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AVN

The Australian Vaccination-risks Network Inc. (AVN) is a non-profit advocacy organization founded in 1994 in New South Wales by parents and health professionals concerned about the safety of vaccines and the absence of balanced cautionary information in public health discourse.^[1]^[2] The group positions itself as a proponent of informed consent and individual choice, emphasizing empirical reports of adverse vaccine effects and questioning mandatory immunization policies on grounds of potential causal harms and civil liberties.^[2]^[3] Originally incorporated as the Australian Vaccination Network, AVN faced regulatory intervention from the New South Wales Fair Trading Department, which in 2013 upheld a tribunal ruling that the name was misleading because it implied endorsement of vaccination rather than skepticism toward its risks.^[4]^[5] The organization rebranded as the Australian Vaccination-Skeptics Network in early 2014 before adopting its current name to better reflect its focus on vaccination-associated risks.^[4] AVN's activities include maintaining an informational website and blog, hosting seminars, and submitting evidence to parliamentary inquiries, where it has argued for recognition of scientific debates on vaccine effectiveness, long-term safety data, and the ethics of coercion in public health measures.^[1]^[3] The organization has encountered substantial opposition from medical regulators and pro-vaccination campaigns, culminating in the revocation of its charitable status by the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission in March 2014 on the basis that its materials could undermine community vaccination rates and public health outcomes.^[6] Concurrently, the New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission issued a permanent warning against AVN in April 2014, prohibiting it from providing health education services due to claims deemed unsubstantiated and likely to deter immunization without equivalent evidence of benefits.^[7] AVN has countered such measures as disproportionate attacks by mandate advocates, maintaining that its work highlights underreported vaccine injuries and promotes first-hand parental testimonies alongside international compensation program data, such as the U.S. National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program's payouts exceeding $2.7 billion for verified claims.^[2]^[8]

Medicine

Avascular necrosis

Avascular necrosis (AVN), also termed osteonecrosis, denotes the death of bone tissue resulting from disrupted blood supply to the affected area, leading to structural collapse and potential secondary osteoarthritis.^[9]^[10] The femoral head represents the most frequent site, accounting for approximately 75% of cases, though AVN may involve other locations such as the humeral head, knee, or mandible.^[11] Without intervention, necrotic bone weakens, fractures subchondrally, and deforms the joint surface, impairing function.^[12] Pathophysiologically, diminished perfusion induces hypoxia in osteocytes and marrow cells, compromising cell membrane integrity and triggering necrosis within hours to days of ischemia onset.^[12] Intravascular factors like fat emboli or thrombosis, extravascular compression from edema, or direct vascular injury contribute to this ischemia, often at watershed zones vulnerable to flow interruption.^[11]^[13] Subsequent repair attempts by surviving cells yield disorganized woven bone, which fails to restore normal architecture, culminating in collapse under mechanical load.^[12] Risk factors encompass both traumatic and atraumatic etiologies. Trauma, such as femoral neck fractures or dislocations, directly occludes endosteal vessels.^[9] Atraumatic causes predominate, including prolonged high-dose corticosteroid use (e.g., >20 mg/day prednisone equivalent for weeks), which promotes intraosseous lipid deposition and endothelial damage; alcohol excess via similar lipocyte hypertrophy; and hematologic disorders like sickle cell disease, where vaso-occlusive crises block medullary flow.^[11]^[12] Additional associations include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Gaucher disease, decompression sickness (caisson disease), radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with cumulative glucocorticoid exposure exceeding 2,000 mg prednisone heightening odds in susceptible populations.^[14]^[15] Idiopathic cases, termed primary AVN, occur without identifiable triggers, potentially linked to subclinical coagulopathies.^[11] Epidemiologically, AVN manifests typically between ages 30 and 50, with males affected twice as often as females, reflecting higher trauma and alcohol-related exposures.^[12] Annual U.S. incidence approximates 10,000–20,000 hip cases, though underdiagnosis prevails in early stages; in high-risk cohorts like SLE patients, prevalence reaches 2–15%, escalating with corticosteroid dosing over 7.5 mg/day.^[14]^[11] Bilateral involvement occurs in 50–70% of nontraumatic instances.^[12] Clinically, early AVN remains asymptomatic until subchondral fracture induces insidious pain, exacerbated by weight-bearing or motion, progressing to stiffness, limp, and reduced range.^[9]^[10] Diagnosis relies on MRI for detecting marrow edema and necrosis prior to radiographic changes, with sensitivity exceeding 99% in pre-collapse phases; plain radiographs suffice later for sclerosis, cysts, or flattening (Crescent sign).^[12] Staging via ARCO or Ficat systems guides prognosis, from preclinical (A) to advanced collapse (D).^[11] Management prioritizes preserving native bone in early, small lesions via nonoperative measures: analgesics, protected weight-bearing, and bisphosphonates to inhibit osteoclasts, though evidence for latter remains mixed.^[12] Surgical options include core decompression with or without bone grafting to enhance revascularization, effective in 60–80% of Ficat stage I–II cases; vascularized fibular grafting for larger defects; or joint-preserving osteotomies.^[11] Advanced collapse necessitates total joint arthroplasty, with 90–95% survivorship at 10 years for hips, though revisions rise in younger patients due to polyethylene wear.^[12] Prognosis correlates inversely with lesion size and location; untreated, 80–90% progress to collapse within 2–5 years.^[11]

Atrioventricular node

The atrioventricular node (AV node) is a specialized cluster of cardiac cells that serves as the electrical gateway between the atria and ventricles, ensuring coordinated heart contractions by delaying and relaying impulses from the sinoatrial node. Located at the base of the right atrium within the triangle of Koch—bounded by the tendon of Todaro superiorly, the ostium of the coronary sinus inferiorly, and the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve anteriorly—it receives atrial impulses via internodal pathways and transmits them to the bundle of His after a controlled delay.^[16] ^[17] The node's blood supply primarily derives from the atrioventricular nodal artery, a branch of the right coronary artery in approximately 90% of individuals with right-dominant circulation.^[17] Structurally, the AV node consists of a compact node region with transitional cells and posterior extensions, including rightward and leftward components that interface with atrial and ventricular tissues. These extensions exhibit molecular compartmentalization, such as differential expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), with Cx43-negative zones in the compact node and left extension contributing to slower conduction properties. Histologically, nodal cells are smaller than typical myocytes, with sparse gap junctions and reliance on calcium-dependent action potentials, which underpin their slower impulse propagation compared to atrial or ventricular tissue.^[16] ^[17] Physiologically, the AV node introduces a conduction delay of approximately 100 milliseconds—manifesting as the PR interval on electrocardiograms—to permit complete atrial emptying before ventricular systole, while filtering excessive atrial rates to protect the ventricles from tachyarrhythmias. This delay arises from the node's intrinsic slow conduction velocity, attributed to small cell diameters, limited intercellular coupling via connexins, and reliance on the slow pathway for decremental conduction. In the absence of sinoatrial input, the AV node functions as a subsidiary pacemaker at an intrinsic rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute. Dual pathways within the node—a fast pathway with shorter refractory periods and a slow pathway—enable adaptive responses to varying atrial rates but also predispose to reentrant circuits.^[17] ^[16] Clinically, AV node dysfunction manifests in atrioventricular blocks, such as first-degree (prolonged PR >200 ms), Mobitz type I (progressive PR lengthening with dropped beats), or complete heart block, often due to ischemia, fibrosis, or congenital anomalies affecting nodal blood supply or cellular integrity. Supraventricular tachycardias like AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) exploit the dual pathways for intra-nodal reentry, with circuits typically involving the slow pathway anterogradely and fast pathway retrogradely; radiofrequency ablation targeting the slow pathway achieves cure rates exceeding 95% with low risk of inadvertent AV block (<1%). Junctional ectopic tachycardia or escape rhythms may emerge post-surgery or in neonates, highlighting the node's role as an arrhythmogenic substrate when its filtering fails.^[17] ^[16]

Adult entertainment

Adult Video News

Adult Video News (AVN) is a trade publication dedicated to reporting on the adult entertainment industry, with a primary focus on video production, distribution, digital media, and ancillary products such as sex toys. Established as a monthly magazine, it serves industry insiders, producers, distributors, and performers by offering reviews, market analysis, legal updates, and business news tailored to the sector's dynamics. AVN has positioned itself as a primary information hub, frequently cited for revenue estimates and trend data derived from direct industry engagement.^[18]^[19] The publication originated in 1983 amid the rapid expansion of home video technology, which shifted adult film viewing from theatrical releases to consumer VHS tapes, creating demand for specialized trade intelligence. Founders Paul Fishbein, Irv Slifkin, and Barry Rosenblatt launched it in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, initially as a newsletter-style resource to track emerging video distributors and titles. Slifkin departed after the first year, citing waning interest in content review, leaving Fishbein to steer its growth into a full-fledged magazine that documented the "golden age" of adult video in the 1980s. By cataloging releases and interviewing stakeholders, AVN facilitated industry networking and standardization during a period of unregulated proliferation.^[20]^[21] Under AVN Media Network, Inc., the parent company founded around the same timeframe, the brand evolved with technological advancements, incorporating coverage of DVD transitions in the late 1990s and online streaming by the 2000s. Tony Rios assumed the role of chairman and CEO in August 2015, overseeing diversification into digital platforms like AVN.com, which delivers real-time updates on productions, performer contracts, and regulatory challenges. The network's operations emphasize event management alongside publishing, though print circulation has declined in favor of web-based delivery amid broader media shifts.^[22] AVN's annual awards ceremony, initiated in February 1984, represents a cornerstone of its influence, functioning as the industry's premier recognition event comparable to mainstream film honors. The inaugural show featured 17 categories for video achievements, expanding over decades to exceed 100 by the 2010s to encompass categories for directors, performers, and emerging formats like interactive content. Held typically in Las Vegas, the event draws thousands and generates substantial media attention, with voter eligibility restricted to verified industry professionals to maintain relevance. While praised for professionalizing accolades, critics have noted potential insider biases in selections, as nominations rely on member submissions without independent auditing.^[23]

Business and technology

AVN Corporation

AVN Corporation is a privately held research and development firm specializing in chemical process technologies, technical engineering, specialty chemicals manufacturing, and advanced software solutions. Headquartered at 1740 Union Carbide Drive in South Charleston, West Virginia, with an additional facility in Morgantown, the company focuses on delivering market-driven innovation for clients in the chemical, energy, environmental, and green technology sectors.^[24]^[25]^[26] Established in 2003 with origins as a non-profit initiative to retain technical talent in West Virginia, AVN evolved into a for-profit entity emphasizing contract research, development, and custom manufacturing services as a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO). It supports clients by accelerating product ideation, process improvement, and scaling from laboratory concepts to commercial production, leveraging pilot plants, labs, and expertise in process safety and engineering. On January 1, 2023, AVN acquired the operations of the Mid-Atlantic Technology, Research & Innovation Center (MATRIC), integrating its capabilities to expand offerings in chemical and software technologies.^[27]^[28]^[29] The company is led by Chairman, President, and CEO Steven B. Hedrick, who brings over 25 years of experience in petrochemicals and leadership; Chief Financial Officer Elton Bond; and Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer Dr. John P. Dever. AVN employs approximately 100 personnel and operates as a strategic partner for solving complex technical challenges, with a culture oriented toward innovation and economic development in the region.^[30]^[29]^[31] Audio-visual navigation (AVN) refers to a task in embodied artificial intelligence where an agent navigates an unmapped 3D environment to locate and reach a target emitting a specific sound, relying on integrated visual and auditory inputs rather than pre-built maps or GPS.^[32] The agent typically receives egocentric observations, including RGB images from a forward-facing camera and binaural audio spectrograms capturing directional sound cues, to infer the target's position amid visual occlusions and acoustic reverberations.^[33] This multimodal approach mimics biological navigation, such as human or animal localization of auditory sources, but emphasizes learning from raw sensor data without explicit geometric modeling.^[34] The foundational framework for AVN was introduced in the SoundSpaces benchmark at ECCV 2020, simulating realistic acoustics in 3D scans of real-world environments like Matterport3D, where agents must handle sound propagation delays, echoes, and multipath effects absent in purely visual navigation tasks.^[32] Early models employed recurrent neural networks with cross-modal attention to fuse audio embeddings (e.g., from VGGish) and visual features (e.g., from ResNet), outputting discrete actions like move forward or turn left/right, achieving success rates of around 20-30% in unseen scenes due to challenges in aligning transient audio signals with sparse visual landmarks.^[33] Success is measured by metrics such as Success weighted by Path Length (SPL), which penalizes inefficient trajectories, highlighting the need for efficient waypoint planning over direct geodesic paths.^[34] Subsequent advancements have addressed limitations like audio-visual misalignment and environmental noise. For instance, semantic AVN extends the task to short-duration acoustic events grounded in visual semantics, using object detectors to prioritize candidate targets and improving localization in cluttered scenes.^[35] Techniques such as audio-guided visual perception dynamically modulate attention on visual features based on audio cues, enhancing robustness in low-visibility conditions, as demonstrated in models achieving up to 15% SPL gains on SoundSpaces benchmarks.^[36] Adversarial training methods, like Sound Adversarial AVN, introduce perturbations to audio inputs to build resilience against noisy real-world distortions, with evaluations showing improved generalization across simulated and physical robots.^[37] Challenges persist in scaling AVN to real-world deployment, including computational demands for real-time audio rendering and the brittleness of learned representations to domain shifts, such as varying microphone arrays or lighting.^[38] Ongoing research integrates reinforcement learning with hierarchical policies—e.g., high-level waypoint setting via audio-visual fusion followed by low-level control—to reduce sample inefficiency, though empirical results indicate that purely audio-driven navigation often underperforms hybrid modalities by 10-20% in occluded settings.^[39] These developments underscore AVN's potential for applications in robotics, such as search-and-rescue or assistive devices for the visually impaired, contingent on bridging simulation-to-reality gaps through diverse datasets and causal audio modeling.^[40]

Military and aviation

Aviation designations

In the context of Brazilian military aviation, AVN refers to Aviação Naval Brasileira, the air arm of the Brazilian Navy responsible for operating fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft from naval vessels and shore bases. Established in the early 20th century, AVN's historical aircraft designations followed a system analogous to the pre-1962 U.S. Navy scheme, incorporating a mission-based letter prefix, a sequential model number, and a manufacturer or service code. The "AvN" code specifically denoted "Av. Naval," indicating naval aviation variants, often for license-built or adapted foreign designs procured during the interwar and World War II periods.^[41] This designation format emphasized functional roles, such as "D" for courier or liaison aircraft, followed by the number and AvN suffix. For instance, the D2AvN designated a Brazilian-assembled Focke-Wulf FW 58B Weihe, a twin-engine trainer and utility aircraft introduced in the 1930s for maritime reconnaissance and transport duties within the Força Aeronaval. Such designations facilitated inventory tracking amid Brazil's reliance on imported technology, with production involving local firms under license agreements to support naval operations in the South Atlantic. The system persisted through the 1940s, reflecting AVN's expansion to include patrol bombers and fighters amid wartime neutrality and later Allied alignment.^[41] Post-World War II, AVN transitioned toward NATO-aligned nomenclature for interoperability, particularly after acquiring U.S. and European aircraft in the Cold War era. Modern examples include the AF-1 designation for Grumman A-4 Skyhawk attack jets, retired in 2017 after upgrades for carrier operations aboard the NAM São Paulo, and IH-16 for Bell 206 helicopters used in utility roles. These shifts prioritized operational simplicity over bespoke coding, though legacy AvN-marked types underscore early efforts to indigenize naval air capabilities amid limited domestic industry.^[41]^[42]

Other uses

Transport and logistics

Avignon-Caumont Airport (IATA: AVN) is situated approximately 9 kilometers southeast of Avignon in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, functioning primarily as a regional facility for general aviation, flight training, and occasional charter operations. The airport features a single runway (17/35) measuring 2,500 meters in length and supports limited commercial activity, including seasonal flights to destinations within France and Europe.^[43] Air Vanuatu, the national airline of Vanuatu, operates under the ICAO designator AVN, facilitating passenger and cargo services across the South Pacific with a fleet centered on turboprop aircraft for inter-island connectivity. Established in 1981, the carrier links Vanuatu's remote atolls to regional hubs like Fiji and Australia, playing a critical role in the archipelago's air logistics for tourism, goods distribution, and emergency response.^[44]^[45] In the United Kingdom's rail network, AVN designates Avonmouth railway station in Bristol, a stop on the Severn Beach Line providing commuter and freight connections to the port area, which handles significant containerized cargo and supports regional logistics via links to the national rail system. The station, managed by Great Western Railway, accommodates both passenger services and occasional goods traffic tied to Avonmouth Docks' import-export activities.^[46]^[47]

Miscellaneous organizations

The Australian Vaccination-risks Network Inc. (AVN), originally founded as the Australian Vaccination Network in 1994 in New South Wales by parents and health professionals, operates as a not-for-profit incorporated association advocating for informed consent in vaccination decisions and highlighting potential health risks associated with vaccines.^[2] The group's stated mission emphasizes freedom of choice in medical procedures, protection against discrimination based on vaccination status, and dissemination of information on vaccine safety concerns, positioning itself as a resource for parents and individuals questioning routine immunization programs.^[48] AVN's activities include publishing informational materials such as the 1998 book Vaccination Roulette, producing over 128 podcast episodes and conducting more than 856 interviews, organizing public events like the Vaxxed Bus tours in 2025, and lobbying against policies perceived as coercive, such as school entry requirements tied to vaccination status.^[48] It maintains an online presence with blogs, resources on vaccine laws, and membership drives to support community education on what it describes as underreported adverse effects.^[49] In 2012, the New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission investigated AVN for publishing unbalanced and potentially misleading content on vaccination risks, issuing a public warning in 2014 that required the group to prominently display disclaimers urging consultation with medical professionals and reference to pro-vaccination resources.^[50] Concurrently, NSW Fair Trading ordered a name change, ruling the original title misleading as it implied neutrality rather than skepticism; AVN rebranded as the Australian Vaccination-Skeptics Network in March 2014 before adopting its current name.^[5]^[4] The organization subsequently lost federal charitable status for fundraising in 2014, with authorities citing promotion of misinformation contrary to public health evidence.^[6] Critics, including health regulators and pro-vaccination advocates, have characterized AVN's output as contributing to vaccine hesitancy by overemphasizing rare risks while downplaying empirical evidence of vaccines' net benefits in preventing diseases, as supported by peer-reviewed epidemiological data from bodies like the World Health Organization.^[51] AVN counters that its work addresses gaps in official reporting of adverse events and systemic biases in pharmaceutical-funded research, though independent analyses of its blog content from 2012–2019 reveal recurring themes of institutional distrust and selective evidence presentation.^[51] The group's persistence amid regulatory scrutiny underscores ongoing debates over balancing individual autonomy with population-level herd immunity goals.^[52]

References

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AVN Media Network Home Page | AVN
AVN is the definitive source for all that is adult entertainment including porn industry news, digital media, adult video releases, sex toys.
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the trade magazine that forever changed the business of porn — and ...
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Company - AVN Corp
AVN is a leading chemical and advanced systems technology company. With our deep technical heritage and uncommon lab and pilot plant facilities.
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AVN Corp. - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
AVN is a research and development firm that offers solutions for science and technology problems.
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Served on the Board 2013 to the Present, with service as Chair the Economic Development Committee, then Vice Chair of the Board and subsequently Executive ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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This carrier's 2-char IATA designator is NF, and its 3-character ICAO designator is AVN. Established 44 years ago in 1981, the airline is one of the oldest ...
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Air Vanuatu (NF) | Air Miles Calculator
Air Vanuatu airline information. IATA code: NF, ICAO code: AVN.
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Avonmouth Train Station | South Western Railway
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