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Marrow

Marrow is an Indian digital platform specializing in preparation for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test - Postgraduate (NEET PG) and National Exit Test (NExT), providing medical graduates with video lectures, question banks exceeding 18,000 multiple-choice questions, and large-scale mock test series developed by top-ranking doctors and educators.^[1]^[2] Launched in early 2015 as a specialized channel within DailyRounds, an academic network for healthcare professionals founded the prior year by physicians including Dr. Deepu Sebin, the platform rapidly expanded to address gaps in traditional coaching amid rising demand for accessible, evidence-based exam prep in India's competitive medical education system.^[3]^[4] By 2018, it had surpassed 200,000 users, and it now claims adoption by over 500,000 students, representing a significant share of India's postgraduate medical aspirants, with features like interactive MCQ discussions and performance analytics contributing to its dominance in the edtech segment for clinical subjects.^[3]^[5]^[6] Key achievements include enabling high success rates among users, as evidenced by endorsements from NEET PG toppers, though its subscription model has drawn scrutiny for aggressive upselling and limited flexibility during exam delays, highlighting tensions between commercial scaling and student-centric design in a market prone to hype-driven competition.^[2]^[4] In March 2023, founder Dr. Sebin departed after eight years, marking a leadership transition amid the company's growth into a profitable entity independent of pharmaceutical sponsorships.^[6]^[7]

Bone Marrow

Anatomy and Composition

Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue occupying the medullary cavities of bones, serving as the primary site for hematopoiesis in adults. It comprises two distinct types: red bone marrow, characterized by its hematopoietic activity and reddish hue from vascularity and blood cell precursors, and yellow bone marrow, predominantly composed of adipose tissue that functions as an energy reserve.^[8]^[9] Red marrow actively produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), while yellow marrow can convert to red marrow under conditions of high demand, such as severe blood loss or anemia.^[10] Anatomically, red bone marrow is concentrated in the axial skeleton and proximal portions of long bones, including the pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, skull, and the epiphyseal ends of the humerus and femur, where it fills the trabecular spaces of cancellous bone.^[11] Yellow bone marrow predominates in the diaphyseal shafts of long bones, such as the femur and tibia, gradually replacing red marrow with age—by adulthood, approximately 50% of marrow is yellow, increasing to over 70% by age 70.^[9] The marrow cavity is lined by endosteum and supported by a trabecular bone framework, with sinusoidal vasculature facilitating cell egress into circulation; the tissue lacks lymphatics, relying on venous drainage for waste removal.^[12] The composition of red bone marrow includes a hematopoietic compartment dominated by HSCs and progenitor cells, which constitute about 0.01–0.1% of nucleated cells (roughly 1–5 HSCs per 10^5 marrow cells), alongside maturing erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic lineages.^[13] The stromal compartment features mesenchymal stromal cells, including reticular cells forming a supportive network, fibroblasts, adipocytes (comprising up to 50% of volume in adults), macrophages, osteoblasts, and endothelial cells lining vascular sinuses.^[10] Extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and fibronectin, maintain structural integrity, while perivascular niches regulate HSC quiescence and differentiation via signaling from CXCL12-secreting stromal cells and sympathetic neurons.^[14] Yellow bone marrow primarily consists of adipocytes occupying over 80% of its volume, with minimal hematopoietic elements and a reduced vascular network compared to red marrow; these fat cells store triglycerides and can revert to hematopoietic function during physiological stress, as observed in recovery from hemorrhage where yellow marrow converts within weeks.^[8] Both types are embedded in a dynamic microenvironment where bone, vasculature, and stromal networks spatially organize cellular interactions, with the endosteal and perivascular regions supporting distinct HSC subsets.^[10]

Functions in Blood Production

Bone marrow serves as the primary site of hematopoiesis, the process by which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into all mature blood cell types, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. In adults, this occurs predominantly in red marrow located in flat bones such as the pelvis, sternum, vertebrae, ribs, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur, with an estimated daily production of approximately 200 billion red blood cells, 10 billion white blood cells, and 400 billion platelets to maintain homeostasis. HSCs, which constitute about 0.01-0.1% of nucleated marrow cells, self-renew and commit to myeloid or lymphoid lineages under the influence of local microenvironmental niches, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix components that provide essential signals for proliferation and differentiation. The myeloid lineage gives rise to erythrocytes (via proerythroblasts stimulated by erythropoietin from the kidneys), megakaryocytes (which fragment into platelets), and granulocytes/monocytes (including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), while the lymphoid lineage produces B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, with T cell maturation occurring in the thymus post-migration from marrow. This compartmentalized production ensures rapid response to physiological demands, such as hypoxia triggering increased erythropoiesis or infection prompting granulopoiesis via cytokines like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). In fetal development, hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac at week 3, shifts to the fetal liver by week 6, and transitions to bone marrow by the third trimester, reflecting an evolutionary adaptation for efficient oxygen and immune support. Yellow marrow, primarily adipose tissue in long bones, can revert to red marrow under stress, such as chronic anemia, demonstrating hematopoietic plasticity. Regulation of hematopoiesis involves intricate feedback loops, including transcription factors like GATA-1 for erythroid commitment and PU.1 for myeloid/lymphoid branching, alongside signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog that maintain HSC quiescence or mobilize them into circulation.30427-4) Disruptions, such as genetic mutations in HSCs (e.g., in clonal hematopoiesis), can lead to skewed production favoring one lineage, increasing risks for cytopenias or malignancies, as observed in conditions like myelodysplastic syndromes where ineffective hematopoiesis affects up to 10% of marrow output. Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have revealed heterogeneous HSC populations with distinct priming toward lineages, underscoring the marrow's role not just in bulk production but in adaptive, context-dependent blood cell generation.

Medical Applications and Transplants

Bone marrow provides hematopoietic stem cells essential for transplantation therapies aimed at restoring normal blood cell production in patients with damaged or defective marrow. These procedures, often termed bone marrow transplants (BMT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT), primarily address hematologic malignancies, bone marrow failure syndromes, and certain inherited disorders.^[15]^[16] The foundational work on BMT began in the mid-20th century, with early animal experiments in the 1940s and 1950s demonstrating the feasibility of marrow engraftment after lethal irradiation. The first successful human allogeneic BMT occurred in 1968, when a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency received a transplant from a matched sibling donor, marking a pivotal advancement in treating primary immunodeficiencies. E. Donnall Thomas, who conducted pioneering clinical trials in the 1950s and 1960s, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for developing BMT as a curative therapy for leukemia and aplastic anemia. Initial challenges included high rates of graft rejection and infections due to inadequate donor matching and immunosuppressive regimens, but improvements in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing and supportive care reduced early mortality from over 50% to more manageable levels by the 1970s.^[17]^[15] Transplants are classified into three main types based on donor source: allogeneic, using stem cells from a related or unrelated donor; autologous, harvesting and reinfusing the patient's own cells after disease treatment; and syngeneic, from an identical twin, which minimizes rejection risk. Allogeneic transplants carry a graft-versus-tumor effect beneficial for malignancies but increase complications like graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), while autologous approaches avoid GVHD yet risk reinfusing malignant cells. Stem cells are typically mobilized from peripheral blood using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) rather than direct marrow aspiration, with the latter reserved for pediatric donors or specific cases; collection involves apheresis or surgical extraction under anesthesia.^[18]^[15]^[16] Primary indications include acute leukemias (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia with 40-60% long-term survival post-allogeneic HSCT in first remission), chronic myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, severe aplastic anemia, sickle cell disease, beta-thalassemia major, and primary immunodeficiencies like Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. For sickle cell disease, matched sibling donor transplants achieve cure rates exceeding 90% in children under 16 with good outcomes, though adult applications remain limited by higher risks. HSCT is not routinely first-line due to procedural intensity but offers potential cure where conventional therapies fail.^[15]^[19]^[20] The procedure entails a conditioning regimen of high-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both to eradicate diseased marrow and suppress immunity, followed by intravenous infusion of donor or autologous stem cells, which migrate to the marrow niche for engraftment typically within 2-4 weeks. Post-transplant, patients require isolation, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and immunosuppression to prevent rejection or GVHD, with hospital stays averaging 3-6 weeks. Globally, approximately 90,000 first HSCTs occur annually, with about 47% allogeneic; in 2023, Europe reported 47,731 HSCTs (43% allogeneic), and the United States performed 23,152. Success varies by disease and patient factors: pediatric leukemia cures reach 70-80% with matched donors, but overall one-year survival for allogeneic HSCT hovers around 60-70%, influenced by age, comorbidity index, and HLA match.^[16]^[21]^[22] Complications remain significant, including acute GVHD (affecting 30-50% of allogeneic recipients, with skin, liver, and gut involvement), infections from neutropenia (e.g., bacterial sepsis in 20-30% early post-transplant), veno-occlusive disease of the liver, and relapse rates of 20-40% in high-risk leukemias. Long-term risks encompass infertility, secondary cancers (1-5% incidence), and chronic GVHD requiring lifelong management; donor morbidity from harvesting is low at under 5% for serious events. Advances in reduced-intensity conditioning have expanded eligibility to older patients, improving accessibility while balancing efficacy and toxicity.^[15]^[23]^[18]

Associated Diseases and Disorders

Bone marrow disorders include conditions that disrupt hematopoiesis, leading to inadequate blood cell production, abnormal proliferation, or ineffective maturation. These primarily manifest as cytopenias, increased infection or bleeding risks, and potential progression to malignancy, with diagnosis often requiring bone marrow biopsy to assess cellularity, dysplasia, or infiltration.^[24]^[25] Aplastic anemia exemplifies bone marrow failure, where hematopoietic stem cells are depleted or destroyed, resulting in hypocellular marrow and pancytopenia across red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This rare disorder has an incidence of approximately 2 cases per 1 million people annually in the United States, with idiopathic cases predominant, alongside acquired forms from autoimmune attack, chemotherapy, radiation, viral infections like hepatitis, or toxins such as benzene.^[26]^[27] Inherited variants, including Fanconi anemia, account for about 20% of pediatric cases and confer heightened leukemia risk.^[26] Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise clonal stem cell disorders marked by peripheral cytopenias and dysplastic changes in bone marrow progenitors, yielding ineffective hematopoiesis despite normo- or hypercellular marrow. Affecting primarily individuals over 60, MDS subtypes vary by dysplastic lineages and blast percentage, with higher-risk forms progressing to acute myeloid leukemia in 30% of cases; cytogenetic abnormalities like del(5q) or monosomy 7 drive pathogenesis in many patients.^[28]^[29] Leukemias arise from malignant transformation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells, leading to proliferation of blasts that supplant normal elements and infiltrate marrow spaces. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) features rapid accumulation of myeloid blasts exceeding 20% in marrow, disrupting erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis, with incidence rising to 4.3 per 100,000 annually in adults over 65; chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves BCR-ABL fusion-driven granulocyte overproduction, detectable in 90-95% of cases via marrow karyotyping.^[30]^[31] Multiple myeloma entails neoplastic expansion of plasma cells in bone marrow, often exceeding 10% infiltration, which suppresses polyclonal hematopoiesis and triggers lytic bone lesions via osteoclast activation. This B-cell malignancy, with an annual incidence of 7 per 100,000, correlates with monoclonal protein production and end-organ damage including anemia and renal impairment from light chain deposition.^[32]^[33] Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) feature driver mutations like JAK2 V617F in 50-60% of cases, prompting bone marrow hypercellularity and overproduction of mature blood elements—erythrocytes in polycythemia vera, platelets in essential thrombocythemia, or fibrosis in primary myelofibrosis. These chronic conditions, with cumulative leukemia transformation risk of 5-10% over 10 years, elevate thrombotic events due to qualitative platelet defects.^[34]^[35]

Research Advances and Stem Cell Controversies

Advances in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have significantly improved survival rates, with three-year post-treatment survival reaching 79% in recent analyses of clinical outcomes.^[36] Allogeneic HSCT net survival for hematologic malignancies has shown marked progress, with adjusted five-year rates increasing over the past two decades due to better donor matching, reduced graft-versus-host disease incidence, and enhanced supportive care protocols.^[37] Survival improvements extend across autologous and allogeneic procedures, benefiting diverse racial and ethnic groups through expanded access and refined conditioning regimens.^[38] Gene editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized treatment for inherited blood disorders by targeting hematopoietic stem cells derived from bone marrow. The FDA approved Casgevy (exagamglogene autotemcel) in December 2023 as the first CRISPR-based therapy for sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia, involving ex vivo editing of patient HSCs to reactivate fetal hemoglobin production, followed by autologous reinfusion after myeloablative conditioning.^[39] Clinical trials demonstrate sustained efficacy, with over 90% of treated patients achieving transfusion independence by one year post-infusion, addressing root genetic causes rather than symptomatic management.^[40] These approaches leverage bone marrow's HSC reservoir, enabling precise corrections without reliance on donor cells, though high costs and manufacturing complexities limit broader adoption as of 2025.^[41] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) sourced from bone marrow have advanced regenerative applications, showing promise in modulating immune responses and tissue repair for conditions like graft-versus-host disease and musculoskeletal disorders.^[42] Recent studies highlight MSCs' self-renewal and differentiation capacities, with clinical trials reporting success rates up to 78% in orthopedic and inflammatory contexts, attributed to paracrine signaling rather than direct engraftment.^[36] Stem cell research controversies center on ethical distinctions between adult sources like bone marrow and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Adult HSCs from marrow have enabled over 1.5 million transplants worldwide since the 1960s, yielding tangible clinical benefits without ethical compromise, as they do not involve embryo destruction.^[43] In contrast, ESC derivation requires dismantling human blastocysts at the 6-8 cell stage, raising objections that this equates to ending nascent human life, a view substantiated by the biological continuity from embryo to organism.^[44] Proponents argue ESC pluripotency offers broader therapeutic potential, yet decades of research have yielded no approved ESC therapies by 2025, hampered by tumorigenicity risks like teratoma formation and immune rejection, unlike the established safety profile of marrow-derived adult stem cells.^[45] Political and funding biases have amplified these debates, with U.S. federal restrictions on ESC funding from 2001-2009 highlighting tensions between scientific pursuit and moral constraints, though subsequent lifts failed to accelerate ESC clinical translation comparably to adult stem cell successes.^[46] Marrow HSCs' ethical neutrality has allowed unhindered progress, underscoring how adult stem cell therapies—treating leukemia, lymphoma, and anemias—provide empirical evidence of efficacy without the moral hazards of embryocidal methods.^[47] Ongoing trials prioritize adult and induced pluripotent stem cells to sidestep these issues, reflecting a pragmatic shift toward viable, less contentious alternatives.^[48]

Vegetable Marrow

Botanical Characteristics

Vegetable marrow encompasses specific cultivars of Cucurbita pepo L., a species within the Cucurbitaceae family. This annual herbaceous plant displays a trailing or climbing vine habit, aided by axillary tendrils for attachment to supports.^[49] Stems are slender, angular, and scabrous, growing prostrate or ascending to lengths of 5-10 meters, often with prickly hairs.^[50]^[49] Leaves arise alternately on long petioles, featuring broad, cordate bases and palmately 3-5 lobed blades up to 15-30 cm wide, with rough, hairy textures, serrated margins, and prominent veins.^[49] The plant is monoecious, producing unisexual flowers with five-lobed, bright yellow corollas measuring 5-10 cm across. Male flowers emerge on elongated peduncles from leaf axils, while female flowers, distinguished by their inferior ovary, develop fewer in number but yield the edible fruits.^[49] Fruits of marrow cultivars form as pepos—fleshy berries derived from the tricarpellary ovary—with a tough rind enclosing a spongy mesocarp and central seed cavity. Mature marrows exhibit elongated, cylindrical or club-shaped morphology, typically 15-50 cm long and 10-20 cm in diameter, featuring smooth, pale green to cream-colored exocarp that may develop stripes or spots; immature forms resemble zucchini.^[49]^[51] Seeds are numerous, flat, ovate, and 10-15 mm long, with white to tan testa, embedded in mucilaginous pulp.^[49]

Culinary and Agricultural Uses

Vegetable marrow, the mature fruit of Cucurbita pepo cultivars such as White Bush or Long Green varieties, is typically harvested at 10-20 inches in length when the rind hardens, distinguishing it from immature forms like zucchini.^[52] In culinary preparation, the tough outer skin of larger fruits is peeled before cooking to improve texture, with common methods including steaming for tenderness, roasting to caramelize flavors, baking in casseroles, grilling for char, or boiling briefly to avoid wateriness.^[53] ^[54] The mild, watery flesh absorbs seasonings well and is grated into breads, pureed into soups, or stuffed with meats and grains before baking; overcooking leads to mushiness, so quick methods preserve structure.^[52] Agriculturally, vegetable marrow thrives as a tender, warm-season annual in fertile, well-drained soils with pH 6.0-7.5 and high organic matter content, requiring full sun and temperatures above 60°F for germination (optimum 70-95°F).^[55] Seeds are direct-sown after the last frost, spaced 18-36 inches apart in rows 36-40 inches wide, with transplants possible in cooler climates; plants sprawl via vines up to 5 meters, necessitating space or trellising.^[55] Fertilization involves 50-70 lb/acre nitrogen (sidedressed as needed), 115-125 lb/acre phosphorus, and 50-100 lb/acre potassium, alongside consistent irrigation to maintain over 60% soil moisture (12-15 inches total per season in temperate regions).^[55] Harvest occurs 60-70 days post-planting every 2-3 days for smaller fruits or later for mature marrows, yielding 20-25 tons/acre under optimal conditions with black plastic mulch, row covers for pest control, and bee pollination (1 hive per 1-2 acres).^[55]

Theological and Historical Contexts

The Marrow Controversy

The Marrow Controversy was a significant theological dispute within the Church of Scotland spanning 1718 to 1723, centered on the republication and defense of The Marrow of Modern Divinity, a 1645 work by English lay preacher Edward Fisher. The book, structured as a dialogue drawing from Puritan and Reformed sources including Martin Luther, emphasized the free offer of the gospel, justification by faith alone, and the believer's assurance of salvation without preparatory moral works, while distinguishing the covenant of works from the covenant of grace.^[56] ^[57] Fisher's text warned against both antinomianism—disregard for the moral law as a rule of life—and legalism, which conditions faith on prior repentance or obedience; it argued that sinners receive Christ directly as offered in the gospel, with the law's role limited post-conversion.^[58] ^[59] The controversy ignited in 1718 when Scottish minister James Hog of Carnock recommended the book during a presbytery discussion on preaching repentance, prompting its unauthorized reprint by laymen in Edinburgh. Thomas Boston, minister at Ettrick, borrowed a copy, annotated it extensively to clarify its orthodoxy, and praised it as a faithful summary of Reformed doctrine on law and gospel; he circulated it among colleagues, leading to endorsements by figures such as Ebenezer Erskine and Ralph Erskine. Critics, including Principal Hadow of St. Andrews, accused the Marrow of promoting antinomianism by allegedly undermining the law's preparatory use in convincing sinners of sin and by affirming the gospel's universal offer without conditions of prior moral fitness—a view they termed neonomian, implying a "new law" of works for salvation.^[57] ^[56] The General Assembly, influenced by Moderates wary of perceived laxity, examined the book in 1719 and on May 20, 1720, issued an act condemning 14 propositions from it as erroneous, heretical, and tending toward antinomianism, prohibiting its circulation while allowing private possession.^[58] ^[57] In response, 12 ministers—later dubbed the Marrow Men or Marrow Brethren, including Boston, Hog, the Erskine brothers, and Gabriel Wilson—submitted a representation to the 1721 General Assembly protesting the act's overreach, arguing it misrepresented Fisher's intent, confused law and gospel, and restricted the free proclamation of grace as per the Westminster Standards. The Assembly rebuked them on March 21, 1722, without excommunications, but the Marrow Men persisted in publishing defenses, including Boston's 1726 edition of the Marrow with his notes and a collective "Letter from the Marrow-Men" clarifying their adherence to confessional orthodoxy.^[57] ^[56] The debate exposed underlying tensions between evangelical emphases on immediate faith in Christ's sufficiency and legalistic preparations, with the Marrow position aligning with historic Reformed antinomian critiques by upholding assurance as attainable and the gospel's warrant as the call itself, not human merit.^[59] ^[58] Long-term, the controversy reinforced grace-centered preaching in Scottish Presbyterianism but contributed to schisms; several Marrow Men, including Ebenezer Erskine, were suspended in 1732 for protesting patronage policies and formed the Associate Presbytery in 1733, leading to the Secession Church. While detractors viewed the Marrow as dangerously permissive, proponents maintained it safeguarded sola fide against works-righteousness, influencing later evangelical revivals and Reformed discussions on sanctification.^[57] ^[56] The General Assembly's stance reflected institutional caution amid post-Revolution stability, yet the Marrow Men's arguments, grounded in Puritan exegesis, have been retrospectively affirmed by Reformed theologians as biblically faithful against neonomian dilutions.^[59]^[58]

Other Meanings

In Arts and Entertainment

In literature, "Marrow" appears as the title of several novels. Robert Reed's 2000 science fiction novel Marrow explores a massive spaceship containing a world-like interior, where human explorers uncover ancient mysteries and internal ecosystems. Charles W. Chesnutt's 1901 novel The Marrow of Tradition depicts racial tensions in a Southern town following the Wilmington Massacre of 1898, drawing on historical events to critique post-Reconstruction violence and white supremacy. More recent works include Yan Lianke's Marrow (English translation 2015), a satirical tale of famine-induced cannibalism in rural China during the Great Leap Forward era. Trisha Wolfe's 2023 dark romance Marrow follows a pathologist and a killer in a psychological thriller narrative.^[60] In film, Digging Up the Marrow (2014), directed by Adam Green, is a horror mockumentary in which a filmmaker investigates claims of real monsters living beneath suburban homes, blending found-footage style with creature effects from Green's Hatchet series. A separate project, Marrow (in production as of 2025), directed by Gray Deuber, centers on a man hospitalized after a night out who faces a moral dilemma involving bone marrow donation to save a stranger's life.^[61] Video games titled Marrow include a 2016 2D action-adventure title developed by Fever Dream Gameworks, featuring cosmic horror elements, metroidvania-style exploration, platforming, puzzles, and combat in a challenging, oppressive atmosphere.^[62] In music, The Wurzels' novelty song "The Marrow Song (Oh! What A Beauty)" (recorded circa 1970s), celebrates a villager's oversized vegetable marrow grown for a local show, exemplifying British folk-comedy traditions with humorous lyrics about agricultural rivalry.^[63]

Notable Individuals

E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) pioneered bone marrow transplantation as a viable treatment for leukemia and other hematologic malignancies, developing techniques from the 1950s onward that involved using radiation and chemotherapy to ablate patient marrow followed by donor cell infusion, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 shared with Joseph E. Murray.^[64] His work at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center established the procedure's efficacy, with early successes in identical twin transplants in 1956 and progressive advancements in allogeneic matching by the 1970s.^[65] In the theological sphere, Thomas Boston (1676–1732), a Scottish Presbyterian minister, became a central figure in the early 18th-century Marrow Controversy by rediscovering and annotating Edward Fisher's The Marrow of Modern Divinity in 1718, defending its emphasis on grace, assurance, and the unrestricted gospel offer against charges of antinomianism from the Church of Scotland General Assembly.^[56] Boston's notes and advocacy highlighted distinctions between law and gospel, influencing Reformed views on repentance preceding faith and covenant theology.^[59] Edward Fisher (c. 1627–1655), an English lay divine, authored The Marrow of Modern Divinity in 1645 as a dialogic treatise reconciling Puritan legalism and antinomian extremes through exposition of justification by faith, the Ten Commandments, and covenant relations, which sparked debate upon its 1718 reprinting. The work's structure, featuring interlocutors like a neophyte, antinomian, and legalist moderated by a minister, aimed to clarify atonement and sanctification without preparatory works.^[56] Tracy Lauren Marrow (born February 16, 1958), professionally known as Ice-T, is an American rapper, actor, and producer whose surname traces to the Old English term for marrow; he rose to prominence in the 1980s with gangsta rap albums like Rhyme Pays (1987) and later starred as Detective Odafin Tutuola on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit from 2000 onward.^[66]

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Jun 10, 2025 · Multiple myeloma cells are abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) that build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in many bones of ...
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Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Treatment - NCI
May 12, 2025 · Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
[35]
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
The peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) findings of the different diseases are as follows: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): The clinical course of the ...Continuing Education Activity · Introduction · Pathophysiology · Evaluation
[36]
Stem Cell Therapy Success Rates Hit 78%: New Research Reveals ...
Mar 7, 2025 · Recent studies show stem cell therapy success rates ranging from 50% to 90% in regenerative medicine applications.
[37]
Improved Long-Term Net Survival after Allogeneic Hematopoietic ...
Sep 20, 2023 · The adjusted 5-year net survival (NS) after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) improved over 2 decades.
[38]
Stem Cell Transplants and Survival Rates on the Rise Across All ...
Apr 25, 2024 · Survival after both autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (autoHCT) and allogeneic hematopoietic transplant (alloHCT) improved over time ...
[39]
FDA Approves First Gene Therapies to Treat Patients with Sickle ...
Dec 8, 2023 · Casgevy is the first FDA-approved therapy utilizing CRISPR/Cas9, a type of genome editing technology. Patients' hematopoietic (blood) stem cells ...Missing: 2023-2025 | Show results with:2023-2025
[40]
Gene Therapy Improves Quality of Life for SCD, Beta Thalassemia
Aug 27, 2025 · Exa-cel, a CRISPR-based gene therapy, removes a patient's own blood-forming stem cells and edits them to produce healthy hemoglobin before being ...Missing: bone | Show results with:bone
[41]
CRISPR Clinical Trials: A 2024 Update - Innovative Genomics Institute
Mar 13, 2024 · In late 2023, we saw the first-ever approval of CRISPR-based medicine: Casgevy, a cure for sickle cell disease (SCD) and transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia ...
[42]
Mesenchymal stem cells in treating human diseases - Nature
Aug 22, 2025 · Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a highly promising strategy in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal, ...
[43]
One and a half million hematopoietic stem cell transplants
Aug 12, 2021 · The success of HCT depends on a number of factors including, the early and effective control of the underlying disease prior to HCT, risk of ...Abstract · Introduction · Methods · Results
[44]
Examining the ethics of embryonic stem cell research
Opponents argue that the research is unethical, because deriving the stem cells destroys the blastocyst, an unimplanted human embryo at the sixth to eighth day ...
[45]
Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research - PMC - NIH
Apr 14, 2009 · However, human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research is ethically and politically controversial because it involves the destruction of human ...
[46]
The Stem Cell Debate: Is it Over? - Learn Genetics Utah
The debate over stem cell research is becoming increasingly irrelevant. But ethical questions regarding hES cells may not entirely go away.
[47]
Ethical Implications in the Use of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem ...
Even so, the use of embryonic stem cells presents legal and ethical limitations, such as the obvious destruction of live embryos to obtain stem cells.
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Pluripotent stem-cell-derived therapies in clinical trial: A 2025 update
Jan 25, 2025 · Here, we review the landscape of interventional hPSC trials worldwide, highlighting available data on clinical safety and efficacy.
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Cucurbita pepo (marrow) | CABI Compendium
Cucurbita pepo is an annual herb bearing tendrils, with prickly stems and petioles, and triangular or ovate-triangular leaves, often prominently lobed.
[50]
Field Pumpkin/ Cucurbita pepo Linn. - Uses, Parts Used & Dosage
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[51]
https://growcycle.com/seed-directory/vegetable-marrow
[52]
Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima)
Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima ... Summer squash (also known as vegetable or Italian marrow), is a tender, warm-season vegetable that can be grown throughout ...Missing: practices | Show results with:practices
[53]
Floripedia: Squash - Florida Center for Instructional Technology
Steaming is the best method for cooking. It forms a good casserole lining ... It is what is known as the Italian Vegetable Marrow. It grows from ten to ...
[54]
[PDF] Summer Squash Is Appetizing; 'Keep Cool' Aids Beat the Heat
many varieties of the yellow summe~ squash, the vegetable marrow-~a.11 have ... cooking methods used for other vegeta bles, according to Miss Russell. "Boiling is ...
[55]
Squash, Zucchini and Summer | College of Agricultural Sciences
Feb 12, 2010 · ... harvest maturity: e.g. Cucurbita pepo (i.e. crookneck squash, straightneck squash, scallop squash, zucchini, vegetable marrow). Other genera ...
[56]
What was the Marrow Controversy? | GotQuestions.org
Feb 23, 2022 · The Marrow Controversy was the controversy over a seventeenth-century book, The Marrow of Modern Divinity, by Edward Fisher, a lay minister writing under the ...
[57]
The Marrow Controversy—Lessons in Free Grace - Monergism |
The marrow controversy was a litmus paper for legalism. They failed to distinguish between the law as a covenant of works and the law as a rule of life.
[58]
The Marrow Controversy - Biblical Training
One of the most significant controversies the Church of Scotland has ever known, it began in England in 1645 with publication of a work entitled The Marrow ...
[59]
https://www.crossway.org/articles/why-i-wrote-a-book-about-the-marrow-controversy/
[60]
Marrow by Trisha Wolfe | Goodreads
Rating 3.9 (14,973) Mar 23, 2023 · Marrow. Trisha Wolfe , Brynne Weaver ... Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book! Community Reviews. 3.93.
[61]
Marrow - Feature Film by Gray Deuber - Kickstarter
Aug 5, 2025 · Rennie has the opportunity to donate bone marrow and save a woman's life after a rough night puts him in the hospital.
[62]
Marrow on Steam
Nov 25, 2016 · Marrow is a 2D, Cosmic-Horror themed, action-adventure game emphasizing challenge, puzzles, platforming, combat and navigation.
[63]
The Wurzels – The Marrow Song (Oh! What A Beauty) Lyrics - Genius
[Verse 1] There's a man lives down in the street I'd like you all to know. He grew a great big marrow for the local farmer's show
[64]
E. Donnall Thomas – Facts - NobelPrize.org
From the mid-1950s Donnall Thomas developed methods of providing new bone marrow cells for people through transplants. Using radiation and chemotherapy, the ...
[65]
Father of bone marrow transplantation Dr. E. Donnall Thomas dies
Oct 20, 2012 · E. Donnall Thomas, MD, who won the 1990 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his pioneering work in bone-marrow transplantation to cure leukemias and ...
[66]
Ice-T - Wife, Movies & Age - Biography
Sep 11, 2020 · The man who would become famous as Ice-T was born Tracy Marrow in Newark, New Jersey, on February 16, 1958. He grew up in Summit, New Jersey ...Missing: person | Show results with:person