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Advanced air mobility

Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a transportation system that moves people and property by air between points using highly automated, electrically powered aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities, initially operating with pilots.^[1] This emerging sector encompasses urban air mobility (UAM) for short intra-city trips, regional air mobility (RAM) for inter-city connections, cargo delivery, emergency services, and other public or private applications, all integrated into the national airspace system (NAS) for safe and efficient operations.^[2]^[3] Key technologies driving AAM include electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, often referred to as air taxis, which rely on electric propulsion for reduced emissions and noise, alongside advanced automation for detect-and-avoid systems, navigation, and air traffic management.^[3]^[4] NASA's AAM mission focuses on developing these technologies through research in aeronautics, simulation, and prototyping to enable low-altitude operations by 2030, while collaborating with industry partners to address integration challenges.^[4] The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) plays a central role in certification, airspace management, and infrastructure standards, emphasizing the adaptation of existing airports and the creation of new vertiports equipped with electric charging and hydrogen fuel storage.^[3]^[1] AAM promises to transform transportation by providing on-demand, point-to-point travel that alleviates urban congestion and enhances connectivity in rural areas, with applications ranging from passenger shuttles to medical evacuations and package delivery via drones.^[4] However, realizing this vision requires overcoming hurdles such as regulatory certification for powered-lift aircraft, scalable battery technology, and equitable access to vertiports, with FAA initiatives, including a 2025 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and the establishment of integration pilot programs, aiming for initial commercial operational readiness starting in 2025.^[3]^[1]^[5]^[6]

Definition and Fundamentals

Overview and Scope

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is an emerging transportation ecosystem that utilizes highly automated, electrically powered aircraft to enable the safe and efficient movement of people and cargo within low-altitude airspace, often incorporating vertical takeoff and landing capabilities.^[1]^[7] This concept leverages innovative technologies, such as electric or hybrid-electric propulsion systems, to create a new paradigm for aviation that prioritizes accessibility and integration with existing infrastructure.^[8]^[9] The scope of AAM extends to urban air mobility (UAM) for short intra-city trips, regional connectivity to bridge urban and rural areas, cargo delivery for logistics efficiency, and public services like medical evacuations or disaster response, all while emphasizing seamless integration into the national airspace system (NAS).^[1] Key goals include reducing urban ground congestion by offering aerial alternatives to road travel, enabling on-demand mobility for flexible scheduling, and advancing sustainability through electric propulsion that minimizes carbon emissions and operational noise compared to fossil fuel-based systems.^[1]^[7] Unlike conventional aviation, which focuses on long-haul, high-altitude operations with traditional fixed-wing aircraft, AAM targets short-range, low-altitude flights in controlled and uncontrolled airspace to serve densely populated areas.^[7]^[9] The global AAM market is projected to reach approximately $14 billion in revenue in 2025, fueled by the growing adoption of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft as a core vehicle type.^[10]

Core Technologies

Advanced air mobility (AAM) relies on electric propulsion systems as a foundational technology, primarily through battery-electric and hybrid-electric architectures that power sustainable, low-emission flight. Battery-electric systems use lithium-ion batteries, which have achieved energy densities of 300-400 Wh/kg suitable for urban operations, enabling typical ranges of 100-200 km for short-haul missions.^[11]^[12] Hybrid-electric architectures combine batteries with fuel cells or range extenders to extend endurance while maintaining electric drive for primary propulsion, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and improving efficiency in distributed setups.^[13] These systems prioritize high power-to-weight ratios and rapid charging to support frequent urban flights, with ongoing research targeting further density improvements for broader viability.^[14] Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) mechanisms in AAM are enabled by distributed electric propulsion (DEP), which employs multiple electric motors and rotors to generate lift and optimize cruise performance. DEP distributes thrust across 6-16 or more rotors, typically integrated with tilt-wings or fixed configurations, allowing transition from vertical hover to efficient forward flight by redirecting airflow over aerodynamic surfaces.^[15] This approach enhances lift during takeoff through collective rotor thrust while improving cruise efficiency via wing-borne aerodynamics, reducing energy consumption by up to 30% compared to traditional helicopters.^[15] Custom propeller designs, such as those with neutral torque, further stabilize operations and minimize vibrations in multi-rotor arrays.^[15] Automation and autonomy form critical enablers for safe AAM operations, incorporating AI-driven flight controls, sense-and-avoid systems, and remote piloting compliant with regulatory standards. AI algorithms manage stability, trajectory optimization, and fault detection in flight controls, classified under FAA's learned AI for static implementations that undergo rigorous verification testing.^[16] Sense-and-avoid capabilities integrate sensors like LiDAR and radar to detect obstacles in real-time, using AI for perception and decision-making to ensure collision avoidance in dense urban airspace.^[17] Remote piloting systems support beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) flights, adhering to FAA and EASA guidelines that emphasize human oversight for Level 1-2 AI applications, with pathways for advanced autonomy in uncrewed scenarios. As of November 2025, these technologies have enabled initial urban pilotless eVTOL flights, such as those conducted by EHang in Qatar.^[18]^[19] These technologies draw from drone advancements to scale reliable operations without constant human intervention.^[17] Avionics and connectivity in AAM integrate advanced communication networks like 5G and emerging 6G for seamless real-time data exchange and traffic coordination. 5G enables low-latency (as low as 1 ms) bidirectional links for command-and-control, supporting data rates up to 20 Gbps to transmit sensor feeds, telemetry, and passenger information during flights.^[20] Urban air traffic management (UTM) protocols leverage 5G's Unmanned Aviation System Network Function for aircraft authentication, geofencing, and deconfliction, ensuring safe integration with manned aviation.^[20] 6G visions extend this with enhanced spectrum efficiency and airborne network support for traffic control, including aircraft identification and flow management in low-altitude corridors.^[21] Noise reduction technologies address urban acceptability in AAM by optimizing blade design and propulsion configurations to limit acoustic footprints. Advanced blade geometries, such as increased blade count and airfoil shaping, reduce tonal and broadband noise from rotor tips operating at lower speeds in electric systems.^[22] Propulsion setups employ rotor phasing, directional variation, and ducted enclosures with absorptive liners to attenuate sound propagation, achieving community noise levels below 65 dBA at 100 meters during takeoff and landing—comparable to a conversation and quieter than helicopters.^[22]^[23] These measures target overall exposure below 65 dB thresholds for day-night averages, facilitating vertiport placement in populated areas.^[22]

Historical Development

Origins and Early Concepts

The origins of advanced air mobility (AAM) trace back to early experiments with helicopter-based urban transport in the mid-20th century, which sought to alleviate ground congestion through intra-city flights. In the United States, New York Airways pioneered scheduled helicopter passenger services starting in 1953, connecting Manhattan heliports to major airports like LaGuardia and Idlewild (now JFK), with operations peaking in the 1960s using Vertol 44B aircraft for rooftop landings at the Pan Am Building.^[24] These services carried up to 25 passengers per flight and offered fares comparable to first-class air travel, but were hampered by excessive rotor noise—often exceeding 100 decibels—and high operational costs driven by fuel inefficiency and maintenance demands.^[25] Safety incidents, including a 1977 rotor blade detachment from a helicopter atop the Pan Am Building that killed five people, combined with community backlash over noise pollution, led to the airline's cessation of operations in 1979.^[26] By the 1990s and 2000s, research shifted toward more efficient and quieter alternatives, influenced by advancements in rotorcraft and unmanned systems. NASA's Ames Research Center conducted studies on advanced rotorcraft technologies for civil transport, exploring tiltrotor concepts like the 1990s-era civil tiltrotor designs to reduce noise and improve efficiency over traditional helicopters.^[27] Concurrently, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) advanced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) programs, such as the 2000-2025 UAV Roadmap, which emphasized autonomous flight and vertical takeoff capabilities, laying foundational technologies for future AAM vehicles.^[28] DARPA's Hummingbird program in the late 2000s further developed long-endurance VTOL UAVs like the A-160, demonstrating ducted-fan propulsion that influenced hybrid concepts.^[29] Key conceptual visions in the 2000s envisioned personal vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft powered by emerging propulsion technologies. Canadian engineer Paul Moller's Aeromobile, evolving from his Skycar prototypes since the 1960s, culminated in a 2009 concept for a four-seat, ducted-fan VTOL capable of 200 mph speeds using Wankel rotary engines, though it highlighted the era's limitations in lightweight powerplants.^[30] NASA's 2009 Puffin concept similarly proposed a single-seat, electric tiltrotor for short urban hops, achieving simulated ranges of 50 nautical miles with battery power, underscoring early integration of electric motors for quieter operations.^[31] These ideas were constrained by high operational costs—often 10 times that of ground transport—and stringent regulatory hurdles from bodies like the FAA, which lacked frameworks for routine urban VTOL flights, stalling commercialization.^[32] Improvements in lithium-ion battery technology during the 2000s, with energy densities rising from around 90 Wh/kg in 2000 to over 150 Wh/kg by 2010, began enabling practical electric flight for small aircraft, though insufficient for scaled AAM without further advances.^[33] In Europe, collaborative research in the early 2010s built on these foundations, with Airbus's Vahana project—rooted in prior rotorcraft studies—emerging as an early multinational effort to prototype autonomous electric VTOL for urban use.^[34]

Modern Advancements and Milestones

The period from 2015 to 2018 marked a significant surge in interest and investment in advanced air mobility (AAM), catalyzed by influential publications and strategic roadmaps. In 2016, Uber Technologies released its Elevate whitepaper, "Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation," which outlined a vision for urban air mobility (UAM) networks using electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, infrastructure, and operations, thereby igniting widespread industry engagement.^[35] This document spurred over $8 billion in global investments into AAM startups and technologies by the early 2020s, drawing participation from aerospace giants, venture capital, and governments. Complementing this momentum, NASA advanced its urban air mobility research in 2018, defining integration pathways for low-altitude operations and emphasizing safety, airspace management, and scalability to support emerging eVTOL ecosystems.^[4] Between 2019 and 2021, regulatory advancements began to solidify the path to commercialization, with key certifications and planning frameworks emerging. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) introduced its Innovate28 strategic plan in 2023, aiming to modernize aviation infrastructure and enable AAM integration by 2028 through collaborative R&D, certification streamlining, and urban airspace concepts.^[36] Building on this, in October 2023—extending the certification momentum from prior years—China's Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC) granted the world's first type certificate for a fully autonomous passenger-carrying eVTOL to EHang's EH216-S, verifying its compliance with airworthiness standards for unmanned operations and paving the way for commercial passenger flights.^[37] From 2022 to 2024, the sector scaled through defense contracts, order backlogs, and European regulatory progress, demonstrating maturing market confidence. Joby Aviation secured an expanded U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contract in August 2022, valued at over $75 million, to deliver and test eVTOL aircraft for military applications, including logistics and personnel transport, which accelerated the company's certification and production timelines.^[38] Industry-wide, eVTOL manufacturers amassed more than 12,000 pre-orders by mid-2024, reflecting strong commitments from airlines, governments, and urban operators for future fleets.^[39] In Europe, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) issued special conditions in 2024 for Lilium's Jet eVTOL, adapting certification standards for its ducted electric propulsors and piloted operations to ensure safety in regional AAM networks. In 2025, pivotal technical demonstrations and partnerships further propelled AAM toward operational viability. Vertical Aerospace achieved a piloted eVTOL flight milestone with its VX4 prototype in May 2025, marking a key step in manned hover and low-speed maneuvers, validating its transition to wingborne flight. Later that year, in September, GE Aerospace and Beta Technologies announced a hybrid-electric propulsion partnership, including a $300 million investment, to co-develop turbogenerators for extended-range AAM applications, combining Beta's electric systems with GE's turbine expertise.^[40] Additional milestones included Archer Aviation's first flight of its Midnight eVTOL prototype in December 2024 and Eve Air Mobility's initiation of full-scale prototype assembly in early 2025, targeting test flights by late 2025.^[41] Globally, by late 2025, more than 15 eVTOL prototypes from various manufacturers had entered flight testing phases, encompassing diverse configurations from multicopters to tilt-wing designs, underscoring the technology's rapid maturation. The Dubai Airshow in November 2025 highlighted this progress by featuring the largest AAM pavilion to date, with eVTOL flying displays and announcements of international vertiport hubs in the UAE, positioning the region as a key testbed for global operations.^[42]

Vehicle Classifications

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL)

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft represent the dominant vehicle type in advanced air mobility, designed primarily for urban and short-range operations with vertical takeoff and landing capabilities powered by electric propulsion systems. These aircraft integrate distributed electric propulsion, enabling efficient hover, transition to forward flight, and cruise phases without runways. Core technologies such as high-energy-density batteries and lightweight composite structures, as detailed in foundational analyses, underpin their feasibility for passenger transport.^[43] By 2025, eVTOL designs have evolved to balance simplicity, efficiency, and range, targeting integration into airspace systems while adhering to stringent safety and certification requirements.^[44] eVTOL designs employ several configurations to optimize performance across flight phases. Multirotor setups, akin to scaled quadcopters, use multiple fixed rotors for vertical lift and control, offering simplicity and inherent redundancy through differential thrust but at the cost of higher energy use in cruise due to continuous rotor operation.^[45] Lift-plus-cruise configurations separate vertical lift rotors from dedicated cruise propellers or wings, improving forward-flight efficiency by reducing drag from lift rotors during transit.^[46] Vectored thrust designs, featuring tilting rotors or nacelles, enable seamless transition between hover and cruise, enhancing overall range and speed through aerodynamic lift in forward flight.^[47] These configurations address trade-offs in hover stability, cruise efficiency, and complexity, with multirotors suiting short urban hops and vectored or lift-plus-cruise variants extending operational viability.^[48] Performance characteristics of eVTOLs typically support 4-6 passenger capacities with payloads around 500 kg, enabling practical urban mobility. Range capabilities span 150-300 km on a single charge, sufficient for intra-city or regional missions, while cruise speeds of 150-200 km/h align with traffic decongestion goals.^[49] Propulsion relies on electric motors with total installed power of 500-1000 kW, distributed across 6-12 rotors to meet peak demands during takeoff and climb, where power-to-weight ratios exceed 200 W/kg.^[50] These metrics, derived from conceptual sizing studies, prioritize energy efficiency, with battery systems achieving 200-300 Wh/kg to sustain missions under varying loads.^[51] Safety in eVTOLs emphasizes redundancy and fault tolerance to achieve aviation-grade reliability. Distributed propulsion systems incorporate multiple independent motors and power sources, ensuring continued flight following single or dual failures through automatic reconfiguration.^[43] Ballistic parachute systems provide whole-aircraft recovery in extreme scenarios, deploying at low altitudes to mitigate crash risks. Industry targets a catastrophic failure rate below 10^{-9} per flight hour, comparable to commercial aviation, enforced via probabilistic risk assessments that account for propulsion, battery, and flight control vulnerabilities.^[52] Certification for eVTOLs falls under the FAA's powered-lift category, adapting Part 23 for normal category airplanes and Part 27 for rotorcraft to accommodate hybrid flight modes. Compliance requires demonstrating equivalent safety levels for vertical and winged operations, including stall prevention and transition stability.^[53] In 2024, the FAA issued special conditions for electric propulsion in powered-lift aircraft, integrated into type certification processes.^[54] In July 2025, the FAA published Advisory Circular 21.17-4, offering comprehensive guidance for certifying powered-lift aircraft, including criteria for electric propulsion systems.^[55] These standards ensure airworthiness for operations in controlled airspace, with ongoing rulemaking refining pilot training and operational approvals.^[56] The evolution of eVTOLs traces from early drone-derived multirotor prototypes in the 2010s, focused on proof-of-concept hover, to advanced winged hybrids by 2025 that incorporate lift-plus-cruise or vectored thrust for extended range and efficiency. Initial designs prioritized vertical agility for urban demonstrations, but limitations in battery endurance drove shifts toward aerodynamic integrations, reducing energy consumption by 20-30% in cruise compared to pure multirotors.^[44] This progression, informed by NASA conceptual studies, has matured the sector toward commercially viable platforms capable of 200+ km ranges while maintaining vertical versatility.^[46]

Other AAM Vehicles

Hybrid-electric vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft represent an evolution beyond all-electric designs, integrating battery systems with auxiliary power sources such as fuel cells or small gas turbines to achieve operational ranges exceeding 300 km, enabling regional connectivity that surpasses the urban-focused limitations of pure eVTOLs. These configurations typically employ hybrid powertrains rated between 200 and 500 kW, where electric motors handle vertical lift and transition phases while supplemental fuel-based generators provide sustained cruise power, reducing overall battery mass and extending mission profiles for inter-city applications. This approach addresses energy density challenges in lithium-ion batteries, which currently limit all-electric VTOLs to shorter distances, by leveraging hybrid synergies for improved efficiency and payload capacity.^[57] Fixed-wing variants of eVTOL aircraft incorporate short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities augmented by electric propulsion, allowing operations from modest infrastructure while achieving cruise speeds of approximately 250 km/h on regional routes spanning 100-300 km. These designs often feature tilt-rotor or lift-plus-cruise configurations, where fixed wings provide aerodynamic lift during forward flight, complemented by distributed electric propulsion for enhanced low-speed performance and noise reduction. By prioritizing efficiency over pure vertical operations, such vehicles bridge urban air mobility with broader regional networks, offering higher speeds and longer ranges compared to multirotor eVTOLs suited primarily for short hops.^[58]^[59] Autonomous cargo drones in advanced air mobility (AAM) emphasize heavy-lift capabilities for logistics, with models designed to carry payloads up to 500 kg over distances of 50-200 km. These unmanned systems integrate advanced autonomy for beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations, focusing on reliability and scalability to support e-commerce and supply chain demands. Niche developments include wing-in-ground effect (WIGE) configurations for low-altitude efficiency over water or flat terrain, as explored in emerging U.S. military and commercial prototypes as of 2025.^[60]^[61] Personal air vehicles within AAM encompass compact, 1-2 seat ultralight aircraft featuring modular designs that allow customization for recreational or short-haul private use, with unit costs targeted below $500,000 to democratize access to aerial transport. These vehicles often operate under light-sport or ultralight regulations, emphasizing simplicity, low operating expenses, and electric or hybrid propulsion for flights up to 100 km, promoting individual mobility without the infrastructure needs of larger AAM platforms. Modularity enables rapid reconfiguration for missions like aerial surveying or personal commuting, fostering innovation in affordable, user-centric aviation.^[62] Niche developments in AAM include hydrogen fuel cell prototypes emerging by 2025, which promise endurance extensions to 400 km or more without intermediate recharging, leveraging high energy density of hydrogen to support prolonged regional and logistics missions. These systems replace or augment batteries with fuel cells that generate electricity onboard via hydrogen-oxygen reactions, achieving zero-emission flight while addressing range constraints of conventional electrics. Prototypes focus on integration challenges like storage and safety, positioning hydrogen as a key enabler for sustainable, long-duration AAM operations beyond battery limitations.^[63]^[64]

Industry Players

Leading Manufacturers

Joby Aviation, based in the United States, has emerged as a pioneer in the advanced air mobility sector with its S4 eVTOL aircraft, designed for urban air taxi services carrying one pilot and four passengers at speeds up to 200 mph. The company has raised over $2 billion in total funding, including through its 2021 SPAC merger and subsequent investments from partners like Toyota and Delta Air Lines.^[65] Joby is advancing toward FAA type certification, entering the final phase in late 2025 with power-on testing of its first conforming prototype, aiming for commercial operations in 2026.^[66] It has secured more than $1 billion in orders, including commitments from Delta Air Lines for up to 200 aircraft to integrate into airport shuttles.^[67] Archer Aviation, another U.S.-based leader, is developing the Midnight eVTOL, a piloted aircraft capable of transporting four passengers over 100 miles at 150 mph, emphasizing rapid urban connectivity. The company's market valuation exceeded $5 billion in November 2025, bolstered by recent equity raises totaling over $1.5 billion.^[68] Archer has forged key partnerships in the UAE, including with Abu Dhabi Investment Office for vertiport infrastructure at sites like Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, to support initial operations.^[69] It targets a 2026 commercial launch, with FAA certification expected by late 2025 and in-country test flights completed in Abu Dhabi in November 2025.^[70]^[71] In China, EHang Holdings leads with the EH216-S, the world's first certified fully autonomous passenger-carrying eVTOL drone, seating two passengers for short sightseeing flights up to 30 km. The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) granted type certification in October 2023, enabling commercial operations.^[72] By mid-2025, EHang had delivered 79 units, primarily for tourism applications, including 50 to Guizhou Scenic Tourism and 10 to Xishan Tourism for aerial tours in Taiyuan.^[73]^[74]^[75] The company continues to expand deliveries, with commercial demonstrations in cities like Guangzhou and Hefei showcasing its role in low-altitude tourism.^[76] Germany's Lilium GmbH focused on the Lilium Jet, a seven-seat eVTOL using ducted electric vectored thrust for efficient regional travel up to 300 km at cruising speeds of 280 km/h. The company had raised approximately $830 million in funding from investors including Tencent and Atomico to support development.^[77] Despite financial challenges leading to insolvency proceedings in 2024, Lilium filed for a second insolvency in February 2025 and ceased operations, with its patents acquired by Archer Aviation in October 2025.^[78]^[79] Its design prioritized longer-range missions, differentiating it from urban-focused competitors.^[80] Volocopter, also from Germany, specializes in the VoloCity multirotor eVTOL, a two-seater urban shuttle with 18 rotors for quiet, emissions-free flights up to 110 km/h over 35 km ranges. Following insolvency proceedings in late 2024 and early 2025, Volocopter was acquired and reorganized by Diamond Aircraft in March 2025, allowing it to resume certification efforts.^[81]^[82] The aircraft demonstrated its capabilities during the 2024 Paris Olympics, conducting test flights over Versailles as part of operational validation under French regulations.^[83]^[84] Volocopter emphasizes urban air mobility, partnering with Groupe ADP for vertiport integration at Paris airports to enable shuttle services by 2025.^[85] Among other notable manufacturers, U.S.-based Beta Technologies develops the ALIA eVTOL primarily for cargo and logistics, with a focus on versatile electric propulsion for medical and freight transport, securing U.S. Department of Defense contracts for testing.^[86] Supernal, a Hyundai Motor Group subsidiary operating in the U.S. and South Korea, is engineering a piloted eVTOL for urban and regional use, leveraging automotive expertise for battery and autonomy advancements toward a 2028 launch.^[86] In Brazil, Eve Air Mobility, an Embraer spin-off, is advancing a four-passenger eVTOL for urban air taxi networks, with over $100 million in funding and partnerships for Latin American vertiport development.^[87]

Supporting Organizations and Initiatives

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) published its Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Implementation Plan in 2020 as a foundational document to enable safe integration of AAM operations into the national airspace system, with an update in 2023 and related 2025 documents such as the Certification Roadmap refining aspects of integration and timelines for operations by 2028.^[36]^[1]^[88] The plan emphasizes collaboration with stakeholders on airspace management, infrastructure, and certification processes to support scalable AAM deployment.^[1] The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has advanced U-space regulations under Regulation (EU) 2021/664 to facilitate drone and AAM operations in urban low-altitude airspace, with Easy Access Rules published in 2024 and annual inspections commencing in 2025 to ensure compliance and safety.^[89] These regulations define services for traffic management, geo-awareness, and system-wide information sharing, enabling harmonized implementation across member states.^[90] In China, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) has issued guidelines for vertiport design and operations as part of its comprehensive AAM regulatory framework, including standards for physical characteristics, obstacle clearance, and integration with existing aviation infrastructure to support eVTOL certification and deployment.^[91] The General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) established its Electric Propulsion and Innovation Committee (EPIC) to drive AAM advancements, issuing a 2023 resource paper on aircraft entry-into-service requirements for communications, navigation, and surveillance systems.^[92] Airbus's Vahana project, a self-piloted eVTOL demonstrator launched in 2016, concluded in 2019 but informed subsequent urban operations frameworks, including the CityAirbus NextGen for autonomous air taxi services and ecosystem integration.^[93] NASA's Advanced Air Mobility Mission, initiated in 2020, conducts research and development to transform air traffic management for emerging vehicles, focusing on safe, efficient operations in urban and regional environments through simulations, concept validations, and stakeholder engagement.^[4] The mission develops system-level requirements for medium-density AAM scalability and collaborates on unmanned traffic management standards.^[94] Global venture capital funding for AAM has exceeded $10 billion as of 2024, with firms like Andreessen Horowitz investing in propulsion and autonomy technologies to accelerate commercialization by 2025.^[95] In the United Arab Emirates, the Smart Dubai initiative announced a $40 million AAM integrator center in 2022, with development ongoing as of 2025 as part of the Mohammed bin Rashid Aerospace Hub to coordinate vertiport development, regulatory alignment, and urban air mobility testing.^[96] The European Union's SESAR Joint Undertaking advances AAM airspace integration via Project 08 (Advanced Airspace Management), uniting industry partners to develop traffic management solutions for drones and eVTOL in shared airspace.^[97] ASTM International updated its Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) standards in 2024, emphasizing protocols for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, remote identification, and interoperability to enable safe AAM operations.^[98] These updates address gaps in performance requirements and geo-fencing for beyond-visual-line-of-sight flights.^[99]

Operational Applications

Urban and Intra-City Transport

Advanced air mobility (AAM) is poised to transform urban and intra-city transport by enabling on-demand aerial services that bypass ground congestion, focusing on short-distance passenger trips within metropolitan areas. These services leverage electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, which are particularly suited for short hops due to their vertical capabilities and efficiency in dense urban environments.^[100] The core service model for urban AAM involves air taxi networks designed for trips ranging from 10 to 50 kilometers, typically lasting 15 to 30 minutes, offering substantial time savings over ground alternatives in congested cities. By 2025, projected pricing is expected to range from $2 to $4 per passenger-kilometer, making it competitive with premium ground options like ride-hailing services.^[101]^[102] These networks emphasize point-to-point connectivity, allowing passengers to travel directly between origins and destinations such as downtown districts, airports, or event venues without intermediate stops. Infrastructure development centers on vertiports, compact landing and takeoff facilities integrated into urban landscapes, often on rooftops, parking structures, or underutilized buildings to minimize land use. In cities like Los Angeles, multiple vertiports are under planning, with initiatives targeting sites near airports, universities, and high-density areas to support initial air taxi operations by 2026; in November 2025, Archer Aviation acquired Hawthorne Airport for $126 million to establish it as the operational hub for its planned air taxi network.^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106] Notable case studies illustrate early progress in urban AAM deployment. Volocopter's planned air taxi services in Singapore, initially targeted for 2024, involved trials and partnerships for vertiport development, though operations were paused due to funding challenges; the initiative highlighted potential for short-haul tourist and commuter flights over Marina Bay and Sentosa. In Guangzhou, EHang initiated commercial pilotless passenger flights with its EH216-S eVTOL in 2025, focusing on low-altitude urban sightseeing and tourism routes, following regulatory approval for paid operations and completing initial test flights to validate safety and efficiency, and in September 2025, EHang debuted its first EH216-S flight in Africa, marking further progress in international urban air mobility. These examples demonstrate the transition from demonstration to operational services in high-density Asian cities.^[107]^[108]^[109] Key benefits of urban AAM include enhanced speed and environmental gains. AAM services can be 3 to 5 times faster than ground transport for typical intra-city routes, reducing a 2- to 3-hour car journey to 10 to 20 minutes by avoiding traffic. Additionally, electric AAM vehicles offer emissions reductions of up to 50% compared to conventional cars, depending on the electricity grid's carbon intensity, through efficient battery propulsion and optimized flight paths that minimize energy use.^[110]^[111] Integration into daily urban life relies on seamless digital systems, with app-based booking platforms similar to Uber enabling real-time reservations, vehicle matching, and payment. These apps interface with Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) systems for dynamic routing, ensuring safe deconfliction of airspace, weather-adaptive path planning, and efficient fleet scheduling in shared low-altitude corridors.^[112]^[113]

Inter-City and Regional Connectivity

Advanced air mobility (AAM) facilitates inter-city and regional connectivity through medium-distance passenger services, typically spanning 100-300 km, where flights can reduce travel times to 30-60 minutes compared to ground transport.^[114]^[115] For instance, Lilium had envisioned routes such as Palo Alto to Lake Tahoe, covering approximately 250 km in under an hour, bypassing road congestion.^[116] These hub-to-hub models connect secondary cities or general aviation airports, leveraging vertiports at urban endpoints for seamless access.^[117] Network designs for regional AAM emphasize feeder services that integrate with major airports, enabling efficient transfers for longer journeys.^[118] Hybrid electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, which combine battery power with fuel cells for extended range, support these operations by optimizing energy use over distances beyond pure electric capabilities.^[119] This approach creates scalable air metro systems with fixed routes, accommodating scheduled passenger flows between regional hubs.^[119] Prominent examples include Lilium's vision for European regional networks, where the all-electric Lilium Jet targeted connections like those from Munich to Zurich—approximately 280 km—offering faster travel than traditional options, with initial piloted flights planned for early 2025 leading to commercial rollout, but the company filed for insolvency in February 2025, halting development and leading to the sale of its patents in October 2025.^[120]^[121]^[122]^[79] In Brazil, Eve Air Mobility, backed by Embraer, is developing regional operator networks to link cities at speeds of 200 km/h, supported by partnerships for infrastructure and regulation to enable inter-city services post-2027 certification.^[123]^[124]^[125] These services promise economic impacts by enhancing tourism and business travel in underserved regions, fostering growth through improved accessibility. Projections indicate AAM could achieve over 30% operating cost reductions compared to traditional helicopters by 2030, driven by lower maintenance (up to 50% less) and energy efficiency, making regional flights more affordable.^[126]^[127] Scalability relies on multi-modal integration, such as combining AAM with high-speed rail for comprehensive trips, as demonstrated in pilots linking eVTOL flights to rail networks for end-to-end regional efficiency.^[128]

Cargo and Logistics

Advanced air mobility (AAM) enables efficient goods delivery through autonomous electric aircraft and drones, optimizing last-mile and mid-mile logistics for e-commerce and critical supplies. These vehicles typically handle payloads from small medical kits to 500 kg, with operational ranges of 50-150 km suited to urban and regional networks, though some models extend further for broader supply chain integration. For example, Beta Technologies' ALIA cargo variant supports up to 635 kg payloads over 400 km, facilitating e-commerce parcels and medical shipments.^[129] AAM cargo operations emphasize beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) autonomous flights, where aircraft navigate independently using onboard sensors and ground control, often integrating with ground robots for automated package handover at delivery points. This setup enhances efficiency in dense urban environments and remote areas, reducing human intervention and enabling scalable fleets. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has supported such operations through waivers and exemptions, with BVLOS approvals surging from 1,229 in 2020 to 26,870 in 2023, including specific authorizations for cargo drones in logistics corridors.^[130] Prominent deployments highlight AAM's practical impact. Beta Technologies' ALIA conducted trials with UPS in 2024, including electric cargo flights for short-haul package distribution, marking a step toward fleet integration by 2025. In Africa, Zipline's partnerships with governments in Rwanda, Ghana, and Nigeria have expanded medical drone deliveries, with plans to add five more states by late 2025, completing over 1.8 million flights for blood products and vaccines.^[131]^[132] AAM cargo offers 24/7 delivery capabilities, bypassing road congestion and enabling rapid response in varied conditions, while cutting emissions by up to 60% compared to traditional road freight for mid-mile transport. These systems also lower operational costs through electric propulsion, with projections indicating delivery expenses dropping to competitive levels for high-value logistics by 2025.^[133] Within supply chains, AAM excels in cold-chain management for medical supplies, such as vaccines requiring precise temperature control, where Zipline's drones deliver to remote African facilities without compromising integrity. For disaster relief, these vehicles provide swift aid transport, supported by FAA waivers since 2023 that permit BVLOS cargo flights in emergency zones to expedite essentials like medications and equipment.^[134]^[130]

Public and Emergency Services

Advanced air mobility (AAM) technologies, including electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and advanced drones, are increasingly integrated into public and emergency services to enhance response capabilities in critical scenarios. These systems offer rapid deployment, vertical takeoff and landing in constrained spaces, and reduced noise compared to traditional helicopters, enabling operations in urban and remote areas where conventional aircraft face limitations.^[4]^[135] In emergency medical services, eVTOL air ambulances provide swift transport for patients, with typical operational ranges of 150-200 km allowing coverage of regional areas without frequent recharging. These vehicles can reduce response times by enabling faster takeoff, higher speeds, and precise landings near incident sites, potentially serving more cases within critical 15-minute windows. For instance, partnerships like Volocopter and ADAC Luftrettung in Germany are advancing eVTOL integration for emergency medical transport, with trials demonstrating improved efficiency in 2025. Similarly, Archer Aviation's participation in the U.S. FAA's eVTOL Integration Pilot Program in 2025 includes demonstrations of safe operations that could extend to medical evacuations, building on their Midnight eVTOL's capabilities for time-sensitive missions.^[136]^[137]^[138]^[139] Public safety applications leverage AAM for infrastructure inspections and firefighting support, where drones equipped with thermal imaging detect heat signatures for early fire spotting and structural assessments. Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable safer, cost-effective evaluations of bridges, roads, and buildings by identifying anomalies like cracks or overheating without risking human inspectors. In firefighting, AI-enhanced drones with thermal cameras provide real-time aerial views of hotspots, aiding ground crews in resource allocation during wildfires or urban incidents.^[140]^[141]^[142] Notable examples include NASA's 2024 integrations through the Advanced Air Mobility for Good initiative with AIRT, which developed safety management systems for automated AAM in emergency response, focusing on disaster relief and public safety. In the UK, NHS pilots in 2025 utilize drones for medical supply delivery to rural areas like Argyll and Bute, enhancing access in remote regions and supporting faster healthcare interventions.^[143]^[144]^[145] Operational protocols for AAM in crises emphasize prioritized airspace access, allowing emergency vehicles expedited clearance to bypass congested routes during disasters. Redundant systems, such as dual power architectures and backup flight controls in eVTOL designs, ensure high reliability for mission-critical operations.^[146]^[147] These applications yield societal benefits by bridging urban-rural divides through improved connectivity to essential services in underserved areas. AAM enables faster disaster response, delivering supplies and personnel to hard-to-reach locations more efficiently than ground transport.^[148]

Challenges and Regulations

Technical and Safety Challenges

One of the primary technical challenges in advanced air mobility (AAM) is the limitation of battery technology, particularly in energy density, which currently ranges from 250 to 400 Wh/kg for lithium-ion systems used in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft as of 2025.^[149]^[150] This constraint restricts range and payload capacity compared to traditional aviation fuels, necessitating hybrid propulsion systems in many designs to extend operational viability. Additionally, batteries face risks of thermal runaway, where internal short circuits or overheating can lead to rapid temperature escalation, potentially causing fires or explosions that threaten flight safety in confined urban environments.^[149]^[151] Mitigation strategies include advanced battery management systems (BMS) that monitor cell temperatures and voltages in real-time, alongside fast-charging protocols enabling 80% capacity recovery in approximately 30 minutes, which supports high-turnover urban operations while minimizing downtime.^[152]^[153] Noise pollution poses another significant hurdle for AAM integration into urban settings, where operations can generate up to 70 dB at typical approach distances, comparable to conversational speech but potentially disruptive when aggregated across multiple flights.^[154] This level arises primarily from distributed electric propulsion systems with multiple rotors, exacerbating community annoyance in dense areas. To address this, engineers employ acoustic modeling tools to predict and optimize sound propagation, incorporating quiet propeller designs such as low-noise blades and variable-speed rotors that reduce tonal harmonics and broadband noise.^[155]^[156] These approaches aim to keep effective perceived noise levels below urban acceptability thresholds, facilitating quieter hover and transition phases. Achieving stringent safety metrics is essential for AAM, with targets set at a catastrophic failure rate of 10^{-9} per flight hour, comparable to commercial aviation standards, through multi-layered redundancy in critical systems like flight controls and power distribution.^[157] This involves duplicated actuators, segregated wiring harnesses, and failover protocols to prevent single-point failures during vertical operations. For autonomous and semi-autonomous variants, cyber-vulnerability testing is critical, simulating adversarial attacks on communication links and software to ensure resilience against hacking or spoofing that could compromise navigation or collision avoidance. Such testing protocols, often aligned with standards from bodies like NASA, incorporate penetration assessments and encryption hardening to safeguard data integrity in shared airspace. Human factors represent a key operational challenge, particularly in hybrid crewed-uncrewed configurations where pilots must manage transitions between vertical and forward flight modes, requiring specialized training beyond traditional rotorcraft or fixed-wing curricula.^[158] Programs emphasize simulator-based instruction on energy management, automation handovers, and emergency procedures tailored to eVTOL dynamics, ensuring pilots can intervene effectively in degraded modes. A 2021 EASA survey indicated 83% positive initial attitudes toward urban air mobility (UAM) among EU citizens, with 71% likely to use at least one service and concerns over privacy and equity persisting.^[159]^[160] Weather resilience is vital for reliable AAM operations, as vehicles must withstand conditions like rain and winds up to 20 knots without compromising stability or sensor performance. Advanced sensors, including LiDAR, radar, and inertial measurement units, enable real-time detection of precipitation-induced visibility loss or gusts, allowing dynamic rerouting or hover holds.^[161] These systems integrate with weather-aware automation to maintain safe envelopes, such as limiting operations in moderate rain to prevent icing on rotors, thereby maximizing flyable hours in variable urban climates.^[162]

Regulatory Frameworks

The regulatory frameworks for advanced air mobility (AAM) encompass certification standards, operational approvals, and international harmonization efforts to ensure safety and interoperability of powered-lift and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. These frameworks address novel aircraft designs that blend characteristics of airplanes and rotorcraft, focusing on type certification, pilot qualifications, airspace integration, and environmental constraints. Globally, authorities prioritize performance-based standards to accommodate rapid innovation while maintaining equivalent levels of safety to conventional aviation.^[163]^[164] In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) established the powered-lift category through a final rule issued on October 22, 2024, integrating these aircraft into 14 CFR Parts 1, 23, 61, 91, and 135 via a special class certification process under §21.17(b). This performance-based approach tailors airworthiness criteria from Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 to individual designs, covering stability, systems redundancy, and equipage for instrument flight rules (IFR) operations. Type certification timelines typically span 3-5 years, depending on project complexity and data submission, with the first commercial operating certificates expected to trigger an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC) review within three years. Pilot certification requires a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane or rotorcraft rating, plus a powered-lift category and type rating, facilitated by a 10-year Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) under Part 194 for training and operations.^[165]^[163] The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) applies special conditions for vertical takeoff (SC-VTOL) aircraft, outlined in Opinion No. 03/2023 and aligned with the European Plan for Aviation Safety (EPAS) 2023-2025, to certify electric and hybrid propulsion systems under Commission Regulation (EU) No. 748/2012. These conditions emphasize fly-by-wire controls, battery management, and urban operations, with noise levels expected to be lower than traditional rotorcraft to support societal acceptance. EASA proposes specific noise certification rules, including measurement and reporting standards, to limit community impact, while emissions are addressed through sustainable propulsion requirements without fixed quantitative limits in current rules. The Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) has adopted similar standards, issuing the world's first type certificate for an unmanned eVTOL passenger aircraft, the EHang EH216-S, in October 2023, enabling low-altitude operations with streamlined production approvals.^[164]^[166]^[167]^[168] International alignment is advanced by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) through its Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) Panel, which is developing Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) for the certified category of unmanned operations, including 2025 updates to facilitate cross-border AAM flights. These efforts focus on unmanned traffic management (UTM) certification to enable beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) and automated integrations, harmonizing requirements across states for airspace deconfliction and remote identification. In June 2025, regulators from the US, UK, EU, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand released a roadmap to harmonize AAM certification standards through 2027. Additional type certificates, such as for cargo eVTOLs in China, were issued in 2025, though passenger operations remain limited. Operational rules emphasize low-altitude airspace, primarily Class G (uncontrolled) up to 400 feet above ground level (AGL) for initial unmanned operations, transitioning to controlled Classes B, C, or E with air traffic control (ATC) clearance and equipage like transponders. Pilot licensing for remote operations requires FAA Part 107 certification in the U.S., with equivalents under EASA and CAAC mandating visual observers or automated detect-and-avoid systems for manned or hybrid AAM.^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172] As of November 2025, only a handful of type certificates for AAM aircraft, such as the EHang EH216-S, have been issued globally, with most others in advanced stages. Streamlined paths prioritize cargo operations for initial approvals due to reduced passenger safety stringencies, such as lower seating requirements and simplified emergency egress. For instance, cargo-focused designs benefit from expedited §21.17(b) processes, allowing earlier market entry before full passenger certification. These developments reflect collaborative roadmaps among regulators like the FAA, EASA, and counterparts in Australia, Canada, and the UK to synchronize standards and accelerate deployment.^[173]^[174]^[175]

Infrastructure Requirements

Advanced air mobility (AAM) requires specialized infrastructure to support safe, efficient operations, particularly vertiports designed for vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. Vertiports typically feature modular landing pads with surface areas ranging from 500 to 1000 m² to accommodate multiple aircraft simultaneously while mitigating issues like downwash and noise. These pads incorporate megawatt-scale charging capabilities, often delivering 300 kW to 1 MW of direct-current power per aircraft to enable rapid recharges, alongside passenger facilities including terminals, security screening, and lounges for seamless urban integration. Construction costs for such vertiports generally fall between $5 million and $10 million, depending on scale, location, and modular prefabrication techniques that allow deployment in weeks rather than years.^[176]^[177]^[178] Charging networks form a critical backbone for AAM scalability, with plans targeting over 1000 stations globally by 2030 to support high-frequency operations. These networks emphasize grid-tied renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic systems integrated with battery storage, to minimize environmental impact and ensure reliability during peak demand. Recharge times of 20 to 30 minutes for full battery cycles are achievable through high-power fast-charging protocols, allowing eVTOLs to maintain turnaround times comparable to ground transport. On-site energy management at vertiports, including demand-response strategies, helps balance loads and avoid grid overloads in urban settings.^[176]^[105]^[179] Air traffic integration relies on unmanned aircraft system traffic management (UTM) frameworks to enable deconfliction in low-altitude airspace, particularly in dense urban environments. UTM systems facilitate strategic planning of four-dimensional trajectories, assigning flight levels with 100-foot vertical separation to prevent collisions and support capacities exceeding 1000 flights per day per corridor. Automated tools, such as flight-level assignment algorithms and Nash equilibrium-based scheduling, ensure equitable access for multiple operators while adhering to visual flight rules. These digital systems integrate real-time surveillance and contingency protocols, scaling from current drone operations to full AAM volumes.^[180]^[181]^[182] As of 2025, a small number of vertiports are operational worldwide for testing and demonstrations, including key sites in Los Angeles for urban testing and Tokyo-area facilities tied to Expo 2025 demonstrations, with over 1,500 planned globally. Design standards are guided by organizations like Airports Council International - North America (ACI-NA) to promote interoperability. These early implementations focus on proof-of-concept integrations at existing airports and urban rooftops, paving the way for broader networks. ACI-NA emphasizes modular, scalable standards that align with FAA guidelines for safety areas and load-bearing surfaces.^[183]^[184]^[185] Significant cost barriers persist, with investments exceeding $1 billion required for comprehensive infrastructure in major cities to cover vertiport builds, grid upgrades, and UTM deployments. These challenges are often addressed through public-private partnerships (PPPs), where governments provide regulatory support and land access while private entities fund construction and operations, as seen in initiatives across the U.S. and UAE. Such collaborations aim to distribute risks and accelerate rollout, though upfront capital remains a hurdle for widespread adoption.^[186]^[105]

Future Outlook

Market Projections

The advanced air mobility (AAM) market is projected to experience substantial growth, with global revenue estimated at approximately $12 billion in 2025 and reaching $137 billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 23%.^[187] This expansion is driven primarily by urban air mobility (UAM) applications, which are anticipated to dominate due to increasing demand for efficient intra-city transport solutions amid rising urbanization. Key factors include advancements in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology and supportive regulatory progress, enabling scalable operations in densely populated areas. Fleet expansion represents a critical component of this growth, with forecasts indicating 5,000 to 10,000 eVTOL aircraft entering service globally by 2030 to meet rising demand.^[188] Initial operations in the United States and Europe are expected to carry around 500,000 to 2 million passengers annually by the early 2030s, focusing on short-haul routes to alleviate ground traffic congestion. These projections assume successful certification and infrastructure development, with leading operators scaling fleets to support thousands of daily flights in major hubs. Investment trends underscore the sector's momentum, with cumulative funding reaching about $10 billion as of 2025, fueled by strategic commitments from major airlines and venture capital.^[189] For instance, United Airlines has committed up to $1 billion to Archer Aviation, positioning the carrier to integrate eVTOL services into its network for enhanced connectivity. Such investments not only support aircraft development but also signal confidence in AAM's potential to transform regional travel. Regional variations highlight Asia-Pacific's emerging role, expected to grow to over 30% of the global market share by 2030 as the fastest-growing region, propelled by rapid urbanization and government initiatives in countries like China and Japan.^[190] In contrast, North America and Europe will lead early adoption through established regulatory frameworks, though Asia's infrastructure investments are expected to accelerate catch-up growth. Economic models for AAM operators emphasize viability post-certification, with projections indicating profitability in the late 2020s based on operational efficiencies from electric propulsion and high-utilization networks. These calculations factor in reduced fuel and maintenance costs, balanced against initial capital outlays for vertiports and fleet acquisition, projecting breakeven within 3-5 years for mature routes. Overall, these projections hinge on overcoming technical hurdles, as detailed in regulatory discussions, to realize full market potential. As of November 2025, the sector has seen initial commercial test operations in select markets like the U.S. and Europe, but faces challenges including certification delays and funding constraints for some startups.^[191]

Environmental and Societal Impacts

Advanced air mobility (AAM) offers substantial potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, primarily through the adoption of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft powered by renewable energy sources. Compared to internal combustion engine ground vehicles, eVTOL operations can achieve approximately 52% lower greenhouse gas emissions per passenger-kilometer, while versus fossil-fueled conventional aircraft, reductions range from 49% to 88%. These efficiencies arise from the higher energy efficiency of electric propulsion systems, which are 2.1 to 3.2 times more effective during cruising phases than traditional jet engines. Furthermore, when integrated with renewable electricity grids, AAM supports broader net-zero emissions pathways, aligning with the International Energy Agency's Net Zero Emissions scenario targeting net-zero aviation CO2 by 2050.^[192]^[193] Societal implications of AAM include challenges related to noise equity and equitable infrastructure placement, particularly with vertiports. The siting of vertiports in urban areas raises concerns about gentrification, where positive perceptions of proximity to AAM facilities could drive up property values and displace lower-income residents, or conversely lead to disinvestment if viewed negatively. Community opposition often stems from anticipated noise pollution, visual impacts, and increased air traffic over sensitive neighborhoods, with public surveys indicating that around 9% of respondents strongly oppose AAM implementation under any circumstances due to these issues. Environmental justice frameworks emphasize the need for inclusive public participation to mitigate disproportionate burdens on low-income and minority communities from vertiport operations and low-altitude flight paths.^[194]^[195]^[194] AAM has the potential to democratize travel by enhancing connectivity in underserved regions, such as rural or low-access urban peripheries, where traditional aviation and ground transport are limited. By enabling rapid access to healthcare, employment, and essential services, AAM could bridge infrastructural gaps for historically marginalized populations. However, initial affordability barriers pose significant hurdles, with early commercial trips projected to cost over $100 per flight due to high operational and certification expenses, limiting accessibility primarily to higher-income users. Economic analyses highlight that demand sensitivity to pricing could exacerbate inequities unless subsidies or scalable technologies reduce fares over time.^[196]^[197]^[198]^[198] The integration of AAM is poised to transform urban landscapes through the development of sky corridors—dedicated low-altitude flight routes that could redefine cityscapes and mobility patterns. These corridors may alleviate ground congestion but introduce potential biodiversity impacts, as increased low-altitude operations (typically 500–3,000 feet) could disrupt wildlife habitats, particularly avian migration patterns in densely populated areas. Strategic planning for corridor design emphasizes minimizing environmental footprints by avoiding sensitive ecological zones, though long-term studies are needed to quantify effects on urban biodiversity.^[199]^[199] Looking ahead to 2030, projections suggest AAM could capture a notable share of urban trips, potentially up to 10% in high-adoption scenarios, by substituting longer ground commutes exceeding 30 minutes. This modal shift would enhance climate resilience by providing alternative transport options during disruptions from extreme weather or infrastructure failures, supporting adaptive urban planning in vulnerable regions. State-level strategies underscore AAM's role in bolstering overall transportation access and sustainability amid climate challenges.^[200]^[201]^[201]

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[PDF] NASA SBIR 2025-I Solicitation
Jul 7, 2025 · Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) promises to revolutionize urban and regional transportation, offering fast, clean, and affordable travel by air.
[59]
Joby Aviation - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
$$2.3K This year, Joby Aviation is projected to spend $2.3K on IT, according to Aberdeen.
[60]
https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/58749/dot_58749_DS1.pdf
[61]
10 Airtaxies Leading the Commercialization Race | GOLDSEA
Oct 8, 2025 · | 2 | S4 | Joby Aviation | USA | FAA certification Phase 4 complete; $1B+ in orders (incl. Delta Air Lines); commercial air taxi launches ...
[62]
Archer Aviation (ACHR) - Market capitalization
As of November 2025 Archer Aviation has a market cap of $5.50 Billion USD. This makes Archer Aviation the world's 2907th most valuable company by market cap ...
[63]
https://eaglepubs.erau.edu/dronesacrosstheworld/back-matter/appendix/
[64]
Archer, Joby Advance UAE Commercial Launches In 2026
Oct 6, 2025 · The first vertiport—at Dubai International—is on track for completion in early 2026. Archer, on the other hand, is targeting Abu Dhabi in ...Missing: valuation | Show results with:valuation
[65]
China lets Ehang operate fully autonomous, passenger-carrying air ...
Oct 13, 2023 · In the second quarter, Ehang said it set up a joint venture with Shenzhen-listed Xiyu Tourism and delivered five EH216-S units. The venture aims ...
[66]
EHang Secures Order for 50 Units of EH216-S from Guizhou and ...
Jun 30, 2025 · EHang has received a purchase order for 50 units of its EH216-S pilotless eVTOL aircraft from Guizhou Scenic Tourism Development Co., Ltd.
[67]
First Batch of EHang's EH216-S Delivered to Xishan Tourism and ...
Jul 29, 2024 · EHang delivered 10 EH216-S aircraft to Xishan Tourism, completed debut passenger flights in Taiyuan, and will deploy them for local sightseeing.<|control11|><|separator|>
[68]
EHang Announces Suggested Retail Price of RMB2.39 Million for ...
Feb 1, 2024 · The EH216-S UAV system's official suggested retail price in China is set at RMB2.39 million per unit, effective from April 1, 2024.
[69]
Lilium raises another $240 million as it looks toward air taxi service ...
Mar 23, 2020 · Lilium raises another $240 million as it looks toward air taxi service by 2025 · Lilium files for insolvency again as funding deal falls through.Missing: EASA | Show results with:EASA<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Latest Lilium Developments in the Global eVTOL Market
Oct 18, 2025 · AAMG, which had pre insolvency orders for 16 Lilium Jets, aims to resume development toward EASA type certification by late 2025 and achieve ...
[71]
Lilium Jet's Impact on the Future of Air Mobility | 2025 and Beyond
Oct 18, 2025 · A successful AAMG acquisition could turn 2025's challenges into 2030's triumphs: quieter skies, greener travel, and seamless regional ...
[72]
Volocopter runs test flights during Olympics 2024
Aug 12, 2024 · The two-seater, 18-rotor VoloCity has a range of 22 miles (35km) and a top speed of 69mph (110km/h). Germany-based Volocopter, which was founded ...
[73]
Volocopter's eVTOL air taxi to fly over 2024 Olympic Games
Jul 12, 2024 · The operational validation phase allows the VoloCity to fly for demonstration purposes only, and it is not permitted to carry passengers as the ...
[74]
Groupe ADP & Volocopter at Forefront of Electric Urban Air Mobility
Jun 20, 2023 · Groupe ADP and Volocopter have collaborated to bring UAM to Paris, conducting flight tests with new electric air taxis, or eVTOLs at the ...
[75]
How FAA's eVTOL Pilot Could Transform U.S. Air Travel
Sep 12, 2025 · Electric air taxi developers Joby Aviation, Archer Aviation, Beta Technologies, and Wisk Aero on Friday said they intend to participate.
[76]
Joby Aviation S4 2.0 (pre-production prototype) - eVTOL.news
At this time, the company has not be certified by the FAA to provide air taxi service with its Joby S4 eVTOL passenger air taxi aircraft. However, Joby ...
[77]
Advanced Air Mobility Implementation Plan
Jul 18, 2023 · The FAA's implementation plan, part of the 'Innovate28' plan, outlines steps to enable advanced air mobility operations by 2028.
[78]
U-space | EASA - European Union
Requirements for the management of information security risks with a potential impact on aviation safety for organisations and competent authorities.Missing: AAM | Show results with:AAM
[79]
Easy Access Rules for U-space (Regulation (EU) 2021/664) - EASA
May 29, 2024 · The EAR for U-space contain the applicable EU rules for U-space ... EASA certifies ANRA Technologies as first U-space service provider.Missing: AAM | Show results with:AAM
[80]
Vertiports: The Infrastructure Backbone of Advanced Air Mobility—A ...
Vertiports are dedicated infrastructure for VTOL operations, designed for takeoff and landing, and are key for integrating AAM into transport networks.
[81]
[PDF] Advanced Air Mobility Aircraft Entry into Service (EIS ...
Sep 1, 2023 · Advanced Air Mobility Aircraft Entry into Service (EIS) ... A report by GAMA Electric Propulsion and Innovation Committee (EPIC).
[82]
Vahana has come to an end. But a new chapter at Airbus has just ...
Dec 19, 2019 · Vahana's key learnings are now providing Airbus Urban Mobility with invaluable insight on the design of its future urban air vehicle.Missing: evolution AAM
[83]
[PDF] A Proposed Taxonomy for Advanced Air Mobility
Mar 22, 2021 · NASA defines AAM as safe, sustainable, affordable, and accessible aviation for transformational local and intraregional missions. As such, AAM ...
[84]
https://zagdaily.com/zag-air/volocopters-evtol-air-taxi-to-fly-over-2024-olympic-games/
[85]
United Arab Emirates - Aerospace and Aviation
Aug 25, 2025 · Dubai has launched a project to build a $40 million Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) integrator center as part of Mohammed bin Rashid Aerospace Hub.<|separator|>
[86]
Advanced airspace management - SESAR Joint Undertaking
PJ08 Advanced Airspace Management (AAM) brings key European aviation industry partners combining the right expertise and investment to address this challenge.
[87]
ASTMI reports progress on revised remote ID, UAS impact, demo ...
ASTMI reports progress on revised remote ID, UAS impact, demo and UTM standards development · ASTM International reports its subcommittee on flight operations ( ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[88]
[PDF] REPORT - American National Standards Institute
Nov 1, 2024 · Gap O5: UAS Operations and Weather (3/11/2024). •. Gap O7: UTM Services Performance Standards (2/12/2024). •. Gap O10: Geo-fence Exchange (2/09/ ...
[89]
Advanced Air Mobility: Using a short takeoff and landing aircraft design
Dec 16, 2021 · On such routes, air mobility can save people and cargo hours, while reducing fuel burn and emissions vs. inefficient ground routes. Electra's ...<|separator|>
[90]
Urban Air Mobility Market Size, Share, Trends, Companies & Industry
The global urban air mobility market is estimated to be USD 4.59 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 23.47 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 31.2% between ...Missing: typical distance
[91]
Urban Air Mobility demand forecasting: modeling evidence from the ...
Jan 13, 2025 · In terms of magnitude, the unit kilometer rate assumed, between 3.5 €/km and 3.0 €/km, is aligned with the rate range examined in [30] but are ...<|separator|>
[92]
Developer Selects Landing Sites for Upcoming Flying Taxis in Los ...
Oct 3, 2025 · These vertiports are envisioned on open land near airports and universities, as well as atop parking structures and rooftops in densely ...
[93]
Vertiports and Asia Pacific ambitions - Airports International
Feb 28, 2025 · ” This work will continue throughout 2025, with the project expected to form the basis for broader engagement with industry, government and the ...
[94]
[PDF] The global vertiport market map and forecast 2025-2029
This document provides a global vertiport market map and forecast for 2025-2029, including planned locations, market forecasts, and key players.
[95]
Lack of local funding partners forces Volocopter to put air taxi launch ...
Nov 17, 2023 · The launch of Volocopter's air taxi operations in Singapore has been put on hold indefinitely, as the pioneer of flying taxis could not secure local partners.
[96]
EHang secures certification for pilotless passenger flights - AviTrader
Apr 1, 2025 · The certification allows passengers to purchase tickets for low-altitude urban sightseeing and tourism flights in Guangzhou and Hefei.
[97]
Archer to set up air taxi network in LA by 2026 ahead of World Cup
Aug 8, 2024 · An air taxi network in LA that will replace a two- to three-hour car journey with a 10- to 20-minute air taxi ride, starting in 2026.
[98]
[PDF] the feasibility of electric air taxis: balancing time savings and co2 ...
These findings indicate that, on a regional level, eVTOLs present notable advantages in reducing CO2 emissions when compared to conventional petrol and diesel ...
[99]
Joby and Uber Technologies partner to bring Blade flight booking ...
Sep 11, 2025 · Joby Aviation and Uber Technologies have announced they plan to bring Blade's air mobility services to the Uber app as soon as next year, ...
[100]
Routing and scheduling optimization for urban air mobility fleet ...
Feb 5, 2025 · In this study, we propose a routing and scheduling framework to address the needs of a large fleet of UAM vehicles operating in urban areas.
[101]
The Potential for Advanced Air Mobility Beyond the Congestion Use ...
Dec 15, 2021 · ... regional locations (c. 100-300 kilometres). Lilium estimates it could provide journeys between Palo Alto and Lake Tahoe in under an hour ...
[102]
[PDF] Advanced Air Mobility Concept of Operations - The MITRE Corporation
Travel efficiencies: AAM will offer greater potential travel time and cost reductions as networks expand and operations scale. Global trade: Improved ...
[103]
[PDF] The Potential for Advanced Air Mobility Beyond the Congestion Use ...
At the other end of the scale, Lilium is designing longer-range aircraft to facilitate passenger movements to regional locations. (c. 100-300 kilometres).
[104]
Suitability Assessment and Route Network Planning for Low-Altitude ...
Primary Route, 200–500 km, Trunk/branch airports–Class A GA airports, Regional commuting. Secondary Route, 100–300 km, Class A GA airports–Class A GA airports ...
[105]
[PDF] The Economic Impact and Community Benefits of Advanced Air ...
range reflects longer flights such as Regional Air Mobility, while the lower range reflects short trips such as Airport Shuttle and On-Demand air taxi.
[106]
A service network design for scheduled advanced air mobility using ...
This study proposes a service network design approach for the air metro, a pre-scheduled service with fixed routes that accommodate passengers for intra- or ...
[107]
Why we're focusing on Regional Air Mobility - Lilium
Jul 24, 2020 · Traveling with the all-electric Lilium Jet would allow me and others in Zurich to complete these journeys significantly faster and at a price ...
[108]
Lilium Powers On First Lilium Jet in Significant Milestone Towards ...
Oct 1, 2024 · ... first piloted flight planned for early 2025 MSN 2, the first aircraft that Lilium will fly with a pilot on board, is now in final assembly.
[109]
Eve and SkyWest Announce Partnership to Develop Regional ...
Eve and SkyWest Announce Partnership to Develop Regional Operator Network with an order for 100 eVTOL aircraft. Melbourne, Florida, Dec. 21, 2021 – Eve Air ...About Eve Air Mobility · Eve Air Mobility Twenty-Year... · Eve Air Mobility Showcases...
[110]
Eve – Air Mobility
Eve offers air mobility routes in Singapore, Sydney, South Africa, UK, France, UAE, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and Shanghai.Meet Eve · Investors · eVTOL · CareersMissing: regional | Show results with:regional
[111]
Brazil regulator sees realistic Embraer flying taxi certification in 2027
Sep 22, 2025 · Brazil regulator sees realistic Embraer flying taxi certification in 2027 · Eve has nearly 3,000 preorders from 28 customers in nine countries ...
[112]
eVTOL vs Helicopter Cost Comparison 2025 Guide
Sep 17, 2025 · *While manufacturer projections suggest potential 30%+ cost reductions compared to traditional helicopters, these estimates depend on achieving ...<|separator|>
[113]
Advanced air mobility: Achieving scale for value realization - Deloitte
Dec 11, 2023 · Additionally, as compared to traditional aircraft, eVTOL aircraft are simpler to build, maintain, and service, and often faster to produce.
[114]
Future Passenger Journeys Combining eVTOL Flights & Rail
Sep 15, 2025 · Future Passenger Journeys Combining eVTOL Flights & Rail. SkyDrive and JR East demonstrated how eVTOL flights could seamlessly connect with rail ...
[115]
Alia-250 electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft
Apr 9, 2021 · The aircraft to be delivered to UPS will have a cargo payload capacity of 635kg, range of 402km and cruising speed of 274km/h. The first ...
[116]
[PDF] FAA Has Made Progress in Advancing BVLOS Drone Operations but ...
Jun 30, 2025 · FAA increased approvals for BVLOS operations from 1,229 in 2020 to. 26,870 in 2023. FAA used small UAS rule waivers, air carrier operating.
[117]
UPS Commits to Operating Beta's Alia eVTOL Aircraft for Package ...
Apr 7, 2021 · The express package delivery giant said that it intends to take delivery of the first 10 aircraft in 2024, with the remaining 140 units covered ...
[118]
Zipline to launch drone logistics in five additional states in Nigeria
Mar 7, 2025 · Zipline, a US-based drone logistics company backed by Goldman Sachs and Sequoia Capital, plans to expand to five additional Nigerian states by the end of 2025.
[119]
How drones are revolutionising air cargo sustainability - STAT Times
May 31, 2025 · ... cargo delivery that is up to 80% faster, 50% cheaper, and 60% lower in emissions compared to traditional mid-mile freight transport. Real ...
[120]
Using drones to deliver critical humanitarian aid
Delivering critical medical aid ... Supporting vaccination campaigns by delivering vaccines when and where needed, in areas without a reliable cold chain.Missing: AAM | Show results with:AAM
[121]
Advanced Air Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges Deploying ...
Jan 24, 2022 · The analysis finds that an eVTOL air ambulance battery range and weight (approximately 3500 pounds) reduces the ability for this aircraft to ...
[122]
Future of Air Mobility: Gyrocopters vs. eVTOLs - LinkedIn
Feb 23, 2025 · Fully electric prototypes, with 60–80 kWh batteries (100–150 kg) and carbon fiber frames (180–220 kg), aim for 150–200 km ranges by 2028–2030, ...
[123]
Industry voice: eVTOLs can reduce emergency response times
Mar 1, 2023 · When the average time for take-off or landing is reduced or the speed is increased, more emergencies can be served within 15 minutes, as the ...
[124]
Volocopter eVTOL Moves Closer to Emergency Medical Service ...
Jul 29, 2025 · Volocopter eVTOL Moves Closer to Emergency Medical Service Integration. Volocopter and ADAC Luftrettung deepen their partnership to integrate ...Missing: ambulance | Show results with:ambulance<|separator|>
[125]
Archer Plans For Air Taxi Trial Participation Under White House ...
Sep 12, 2025 · The trials are expected to focus on demonstrating that eVTOL operations are safe, quiet and scalable—key factors in building community trust and ...
[126]
https://www.privatecharterx.blog/evtol-vs-helicopter-cost-comparison/
[127]
The Future of Public Safety Flight: Advanced Aerial Mobility and ...
Aug 1, 2025 · AI-powered uncrewed drones and larger aircraft (both uncrewed and crewed) with thermal imaging and smoke detection capabilities can identify hot ...
[128]
The Rise of Drone-as-a-Service Solutions for Public Safety
Jan 13, 2025 · Incident Awareness: drones equipped with high-definition cameras and thermal imaging provide real-time aerial views of incident scenes.
[129]
AAM for Public Safety AIRT Launches AAM for Good - Dronelife
Jul 29, 2024 · AIRT's AAM For Good program aims to integrate Advanced Air Mobility systems for enhanced public safety and emergency response.
[130]
NASA Advanced Air Mobility Partnerships
Mar 20, 2024 · NASA and AIRT are developing a safety management system to enable highly-automated AAM-focused aviation for emergency response. A&P ...
[131]
Drones could fly medicines and mail in Argyll and Bute - BBC
Oct 23, 2025 · Medical supplies and mail could be transported by drones to try and cut delivery times in rural parts of Argyll and Bute.
[132]
[PDF] Advanced Air Mobility Missions for Public Good
Sep 1, 2023 · Two areas that leverage aviation capabilities to perform services in support of the public that AAM could enhance are conservation and disaster.
[133]
[PDF] Power System Redundancy Design Trends for All-Electric eVTOL ...
(eVTOL) vehicles promise to enable new. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) missions. ➢ E.g., air taxi, medical transport, cargo delivery, and many more.
[134]
Advanced Air Mobility for Emergencies - NASA
Jan 24, 2022 · AAM will aid in disaster response by adding more ways to safely rescue people, drop supplies to hard-to-reach areas and fight fires.
[135]
Perspective Battery safety and security for electric urban air mobility
Nov 3, 2025 · For emerging electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a pack-level energy density of 400–500 Wh kg−1 is widely regarded as an ...
[136]
Aircraft Innovation Trends Enabling Advanced Air Mobility - Medium
Simplest mechanically, high redundancy, but penalized by poor cruise efficiency. Lift-plus-cruise — Good separation of hover and ...
[137]
Analysis of Thermal Runaway Performance of Power Batteries for ...
This situation poses significant risks to the flight safety of electric aircraft. Given the higher energy density of aircraft power batteries, TR occurring in ...Missing: AAM | Show results with:AAM
[138]
Lilium and ABB announce MegaWatt ultra-charging system for ...
Oct 14, 2021 · Lilium says this will give its aircraft a full 0-100 percent charge in around 30 minutes, or a quick 0-80 percent charge in just 15 minutes.
[139]
Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical ...
Jul 21, 2021 · We experimentally demonstrate two energy-dense Li-ion battery designs that can recharge adequate energy for 80 km eVTOL trips in 5–10 min and ...
[140]
Noise alert! - Aerospace America - AIAA
Mar 30, 2020 · Joby Aviation's all-electric air taxi powered by six tilt rotors, which has made some piloted test flights, produces less than 70 decibels of ...
[141]
Advanced Acoustic Modeling of Urban Air Mobility Concept Vehicles
Apr 20, 2022 · AAM software allows users to model vehicle sound generated by helicopters, tiltrotor vehicles, and fixed-wing aircraft using site-specific receivers.Missing: dB quiet propellers
[142]
Review of Control Technologies for Quiet Operations of Advanced ...
The current technologies for developing quiet rotor noise in urban canyons are reviewed. Several passive noise control approaches are discussed.Missing: 55-65 | Show results with:55-65
[143]
Understanding 'one in a billion' in aircraft system safety assessments
Dec 8, 2021 · In the case of EASA's Special Condition – VTOL, the 1 x 10^-9 rate applies specifically to catastrophic failures in Category Enhanced aircraft, ...Missing: AAM redundancy cyber-
[144]
Revised Pilot Training Requirements in Advanced Air Mobility Space
Oct 16, 2025 · Revised Pilot Training Requirements in Advanced Air Mobility Space: An Exploratory Study. October 2025. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-89553-1_23. In ...
[145]
[PDF] Study on the societal acceptance of Urban Air Mobility in Europe
May 19, 2021 · This study has measured the attitude of the EU society towards UAM early 2021, well in advance of future deployment in EU cities foreseen around ...
[146]
"Public Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility by Air Travel Frequency" by ...
Apr 23, 2025 · This study provides the most recent public acceptance of UAM and helps to understand how air travel frequency impacts public acceptance of UAM.Missing: AAM 60%<|separator|>
[147]
An Initial Assessment of the Potential Weather Barriers of Urban Air ...
(2021) demonstrated the impact of wind speeds, dividing them into four categories: slow between 0 and 15 knots, and median average is 15-20 knots, high scale is ...
[148]
Quantifying the Effect of Weather on Advanced Air Mobility Operations
Jan 18, 2023 · We quantify and analyze the potential number of flyable hours for an advanced air mobility (AAM) vehicle over the contiguous United States.Missing: sensors | Show results with:sensors
[149]
[PDF] 2120-AL72 Integration of Powered-Lift - FAA
The published document could contain minor changes due to formatting and editorial requirements from the Office of the Federal Register.
[150]
[PDF] Opinion No 03-2023 - European Business Aviation Association
The noise profile may vary among the different aircraft designs, but noise levels are expected to be lower than those of rotorcraft. —. Operations. The ...
[151]
With New Rule, FAA is Ready for Air Travel of the Future
Oct 22, 2024 · Allows pilots to train in powered-lift with a single set of flight controls; legacy rules require two flight controls – one for the student and ...Missing: 23 | Show results with:23
[152]
Special Condition for VTOL and Means of Compliance - EASA
Jul 18, 2025 · This document proposes additional MOCs as well as corrections and amendments to some previously introduced MOCs.Missing: AAM | Show results with:AAM
[153]
EASA outlines new plans for eVTOL noise and environmental ...
Jan 21, 2025 · EASA has today published the second volume of its European Plan for Aviation Safety (EPAS) which includes the introduction of noise requirements for VTOL ...
[154]
[PDF] SUPPLEMENT TO THE 2024 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ...
Input on RPAS: The RPAS Panel has continued developing provisions to enable the certified category of unmanned aircraft operations, namely internationally ...<|separator|>
[155]
UA / Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Panel (RPASP) - ICAO
The Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Panel (RPASP) coordinates and develops ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), Procedures and Guidance material.Missing: cross- border certification
[156]
Section 4. Airspace Access for UAS - Federal Aviation Administration
Part 107 remote pilots may fly in Class G airspace up to 400 feet AGL, and within 400 feet of a structure without prior coordination with ATC.
[157]
China's eVTOL Certification Coup: Outpacing the World in Advanced ...
Apr 3, 2025 · China has surged ahead of the global pack in certifying electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and deploying advanced air mobility (AAM) ...
[158]
UAM - EHang
EHang secures Production Certificate from CAAC, clearing path for mass production of EH216-S pilotless eVTOL aircraft. 2025. Mar. EHang's EH216-S eVTOL ...
[159]
New Roadmap for AAM Aircraft to Streamline Certification Across ...
Jun 18, 2025 · AAM aircraft across the world will soon see streamlined certification due to a new roadmap established by international aviation ...Missing: issued cargo passenger paths
[160]
[PDF] Federal Aviation Administration Vertiport Electrical Infrastructure Study
Direct-current (DC) peak charging power ranges from 300 kW to 1 MW, and surveyed aircraft require 5% or more of onboard energy capacity for takeoffs. The ...
[161]
Skyportz offers vertipad IP to US companies at no fee “to support ...
Jun 9, 2025 · The modular vertipad patent addresses two of the standout issues for Advanced Air Mobility in urban locations – amelioration of downwash/outwash ...Missing: 500-1000 m² charging megawatt- passenger facilities $5- 10M
[162]
So, You Want to Build a Vertiport. Here's What It Will Cost to Build ...
Apr 27, 2025 · Departure and landing facility development and operational costs for Advanced Air Mobility can range from US$100,000 to US$17,000,000 each.Missing: pads 500-1000 m² charging megawatt- scale $5- 10M
[163]
Vertiport Power Demands and Grid Infrastructure Realities
Feb 19, 2025 · ... eVTOL charging infrastructure demands power delivery systems that rival those of heavy industrial users. Most aircraft require 300 kW to 1 MW ...
[164]
Automated flight planning of high-density urban air mobility
Compared to existing commercial flights, AAM operations are expected to be at higher density; thus, an AAM system needs to be scalable, safe, and autonomous.
[165]
Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM)
May 2, 2025 · UTM is a collaborative ecosystem for safely managing unmanned aircraft (UA or drone) operations at low altitudes.Missing: ICAO panel border
[166]
[PDF] Ohio Advanced Air Mobility Framework
1.1 Scope and Purpose ... developed and promoted the first version of the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Concept of Operations in June.
[167]
[PDF] EB 105A, Vertiport Design, Supplemental Guidance to AC 150/5390 ...
Dec 27, 2024 · The vertiport design criteria in this EB is intended for special class rotorcraft and powered-lift aircraft with three or more propulsive units ...
[168]
1504 vertiports now planned for construction worldwide
The February 2025 update to the Global AAM/UAM Market Map report: The global vertiport market map and forecast 2025-2029 has identified 1,504 vertiports ...
[169]
[PDF] Aam operations at the expo 2025 osaka, kansai, japan - ICAO
Jul 28, 2025 · The “EXPO Vertiport” is notable for being the first in Japan to feature two parking spots, enabling the operation of multiple AAM aircraft ...
[170]
Global AAM infrastructure planning “now over USD100 million a month
Jan 27, 2025 · Planned and committed expenditure on advanced air mobility infrastructure has soared in the Far East and North America over the last four months to nearly USD ...Missing: cost PPP
[171]
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Industry Research Report 2025-2035
Oct 16, 2025 · Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Industry Research Report 2025-2035: Market to Surpass $175 Billion this Year, Driven by Urban Congestion and the ...Missing: IDTechEx | Show results with:IDTechEx
[172]
Advanced Air Mobility Market Size, Growth, Trends and Forecast
Advanced Air Mobility Market is anticipated to expand from $8.7 billion in 2024 to $45.2 billion by 2034, growing at a CAGR of approximately 17.9%.Geographical Overview · Recent Developments · Market Drivers And Trends<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/chinas-evtol-certification-coup-outpacing-world-air-amrg-ison-phd-fjilc
[174]
The future of air mobility: Electric aircraft and flying taxis - McKinsey
In 2030, passenger advanced-air-mobility operators could rival today's largest airlines in flights per day and fleet size. By 2030, the leading companies in the ...
[175]
Asia Pacific Advanced Air Mobility Market Size & Outlook
The advanced air mobility market in Asia Pacific is expected to reach a projected revenue of US$ 37,706.1 million by 2035. A compound annual growth rate of 27% ...
[176]
Advanced Air Mobility: What Electric Air Taxis Need to Take Off
By 2035, small electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft will likely transport passengers and cargo between city centers and local airports.Missing: expansion | Show results with:expansion
[177]
[PDF] Recognizing the Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions Through Air ...
5.6 Advanced Air Mobility Infrastructure and financials ... Electric aircraft can provide a 49% to 88% reduction in CO2 emissions relative to fossil-fueled.
[178]
https://aam.today/so-you-want-to-build-a-vertiport-heres-what-it-will-cost-to-build-and-operate-one/
[179]
[PDF] Social Equity and Advanced Air Mobility
Vertiport Placement and Operations. • Risks of displacement, gentrification, and disinvestment/neighborhood decline. • Uncertain if living and working near ...Missing: 2025 | Show results with:2025
[180]
[PDF] Public Opinion Research Study on Examining the social acceptance ...
Jan 31, 2024 · • A small proportion of respondents (9%) oppose using AAM technology in all circumstances, and the same proportion (9%) support using AAM ...<|separator|>
[181]
[PDF] Advanced Air Mobility: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research ...
This white paper presents an overview of the state of the market, such as the aircraft under development and forecast market growth and discusses factors that ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[182]
[PDF] Getting Ready for Advanced Air Mobility - WSP
AAM can connect more communities, extending air travel to areas currently not served or underserved by aviation. AAM can also enable transportation to serve ...Missing: barriers | Show results with:barriers
[183]
[PDF] Advanced air mobility evidence review - SASIG
global vehicle fleet projections, passenger and cargo demand, and drivers of ... Aviation 2030: Passenger Use Cases in the Advanced Air Mobility revolution.
[184]
[PDF] Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Transportation Plan | City of Orlando
The purpose of the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Transportation Plan is for the City of Orlando to be able to plan for the anticipated impacts associated with ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[185]
[PDF] Forecasting Market Opportunities for Urban and Regional Air Mobility
A NASA-commissioned study found that 98% of the air taxi demand will come from a portion of ground trips that exceed 30 minutes (Goyal, et al., 2019).Missing: climate resilience
[186]
[PDF] Kansas Advanced Air Mobility Strategy
These advancements encompass enhanced safety features, including autonomous flight capabilities, sophisticated collision avoidance technologies, and redundant.