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Acid3

Acid3 is a web standards compliance test developed by the Web Standards Project (WaSP) as the third installment in its series of Acid tests, designed to verify web browsers' adherence to key specifications for rendering dynamic web applications, including visual accuracy, scripting capabilities, and performance benchmarks. The test consists of 100 individual subtests executed through JavaScript, which progressively render an animated frame-by-frame sequence, culminating in a final image that must match a reference rendering exactly to achieve a perfect score of 100/100, with additional requirements for smooth animation under default browser settings. It evaluates compliance across a broad spectrum of web technologies, such as CSS 2.1 and CSS 3 modules (including selectors, color, and UI), DOM Level 2 features (core, events, HTML, range, style, traversal, and views), SVG, XHTML 1.0, HTML 4, ECMAScript, media queries, data URIs, and HTTP protocols. Initiated in the mid-2000s as part of WaSP's efforts to promote and consistency in , Acid3 was nearing completion by early 2008 and officially released on March 3, 2008, building on the simpler Acid1 (focused on CSS1) and Acid2 (emphasizing CSS2 rendering) tests. Unlike its predecessors, Acid3 emphasized "Web 2.0" elements like dynamic scripting and advanced rendering, incorporating contributions such as 2,524 test cases for CSS 2.1 from , to expose implementation flaws in browsers. Early implementations showed varied results; for instance, 3 scored 39/100 in March 2008, prompting fixes in areas like CSS3 selectors, parsing, DOCTYPE handling, and support, which elevated WebKit's score to 90/100 by addressing numerous bugs. The test's impact was significant in accelerating browser improvements, with achieving a full pass on October 2, 2008, followed by Presto (Opera) later that year and Gecko () in June 2009, ultimately leading WaSP to declare the Acid series a success in 2013. However, by the 2010s, Acid3 was recognized as outdated, particularly for mobile browsers and modern standards like , as it included controversial elements and no longer reflected evolving technologies; WaSP ceased maintenance, preserving the tests for historical reference rather than certification. Despite this, Acid3 remains a for understanding early 21st-century standardization efforts and the competitive push toward full compliance.

Overview and Development

Purpose and Goals

The Acid3 test is a webpage designed by the Web Standards Project (WaSP) to assess web browsers' compliance with key web standards, with a particular emphasis on those supporting dynamic content such as (SVG) and (DOM) manipulation. Released on March 3, 2008, it serves as a for , ensuring that browsers render interactive and multimedia elements consistently across platforms. Acid3 builds on the legacy of its predecessors in the Acid test series, which originated with Acid1 in 1998—a test focused on basic 4.01 and CSS1 rendering compliance—and Acid2 in 2005, which advanced to CSS2.1 and alpha transparency handling. These earlier tests established a framework for identifying rendering inconsistencies, but Acid3 expanded the scope to address emerging technologies amid the rise of , targeting mature specifications like 262 Edition 3 and W3C DOM Level 2 for scripting and animation. The primary goals of Acid3 are to promote uniform rendering of across browsers, expose implementation gaps in standards , and motivate vendors to enhance their engines without relying on proprietary extensions. By comprising 100 subtests, with the final one requiring visual confirmation of the rendered image matching a reference exactly, it highlights deficiencies in areas like SMIL animation, filters, and live DOM queries, ultimately fostering a more reliable web ecosystem for applications such as web-based and collaborative tools. This neutral, standards-driven approach avoids vendor bias, encouraging iterative improvements in browser development.

Creation and Release

The development of the Acid3 test was undertaken by the Web Standards Project (WaSP) starting in 2007, building on the organization's prior efforts with Acid1 and Acid2 to promote web standards compliance. , then a Google engineer and co-editor of the specifications, served as the primary architect and developer of the test. The process emphasized collaboration with the broader web community, including a public competition in January 2008 inviting submissions for additional subtests, which required dedication to the and alignment with standards from around 2004. This ensured the test targeted interoperability across contemporary browsers such as , , 9.25, and 3, while incorporating emerging specifications like SVG 1.1 (Second Edition) and DOM Level 2. Beta versions of Acid3 were made available for public testing and feedback in early , allowing developers and vendors to identify issues ahead of finalization. By February , preliminary scores highlighted significant gaps in compliance, with 3 beta achieving 56/100 and WebKit-based browsers reaching 79/100. The test was officially released on March 3, , hosted at acid3.acidtests.org, marking a key milestone in WaSP's campaign to push browser makers toward full support for Web 2.0-era standards including , CSS, and . Upon release, Acid3 revealed widespread deficiencies across major browsers, underscoring the test's ambitious scope in exposing inconsistencies in rendering, scripting, and handling. Stable releases at the time, such as 3.1.2 and 3.0.2, scored 75/100 and 71/100 respectively, while managed only around 20/100; no browser achieved a perfect score for over three weeks. This immediate feedback spurred rapid improvements from vendors like Apple and , validating Acid3's role in accelerating standards adoption.

Test Mechanics

How the Test Operates

The Acid3 test consists of a single page containing embedded code that automatically executes 100 consecutive subtests upon loading in a . These subtests are grouped into six categories, known as "buckets," each focusing on different aspects of web standards compliance, and are run sequentially without requiring user input. The dynamically manipulates the (DOM) to generate and interact with elements such as objects, animations, and event handlers, thereby verifying the browser's implementation of dynamic web features. The execution process begins immediately when the page loads under the browser's default settings, with no alterations like zooming or custom font sizes permitted to maintain test integrity. As each subtest completes, the page updates in , progressively rendering visual feedback from the top-left toward the bottom-right of the display area. This includes a fraction counter that increments from 0/100 to reflect the cumulative number of passed subtests, alongside the appearance of colored rectangles in the background—one for each —the color corresponding to the bucket and indicating the proportion of subtests passed in that group (e.g., for 1–5, full color for all ). If all subtests pass, the final visual state displays a score of 100/100 beneath a complete series of colored rectangles forming a distinctive multicolored pattern, while a continuous animation runs smoothly throughout the process to demonstrate rendering performance. The animation must maintain consistent fluidity, typically without noticeable stuttering, to meet the test's performance requirements on standard reference hardware. For results to be considered valid, the test must complete without any user intervention, using the browser in its unmodified default configuration (including disabling any extensions that could alter behavior), and the final rendering must match the official reference image pixel-for-pixel. The overall score is presented as X/100, where X denotes the number of passed subtests.

Interpreting Results

The Acid3 test evaluates compliance through a score derived from 100 individual subtests, each designed to assess specific aspects of standards implementation. Each subtest contributes one point to the total score upon full success. A total score of 100/100 is required for a full , but this alone does not guarantee success, as additional criteria must be met. Visual indicators provide immediate feedback during and after test execution. The test page displays six rectangles (one per ) that change color as subtests complete successfully; the color (e.g., black, grey, silver, or full hue) signifies the number of passed subtests in that , offering a quick visual tally of across groups. Even with a 100/100 score, issues like in the animated progress sequence or discrepancies in the final rendered image—such as incorrect gradients, misaligned text shadows, or improper font handling—indicate non-, requiring comparison against the official rendering for verification. For deeper analysis, diagnostic tools within modern browsers enable targeted . Developer consoles, accessible via keyboard shortcuts like F12 in most engines, log detailed error messages for failed subtests, including exceptions or DOM manipulation issues, allowing developers to isolate problems without rerunning the entire suite. Historical examples, such as achieving only a 21/100 score with predominantly dark, low-progress rectangles, illustrate how low totals correlate with widespread rendering gaps visible in archived screenshots. Common pitfalls can skew results and necessitate retesting under controlled conditions. Non-default configurations, including zoomed viewports (e.g., anything other than 100%), custom font substitutions, altered color profiles, or enabled plugins that interfere with scripting, may invalidate outcomes by altering rendering . To ensure accuracy, users should reset to factory settings, disable extensions, and reload the test multiple times, confirming consistency in score, animation smoothness, and final image match before drawing conclusions.

Standards Compliance

Key Features Tested

The Acid3 test targets core web standards critical for rendering and scripting in dynamic web applications, emphasizing compliance with specifications from the and . It examines DOM Level 2 events and traversal, which define how scripts interact with document structures and handle user inputs or changes. The test also verifies 1.1 Tiny support, including clips for defining visible areas, masks for alpha blending, filters like feFlood for solid color fills, and animations via elements such as animateTransform. CSS 2.1 selectors (e.g., attribute and structural selectors) and for responsive styling are assessed, alongside 3 compliance for consistent scripting behavior across implementations. Subtests are grouped into categories that probe specific technical aspects, totaling 100 automated checks run sequentially and organized into six "buckets." These categories include object creation and access, validating instantiation and manipulation of DOM nodes and objects under edge conditions like liveness and garbage collection; SVG features, testing primitives such as the feFlood filter for primitive color application and the animateTransform element for matrix-based motion paths; DOM events, including mutation events that notify scripts of structural modifications like node insertions or attribute changes; and CSS, for instance the :hover pseudo-class to ensure dynamic style updates on user interactions. These categories underscore interoperability by enforcing consistent platform-independent behavior, such as uniform rendering of SMIL animations in for time-based synchronization. The test's design aligns with W3C recommendations 2007.

Passing Criteria

To pass the Acid3 test, a must achieve an exact score of 100 out of 100, requiring all 100 subtests to complete fully without errors or partial credits in the final tally. In addition to the numerical threshold, qualitative requirements include smooth animation during the test execution, with no perceptible frame drops, and a final rendered that matches the official pixel-for-pixel, encompassing precise elements such as fills and the absence of deviations in . The test evaluates performance under strict environmental conditions, mandating the use of the browser's default settings only, with no custom CSS or overrides permitted, and compatibility ensured in standard sizes to reflect typical usage without external modifications. Official validation occurs via comparison to the reference rendering at acid3.acidtests.org, where failures in subtest timing—such as any individual test exceeding its allotted duration—or rendering discrepancies, for instance incorrect interpretations of paths, lead to overall disqualification despite a 100/100 score. Subtests incorporate standards like to verify such rendering fidelity.

Browser Support

WebKit and Blink-Based Browsers

Safari 3.1, released in March 2008, achieved a score of 75/100 on the Acid3 test, demonstrating significant improvements in standards compliance over prior versions like Safari 3, which scored only 39/100. Development builds of the engine rapidly advanced, reaching a full 100/100 score by late March 2008 through targeted fixes in areas such as text layout and DOM scripting. These enhancements culminated in Safari 4, whose beta version in February 2009 first integrated the complete pass, with the stable release arriving in June 2009 as the inaugural production browser to fully satisfy Acid3 criteria. Key to this achievement were WebKit's advancements in implementation, including enabling animation support that addressed several test sub-elements previously failing. Since then, WebKit-based has maintained strong compliance, though early versions encountered unique challenges like anti-aliasing discrepancies in font rendering, which sparked controversy in 2008 and were resolved through updates by 2011 that restored sub-pixel during hardware-accelerated operations. Google Chrome, initially powered by WebKit, launched version 1 in September 2008 with a score of 78/100 on Acid3, reflecting solid but incomplete adherence to the test's rendering and scripting demands. Version 4, released in January 2010, marked Chrome's first full 100/100 pass, benefiting from ongoing WebKit refinements. In 2013, Google forked WebKit to create the Blink engine, debuting in Chrome 28 and Opera 15; this transition preserved Acid3 compliance without disruption, as Blink retained the core rendering capabilities that enabled the prior passes. Blink further optimized animation performance, ensuring smoother progression through the test's dynamic elements compared to earlier WebKit iterations. As of 2025, post-2010 versions of - and Blink-based browsers like and continue to handle Acid3 effectively but no longer achieve a perfect 100/100 score, typically reaching 97/100 or 98/100 due to divergences in evolved web standards, such as updated font rendering practices that conflict with the test's original expectations.

-Based Browsers

3, released in June 2008, achieved a score of 71/100 on the Acid3 test, reflecting early limitations in the rendering engine's support for advanced web standards such as and DOM manipulation. Subsequent releases showed steady progress: 3.5 in June 2009 scored 93/100, and in January 2010 reached 94/100, driven by enhancements in CSS selectors, , and partial filter implementation. By 4 in March 2011, the score improved to 97/100, falling short primarily due to the engine's deliberate omission of deprecated fonts and minor rendering discrepancies in complex animations. The first full 100/100 score for came with version 7 in September 2011, following an update to the Acid3 test that removed checks for obsolete features like SVG fonts, allowing to align fully with evolving standards without implementing legacy code. This milestone marked Mozilla's commitment to prioritizing modern web compliance over with non-standard elements. Gecko's development faced specific hurdles in Acid3 compliance, particularly with SVG filters, which required significant performance optimizations to handle complex graphical effects without blocking rendering, as addressed in Gecko 1.9.1 (Firefox 3 era) through improved filter primitive processing. DOM event handling also posed challenges, involving precise timing and propagation in scripted animations, leading to optimizations in event dispatch during 2010-2011 to resolve timing inconsistencies in test subroutines. These issues were iteratively resolved, culminating in stable full passes. The Quantum project in 2017 further refined by introducing parallel rendering via the Servo engine components, enhancing overall standards adherence. However, as of 2025, modern -based browsers like 130 and later achieve 97/100 on Acid3, reflecting updates to standards since the test's creation, including changes in DOM exception types and font rendering that diverge from the 2008 expectations. Other Gecko-based browsers, such as and the legacy Mozilla Suite, mirrored Firefox's progression; 2.0 in 2009 passed most of Acid3 (approximately 94/100 equivalent), with full achieved in later releases tracking Firefox's updates. iterations of these browsers universally score 97/100 as of 2025, benefiting from shared advancements.

Trident, EdgeHTML, and Chromium Legacy

The rendering engine, used in versions 6 through 11, initially demonstrated significant deficiencies in web standards as measured by the Acid3 test. and 7 scored below 20/100, with IE7 achieving only 14/100 in early 2008 evaluations, reflecting limited support for dynamic web features like and DOM manipulations. IE8, released in March 2009, improved marginally to 20/100 but still lagged far behind competitors, highlighting ongoing challenges in rendering complex animations and execution required for full passage. Microsoft's efforts accelerated with , released in March 2011, which scored 95/100 on Acid3 after platform previews showed progressive gains from 55/100 in early 2010 builds. This near-pass status underscored advancements in hardware-accelerated rendering and CSS3 support but left five subtests unresolved due to specific SVG and timing issues. , launched in October 2012 following a security update earlier that year, became the first Trident-based browser to achieve a full 100/100 score, marking Microsoft's long-delayed compliance after over four years since Acid3's release. The EdgeHTML engine, introduced with in July 2015 alongside , inherited the full Acid3 compliance of , scoring 100/100 from its initial release and maintaining this through the engine's lifecycle until 2020. This seamless transition emphasized Microsoft's focus on standards parity post-IE10, with EdgeHTML prioritizing performance optimizations over new feature experimentation. EdgeHTML's stability ensured consistent 100/100 results across updates, supporting legacy web applications without regressions in Acid3-tested behaviors. Opera’s Presto engine achieved the first full Acid3 pass in a developer build announced on March 26, 2008, just 23 days after the test's public release, using Presto 2.1 to render all 100 subtests smoothly. The stable 9.5, released in June 2008, confirmed this milestone, while Presto 2.2 in 10 (September ) further refined compliance for pixel-perfect rendering and faster execution. Early versions of Google's , based on before the 2013 Blink fork, scored 78/100 upon Chrome's September 2008 debut but reached near-full compliance at 94/100 in subsequent updates by , demonstrating rapid iteration on standards support. Since switched to the Blink engine in 2020, it aligns with other Chromium-based browsers. As of 2025, the Chromium-based achieves 97/100 on Acid3, due to post-2008 changes in web standards such as DOM error handling and rendering optimizations that no longer match the test's criteria. Legacy Presto users—obsolete since 's 2013 switch to Blink—retain their historical full passage where still operational. Microsoft's delayed Acid3 compliance with briefly intensified competition among vendors like and , spurring broader industry focus on web standards. To pass Acid3 perfectly in modern contexts requires adherence to deprecated or superseded behaviors; thus, scores below 100/100 in current browsers reflect prioritization of contemporary web standards over the test's fixed snapshot.

Impact and Legacy

Influence on Web Standards

The release of Acid3 in March ignited a competitive phase in browser development often referred to as the second , spanning roughly to 2012, during which vendors accelerated implementation of key web standards such as rendering and DOM Level 2 features to achieve passing scores. This rivalry was exemplified by announcements from and the team on March 26, , that their browsers had become the first to fully pass the test, prompting public score comparisons that heightened pressure on competitors including Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. These vendor responses not only drove rapid fixes for standards non-compliance but also contributed to the broader prioritization of emerging specifications, such as those in , within the W3C's working groups, as the test's emphasis on dynamic features underscored the need for interoperable platforms. The Web Standards Project (WaSP), which developed Acid3, ultimately declared its mission accomplished in March 2013, citing widespread browser adherence to W3C recommendations as evidence that the open web vision had been realized, with playing a pivotal role in benchmarking progress. On a broader , Acid3's success enhanced the portability of web applications by reducing inconsistencies in rendering and scripting across browsers, enabling developers to build more reliable cross-platform experiences without extensive workarounds. Its legacy persists in subsequent compliance suites, such as specialized CSS Acid tests and comprehensive layout validation tools, which build on its to verify evolving standards. By 2025, near-universal compliance among major browsers had normalized a focus on standards as a core development priority, diminishing the prevalence of cross-browser inconsistencies that once plagued web deployment.

Criticisms and Updates

The Acid3 test faced criticism for its overly prescriptive approach to rendering, particularly in subtest 76, which enforced specific behaviors for text positioning using the Ahem font under subpixel conditions, despite the lack of a for anti-aliasing in web standards. This led to accusations that the test compelled browser vendors to implement hacks, such as WebKit's temporary disablement of anti-aliasing for Ahem, rather than promoting robust, standards-compliant implementations. Critics, including developers, argued that the test favored browsers like and , which achieved early full passes in 2008, while disadvantaging others like and due to its emphasis on niche edge cases over practical . Additionally, the test was faulted for overlooking variances in browsers and performance constraints, rendering it less applicable to resource-limited devices where exact pixel matching proved impractical. To address these issues and align with evolving web specifications, minor tweaks were made in 2010, such as adjustments to handle privacy-related changes in CSS selector behaviors like :link and :visited. A more significant revision occurred on September 17, 2011, when and commented out 10 subtests, including those on , text rendering, DOM Range exceptions, SVG Fonts, SVG SMIL , , and DocumentType nodes, to avoid constraining future standards development. This update enabled and to achieve full passes by excluding contentious or potentially obsolete features. Following the Web Standards Project's (WaSP) cessation of operations on March 1, 2013, maintenance of Acid3 halted entirely, as the organization declared its mission accomplished amid widespread standards adoption. By 2025, the test has become outdated, with its scope limited to pre-CSS3 technologies and superseded by advanced standards like CSS3 modules and , rendering it irrelevant for assessing modern browser capabilities. While contemporary browsers generally pass the updated version, they may fail aspects of the original test due to deprecations, such as reduced support for specific SMIL behaviors in animation, which conflict with current living standards. Acid3 now primarily serves as a historical benchmark, with ongoing criticisms that it no longer mirrors the live web's consensus on evolving specifications.

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