upheld.^[35] Noncompliance rates have prompted CMS educational campaigns, as improper ABN use can lead to beneficiary surprise billing or provider sanctions under the False Claims Act for knowing submission of unsupported claims.^[27]

Professional Medical Organizations

The Association of British Neurologists (ABN), established in 1932, serves as the primary professional organization for neurologists in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with membership extending to approximately 1,500 consultants and trainees. It focuses on advancing neurological care through guideline development, such as the 2025 update on autoimmune myasthenia gravis management, educational programs, research promotion, and advocacy for improved nervous system health services.^[36]^[37]^[38] The Alabama Board of Nursing (ABN) functions as the regulatory body overseeing nursing licensure, practice standards, and disciplinary actions in Alabama to safeguard public safety. Authorized under state law, it issues licenses to over 100,000 nurses, conducts investigations into complaints, and issues declaratory rulings on scope-of-practice issues, such as RN administration of Botox, while collaborating with the Board of Medical Examiners on protocols for advanced practice roles amid staffing shortages.^[39]^[40] The American Board of Professional Neuropsychology (ABN) certifies clinical neuropsychologists through rigorous examination and peer review, recognizing expertise in diagnosing and treating cognitive and behavioral impairments related to neurological conditions. Founded to uphold standards independent of broader psychology boards, it has awarded diplomate status since 1982 to professionals demonstrating advanced skills in neuropsychological assessment and intervention.^[41]^[42]

Media and Broadcasting

Asia Business News

Asia Business News (ABN) was a 24-hour pan-Asian business news television channel owned by Dow Jones & Company, launched on November 1, 1993, from studios in Singapore.^[43]^[44] The channel provided coverage of financial markets, economic developments, and corporate news across Asia, targeting business audiences in the region with live reporting and analysis.^[45] ABN operated as the Asian counterpart to Dow Jones' European Business News (EBN), emphasizing real-time updates on stock exchanges, currency fluctuations, and regional trade dynamics during its five years of independent broadcasting.^[46] Its programming included market opens, interviews with executives, and segments on emerging Asian economies, distributed via satellite to viewers in countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, and the Philippines.^[45]^[47] In December 1997, Dow Jones announced a merger of ABN with NBC's CNBC Asia to consolidate international business news operations under the CNBC brand, aiming to enhance distribution and content synergies amid growing competition.^[48]^[49] The integration, completed on February 2, 1998, relocated CNBC Asia's headquarters from Hong Kong to ABN's Singapore facilities, leading to approximately 150 job cuts as part of operational streamlining.^[50] Post-merger, ABN ceased as a standalone entity, with its resources folded into the expanded CNBC Asia network, which retained a focus on Asian markets while incorporating broader global feeds.^[51]^[52]

Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias

The Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (ABN) was established in April 2005 by the Venezuelan government under President Hugo Chávez as a state-owned news agency tasked with disseminating official information aligned with the Bolivarian Revolution's objectives.^[53] It succeeded the earlier Venezuelan Press Agency (Venpres), which had been founded in 1977 as a national wire service but was restructured to emphasize ideological content supporting Chávez's socialist policies.^[54] Headquartered in Caracas and operating under the Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information, ABN functioned as a primary source of news wires for state-controlled media outlets, focusing on government achievements, anti-imperialist rhetoric against the United States, and alliances with nations like Iran, Russia, and Cuba.^[55] ABN's content consistently prioritized narratives portraying Venezuela's leadership as defenders against foreign interference, such as framing domestic protests as orchestrated by opposition forces backed by Washington.^[56] During its operation, it expanded coverage to include multimedia elements, including audiovisual production, to amplify official decrees and speeches, such as those from Chávez's "Aló Presidente" program.^[57] By 2009, amid efforts to consolidate state media, the agency was rebranded as the Agencia Venezolana de Noticias (AVN) through a decree published in the Official Gazette on October 1, 2009, with the transition formalized in June 2010; this change aimed to broaden its appeal while retaining its role as the government's informational arm.^[57]^[58] Critics, including human rights organizations, have characterized ABN's reporting as propagandistic, systematically omitting or distorting evidence of government shortcomings like hyperinflation exceeding 1,000,000% in 2018 or electoral irregularities in the 2018 presidential vote, where turnout was reported at 46% amid widespread abstention and fraud allegations verified by independent observers.^[59]^[60] As a fully state-funded entity without editorial independence, it exemplified the Chávez-Madurera era's media concentration, where public outlets echoed regime lines on issues like the 2017 Constituent Assembly elections, boycotted by major opposition parties due to non-transparent processes controlled by the National Electoral Council.^[61] This alignment contributed to Venezuela's ranking near the bottom of global press freedom indices, with Reporters Without Borders noting systemic censorship and self-censorship in state agencies like ABN/AVN.^[60]

Military and Aviation

Airborne Operations

In military terminology, ABN is the standard abbreviation for airborne, denoting forces, units, or personnel qualified for operations involving parachute insertion or air deployment into combat zones. Airborne operations encompass the tactical movement of combat troops and support elements by aircraft to seize objectives behind enemy lines, disrupt communications, or secure key terrain, followed by ground maneuver to achieve mission success. According to U.S. Department of Defense doctrine, such operations involve airlifting forces into an objective area for execution of tactical, operational, or strategic missions, with extraction potentially via air, sea, or land routes once objectives are met.^[62]^[63] These operations demand specialized training in parachuting, rigging equipment, and rapid assembly under fire, with units like the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division maintaining readiness for global deployment within 18 hours. Historically, airborne tactics emerged in the interwar period but matured during World War II, with the first U.S. airborne assault occurring on November 8, 1942, during Operation Torch in North Africa, where the 2nd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment dropped to secure airfields. Subsequent operations, such as the 82nd Airborne's jumps in Sicily (July 1943) and Normandy (June 6, 1944), demonstrated capabilities for vertical envelopment but highlighted vulnerabilities like scattered drops and high casualties from anti-aircraft fire.^[64]^[65] Modern doctrine, as outlined in U.S. Army Field Manual 3-99, emphasizes integration with joint fires, precision navigation via GPS-guided parachutes, and joint airborne-air assault maneuvers, distinguishing pure airborne (parachute-only) from air assault (helicopter-based) to mitigate risks like weather dependency and enemy air defenses. Airborne-qualified units, denoted by ABN in organizational titles (e.g., 1st Brigade Combat Team (ABN), 82nd Airborne Division), undergo rigorous certification, including the Basic Airborne Course, to ensure proficiency in mass tactical assemblies of up to brigade size. While effective for forcible entry against non-peer adversaries, airborne operations face scrutiny in peer conflicts due to advanced integrated air defenses, prompting doctrinal shifts toward smaller, special operations insertions rather than division-scale drops.^[66]^[67]

Aviation Codes and Designators

In aviation, the three-letter designator ABN is assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to Air Albania, the flag carrier airline of Albania, with the corresponding IATA two-letter code ZB and telephony designator "Air Albania".^[68]^[69] Air Albania commenced operations on 29 March 2021, initially serving routes from Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza to destinations in Europe using a fleet of Airbus A319 and A320 aircraft.^[70] The IATA airport code ABN designates Albina Airstrip (ICAO: SMBN), a small public-use aerodrome located in Albina, Suriname, at coordinates 5°31′00″N 054°03′00″W and elevation of 19 feet (6 meters) above sea level.^[71]^[72] This facility primarily supports general aviation and regional flights, with no recorded commercial airline incidents in aviation safety databases as of 2025.^[71] ABN also appears as an abbreviation for "aerodrome beacon" in ICAO-documented aviation terminology and NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) codes, referring to a visual navigation aid that emits directional flashing light to indicate an aerodrome's location at night, typically white or green for civilian fields and distinct patterns for military use.^[73]^[74] These beacons operate under International Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) outlined in ICAO Annex 14, with specifications for intensity (e.g., 2,000–20,000 candela) and flash rates to ensure pilot identification from up to 30 nautical miles.^[75]

Other Uses

General Terms

The Australian Business Number (ABN) is a unique 11-digit identifier issued to businesses, sole traders, partnerships, trusts, and other entities operating in Australia, facilitating interactions with government agencies, suppliers, and customers.^[6] It serves primarily for tax administration purposes, including Goods and Services Tax (GST) registration and quoting to avoid withholding tax on payments.^[76] Entities with an expected annual turnover exceeding A$75,000 are generally required to register for GST and thus obtain an ABN, though voluntary registration is possible for smaller operations to claim input tax credits.^[7] Administered by the Australian Business Register (ABR), which is managed by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), the ABN system was established under the A New Tax System (Australian Business Number) Act 1999 to streamline business identification amid the introduction of GST on July 1, 2000.^[12] Applications are submitted online via the ABR website, requiring details such as entity type, business activities, and tax file number linkage; approval typically occurs within 28 days if eligibility criteria are met, including conducting an enterprise in Australia or making taxable supplies connected to the indirect tax zone.^[76] Non-residents may qualify if engaging in Australian trade, but must appoint an Australian representative or use a local agent for compliance.^[7] Publicly accessible via the ABN Lookup tool, the register provides verification of active status, entity names, and GST registration without revealing sensitive details like addresses unless voluntarily disclosed.^[14] Failure to maintain accurate ABN details can result in cancellation, penalties for misuse in invoicing, or withholding tax deductions by payers at 47% for unquoted or invalid numbers.^[6] As of 2023, over 15 million ABNs have been issued, underscoring its role as a foundational element of Australia's business ecosystem.^[77]

References

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https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAnti6BolshevikBlocofNations.htm
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Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. A New Reading
It states: “ABN (Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations) is the name of the coordination centre of the revolutionary liberation organizations of nations enslaved by ...
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[PDF] AID4OPY - CIA
ABB, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, is a union of active resistance organizations and fighters of Soviet oppressed nations, created for the purpose of ...
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The English bulletin of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), issued bimonthly in Munich from 1950 to 1996.
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The AntiBolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN): attributes its existence and its ideological foundations to an underground conference of representatives of non- ...
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Nov 16, 2023 · The ABN is a unique 11-digit number that identifies your business or organisation to the government and community.
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Provides access to the publicly available information provided by businesses when they register for an Australian Business Number (ABN).Search · ABN Lookup tools · Apply for an ABN · ABN refresh
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ABN AMRO offers a complete package of financial products, services and financial advice. We keep a close eye on the economy – and on the latest developments.
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The darker side of our bank's history ABN AMRO has a rich and varied history going back more than 300 years, marked by acquisitions, mergers and demergers. ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
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On 22 September 1991, the two largest general banks in the Netherlands, Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN) and Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank (Amro), merged. The resulting ...
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ABN AMRO is a financial institution providing a range of banking services. The company's main activities include offering financial services and advice.
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Sep 9, 2025 · The Netherlands has cut its stake in lender ABN AMRO to about 20% from 30.5% previously, the body managing the Dutch state's financial ...
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Aug 5, 2025 · Solid financial performance: Net profit EUR 606 million and return on equity 9.4%. Continued growth: Mortgage portfolio expanded by EUR 1.8 ...
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Jun 19, 2025 · On 10 June 2025, De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) imposed a €15 million fine on ABN AMRO Bank NV (ABN AMRO) for non-compliance with the bonus ban.
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ABN AMRO Bank N.V. (ABN.AS) ; Total Revenue. 8,754,000. 8,896,000 ; Income from Associates & Other Participating Interests. 67,000. 9,000 ; Special Income Charges.
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An ABN, Form CMS-R-131, is a standardized notice that a health care provider/supplier must give to a Medicare beneficiary, before providing certain Medicare ...
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Advance Beneficiary Notice of Noncoverage (ABN)
ABN Purpose · Allowing them to collect payment from the patient if Medicare denies the service for: Not being medically necessary; The frequency of the service.The Cms-R 131 Form · Completing The Abn · Billing With An Abn Modifier<|separator|>
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Association of British Neurologists
The Association of British Neurologists' mission is to improve the health ... The ABN offers support, training, development and networking ...ABN MeetingsMember LoginNeurology CoursesMembershipAbout the ABN
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The Association of British Neurologists was founded in 1932 and currently has approx. 1500 members, mainly Consultant and Trainee Neurologists.
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Alabama Board of Nursing
Alabama Board of Nursing - RSA Plaza, Suite 250 770 Washington Ave. Montgomery, AL 36104 Toll Free: 1-800-656-5318 Fax: 1-334-293-5201Access License Lookup · My Profile · ABN Center for Nursing... · Licensing
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[48]
NBC, Dow jones reveal merger details - Ad Age
Dec 9, 1997 · The Asian operation of the newly formed CNBC will replace the existing CNBC Asia and Dow Jones' ABN. The merged operation is expected to be in ...Missing: ownership | Show results with:ownership
[49]
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Dec 8, 1997 · After months of talks, Dow Jones & Company and NBC are close to a deal that would merge the overseas operations of CNBC, the cable business ...
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[52]
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Nombres anteriores Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias (hasta junio de 2010), Sede Caracas (Venezuela). La Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias nace en abril de 2005 ...Missing: creación fecha<|separator|>
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An operation involving the air movement into an objective area of combat forces and their logistic support for execution of a tactical, operational, ...
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FM3-90 Appendix C Airborne and Air Assault Operations
An airborne operation is an operation involving the air movement into an objective area of combat forces and their logistic support for execution of a tactical, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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The First U.S. Army Airborne Operation | Article
A test platoon was formed in June 1940 to help develop airborne tactics and equipment. The 82nd Infantry Division was redesignated and the 101st was activated ...
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Operation VARSITY: The Last Airborne Deployment of World War II
The Army's first foray into airborne warfare came with Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, on 8 November 1942, when the 2d Battalion, 509th Parachute ...
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[PDF] FM 3-99 - GlobalSecurity.org
Mar 6, 2015 · FM 3-99 encompasses tactics for Army airborne and air assault operations and describes how commanders plan, prepare, and conduct airborne ...
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[PDF] 82ND Airborne Division 2010: The Right Force Structure for ... - DTIC
Jun 2, 2000 · This thesis examines the relevance of United. States Army airborne operations as a component of future United States Army doctrine and an ...
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Three−Letter Designator/Aircraft Company/Telephony Decode
ABN. AIR ALBANIA. ALBANIA. AIR ALBANIA. ABO. AEROEXPRESO BOGOTA. COLOMBIA. AEROEXPRESO. ABP. ABS JETS. CZECHIA. BAIR. ABQ. AIRBLUE LIMITED, M/S. PAKISTAN.
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Airline codes full details - Airline Codes Full Details
Jun 6, 2022 · IATA Code: ZB, ICAO Code: ABN, ICAO Callsign: Air Albania ; IATA Accounting Code: IATA Prefix Code: Country: Albania ; Website URL www.airalbania.
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Air Albania airline profile - AirHex
This carrier's 2-char IATA designator is ZB, and its 3-character ICAO designator is ABN. Established 7 years ago in 2018, the airline is one of the newest ...
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Albina Airport profile - Aviation Safety Network
Suriname. IATA code: ABN. ICAO code: SMBN. Elevation: 19 feet / 6 m. Aircraft accidents at or near Albina Airport (ABN). no occurrences in the database.
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Albina Airport, Suriname (Code :: ABN) | Albina Airport Map, Albina ...
Albina Airport Info: ; Albina Airport IATA Code: ABN, Albina Airport ICAO Code: SMBN ; Latitude : 5.51667, Longitude : -54.05 ; City : Albina, Country : Suriname.
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ABN Aviation Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
ABN in Aviation commonly refers to Aerodrome Beacon, which is a visual aid used to indicate the location of an aerodrome to pilots during landing or approach.
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[PDF] AVIATION ABBREVIATIONS
International Civil Aviation Organization. ICARD. ICAO Codes and Route Designator System. ICB. International Competitive Bidding. ICCA. International Cabin Crew ...
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[PDF] ICAO Abbreviations and Codes - SKYbrary
Nov 18, 2010 · This document contains abbreviations and codes approved by the Council of ICAO for worldwide use in the international.
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Register for an Australian Business Number | business.gov.au
An ABN is a unique 11-digit number that identifies your business to the government, other businesses and the public. It doesn't replace your tax file number.
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Australian Business Number (ABN) - ACNC
An Australian Business Number (ABN) is an 11-digit number issued by the Australian Business Register (ABR). An organisation must have an ABN to be registered ...<|separator|>