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Backpack

A backpack, also known as a knapsack or rucksack, is a bag designed with two adjustable shoulder straps that enable it to be carried on the wearer's back, providing hands-free transport for personal items such as books, clothing, supplies, or gear.^[1]^[2] Backpacks trace their origins to ancient times, with early forms appearing as simple fabric sacks or leather pouches used by hunters, soldiers, and travelers for carrying essentials; Native American designs influenced later European adaptations.^[3] Building on 19th-century military innovations like the 1878 Merriam knapsack, the modern term "backpack" was first recorded in the United States in the late 19th century, appearing in print by 1896 (OED), evolving from earlier words like "packsack" and "knapsack," which derived from Dutch and Low German roots meaning "to snap up" or "bite," referring to quick consumption or portability.^[4] Key innovations in the 20th century transformed the backpack from rudimentary survival tool to versatile everyday item: in 1922, Lloyd Nelson filed a patent (granted 1924) for the Trapper Nelson pack with an external wooden frame for better load distribution, followed by the 1938 introduction of zippers by Gerry Outdoors for easier access, and the 1967 invention of the internal-frame design by Greg Lowe, which improved balance for rugged terrain.^[5]^[3] Today, backpacks serve diverse purposes across education, outdoor activities, travel, and professional settings, with designs optimized for specific needs such as weight distribution to reduce strain on the body.^[6] Common types include daypacks for urban commuting or light hikes (typically 20-35 liters), hiking backpacks with external or internal frames for multi-day treks (40-70 liters), laptop backpacks featuring padded compartments for electronics, and specialized variants like hydration packs for runners or assault packs for military use.^[6] Materials have advanced from canvas and leather to durable synthetics like nylon and polyester, often incorporating ergonomic features such as padded straps, hip belts, and ventilation to enhance comfort during prolonged wear.^[4] In educational contexts, backpacks became ubiquitous among students by the mid-20th century, evolving from leather book straps to structured bags; children often carry loads exceeding recommended limits of 10-15% of body weight, prompting guidelines from health organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics to limit loads for musculoskeletal health.^[3]^[7]

Fundamentals

Definition and Terminology

A backpack is defined as a bag equipped with two shoulder straps designed to be worn on the back, allowing for the even distribution of weight across the shoulders and torso, which distinguishes it from hand-carried or single-strap bags that place the load on one arm or hand.^[1] This configuration enables hands-free carrying, making it suitable for activities requiring mobility, such as hiking, commuting, or travel.^[8] The term "backpack" originated in the 1890s, with its earliest recorded use as a noun in 1896, combining "back" and "pack" to describe a bag carried on the back; it later evolved into a verb in the 1890s for hiking with such a load.^[9]^[10] Prior to this, related terms included "knapsack," borrowed from Low German around 1600, where "knappen" means "to eat" or "to snap" and "sack" refers to a bag, originally denoting a provision-carrying pouch for soldiers or travelers.^[11] Other regionalisms like "packsack" and "moneybag" were used in North America before "backpack" gained prominence, often interchangeably for similar back-carried items. In European contexts, "rucksack" emerged in English in the 1850s from the German "Rucksack," literally meaning "back sack," with earliest evidence from 1853, and remains a common synonym, particularly for outdoor gear.^[12]^[13] Variations include the "daypack," a compact backpack typically 20-35 liters, intended for short outings like daily errands or light hikes without overnight needs.^[14] Backpacks differ from satchels, which feature a single adjustable strap for side or cross-body carrying with a flap closure, and duffels, which are cylindrical bags with handles or a single shoulder strap for hand or over-shoulder transport, lacking structured back support.^[15] Backpacks are classified primarily by volume in liters (or cubic inches, where 1 liter ≈ 61 cubic inches), indicating internal storage capacity, alongside load limits in kilograms for safe carrying—typically 10-20% of the user's body weight.^[16] Common categories include daypacks (20-35 liters, up to 5-10 kg, for school or urban use), weekend packs (30-50 liters, 10-15 kg, for short trips), and multiday packs (50-80 liters, 15-25 kg, for extended hiking).^[6]^[17] These distinctions guide selection based on purpose, such as lightweight models for daily school commutes versus robust versions for outdoor pursuits.^[17]

Basic Components

A backpack's core components form the foundational structure that enables carrying and organization. The shoulder straps, typically padded with foam or gel for comfort and often contoured to follow the body's shape, distribute the load across the upper body while allowing adjustability for a custom fit.^[18] The back panel, which serves as the primary contact point between the pack and the wearer's back, is usually constructed from breathable mesh or molded foam to provide cushioning and ventilation, reducing sweat buildup during extended use.^[19] The hip belt, a wide and padded element that wraps around the hips, transfers a significant portion of the weight—up to 80% in well-designed systems—from the shoulders to the hips and legs for better balance and reduced strain.^[19] At the center is the main compartment, the largest storage area, which is typically accessed via zippered or roll-top closures to securely contain gear while preventing spillage.^[20] Beyond these essentials, backpacks incorporate additional features to enhance functionality. External and internal pockets, such as stretchy side pockets for water bottles or zippered hip belt pockets for quick-access items like snacks, provide organized storage without compromising the main compartment's integrity.^[18] Hydration sleeves, internal pouches designed to hold a water reservoir with an exit port for the drinking tube, allow hands-free fluid intake during activities.^[19] Compression straps, positioned on the sides and exterior, cinch down the load to minimize shifting and maintain a compact profile. Hardware elements, including durable buckles for strap adjustments and zippers from brands like SBS or RiRi known for their smooth operation and reliability in outdoor gear, ensure secure fastening across components.^[21] Closure mechanisms on backpacks have evolved from basic buckles and straps to more efficient zippers, offering varied access options. Common types include drawstring closures, which use a cinch cord for simple top sealing; flap or lid designs, secured by buckles over the opening for weather resistance; and panel loaders, featuring a full zippered front panel for wide interior access.^[20] Sizing standards for backpacks emphasize torso fit and capacity to accommodate diverse users. Adjustable harnesses, including movable shoulder straps and load lifters, allow customization for torso lengths typically ranging from 13 to 22 inches, ensuring the pack aligns properly with the spine and hips.^[22] Capacity generally spans 10 to 80 liters, with smaller volumes (10-30 liters) suiting day hikes and larger ones (50-80 liters) for multi-day trips, measured in liters to standardize volume across manufacturers.^[23]

History

Origins and Early Development

The earliest evidence of backpack-like carriers dates to prehistoric times, with the discovery of Ötzi the Iceman in 1991 revealing a Copper Age (circa 3300 BCE) wooden frame structure used to transport tools and provisions across the Alps.^[3] This primitive design, constructed from hazel rods and likely attached to a net or hide sack, demonstrates early human innovation in load-carrying for survival in rugged terrains. Indigenous peoples worldwide further developed such systems; for instance, Native American groups employed tumplines—straps worn across the forehead or chest connected to packs made from woven baskets, animal hides, or wooden frames—to balance heavy loads during hunting, migration, and trade, distributing weight to reduce strain on the shoulders and back.^[24] By the 17th and 18th centuries, knapsacks became integral to military logistics in European armies, evolving from simple cloth or leather bags to structured packs for carrying gunpowder, rations, blankets, and personal items during extended campaigns. British troops, for example, used double-bag linen knapsacks painted for waterproofing by the late 18th century, as evidenced in Revolutionary War records where soldiers carried essentials weighing up to 15-20 kg on the march.^[25] In the 19th century, backpacks saw key innovations driven by practical needs in exploration and labor. In 1878, U.S. Army Captain Henry Merriam patented the Merriam Knapsack, a canvas pack with an external sheet-metal frame and adjustable straps to keep the load off the wearer's back, improving comfort for infantry marches.^[26] Four years later, in 1882, French-Canadian immigrant Camille Poirier patented the Duluth Pack in Minnesota, a lightweight canvas bag with leather straps and an optional tumpline, designed for voyageurs and trappers navigating North American waterways and forests.^[27] These designs relied on pre-20th-century materials like heavy canvas for durability, leather for straps, and occasionally wicker or wood for framing, all handmade with basic sewing and riveting techniques. The term "backpack" first appeared in English in 1914, marking a shift from regional names like "knapsack" or "rucksack" to a more standardized descriptor.^[5]

Modern Evolution

The modern evolution of backpacks began in the early 20th century with innovations that transitioned designs from rudimentary frames to more structured, load-bearing systems. In 1908, Norwegian inventor Ole F. Bergan developed the Bergans frame, a bent juniper branch support for soft rucksacks that alleviated chafing during hunting trips, laying the groundwork for ergonomic external framing at Bergans of Norway.^[28] This was followed in 1922 by Lloyd F. Nelson's patent for the "Trapper Nelson" external-frame pack, which featured a lightweight wooden frame and canvas bag inspired by Alaskan indigenous designs, marking the first mass-produced external-frame backpack and earning Nelson recognition as a pioneer in the field.^[29] By 1938, Gerry Cunningham, founder of Gerry Outdoors, introduced the first backpack with zippered closures, replacing traditional buckles and straps to improve accessibility for climbers and hikers.^[30] Post-World War II advancements focused on enhancing load distribution and durability, particularly in the mid-20th century. In 1952, Dick Kelty revolutionized backpacking with his aluminum external-frame design, incorporating padded shoulder straps and a hip belt for better weight transfer, which earned him the moniker "Henry Ford of backpacking" for making high-quality packs affordable and accessible.^[31] The 1960s saw the emergence of internal-frame backpacks, pioneered by Greg Lowe in 1967 with a lightweight aluminum stay integrated into the pack bag for improved balance on rugged terrain, while Kelty followed in 1973 with the Tour Pack, the first commercial internal-frame model.^[5] The 1970s brought the widespread adoption of synthetic materials like nylon, which offered superior lightness, water resistance, and durability compared to canvas, as seen in Gerry Outdoors' 1967 Teardrop nylon daypack that influenced broader industry shifts.^[32] Further refinements in the late 20th and early 21st centuries emphasized modularity and functionality. In 1984, Deuter introduced the Aircontact system, the world's first patented mesh back system with suspended ventilation to reduce perspiration and enhance comfort during extended use.^[33] The 1990s integrated hydration capabilities, with CamelBak's 1989 packs featuring built-in bladders becoming standard by the decade's end for hands-free water access in outdoor activities.^[34] Military applications advanced modularity through the U.S. Army's 1997 MOLLE (Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment) system, using PALS webbing on backpacks for customizable attachments, influencing civilian designs for versatility.^[35]

Design and Features

Frame Systems

Frame systems in backpacks provide structural support to distribute weight from the shoulders to the hips, enhancing load-carrying efficiency and user comfort for various activities. These systems vary in design to suit different load weights, terrains, and user needs, ranging from no rigid support in lightweight packs to robust external or internal frameworks. The choice of frame influences the pack's stability, ventilation, and adaptability to gear attachment. Frameless designs consist of simple fabric constructions without rigid internal or external supports, relying on the pack's material and padding for structure. These packs are ideal for light loads under 10 kg (22 lbs), as heavier weights can cause the pack to collapse against the back, reducing comfort. Subtypes include sports daypacks optimized for activities like running and cycling, where minimal weight and flexibility are prioritized over heavy-duty support.^[36]^[37] External frame packs feature visible rigid structures, typically made from aluminum stays or composite materials, positioned outside the pack bag to create distance between the load and the wearer's back. They excel at handling heavy loads of 20-40 kg (44-88 lbs), particularly bulky gear, by allowing easy attachment points for items like sleeping pads or tents and promoting airflow for ventilation. Originating in the 1950s with innovations by Dick Kelty, these packs offer superior stability on even terrain but are less agile in off-trail conditions.^[38]^[39]^[5] Internal frame packs incorporate hidden supports, such as plastic sheets, metal stays, or molded panels, integrated within the pack's back panel for a streamlined profile. Providing a balance of flexibility and rigidity, they support loads typically up to 15-25 kg in volumes of 30 liters and above, making them common for hiking where agility on uneven terrain is essential. These designs keep the load close to the body for better balance compared to external frames, though they offer less ventilation.^[38]^[36] Hybrid and specialized frame systems combine elements of traditional designs with advanced materials like carbon fiber to achieve lightweight strength, often used in high-performance or hunting packs. For instance, carbon fiber frames provide exceptional strength-to-weight ratios while maintaining the external visibility for gear lashing or internal concealment for agility. In terms of load transfer, external frames generally enhance stability for heavy, stationary loads, whereas internal frames promote dynamic movement and quick adjustments during active pursuits.^[40]^[38]

Materials and Construction

Backpacks are primarily constructed from synthetic and natural fabrics chosen for their balance of strength, weight, and environmental interaction. Nylon stands out as a core material due to its exceptional durability, lightweight nature, and inherent water resistance, particularly in variants like 1000D nylon, which offers high abrasion resistance suitable for rugged use.^[41]^[42] Polyester serves as an affordable alternative, providing UV resistance and quick-drying properties, though it is generally less robust than nylon and often used in linings or casual packs.^[41]^[43] Canvas, typically made from cotton, delivers breathability and a rugged aesthetic but is heavier and requires treatments for water resistance.^[41]^[43] Leather, employed in premium models, provides superior longevity and develops a patina over time, though its weight limits it to accents or high-end designs.^[43] Advanced fabrics enhance specific performance attributes while maintaining core functionality. Ripstop nylon incorporates a grid weave with thicker reinforcing yarns to prevent tears from propagating, making it ideal for high-mobility applications like hiking.^[41]^[42] Recycled polyester, derived from PET bottles, mirrors the durability and water-repellent qualities of virgin polyester, with each yard equivalent to about 20 recycled bottles.^[41]^[44] Emerging options include hemp fabric, which offers natural durability comparable to canvas in blended forms, and mycelium-based leather, a bio-engineered material from mushroom roots that achieves strength and water resistance similar to animal leather through its dense, fibrous structure.^[45]^[46] Construction techniques prioritize reinforcement at load-bearing areas to ensure structural integrity. Bartacking, a dense zigzag stitching method, secures straps and handles at stress points, using heavy-duty thread to withstand repeated tension.^[47]^[48] Waterproofing involves applying polyurethane (PU) coatings to the fabric's underside for a breathable barrier or durable water repellent (DWR) finishes to the exterior, causing water to bead and roll off without penetrating seams.^[49]^[42] Hardware integration, such as load-bearing zippers and buckles, relies on reinforced box or "X" stitching and rivets to distribute weight evenly, with water-resistant variants like YKK Aquaguard used in exposed areas.^[47]^[50] Durability is quantified through metrics like denier ratings, which measure yarn thickness and correlate with abrasion resistance: 420D suits lightweight daypacks for moderate wear, while 1680D ballistic nylon handles heavy-duty demands with up to 100,000 abrasion cycles.^[42]^[51] Water resistance standards, such as IPX ratings, assess submersion tolerance; IPX7 backpacks protect contents during 30 minutes underwater at 1 meter, achieved via welded seams and sealed hardware in fully waterproof constructions.^[49]^[52]

Ergonomics and Comfort

Biomechanical Impacts

Carrying backpacks that exceed 15% of an individual's body weight can induce forward lean and alterations in spinal curvature, leading to increased trunk flexion and head protrusion during gait.^[53] Studies have shown that such loads cause significant deviations in craniovertebral angle and thoracic kyphosis, with participants exhibiting additional trunk flexion compared to unloaded conditions.^[54] These postural changes are more pronounced in children, where asymmetric loading further exacerbates shoulder asymmetry and pelvic tilt.^[55] Physiologically, backpack use contributes to muscle fatigue in the shoulders and trapezius muscles, as evidenced by elevated electromyographic activity in these regions during prolonged carrying.^[53] Heavy loads also elevate metabolic costs, with energy expenditure increasing proportionally to the load due to heightened oxygen uptake and heart rate.^[56] Additionally, the backpack's contact with the back promotes sweat accumulation, which impairs evaporative heat dissipation and can lead to localized thermal discomfort and reduced thermoregulatory efficiency.^[57] Ergonomic guidelines recommend limiting backpack loads to 10-15% of body weight for children to minimize risks of musculoskeletal pain and impaired balance, and up to 15-20% of body weight for adults for short durations, according to general ergonomic recommendations.^[58]^[16] Exceeding these thresholds is associated with higher incidences of back and shoulder pain, as well as reduced cognitive concentration in students due to physical discomfort.^[58] Biomechanical research, including a 2022 study on seven-year-old children, demonstrated that even a 4 kg load (approximately 10-15% body weight) causes immediate and persistent frontal plane postural deviations, such as altered shoulder heights and waist triangle asymmetries, lasting up to two minutes post-carrying.^[55] Furthermore, during dynamic movement, backpack-induced vibrations transmit to the trunk, increasing erector spinae and upper trapezius muscle activation by 10-20% to stabilize the load, thereby accelerating fatigue in these areas.^[59]

Comfort Optimization

Harness and belt systems in backpacks are engineered to distribute weight efficiently and reduce upper body strain. Padded shoulder straps, often constructed with multi-density foam, provide cushioning while load lifter straps—extending from the top of the shoulders to the pack's upper frame—allow users to angle the pack closer to the back, preventing upward pull on the shoulders during heavy loads.^[60] Hip belts, positioned over the iliac crest, transfer 70-80% of the pack's weight to the pelvis, enabling the legs to bear the primary load rather than the spine and shoulders.^[61] Adjustable torso lengths, via sliding frames or velcro systems, ensure the pack aligns with the user's spine curvature for optimal balance and reduced fatigue on extended carries.^[62] Ventilation features like mesh back panels promote airflow to minimize perspiration buildup, with systems such as Deuter's Aircontact using tensioned, perforated spacer mesh to create a gap between the pack and the wearer's back, reducing sweat accumulation compared to traditional contact designs.^[63] Padding materials focus on pressure distribution; ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam is favored for its durability, shock absorption, and ability to rebound after compression, making it suitable for shoulder straps and lumbar pads in rugged use.^[64] Memory foam, which conforms to body contours under heat and pressure, offers personalized cushioning but may retain moisture longer than EVA, influencing its use in lighter, urban-oriented packs.^[65] Fit considerations address anatomical variations to prevent chafing and imbalance. Sizing for gender and age often includes women's models with narrower shoulder harnesses than men's—to accommodate broader hips and slimmer torsos, enhancing stability without restricting arm movement.^[66] Anti-sway straps, such as side compression or load stabilizer straps connected to the hip belt, secure the pack's lateral movement, reducing torso twist during dynamic activities. Hip belt designs with ergonomic padding and pivot points minimize pelvic rotation by allowing natural hip flexion while maintaining load centering over the pelvis.^[67] Accessories further enhance comfort by addressing environmental and stability factors. Sternum straps connect the shoulder harnesses across the chest, distributing weight evenly and preventing strap slippage, which is particularly beneficial for loads over 20 pounds. Rain covers, made from lightweight polyurethane-coated nylon, shield the pack from moisture while adding minimal weight, preserving internal dryness and user focus in wet conditions. Recent innovations include vibration-dampening harnesses in suspended backpack designs, which use spring-loaded or bioinspired isolators to reduce peak forces on the shoulders by up to 30% during walking, as evaluated in ergonomic studies.^[68]^[69]^[59] Recent innovations as of 2025 include powered back-support exoskeletons integrated with backpacks, which can reduce muscle activation in the lumbar erector spinae by up to 16% during load carriage.^[70]

Uses and Applications

Everyday and Educational Use

School backpacks typically feature capacities ranging from 20 to 30 liters to accommodate textbooks, notebooks, and laptops, allowing students to carry daily educational essentials without excessive bulk.^[71] These packs often include organizer pockets, such as internal slip pockets for laptops up to 15.6 inches, mesh side pockets for water bottles, and dedicated compartments for pens, chargers, and accessories to maintain organization during school commutes.^[72] However, overload remains a significant concern, with studies indicating that children aged 7-9 years carry an average of 6.3 kg in their backpacks, sometimes exceeding recommended limits of 10-15% of body weight and contributing to musculoskeletal strain.^[73] For commuting and daily carry in urban settings, daypacks with 10-25 liter capacities are favored for holding work essentials like laptops, documents, and personal items, offering a balance of portability and functionality for public transport users.^[74] Anti-theft designs, including slash-proof fabrics and lockable zippers, enhance security in crowded environments, with models like the Pacsafe X 25L incorporating eXomesh barriers to prevent cuts from thieves.^[75] These packs often integrate hydration compatibility through expandable side pockets for water bottles, supporting active commutes such as walking or cycling to work or school. Laptop sleeves in these daypacks commonly fit devices from 13 to 17 inches, providing padded protection for electronics during transit.^[76] Culturally, backpacks have become icons in educational contexts, exemplified by JanSport's SuperBreak model, introduced in the late 1970s and popularized on college campuses for its durable design suited to carrying books and supplies, with over 25 million units sold by 2007.^[77] Trends in personalization further reflect their role in self-expression among students, with customizable options like embroidered names, colorful patches representing school mascots or interests, and vibrant fabric choices allowing users to tailor packs to individual styles.^[78]

Outdoor and Travel Applications

Backpacks designed for outdoor activities emphasize durability, modularity, and adaptability to challenging environments, enabling users to carry essential gear over extended periods in variable terrains. For hiking and camping, capacities typically range from 30 to 70 liters to accommodate multi-day trips, with features like external attachment points for securing bulky items such as tents or sleeping pads.^[79]^[80] These packs often include reinforced loops and straps that allow for secure lashing of additional equipment, ensuring stability during movement.^[81] Ultralight variants for minimalist hikers frequently employ frameless designs to reduce weight, with base weights under 1 kilogram to support base weights below 5 kilograms overall.^[82] Examples include packs from manufacturers like Gossamer Gear and Hyperlite Mountain Gear, which prioritize lightweight fabrics and minimal structure for loads up to 11 kilograms while maintaining packability.^[82] Such designs facilitate faster travel and lower fatigue on long-distance trails.^[83] In travel scenarios, backpacks are engineered for compliance with airline carry-on restrictions, commonly limited to 40 liters or less to fit overhead bins.^[84] Wheeled hybrid models combine backpack straps with retractable handles and wheels for seamless transitions through airports and urban settings, offering versatility for longer journeys.^[85] Anti-theft elements, such as slash-resistant fabrics, locking zippers, and hidden pockets, enhance security in crowded travel environments like public transport or city streets.^[84]^[86] Specialized sports applications adapt backpacks to dynamic activities requiring minimal interference. Running packs, often 5 to 10 liters, incorporate bounce-free designs with snug, adjustable harnesses and integrated hydration reservoirs to stabilize contents during high-movement exertion.^[87] Models like the Salomon Adv Skin series use breathable mesh and dual-flask systems for optimal fit and accessibility on trails or roads.^[88] Cycling backpacks feature dedicated helmet attachments, such as clip-on straps or net systems, to securely store headgear without compromising aerodynamics or balance.^[89]^[90] For skiing, rucksacks include compartments for avalanche safety tools like probes, shovels, and beacons, often integrated into larger 20- to 30-liter frames for day tours in backcountry terrain.^[91]^[92] Key features enhancing outdoor functionality include compression straps that cinch loads to prevent shifting and reduce bulk, daisy chains for modular gear attachment, and weatherproofing treatments like durable water-repellent (DWR) coatings or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) laminates to protect against rain and snow.^[93]^[94] These elements, found in packs from brands like Patagonia and Osprey, allow customization for diverse conditions while maintaining pack integrity.^[95]^[96]

Professional and Specialized Uses

In military and tactical applications, backpacks are designed for modularity and durability to support extended operations, often featuring MOLLE (Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment) systems that allow attachment of pouches and gear for customized loadouts.^[97] These packs typically range from 30 to 100 liters in capacity, enabling soldiers to carry essential supplies for 72 hours or more, such as in the U.S. Army's MOLLE Medium rucksack, which supports up to 60 pounds of gear.^[98] Camouflage materials, like those in the MOLLE 4000 series, provide concealment in varied environments, while integration with load-bearing vests enhances weight distribution and quick-access capabilities during combat.^[99]^[100] For medical and emergency services, specialized EMS (Emergency Medical Services) backpacks incorporate organized compartments to secure critical equipment like automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and IV supplies, ensuring rapid deployment in high-stress scenarios.^[101] Models such as the StatPacks G3 QuickLook AED backpack feature dedicated, quick-access pockets for AEDs alongside multiple internal dividers for medications and trauma tools, often with water-resistant tarpaulin bases to withstand field conditions.^[102] High-visibility elements, including reflective stripes and bright coloration, are standard on these packs to enhance responder safety during nighttime or low-light operations, as seen in designs from manufacturers like HERO LifeCare.^[103] Professional trades utilize task-specific backpacks to transport specialized tools efficiently. Photographers rely on camera backpacks with adjustable, padded dividers that create custom compartments for DSLRs, lenses, and accessories, allowing secure organization without removing the pack, as in the Think Tank Urban Access series with side-access panels.^[104] For technicians, such as electricians or HVAC professionals, tool backpacks offer extensive pockets and insulated compartments to protect sensitive equipment like multimeters or wiring tools from environmental damage, exemplified by VetoProPac's Tech Pac with vertical storage and non-tip bases for hands-free mobility on job sites.^[105] In climbing professions, packs include reinforced rope ports or daisy-chain webbing for secure rope attachment and haulbag integration, supporting arborists or rescue teams in vertical environments, as provided by Edelrid's climbing backpacks.^[106] Specialized hydration packs cater to endurance athletes like marathon runners, featuring integrated reservoirs (typically 1-3 liters) and breathable designs to maintain fluid intake without handheld bottles.^[88] Brands such as Nathan Sports offer lightweight vests with ergonomic straps and gel pockets, enabling runners to carry water, nutrition, and minimal gear over 26.2 miles while minimizing bounce.^[107] Assault packs, compact variants (around 20-30 liters) used by law enforcement, emphasize tactical modularity with MOLLE webbing for radios, restraints, and sidearms, as in 5.11 Tactical's designs built for patrol duties and rapid response.^[108]

Sustainability and Innovations

Environmental Considerations

The production of backpacks involves materials with significant environmental impacts, particularly synthetic fabrics like nylon and polyester, which are derived from petroleum and contribute to fossil fuel depletion.^[109] These synthetics release microplastics during manufacturing, use, and washing, with polyester and nylon shedding higher amounts of fibers compared to other synthetics, exacerbating ocean and soil pollution.^[110] In contrast, natural materials such as cotton used in some backpack linings or accents require substantial water resources; producing the cotton equivalent for one T-shirt consumes about 2,700 liters of water, highlighting the irrigation demands in backpack textile production.^[111] Lifecycle analyses of backpacks reveal high environmental costs across stages, including raw material extraction, manufacturing, and disposal. Dyeing processes in textile production for backpacks generate significant greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution, accounting for up to 20% of global industrial water pollution and contributing substantially to the sector's carbon footprint.^[112] At end-of-life, recycling backpacks poses challenges due to mixed materials like synthetics, metals, and adhesives, with over 80% of textile waste from fast fashion items— including accessories like backpacks—ending up in landfills or incinerated, as only 15-20% is collected for reuse.^[113] Globally, fast fashion drives this issue, with 92 million tonnes of textile waste discarded annually from 100 billion garments produced, amplifying methane emissions from decomposing waste.^[114] Sustainable alternatives mitigate these impacts by incorporating recycled and biodegradable materials. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), often sourced from ocean-bound plastics or post-consumer bottles, reduces the need for virgin petroleum and diverts waste from landfills in backpack construction.^[115] Organic or biodegradable options like hemp offer lower water and pesticide use compared to conventional cotton, providing durable, compostable fabrics for backpack panels.^[116] Certifications such as the Global Recycled Standard (GRS) verify at least 20-50% recycled content in products, ensuring traceability and environmental claims for backpack manufacturers.^[117] Industry initiatives demonstrate progress toward eco-compliance, with brands like Patagonia incorporating fair-trade certified organic cotton and recycled polyester in backpacks to support ethical labor and reduce virgin material use.^[118]

Contemporary Trends

In recent years, smart backpacks have increasingly incorporated technology to enhance functionality and security, with 2025 models emphasizing seamless device integration. Features such as built-in USB-A and USB-C ports connected to power banks allow for on-the-go charging of smartphones and laptops, supporting up to 2-3 full charges from a 10,000mAh battery. GPS tracking via IoT connectivity enables real-time location monitoring through companion apps, providing theft alerts and recovery assistance. Solar panels on some premium designs generate sufficient power for smartphone charging during outdoor activities, promoting sustainability in daily use. RFID-blocking compartments, standard in models such as the Nordace Siena, protect against unauthorized scanning of cards and passports, addressing rising concerns over digital theft.^[119] Design trends in 2025 favor versatility and personalization, moving toward modular systems that allow users to attach or detach pouches for customized storage. Unisex and minimalist aesthetics dominate, featuring clean lines, neutral palettes, and lightweight fabrics that appeal to broad demographics while prioritizing timeless functionality. Reflective elements, including fabrics and strips, enhance nighttime visibility for urban commuters and cyclists, combining safety with a futuristic style. Slouchy casual styles have gained traction, offering relaxed silhouettes in soft materials like canvas or vegan leather, ideal for everyday informal wear without sacrificing capacity. Innovations in sustainable materials, such as bio-based alternatives like mushroom leather and pineapple fiber, are emerging in backpack designs to further reduce environmental impact.^[120]^[121]^[122] Specific to 2025, compact versatile packs in the 20-30L range have become staples as hybrids for work, gym, and travel, balancing portability with ample organization through adjustable compartments. Artistic and collaborative designs are on the rise, with brands partnering with artists to incorporate bold patterns, graphics, and limited-edition motifs that turn backpacks into personal statements. Market shifts reflect heightened demand for women's-specific fits, with ergonomic curves and shorter torso straps addressing fit issues; the global women's backpacks segment is projected to grow from $8.5 billion in 2023 to $15.3 billion by 2032. Commuting-focused models increasingly include bike light loops and integrated mounts for enhanced road safety. Post-pandemic hygiene features, such as antimicrobial coatings using silver ions or copper-infused fabrics, inhibit bacterial growth on high-touch surfaces, as seen in Deya's sustainable line.^[123]^[124]^[125]

References

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BACKPACK Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
a pack or knapsack, often of canvas or nylon, to be carried on one's back, sometimes supported on a lightweight metal frame strapped to the body.
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A Brief History of the Backpack: From Survival to Study Hall
Sep 4, 2025 · These bags have stood the test of time. From primitive storage to military rucksacks and nylon daypacks, backpacks have evolved from ancient ...
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Sep 6, 2016 · In 1938, when Gerry Outdoors invented the first backpack with a zipper, backpacks were still primarily in use for hiking, camping and alpine ...
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The History of the Backpack - Uncommon Path – An REI Co-op ...
May 17, 2018 · 1967: Lowe Internal Frame. Greg Lowe, founder of Lowepro, created the first internal-frame backpack in his garage in Colorado. Frameless packs ...
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How to Choose a Backpack: Sizing & Fit Guide | REI Expert Advice
Learn how to choose a backpack based on trip length and pack capacity, as well as fit, frame type and features.
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backpack - American Heritage Dictionary Entry
1. A sturdy bag designed for carrying articles on a person's back, having shoulder straps and often mounted on a lightweight frame. 2. A piece of equipment, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
Backpack - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Backpack, from back + pack (1904), means a bag carried on the back; by 1916, also a verb meaning to hike carrying supplies in such a bag.
[9]
Knapsack - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c. 1600 from Low German "Knapsack," combining knappen ("to eat," "to crack") and Sack ("bag"), the word means a type of bag for carrying items.
[10]
Rucksack - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Backpack, originating from 1866 German Rucksack, combines Rück ("the back") + Sack ("sack"), meaning a bag carried on the back by walkers.
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https://www.etymonline.com/word/knapsack
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How Much Should Your Pack Weigh | REI Expert Advice
A loaded backpacking pack should not weigh more than about 20 percent of your body weight. (If you weigh 150 pounds, your pack should not exceed 30 pounds for ...
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Parts of a backpack: backpack anatomy 101 | Advnture
Aug 19, 2025 · Parts of a backpack: main body. Back panel – This refers to the entirety of the back portion of the pack, from the base to the rear of the lid.
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Understand These 18 Parts of a Backpack Before Buying One
Understanding its key components is key to choosing a good backpack. In this post, we break down the parts and tell you how each of it helps.
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Basic Anatomy of a Backpack | Expert Gear Advice - Enwild TrailSense
Aug 20, 2021 · Our gear experts offer knowledgeable break down of the basic anatomy of a backpack. Learn it here with pack terminology and construction.
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YKK, SBS, Riri… Who Are the Most Popular Zipper Brands on the ...
Feb 8, 2025 · Some brands, like YKK and Riri, are renowned for their premium quality, while others, such as SBS and RHF Zipper, offer cost-effective and customizable ...Introduction: Why Zipper... · Overview of the Top 6 Zipper...
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Backpacks: Fit & Torso Size Guide | REI Expert Advice
Learn how to measure torso length and hip size so you can get the right backpack size. Then, learn to adjust the straps for an ideal fit.
[19]
https://indiahikes.com/blog/understanding-the-parts-of-a-backpack
[20]
Tumpline | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Feb 7, 2006 · Tumpline Uses Historically, Indigenous peoples used tumplines to help carry their belongings and infants while travelling to and from camping ...
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Commentary On Snapsacks (U.S. National Park Service)
Oct 21, 2021 · As a side note, "snapsack" and “knapsacks” were used interchangeably on the extensive lists of items lost by Massachusetts militiamen at the ...
[22]
A Hypothesis Regarding British Knapsack Evolution
This is likely evidence that double-bag knapsacks, undoubtedly of linen, were being used by British troops at least by 1778.
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History of Backpack - Denali Leather Goods
Jan 26, 2022 · The term "backpack" first appears in print around 1910. However, the term "knapsack," derived from the German word Knapp (which means "food"), has been in use ...Origin And History Of... · When Where Backpacks... · Who Invented The Book Bags?Missing: packsack moneybag terminology<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tumpline
[25]
Our history | Bergans
1982 The Norwegian ski elite chose Bergans sacks for the world championships in Oslo. 1983 Bergans launches the Compact-Line, backpacks which are both frame ...
[26]
Lloyd F. Nelson submits patent application for his trail-blazing ...
Oct 22, 2013 · Lloyd F. Nelson submits patent application for his trail-blazing external-frame "Trapper Nelson" backpack to U.S. Patent Office on July 31, 1922 ...
[27]
https://www.duluthpack.com/pages/story
[28]
Asher Kelty, 84; Innovations Made Backpacking Popular
Jan 15, 2004 · Asher I. “Dick” Kelty, whose innovative aluminum external-framed backpacks with waist straps revolutionized backpacking in the 1950s, has died. He was 84.
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From 'Book Strap' To 'Burrito': A History Of The School Backpack - NPR
Nov 2, 2015 · So in 1938, he made his own, with two zippered compartments for easy reach while rock climbing. 1967. It sold well, and over the years ...Missing: closure | Show results with:closure
[30]
Back to the future: Deuter Futura reinvents 1984 backpack ...
Jan 9, 2018 · LONGMONT, Colo. – Deuter changed the backpacking world when it invented the suspended, ventilated back system in 1984.Missing: Aircontact | Show results with:Aircontact
[31]
Camelbak Hydration Reservoir Timeline :: A History of Innovation
Aug 21, 2017 · 1989. The first CamelBak packs enter production. The original product was made from PVC IV bags and used off the shelf fill and and exit ports ...
[32]
https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/11/02/445339503/from-book-strap-to-burrito-a-history-of-the-school-backpack
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Backpack | Frameless, Internal Frame, External Frame
Simplicity: Frameless packs generally have simpler designs. Fewer zippers, fewer compartments, fewer straps, less that can break, rip or go wrong. Fit: With ...
[34]
Frameless Daypacks | REI Co-op
4.8 2.2K · 1–2 day deliveryPacks that hold 20L or less are best for runs, day hikes, mountain biking or short trips. Packs between 20–35L are great for longer day hikes and as a travel ...
[35]
What's the Difference Between an External Frame Pack and an ... - REI
Jul 2, 2018 · External frame packs are best suited to use on well maintained, well graded trails. In comparison, internal frame packs are more sleek and form-fitting.
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Seek Outside Divide 4500 Pack Review - Backpacking Light
May 27, 2020 · Rigid U-shaped external frame and well-padded yoked harness enabled me to comfortably carry loads of up to 40 lbs (18 kg). Dual straps on ...
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KUIU Carbon Fiber Frame
In stock $12.95 deliveryThe patented KUIU Carbon Fiber Frame is the backbone for the PRO and PRO LT hunting pack systems. Each frame has 4′′ of vertical shoulder strap adjustment.Missing: hybrid | Show results with:hybrid
[38]
Backpack Fabrics: Understanding Nylon, Canvas, DCF & More
Polyester is less durable but cheaper than nylon, so it's primarily found in children's backpacks. In higher-end packs, it's generally limited to pockets and ...
[39]
How to Choose the Right Backpack Fabric - Carryology
Apr 23, 2019 · Common deniers for backpack textiles are 210, 420, 500, 1000 and 1680 (ballistic*). Thicker yarns have more fiber material in them, so as a ...Missing: IPX | Show results with:IPX
[40]
The Ultimate Guide to Backpack Materials
### Summary of Backpack Fabrics from https://www.logotech.com/blog/post/the-ultimate-guide-to-backpack-fabrics
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Best Recycled Materials for Backpack Production - Osgoodway
Dec 2, 2024 · Recycled polyester (rPET), recycled nylon, organic cotton, and even upcycled rubber are some of the most commonly used recycled materials in backpacks.<|control11|><|separator|>
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What Is Mycelium Leather: Everything about this Vegan Fabric
Mar 31, 2025 · ▶ Performance Features: Mycelium leather has comparable durability and strength to animal leather in various tests. It is naturally water- ...
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Using Mushroom Leather In Bag Manufacturing - The Ultimate Guide
Jun 17, 2024 · Mycelium's branched structure enhances its durability, making it a sustainable alternative to leather due to its inherent robustness. Mycelium ...Missing: backpack properties<|separator|>
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Stitching Backpack Techniques: Construction, Repairs ... - HoopTalent
Aug 12, 2025 · Secure carry handles to the top panel with a 1/4" seam allowance. Add hardware (buckles, D-rings, snap hooks) to adjustable straps. Testing and ...
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Bartack Stitching: A Key to Durable Tactical Gear
Apr 23, 2024 · Bartack stitching is a specialized sewing technique that reinforces high-stress areas of fabric by sewing dense, zigzag patterns over small sections.
[46]
Ultimate Guide to Waterproof Backpacks - Which Level Do You Need?
Sep 10, 2024 · This guide aims to simplify the world of water-resistant and waterproof backpacks for you. To make it easy, we have divided them into four categories.
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Make a Bag: Hardware and Fabric - Sew Daily
Aug 2, 2022 · Zippers: A common purse closure, zippers can have plastic, nylon, or metal coils. Standard garment zippers can be used, but heavy-duty and by- ...
[48]
What is Denier? Important parameters of backpack fabric
Aug 11, 2025 · For daypacks, 210D to 420D offers the ideal balance of durability and weight savings. This range provides sufficient abrasion resistance for ...Missing: IPX | Show results with:IPX
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Explaining Waterproof Ratings - Review 2025 - Outoria
Jun 2, 2025 · However, for more intense water activities, an IPX7 or IPX8 backpack provides better protection for your belongings.Missing: IPX | Show results with:IPX
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Effects of backpack load and position on body strains in male ...
Mar 21, 2018 · Participants carrying a backpack weighing 15% of BW exhibited higher head flexion, trunk flexion, and corresponding muscle activation, and a ...
[51]
Effect of backpack load placement on posture and spinal ... - PubMed
The low load placement in the backpack produced fewer changes in CVA from the initial standing baseline measure than the high and mid placements. When all ...
[52]
The impact of a school backpack's weight, which is carried on the ...
Apr 2, 2022 · The goal of the study was to show the influence of the weight of the back carried container with school supplies on body posture.
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Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and ... - PubMed
May 31, 2022 · The effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its ...
[54]
The Influence of Backpack-Design on Thermophysiological ... - MDPI
Jun 15, 2020 · Backpacks form an obstacle to heat dissipation and promote heat accumulation. This heat stress can have a negative effect on the user and limit ...Missing: hindering | Show results with:hindering
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The Impact of Backpack Loads on School Children: A Critical ... - NIH
Nov 12, 2018 · Backpack loads of school students during school days have been suggested to range from 10% to as high as 25% of their body weight and may have a negative ...
[56]
An ergonomics evaluation of the vibration backpack harness system ...
The findings of the present study support that backpack with low frequency vibration has a positive effect on reducing trunk muscle activity and improving ...
[57]
https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/49/1/59
[58]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6267109/
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169814114001279
[60]
Deuter backpacks using the Aircomfort system
30-day returnsUp to 25% less sweat thanks to the maximum ventilation of the Aircomfort mesh back system. This puts less stress on the circulation and results in greater ...
[61]
Backpack Padding Foam: Common Types and How to Choose
Aug 20, 2025 · They are primarily known for their softness and breathability. This is because the interconnected air chambers allow air to be compressed.
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The Definitive Guide that You Never Wanted: Foam Padding | by Geoff
Oct 9, 2017 · EVA is a very good materials to use for backpack padding as it is higher in density, durable, and springs back to shape against pressure. Some ...Missing: memory | Show results with:memory
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https://www.deuter.com/us-en/backpacks/aircomfort-system
[64]
https://ariaprene.com/blog/backpack-padding-foam-common-types-and-how-to-choose/
[65]
Forclaz Hiking Backpack Chest Strap - Decathlon
In stock Free delivery over $49This backpack chest strap was designed to improve or repair your backpacking backpack. It retains the backpack straps and spreads the pressure across the chest.
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Pack Accessories - Campmor
Free delivery over $49This compact, packable raincover protects your pack from downpours while keeping you visible, whether you are moving fast on the trail or on your daily commute.
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MATEIN School Laptop Backpack, Large TSA Friendly College ...
Travel Gifts Idea: 17 inch laptop backpack for men is the great gifts choice for college teachers school students. Work commute gifts designed for adult men ...Missing: hydration | Show results with:hydration
[68]
The Best Backpacks for College and High School Students
Jun 27, 2025 · The Padded Double has a large main compartment, with an elasticized slip pocket that fits most 13-inch laptops (it can also be used to keep a ...
[69]
The weight of pupils' schoolbags in early school age and its ...
Mar 21, 2017 · This study showed that children wear heavy school bags which mean weight in the initial study was 6.3 ± 0.8 (range between 4.7 and 9.0 kg).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580524004783
[71]
The 8 Best Anti-theft Backpacks, Tested and Reviewed
Mar 4, 2025 · Discover the best anti-theft backpacks according to tests carried out by T+L experts, including bags with slashproof fabric and locking ...
[72]
https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-school-backpack-for-high-school-and-college/
[73]
Backpacks for students: The rise of the book bag ... - Slate Magazine
Dec 26, 2012 · ... school backpack empire. USA Today reported in 2007 that since 1979 JanSport had sold 25 million of its bestselling SuperBreak pack.
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Customizable Backpacks: Why Personalization is a Key Trend
Sep 2, 2025 · Whether it's adding custom patches, embroidery, or selecting specific colors, the act of personalizing a backpack enhances the emotional ...
[75]
Hiking Backpacks: Outdoor Backpacks & Camping Bags | REI Co-op
4.8 2.2K · 1–2 day deliveryBackpacking packs can be 30 to 70-plus liters. To choose the right capacity, consider trip duration and the gear you'll bring. Backpack features. Think about ...
[76]
Osprey Aether Plus 70 Pack - Men's | REI Co-op
In stock Rating 4.7 (28) Types of packs. Backpacking packs can be 30 to 70-plus liters. To choose the right capacity, consider trip duration and the gear you'll bring.
[77]
The Best Backpacking Packs for Multiday Adventures (2025)
Oct 16, 2025 · We tested 25 backpacking packs across eight countries and three continents. These are our 9 all-time favorites for multiday adventures.
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The Best Ultralight Backpack | Tested & Rated - Outdoor Gear Lab
Rating 4.8 · Review by Justin SimoniWe bought and tested 18 top-rated ultralight backpacks from Gossamer Gear, ULA, Hyperlite, Zpacks, Six Moons Designs, Durston, and more to find the best...Gossamer Gear Mariposa 60 · Gossamer Gear Gorilla 50 · Hyperlite Mountain Gear
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Ultralight Frameless Backpacks: Gear Guide - Section Hiker
Designed for loads of 20-25 pounds or less (including food, water, and fuel), these backpacks and their manufacturers have proven to be wildly innovative.Missing: 1kg | Show results with:1kg
[80]
The 12 Best Carry-on Travel Backpacks, Tested and Reviewed
Sep 24, 2025 · This backpack is full of anti-theft features like locking zippers and a wire-reinforced inner layer. What to Consider. Some of the features ...
[81]
The 11 Best Rolling Backpacks, Duffels, and Weekenders of 2025
Sep 26, 2025 · The Thule Aion Check-in Wheeled Duffel Bag is a durable, rugged travel companion with impressive capacity and a water-resistant waxed canvas ...Missing: anti- theft
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REI Co-op Trail 40 Pack - Women's
In stock Rating 4.5 (21) Designed to fit a wide range of people, the women's REI Co-op Trail 40 pack offers easy access and organization for big hikes, overnights and travel adventures.
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https://sectionhiker.com/sectionhiker-gear-guide/10-best-ultralight-frameless-backpacks/
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https://www.travelandleisure.com/style/travel-bags/best-carry-on-backpacks
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https://www.travelandleisure.com/style/travel-bags/best-rolling-backpacks-duffels
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Best cycling backpacks 2025: commuting rucksacks reviewed
Nov 14, 2024 · Camelbak Mule Commute 22L backpack The Mule can hold a hydration bladder inside and your helmet clips on top. ; Camelbak H.A.W.G. Commute 30 ...
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Best Ski Backpacks of 2025 | Switchback Tested
Apr 25, 2025 · These packs have all the storage you need for technical day tours—including an easy-to-access avalanche tool compartment, deployable helmet ...
[88]
Best Avalanche Airbag Backpacks of 2025 - Outdoor Gear Lab
Rating 4.8 · Review by Kaylee WaldenThe Ortovox LiTRIC Freeride 28L is the favorite avalanche backpack among our test team. The LiTRIC system is the most advanced fan system on the market.
[89]
NEMO Persist 30 L Endless Promise All-Adventure Pack - Men's - REI
In stock Rating 4.8 (14) There's a lot of configuration available- Daisy chain loops that can adjust the position of the compression straps, as well as some hooked shock cord ...
[90]
Mountain Hardwear AMG 105 Pack | REI Co-op
In stock Rating 4.4 (18) Backpack features. Think about the frame type, location of important pockets ... Useful compression straps allow different configurations depending on your need.
[91]
Patagonia Black Hole Pack - 25 L | REI Co-op
In stock Rating 4.5 (39) Made with 100% recycled body fabric, lining and webbing, plus a weather-resistant, recycled TPU-film laminate ... Pros: - very stylish -daisy chains on the back ...
[92]
Matador GlobeRider35 Travel Pack | REI Co-op
All external pockets feature PU-coated sealing zippers with YKK, Woojin and UTX hardware; Zipper security loops on all external pockets; External daisy chain on ...
[93]
[PDF] Lessons Learned During the Development of the Modular ... - DTIC
In 1988, a new internal frame, load-carrying system was adopted by the U.S. Army. The design was based on commercial backpacks modified for military use with ...
[94]
Modular Backpack Panel to allow Soldiers to carry heavy, unwieldy ...
Sep 26, 2012 · The Modular Backpack Panel, or MBP, transforms the MOLLE Medium, intended to carry up to 60 pounds of essential gear for 72 hours, into an even more versatile ...
[95]
Natick's 'Pack Man' Aims To Lighten NCOs' Load
Jul 28, 2015 · Out of that feedback came the MOLLE 4000, a 4,000-cubic-inch rucksack that uses a frame out of the U.S. Marine Corps inventory as a foundation.
[96]
[PDF] Human Factors Evaluation of the Modular Lightweight Load ... - DTIC
The design was based on commercial backpacks modified for military use with the addition of a special fighting vest and a detachable patrol pack. The ...
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https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADP010999.pdf
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https://www.army.mil/article/87523/modular_backpack_panel_to_allow_soldiers_to_carry_heavy_unwieldy_loads
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https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA393792.pdf
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Tool Backpack Tool Bags for Technicians - VetoProPac
In stock Rating 5.0 (216) VetoProPac's tool backpack has vertical storage, a base that doesn't tip over, and hands free for climbing or walking. Perfect mobile tool storage.
[102]
Rope bags & backpacks for climbing - EDELRID
Rope bags for every requirement: from full-fledged backpacks to inexpensive standard models. Our range also includes haulbags and drybags.Missing: ports | Show results with:ports
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https://herolifecare.com/collections/ems-bags
[104]
Tactical Backpacks: Military, Law Enforcement & Outdoor
4.6 18K · Free delivery over $99Discover our range of high-quality tactical backpacks designed for law enforcement, military personnel, and outdoor enthusiasts. Find reliable, durable, and ...
[105]
What You Need To Know About Microplastics and Textile - Fibershed
Jan 11, 2022 · A primary source of microplastic pollution is synthetic fibers, produced and promoted by the apparel and textile industry.
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Fashion's tiny hidden secret - UNEP
Mar 13, 2019 · But here's the catch: every time they're washed, they shed tiny plastic fibres called microfibres, a form of microplastics—tiny pieces up to ...
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The Water Consumption Attributable to Cotton Production
As an example, it takes about 2,700 liters to produce one cotton T-shirt, and approximately 2 billion T-shirts are bought and sold around the world annually.1.
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Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by optimizing the textile ...
Apr 2, 2024 · Within this industry, the dyeing and finishing processes contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution.<|separator|>
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Fashion and textile waste management in the circular economy
With only 15–20 % of waste is collected for reuse and recycling and more than 80 % of clothing waste is discarded in landfills for dumping and/or incineration ...Missing: backpacks | Show results with:backpacks
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10 Concerning Fast Fashion Waste Statistics - Earth.Org
Aug 21, 2023 · 92 million tonnes of textiles waste is produced every year. Of the 100 billion garments produced each year, 92 million tonnes end up in landfills.
[111]
These are the Best Eco-Friendly, Ethical Backpacks - Ecocult
Jun 26, 2024 · What we love: Paravel makes personalizable backpacks with 100% GRS-certified recycled materials, including recycled vegan leather. It ...Missing: advanced ripstop polyester mushroom
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https://fashionandtextiles.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40691-024-00384-w
[113]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772912525000661
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Recycled Materials Outdoor Backpacks by Patagonia
Built to last. Explore Recycled Materials Outdoor Backpacks backed by our Ironclad Guarantee.
[115]
Why Plastics? Using & Reducing Plastic - Patagonia
Turning plastic waste into our own durable, high-quality products is a powerful way to reduce our environmental impact, but our goal has always been to develop ...Missing: compliance | Show results with:compliance
[116]
Smart Backpack USB Charging Revolution: 2025 Essential Guide ...
Sep 1, 2025 · Solar-powered USB charging backpacks typically generate sufficient power for smartphone charging during outdoor activities. While solar charging ...
[117]
Top 6 Backpack Trends for 2025 | Sunday
Apr 4, 2025 · In 2025, durable, lightweight modular backpack designs with adjustable straps will gain popularity, offering versatility, capacity, durability, and ...
[118]
Functional & Stylish Backpacks 2025: Top New Design Trends You ...
Aug 8, 2025 · Key Backpack Design Trends for 2025 · Sustainable & Eco-Friendly Materials · Integrated Smart Features · Modular & Convertible Designs · Lightweight ...
[119]
Women s Backpacks Market Report | Global Forecast From 2025 To ...
The global women's backpacks market size was valued at approximately $8.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach nearly $15.3 billion by 2032, ...
[120]
Antibacterial backpacks from Deya - Microban
Dec 21, 2020 · Deya is partnered with Microban International to offer a range of stylish and sustainable backpacks with built-in antibacterial protection.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[121]
Best Cycling Backpack for Commuters - Pack Hacker
Sep 9, 2025 · The TIMBUK2 Lane Commuter Backpack looks sleek, comes in fun colorways, and has many cycling-friendly features. From the bike light loop to the ...