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IV

Intravenous therapy, commonly abbreviated as IV therapy, is a medical procedure involving the infusion of fluids, medications, electrolytes, nutrients, or blood products directly into a patient's vein via a catheter or needle to achieve rapid systemic effects.^[1]^[2] Developed through incremental advancements since the 17th century—when early experiments with vein injections of substances like wine occurred in animals—the modern practice emerged in the 1830s with Thomas Latta's use of saline solutions to treat cholera patients, enabling effective volume resuscitation where oral intake failed.^[3]^[4] By the mid-20th century, sterile techniques, plastic catheters, and infusion pumps standardized IV administration, transforming it into a cornerstone of hospital care for conditions like dehydration, shock, sepsis, and surgical support.^[2] Key applications include rapid hydration to correct electrolyte imbalances, delivery of antibiotics or chemotherapy bypassing gastrointestinal absorption, and parenteral nutrition for patients unable to eat, with evidence showing it reduces mortality in critical illnesses when guided by physiological monitoring rather than fixed protocols.^[5]^[6] However, while clinically essential, non-medical "wellness" IV infusions—promoted for hangovers, fatigue, or immunity boosts—often lack rigorous empirical support for benefits beyond placebo and carry risks of infection, vein damage, or electrolyte overload, underscoring the need for evidence-based use over commercial trends.^[7]^[2]

Numerals and symbols

Roman numeral

The Roman numeral IV represents the number 4 in the standard modern system of Roman numerals.^[8] It follows the subtractive notation rule, where the smaller-value symbol I (denoting 1) is placed before the larger-value symbol V (denoting 5), indicating a subtraction: 5 − 1 = 4.^[9] This principle applies specifically to pairs like I before V or X, and X before L or C, to avoid lengthy additive strings while maintaining the system's efficiency for numbers up to 3,999.^[8] In classical Roman usage during the Republic and early Empire (circa 509 BCE to 27 BCE), the subtractive form IV was not consistently attested for 4; instead, the additive IIII appeared more frequently in inscriptions and documents, as subtractive notation was applied selectively, often only for 9 (IX) rather than 4.^[10] The subtractive convention for IV gained widespread standardization in medieval Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, particularly from the 11th century onward in manuscripts and scholarly works, reflecting a evolution toward more compact representations.^[11] Today, IV is the accepted form in formal contexts such as legal documents, book outlines, and event numbering (e.g., Super Bowl IV in 1970), though IIII persists in horology for aesthetic balance on clock dials—pairing four strokes against the three of VIII—a tradition traceable to 16th-century European clockmakers and possibly influenced by medieval scribal practices.^[12]^[10] This dual usage highlights Roman numerals' adaptability, originating as tally-like strokes in ancient Rome around the 8th century BCE for accounting and monumental inscriptions, before evolving into a symbolic system.^[8]

Medicine and biology

Intravenous administration

Intravenous administration, also known as IV therapy, involves the delivery of fluids, medications, electrolytes, or nutrients directly into a vein, allowing for rapid systemic absorption and distribution throughout the bloodstream.^[2] This method bypasses gastrointestinal absorption barriers, making it essential for patients unable to take oral intake, such as those with severe dehydration, sepsis, or during surgical procedures.^[2] The technique ensures precise control over dosage and infusion rates, which is critical for life-saving interventions like fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic shock.^[13] The origins of intravenous administration trace back to early experiments in the 17th century, with the first recorded blood transfusion attempt using rudimentary IV methods occurring in the 1660s, though these were largely unsuccessful and risky.^[14] A pivotal advancement came in 1832 when British physician Thomas Latta successfully used saline IV infusions to treat cholera patients, demonstrating the potential for fluid replacement to combat dehydration.^[4] By the early 20th century, sterile techniques and plastic catheters improved safety, evolving into widespread clinical use during World War II for blood and fluid transfusions.^[15] Common techniques include peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs), inserted into superficial veins of the arms or hands for short-term access, and central venous catheters (CVCs) for longer-term or high-volume needs.^[16] Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) bridge these by entering peripheral veins but terminating in central vessels, suitable for extended antibiotic or chemotherapy administration.^[17] Administration sets are categorized as primary (for continuous infusions) or secondary (for intermittent boluses), with flow rates regulated via gravity, pumps, or manual pushes.^[18] Site selection prioritizes veins with good visibility and patency, such as the cephalic or basilic, while avoiding areas prone to complications like the antecubital fossa for ambulatory patients.^[19] Advantages of IV administration include immediate bioavailability, avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver, and the ability to deliver incompatible oral therapies or large volumes quickly—critical in emergencies like sepsis-induced hypotension where early fluid resuscitation improves outcomes.^[20] ^[13] However, it carries risks of local and systemic complications; phlebitis affects up to 21.6% of cases, infiltration occurs in 17.8%, and occlusion in 10.8%, often linked to dwell time exceeding 72-96 hours or improper catheter sizing.^[21] ^[22] Infections, including catheter-related bloodstream infections, arise in 5.2% of peripheral IV uses, with higher rates in CVCs due to endothelial damage and biofilm formation.^[23] Extravasation of vesicant drugs can lead to tissue necrosis, while fluid overload risks pulmonary edema in vulnerable patients.^[24] Mitigation involves aseptic insertion, regular site assessment, and prompt removal upon signs of failure, reducing overall complication rates through evidence-based protocols.^[25]

Clinical trial phases

Clinical trials for new drugs or medical interventions are structured into sequential phases, typically numbered I through IV, to systematically assess safety, efficacy, dosage, and long-term effects. Phase I focuses on initial human testing for tolerability and pharmacokinetics in small cohorts; Phase II evaluates preliminary effectiveness in patients with the target condition; Phase III conducts large-scale confirmatory studies against comparators or placebo; and Phase IV monitors post-approval use in broader populations to detect rare adverse events or refine indications. This phased approach minimizes risks by escalating participant numbers and study complexity only after prior phases demonstrate sufficient promise, with regulatory bodies like the FDA requiring Phases I-III data for approval in most cases.^[26]^[27] Phase I trials enroll 20 to 100 healthy volunteers or select patients to establish a drug's safety profile, determine safe dosage ranges, and characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). These studies, lasting several months, prioritize identifying acute toxicities and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), with efficacy as a secondary consideration; success rates from Phase I to approval hover around 70%, reflecting the focus on feasibility over therapeutic proof. Dose-escalation designs are common, starting with subtherapeutic levels to avoid harm.^[26]^[27]^[28] Phase II trials involve 100 to 300 patients with the relevant disease to gauge therapeutic activity, optimal dosing, and further safety in a target population. Randomized or single-arm designs test short-term efficacy endpoints, such as tumor response rates in oncology or symptom reduction, while tracking adverse events that may emerge at therapeutic doses; these studies bridge proof-of-concept to pivotal evidence, with historical advancement rates to Phase III around 30-50%, underscoring high attrition due to insufficient signals of benefit.^[27]^[29]^[30] Phase III trials scale to 300 to 3,000 or more participants in multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled settings to verify efficacy, compare against standard care or placebo, and accumulate data on side effects across demographics. These pivotal studies, often lasting 1-4 years, generate the statistical power needed for regulatory submission, with primary outcomes tied to clinical benefits like survival or disease progression; only about 25-30% of Phase III trials lead to approval, as they expose limitations in earlier data or comparator superiority.^[26]^[27]^[31] Phase IV, or post-marketing surveillance, occurs after approval and marketing, tracking real-world performance in tens of thousands to millions of users to identify rare or delayed adverse effects (e.g., those occurring at <1/10,000 incidence, undetectable in pre-approval samples), assess long-term risks, drug interactions, and off-label utility. Observational or interventional designs, mandated in some cases by regulators, can prompt label updates, expanded access, or market withdrawal, as seen with rofecoxib (Vioxx) in 2004 after cardiovascular risks surfaced; these trials reveal discrepancies between controlled settings and diverse populations, emphasizing the limitations of pre-approval data scale.^[32]^[33]^[34]

Finance and economics

Implied volatility

Implied volatility (IV) represents the market's expectation of the future volatility of an underlying asset's price over the life of an option contract, expressed as an annualized percentage. It is derived inversely from the observed market price of an option using an option pricing model, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton model, rather than from historical price data.^[35]^[36] Unlike historical volatility, which measures past price fluctuations based on realized returns, IV is forward-looking and reflects collective trader sentiment about potential price swings, incorporating factors like upcoming events or economic data releases.^[35]^[37] To calculate IV, the Black-Scholes formula is solved iteratively for the volatility parameter (σ) that equates the model's theoretical option price to the prevailing market price, given inputs such as the underlying asset price, strike price, time to expiration, risk-free rate, and dividend yield. This process lacks a closed-form solution and typically employs numerical methods like the Newton-Raphson algorithm or bisection to converge on the IV value.^[38]^[39] For instance, if an option trades at a premium higher than the Black-Scholes price assuming historical volatility, the implied IV will be elevated, signaling anticipated larger price movements.^[38] In trading applications, IV serves as a gauge for expected price ranges, where an approximate one-standard-deviation move for the underlying asset over the option's life can be estimated as the asset price multiplied by IV divided by the square root of 365 (for daily terms). Traders compare IV to historical volatility to assess relative value: high IV relative to past levels may indicate overpriced options suitable for selling strategies like straddles, while low IV suggests underpriced premiums for buying.^[37]^[40] IV also informs probability assessments; for example, an IV of 20% implies roughly a 68% chance (one standard deviation) that the underlying will stay within ±20% of its current price by expiration, assuming lognormal distribution.^[40]^[41] A prominent real-world measure is the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), which aggregates IV from S&P 500 index (SPX) options to estimate 30-day forward-looking volatility for the U.S. equity market, often dubbed the "fear gauge" due to its inverse correlation with stock prices during stress periods.^[42]^[43] The VIX spiked to 82.69 on March 16, 2020, amid COVID-19 market turmoil, reflecting heightened uncertainty, while averaging around 19.7 over its history from 1990 to 2024.^[44]^[45] IV surfaces often exhibit patterns like the volatility smile or skew, where out-of-the-money puts imply higher IV than calls, indicating asymmetric risk perceptions such as crash fears, which challenge Black-Scholes assumptions of constant volatility.^[39]^[46]

Computing and cryptography

Initialization vector

An initialization vector (IV) is a fixed-length binary vector employed in cryptographic algorithms, particularly block ciphers operating in modes such as Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Output Feedback (OFB), to provide an initial input that enhances the security of the encryption process.^[47] The IV serves as a random or pseudorandom value XORed with the first plaintext block (or equivalent) before encryption, ensuring that identical plaintexts encrypted under the same key produce distinct ciphertexts.^[48] This randomization prevents statistical analysis attacks, such as those exploiting repeated patterns in ciphertext, which could otherwise reveal underlying plaintext structures.^[49] The primary purpose of an IV is to introduce variability into the encryption of sequential data blocks, thereby mitigating deterministic outputs inherent to block ciphers when used without modification.^[47] For instance, in CBC mode, the IV is XORed with the initial plaintext block to generate the first ciphertext block, which then chains to subsequent blocks; without it, replay attacks or frequency analysis become feasible due to identical encryptions.^[49] IVs are typically generated anew for each encryption session under a given key, with a length matching the cipher's block size—such as 128 bits for AES—to maintain full entropy.^[50] Unlike the secret key, the IV does not require confidentiality and is often transmitted alongside the ciphertext for decryption.^[51] Security relies on the IV's unpredictability and uniqueness; predictable or reused IVs with the same key can compromise confidentiality, as demonstrated in modes like Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) where nonce reuse (a related construct) leaks information via key reuse vulnerabilities. Standards recommend using cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators for IV creation to avoid patterns exploitable by adversaries.^[52] In practice, IV mishandling, such as deterministic derivation or repetition, has led to real-world breaches, underscoring the need for rigorous implementation per guidelines like NIST SP 800-38A.^[49]

Other technical protocols

The PPP DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP) is a network control protocol defined within the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) framework to configure and enable DECnet Phase IV routing over serial links.^[53] Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), DECnet Phase IV represented the fourth major iteration of the DECnet suite, deployed extensively from the late 1970s through the 1990s for interconnecting VAX and other DEC systems in enterprise environments.^[53] DNCP, specified in RFC 1762 (updating RFC 1376), handles negotiation of DECnet parameters such as node addresses, area routing, and circuit options during PPP link establishment, using protocol identifier 0x8027.^[54] It supports two modes: synchronous routing for full Phase IV functionality and asynchronous routing for simpler terminal access, with options for multicast hello messages and endnode verification to prevent unauthorized access.^[53] Though largely obsolete following DEC's decline and the rise of TCP/IP dominance in the 1990s, DNCP remnants appear in legacy systems and protocol analyzers like Wireshark.^[55] In cryptographic protocol design, IV denotes the MANA IV protocol, a scheme for mutual authentication of data exchanged between devices using short manually authenticated strings (SAS) readable by humans.^[56] Introduced by Helger Lipmaa, Steve Laur, and Kaisa Nyberg in 2006, MANA IV addresses man-in-the-middle attacks in low-entropy channels like Bluetooth pairing or NFC by committing to hashed transcripts and verifying them via user-compared substrings, achieving security under a model with bounded adversarial guesses (ε-secure against ε-guessing adversaries).^[57] The protocol involves nonce exchanges, commitment to messages with sub-keys for temporal unforgeability, and SAS extraction from hash outputs, with formal proofs showing (2ε₁ + ε₂ + √ε₂ + ε₃ + max{εₐ,ε_b,ε_u}, t)-security assuming universal hash functions.^[56] It influenced subsequent standards, serving as a precursor to Bluetooth's Numeric Comparison Protocol in Secure Simple Pairing, and extends to group authentication variants by chaining pairwise verifications.^[58] MANA IV's emphasis on human-verifiable elements mitigates computational assumptions, making it suitable for resource-constrained devices where full public-key infrastructure is impractical.^[59]

Organizations and businesses

United States-based entities

Intellectual Ventures (IV) is a privately held American company specializing in invention development, patent acquisition, and intellectual property licensing, headquartered in Bellevue, Washington.^[60] Founded in 2000 by former Microsoft executives Nathan Myhrvold and Edward Jung, along with Peter Detkin, the firm initially focused on creating and monetizing inventions outside traditional corporate R&D structures.^[61] It has amassed a vast patent portfolio exceeding 100,000 assets through purchases, inventions, and partnerships, generating revenue primarily via licensing agreements with technology companies.^[62] The company operates as an invention investment firm, incubating technologies in sectors such as healthcare, energy, and information technology while providing funding and commercialization support to inventors and startups.^[63] By 2010, IV had secured over 30 strategic partners, including major corporations, and reported more than $2 billion in cumulative licensing revenue, with distributions to investors reaching hundreds of millions.^[63] Its business model emphasizes defensive patent aggregation to mitigate litigation risks for licensees, though it has faced accusations of aggressive enforcement tactics, often labeled as "patent trolling" by critics in legal and tech communities; proponents argue it incentivizes innovation by compensating under-monetized inventors.^[64] IV has invested in diverse ventures, including medical devices and clean energy solutions, and maintains labs for prototyping inventions.^[65] As of recent assessments, it continues to evolve its portfolio amid evolving U.S. patent laws, such as the America Invents Act of 2011, which influenced secondary market dynamics for IP assets.^[66] The firm's approach prioritizes high-volume, low-cost invention scaling over singular breakthroughs, distinguishing it from venture capital models focused on equity stakes.^[60]

International entities

Iv, a Dutch engineering and consultancy firm headquartered in the Netherlands, specializes in complex infrastructure projects including offshore wind platforms, bridges, and large-scale hydraulic structures such as lock gates. The company operates internationally, contributing to projects that address societal challenges like energy transition and water management.^[67] IV Group, based in the United Kingdom, provides services in ISO management systems implementation, carbon analysis, reporting, auditing, and industry training. It serves clients across every continent, establishing a global presence in compliance and sustainability consulting for businesses.^[68]^[69] IV Group AS, a Norwegian-headquartered manufacturer, focuses on injection molding tools and plastic products for automotive, consumer, medical, and industrial sectors. Through acquisitions such as Frohe Group, it expanded operations to Sweden and Poland, supporting international supply chains in precision manufacturing.^[70]^[71] CH-IV International, a South African engineering firm and subsidiary of Murray & Roberts, undertakes contracts in the oil and gas sector, including LNG projects in Korea and the United States, demonstrating cross-continental expertise in heavy engineering and construction.^[72]

Music and entertainment

Albums and recordings

Led Zeppelin IV, the untitled fourth studio album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, was released on November 8, 1971, and produced by guitarist Jimmy Page.^[73]^[74] Recorded primarily at Headley Grange between December 1970 and March 1971, it includes eight tracks blending hard rock, folk, and blues elements, with standout songs like "Stairway to Heaven," "Black Dog," and "Rock and Roll."^[75] The album's cover features enigmatic symbols chosen by each band member instead of a traditional title or band name, contributing to its iconic status in rock history.^[73] Godsmack's IV, the American rock band's fourth studio album, was released on April 25, 2006, via Republic/Universal.^[76] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 211,000 copies in its first week, and features the number-one rock radio single "Speak" along with "The Enemy" and "Shine Down."^[77]^[78] The album marked increased production involvement from frontman Sully Erna, emphasizing the band's heavy metal and post-grunge sound.^[79] Cypress Hill's IV (also known as Cypress Hill IV), the hip-hop group's fourth studio album, was released on October 6, 1998, by Ruffhouse and Columbia Records.^[80] Containing 18 tracks, it revisits the group's gritty, cannabis-influenced gangsta rap style with songs like "Looking Through the Eye of a Pig," "Checkmate," and "Riot Starter," following a three-year gap since their previous release.^[81]^[82] Other albums titled IV include country band Diamond Rio's fourth studio effort, released in 1996, which produced Top 5 singles such as "Walkin' Away," and Houston's 2021 R&B/soul album featuring tracks like "She Is the Night" and "Hero."^[83]

Songs and performances

"I.V." is a song by the Japanese heavy metal band X Japan, released as a digital single on January 23, 2008.^[84]^[85] The track, blending heavy metal and progressive elements, served as the band's first original composition since "The Last Song" in 1997, following a long hiatus after the death of drummer Hideto "hide" Matsumoto.^[86] A promotional video was produced and later included in bonus content for the band's Art of Life DVD release.^[87] The instrumental composition "IV" by the Canadian jazz and hip-hop group BADBADNOTGOOD appears as the eighth track on their self-titled fourth studio album, released on July 8, 2016, via Innovative Leisure Records.^[88]^[89] Characterized by atmospheric keyboards, bass grooves, and improvisational structures, the piece reflects the group's fusion of jazz improvisation with electronic and soul influences. BADBADNOTGOOD performed "IV" live during a full-album concert filmed for CBC Music's First Play Live series on December 6, 2016, at Toronto's Hearn Generating Station, showcasing extended improvisations.^[90] An official audio stream of the studio version was released online in November 2016.^[91]

Places and geography

Locations and codes

The IV postcode area, also known as the Inverness postcode area, comprises a group of 49 postcode districts centered on Inverness in northern Scotland.^[92]^[93] It serves a population of approximately 228,244 across an area of 11,015 square kilometers, encompassing much of the Highland council area and portions of Moray.^[92] This postal region extends westward to include the Isle of Skye and eastward to Elgin, incorporating diverse terrains from coastal areas to inland highlands.^[94] Key localities within the IV districts include Achnasheen, Alness, Avoch, Beauly, Bonar Bridge, Cromarty, Dingwall, Evanton, Fortrose, Gairloch, Invergordon, Muir of Ord, Munlochy, Nairn, Plockton, Strathpeffer, and Tain, in addition to Inverness as the primary post town.^[93] Postcodes in this area follow the format IVn nnn, where n represents digits defining sub-districts, such as IV1 for central Inverness and IV30 for Lossiemouth.^[95]^[96] The IV postcode system's structure aligns with the Royal Mail's broader UK framework, facilitating mail distribution across remote and rural Highland communities, where geographic isolation necessitates broad district coverage.^[97] No other prominent geographic locations or codes abbreviated as "IV" are documented in standard international nomenclature, such as ISO country or region codes.^[98]

Law, government, and education

Legislative titles and acts

Title IV of the Social Security Act, enacted in 1935, authorizes federal grants to states for aid to families with dependent children (AFDC, later replaced by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) and child welfare services, including foster care under Title IV-E and prevention programs established by the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018.^[99]^[100] This title has funded state-administered programs supporting over 1.5 million children in foster care annually as of recent data.^[99] Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, governs federal student aid programs including Pell Grants, federal student loans, and work-study opportunities, disbursing over $150 billion in aid to more than 12 million postsecondary students each year.^[101] Regulations under this title, compiled and updated periodically, ensure eligibility and compliance for institutions participating in these programs.^[102] Title IV of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 mandates telecommunications relay services for individuals with hearing or speech impairments, requiring common carriers to provide free access to such services and enforcing standards through the Federal Communications Commission.^[103] Internationally, Act IV of 1978 constitutes Hungary's Criminal Code, defining offenses, penalties, and procedures, with amendments up to 2005 incorporating international humanitarian law elements.^[104] In Germany, the Bureaucracy Relief Act IV (Bürokratieentlastungsgesetz IV), passed in 2024 and effective from January 1, 2025, streamlines employment law requirements by reducing documentation burdens, such as electronic signatures for certain notices and exemptions from youth protection record-keeping under the Working Hours Act.^[105]

Science, technology, and mathematics

Scientific notations and models

In experimental design across disciplines such as psychology, biology, and social sciences, "IV" denotes the independent variable, which is the factor deliberately manipulated by researchers to observe its effect on outcomes.^[106] The IV is presumed to be the cause influencing the dependent variable (DV), with its levels or conditions varied systematically to establish potential causal links, while controlling for extraneous factors.^[107] For instance, in a study examining the impact of fertilizer amounts on plant growth, the quantity of fertilizer serves as the IV, applied at distinct levels (e.g., 0 g, 5 g, 10 g per pot), with growth metrics as the DV.^[108] This notation facilitates clear hypothesis testing, where the IV's manipulation isolates its isolated influence, assuming proper randomization and controls to mitigate confounding.^[109] In statistical modeling, particularly econometrics and causal inference, "IV" refers to instrumental variables, a technique employed to estimate causal effects in the presence of endogeneity, such as omitted variable bias or reverse causality, when randomized experiments are infeasible.^[110] An IV must satisfy two conditions: relevance (correlation with the endogenous explanatory variable) and exogeneity (uncorrelated with the error term or unobserved confounders).^[111] For example, in analyzing the causal impact of education on wages, where ability confounds the relationship, a policy like compulsory schooling laws—varying by region but unrelated to individual ability—can serve as an IV to identify the local average treatment effect.^[112] IV estimation, often via two-stage least squares (2SLS), yields consistent but potentially less precise estimates compared to ordinary least squares (OLS), with validity hinging on instrument strength to avoid weak instrument bias.^[113] These notations underpin model specification and interpretation in empirical research. In generalized linear models or structural equation modeling, IVs as independent variables inform predictor selection, while instrumental variables address identification challenges in non-experimental data, enhancing causal realism over correlational associations.^[114] Empirical validation of IV assumptions, such as through overidentification tests (e.g., Sargan or Hansen J-statistic), is essential, as violations can lead to invalid inferences.^[110] Applications span epidemiology, where genetic variants act as instruments for exposures like smoking, to economics, underscoring IV's role in approximating experimental rigor in observational settings.^[111]

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations and terms

In finance, IV commonly denotes implied volatility, a metric derived from options prices that estimates the expected future volatility of an underlying asset's price over the option's life, often expressed as a percentage and used to gauge market sentiment on potential price swings.^[115] Higher IV levels signal greater anticipated movement, influencing options premiums via models like Black-Scholes, where IV is solved iteratively from observed market prices rather than historical data.^[115] In the Pokémon video game franchise, IV refers to Individual Values, randomly assigned hidden integers (ranging from 0 to 31 per stat) that permanently modify a Pokémon's base stats for HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed, impacting competitive viability and breeding strategies.^[116] These values are fixed upon encounter or hatching and cannot be altered without external tools, distinguishing them from trainable Effort Values (EVs).^[117] In international business contexts, i.v. abbreviates invoice value, the total amount stated on a commercial invoice, serving as a basis for customs duties, taxes, and trade statistics.^[118] Separately, in Italian financial terminology, IV stands for Interamente Versato, indicating shares that are fully paid up by shareholders, a requirement for listing on certain exchanges to ensure capital adequacy.^[119] IV may also denote In Vertretung in German-speaking professional settings, meaning "in representation" or "deputy," used for acting in someone's stead, as in temporary authority delegation.^[120]

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How Clinical Trials Work - NHLBI - NIH
Mar 24, 2022 · Phase I trials: Researchers test a medicine or other treatment in a small group of people for the first time. · Phase II trials: Researchers ...What are clinical trials? · Clinical trial phases · Clinical trial experience
[32]
Key Concepts of Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review - PMC - NIH
Phase IV trials, also referred to as “therapeutic use” or “post-marketing” studies, are observational studies performed on FDA-approved drugs to: 1) identify ...
[33]
Definition of phase 4 clinical trial - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
A type of clinical trial that studies the side effects caused over time by a new treatment after it has been approved and is on the market.
[34]
Phase IV of Drug Development - PMC - NIH
All studies conducted in a phase IV setting, i.e., after marketing authorization approval per label are called phase IV studies. Of these, those mandated by the ...
[35]
Implied Volatility (IV) - Corporate Finance Institute
Summary: Implied volatility (IV) is a metric used to forecast what the market thinks about the future price movements of an option's underlying stock.
[36]
Implied Volatility: Buy Low and Sell High - Investopedia
Implied volatility represents the expected volatility of a stock over the life of the option. As expectations change, option premiums react appropriately.
[37]
Implied Volatility (IV) In Options Trading Explained - tastylive
Implied volatility is an annualized expected move in the underlying stocks price, adjusted for the expiration duration.
[38]
How Is Implied Volatility Used in the Black-Scholes Formula?
May 16, 2024 · Implied volatility is derived from the Black-Scholes formula. It's an estimate of the future variability for the underlying asset and is ...Calculating Implied Volatility · Black-Scholes and the... · Implied Volatility and...
[39]
Implied Volatility: Formula, Options, Python, Calculations and more
Jan 15, 2024 · The iterative process involves making an initial guess for implied volatility, calculating the option price using the Black-Scholes formula, ...How to calculate implied... · Calculating implied volatility...
[40]
Implied Volatility in Options - The Options Playbook
Implied volatility is a dynamic figure that changes based on activity in the options market place. Usually, when implied volatility increases, the price of ...
[41]
What is implied volatility? - StoneX
Implied volatility (IV) is a measure of the market's expectations for future price fluctuations in the price of an option's underlying asset, typically a stock ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[42]
VIX Volatility Products - Cboe Global Markets
Explore Cboe's VIX Index and volatility products suite. Access futures, options, ETPs, and trading tools to manage market volatility risk and enhance ...VIX Options · VIX FAQs · Historical Data · VIX Futures
[43]
VIX | S&P Dow Jones Indices
When implied volatility is high, the VIX level is high and the range of likely values is broad. When implied volatility is low, the VIX level is low and the ...
[44]
CBOE Volatility Index: VIX (VIXCLS) | FRED | St. Louis Fed
VIX measures market expectation of near term volatility conveyed by stock index option prices. Copyright, 2016, Chicago Board Options Exchange, Inc.CBOE S&P 500 3-Month... · VIX · Volatility Indexes
[45]
VIX Volatility Index (1990-2025) - Macrotrends
The VIX index measures the expectation of stock market volatility over the next 30 days implied by S&P 500 index options. The full historical dataset is ...
[46]
Implied volatility - Fidelity Investments
Implied volatility can be a valuable tool for options traders to help identify stocks that could make a big price move, and to assist in determining if an ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
Initialization Vector (IV) - Glossary | CSRC
A binary vector used as the input to initialize the algorithm for the encryption of a plaintext block sequence to increase security.
[48]
What is an initialization vector? | Definition from TechTarget
Apr 2, 2025 · An initialization vector (IV) is an arbitrary number that can be used with a secret key for data encryption to foil cyberattacks.
[49]
[PDF] NIST SP 800-38A, Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of ...
The CBC, CFB, and OFB modes require an initialization vector as input, in addition to the plaintext. An IV must be generated for each execution of the ...
[50]
Differences Between Key, Initialization Vector and Nonce - Baeldung
Mar 18, 2024 · Block ciphering algorithms, however, employ initialization vectors to make a single encryption key encode data differently each time it is used.
[51]
IV - Glossary | CSRC - NIST Computer Security Resource Center
The initialization vector need not be secret. Some of the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation require 3 initialization vectors. ... The ...
[52]
What is an initialization vector? - Huntress
Sep 7, 2025 · At its core, an initialization vector (IV) is a random or pseudorandom value used in encryption algorithms to ensure that identical plaintext ...
[53]
RFC 1762: The PPP DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP)
... DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP) Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and ...
[54]
RFC 1762 - The PPP DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP)
Mar 2, 2013 · The PPP DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol (DNCP) RFC 1762 · 1. Introduction There are two basic approaches to running the DNA Phase IV Routing ...
[55]
ppptypes.h File Reference - Wireshark
PPP_DECNETCP 0x8027 /* DECnet Phase IV Control Protocol */. #define, PPP_ATCP 0x8029 /* AppleTalk Control Protocol */. #define, PPP_IPXCP 0x802b /* Novell IPX ...
[56]
[PDF] Efficient Mutual Data Authentication Using Manually ... - TCS
One can use the Mana IV protocol to authenticate the transcript of the classical ... Mana IV protocol is (2ε1 +ε2 +. √ ε2 +ε3 +max {εa,εb,εu} ,t)-secure. If ...
[57]
[PDF] Efficient Mutual Data Authentication Using Manually Authenticated ...
One can use the Mana IV protocol to authenticate the transcript of the classical ... Mana IV protocol is (2ε1 + ε2 +. √ ε2 + ε3 + max{εa,εb,εu},t)-secure. If ...
[58]
Efficient Mutual Data Authentication Using Manually Authenticated ...
The MANA IV protocol is the predecessor of Bluetooth NCP. ... Security analysis of Bluetooth Secure Simple Pairing protocols with extended threat model.
[59]
[PDF] User-aided data authentication - Infoscience - EPFL
Figure 8: The MANA IV protocol. The MANA IV protocol proposed by Laur and Ny- berg Laur and Nyberg (2006) also uses commitments to temporarily hide hash ...
[60]
The global leader in the business of invention | Intellectual Ventures
We are disruptors and builders, thinkers and doers. We experiment. We research. We invent and reinvent, tinker and tweak, probe and prove. Always evolving, ...
[61]
Intellectual Ventures | Institution Profile - Private Equity International
Founded in 2000, Intellectual Ventures is a Washington-headquartered private equity firm targeting early-stage investments in life science, healthcare, energy ...
[62]
Intellectual Ventures - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
Intellectual Ventures engages in invention and investment business that creates, incubates, and commercializes impactful inventions. The company was founded ...
[63]
Changing the world through the power of invention
Ten years after its founding, Intellectual Ventures (IV) has gained 30 strategic partners, generated more than $2 billion in licensing revenue, returned $400 ...
[64]
Intellectual Ventures Management LLC - Company Profile and News
Intellectual Ventures Management LLC operates as a venture capital firm. The Company offers investment management, advisory, and other related services.<|separator|>
[65]
Intellectual Ventures investment portfolio | PitchBook
Intellectual Ventures is a venture capital firm based in Bellevue, Washington. The firm prefers to invest in companies operating in the healthcare, technology, ...
[66]
Intellectual Ventures | LinkedIn
Intellectual Ventures is a global invention and investment business that creates, incubates and commercializes impactful inventions.
[67]
Engineering that excites - Iv
Iv works worldwide on unique projects that are of great importance to society. From offshore wind platforms, unique bridges and the world's largest lock gates.
[68]
ISO Support, Carbon Analysis & Reporting / Intu Veritas
Welcome to the IV Group - The No.1 Solution for ISO Support, Carbon Analysis & Reporting, ISO Implementation and Industry Training Services.
[69]
IV Group | LinkedIn
IV Group of Companies have an enviable reputation Globally in ISO management systems implementation. We are already working with clients across every continent.
[70]
IV Group - Overview, News & Similar companies | ZoomInfo.com
IV Group AS is a plastic solutions partner providing product development support, project management, tool manufacturing, and injection moulding services.
[71]
IV Group company information, funding & investors - Dealroom.co
Dec 1, 2017 · IV Group is a specialized provider of plastic solutions, focusing primarily on injection moulding for the medical and industrial sectors. The ...
[72]
South Africa: Clough Ltd, CH-IV international granted contracts in ...
Clough Ltd and CH-IV international (both Subsidiaries of Murray & Roberts) have been awarded contracts in the oil and gas sector in Korea and the.
[73]
Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin IV | This Day In Music
Feb 6, 2022 · On 8th Nov 1971, Led Zeppelin released their fourth album. With no title printed on the album, and generally referred to as Four Symbols, The Fourth Album or ...
[74]
BY THE NUMBERS: 'Led Zeppelin IV' - 94.7 WCSX
Nov 23, 2018 · Age/Date Released: 47 (November 8, 1971) · Number of Producers: 1 (Jimmy Page) · Number of Tracks: 8.<|separator|>
[75]
Led Zeppelin IV: Crafting a Rock Legend - Riffology
Jan 11, 2025 · Released on 8 November 1971, this album has not only captivated audiences but also shaped the musical landscape for decades. With iconic tracks ...
[76]
Godsmack Biography, Discography, Chart History
On April 25, 2006, Godsmack released its fourth studio album simply titled IV, followed by a tour that would continue until August 2007, titled "The IV tour".
[77]
Godsmack: 'IV' Hit Charts At Number I - Ultimate Guitar
Godsmack ruled the U.S. charts this week, selling 211,000 copies of their fourth studio album, "IV," according to Nielsen SoundScan.<|separator|>
[78]
https://www.universalmusic.ca/press-releases/godsmack-to-release-iv-on-vinyl-for-first-time-ever/
[79]
Godsmack's 'IV' Gets First-Ever Vinyl Release - uDiscover Music
Sep 27, 2024 · The fourth album from the band, IV marked a significant progression in lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Sully Erna's role as producer. The ...Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
[80]
On October 6, 1998, Cypress Hill dropped their fourth studio album ...
Oct 6, 2025 · On October 6, 1998, Cypress Hill dropped their fourth studio album, 'Cypress Hill IV,' bringing back the dark, gritty, and rebellious sound ...
[81]
IV - Cypress Hill | music-tracker.com
The album by Cypress Hill was released on October 6, 1998 via Columbia Records & Ruffhouse Records. Tracklist. 01. Looking Through The Eye Of A Pig.
[82]
Cypress Hill IV Lyrics and Tracklist - Genius
It was released on October 6, 1998 by Ruffhouse and Columbia Records. After 3 years from their previous album, Cypress Hill released the 'IV' album.
[83]
IV - Album by Houston - Apple Music
Oct 8, 2021 · IV ; 1. She is the Night · 6:07 ; 2. You're Still The Woman · 3:51 ; 3. Hero · 4:00 ; 4. A Lifetime in a Moment · 4:51 ; 5. Heartbreaker · 5:10.
[84]
https://www.discogs.com/master/2731619-X-JAPAN-IV
[85]
I.V. by X Japan (Single, Heavy Metal) - Rate Your Music
Rating 3.5 (112) Jan 23, 2008 · I.V., a Single by X Japan. Released 23 January 2008 on Extasy. Genres: Heavy Metal, Progressive Metal, Film Soundtrack.
[86]
https://www.last.fm/music/X%2BJAPAN/_/I.V
[87]
https://x-japan.fandom.com/wiki/I.V
[88]
IV | BADBADNOTGOOD - Bandcamp
The boys are back with the new album IV, their most impressive and highly anticipated project yet. IV continues their forward thinking progression, sounding ...
[89]
IV - song and lyrics by BADBADNOTGOOD - Spotify
Popular Releases by BADBADNOTGOOD ; IV. Album • 2016 ; Running Away. Single • 2021 ; New Heart Designs. Single • 2023 ; Slow Burn. EP • 2024 ; Running Away (Time).
[90]
BADBADNOTGOOD - IV (Full Live Concert) - YouTube
Dec 6, 2016 · BADBADNOTGOOD perform tracks from their album "IV" for CBC Music's ... performances, candid interviews, and behind-the-scenes content ...
[91]
BADBADNOTGOOD - "IV" (Official Stream) - YouTube
Nov 9, 2016 · Buy + Stream 'IV' now: http://hyperurl.co/BBNGIV Buy 'IV' on Vinyl + CD: https://badbadnotgoodil.bandcamp.com/ ...
[92]
IV Postcode Area | Learn about the Inverness Postal Area - Streetlist
The IV postcode area represents a group of 49 postal districts in the Inverness area of the United Kingdom. The area has a population of 228,244 and covers an ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[93]
IV postcode area Data Lists - Mailing List
The IV postcode area, also known as the Inverness postcode area, is a group of postcode districts around Achnasheen, Alness, Avoch, Beauly, Bonar Bridge, ...
[94]
Map of IV postcode districts – Inverness - Maproom
This map of IV postcode districts covers the large Inverness postal area stretching from the Isle of Skye off the west coast to Elgin on the east coast of ...
[95]
IV postcodes Inverness - Doogal
A full list of UK postcodes in the IV district, Inverness with longitude and latitude and area descriptions, also available as CSV and KML.
[96]
IV - Inverness 4 Digit Postcode District Map
Address: 5 The Rise, Thornton-le-Dale Pickering, North Yorkshire, YO18 7TG, United Kingdom. Telephone: 01751 473136. Privacy policy | Copyright ...
[97]
IV Postcode Area
There are 11023 postcodes inside the postcode area IV. Of this, there are 49 districts. Please find a summary of the 49 Postcode districts of the IV area below.
[98]
Geographic Locator Codes (GLCs) Overview - GSA
Feb 28, 2024 · A geographic location code (GLC) is an alphanumeric code that Federal agencies use to identify geographic locations.Missing: IV | Show results with:IV
[99]
Social Security Act Title IV
TITLE IV—GRANTS TO STATES FOR AID AND SERVICES TO NEEDY FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN AND FOR CHILD–WELFARE SERVICES. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TITLE.
[100]
Title IV-E Prevention Program
Title IV-E funding for time-limited prevention services for mental health, substance abuse, and in-home parent skill-based programs for children or youth.<|separator|>
[101]
Higher Education Act of 1965 - U.S.C. Title 20 - EDUCATION
102–325 directed Secretary of Education to conduct a study to evaluate the coordination of Federal student financial assistance programs under title IV of the ...
[102]
Compiled Title IV Regulations - nasfaa
This edition of the Compiled Title IV Regulations includes changes in effect beginning with the 2025-26 award year. Changes that were eligible for early ...
[103]
Title IV of the Americans with Disabilities Act (Section 225)
Jun 25, 2025 · Title IV of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- Telecommunications services for hearing-impaired and speech-impaired individuals ...
[104]
Act IV of 1978 on the Criminal Code [as amended up to 2005]
Act IV of 1978 on the Criminal Code [as amended up to 2005]. Hungary · Legislation. Year: 2005. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. - 126 p.<|control11|><|separator|>
[105]
Germany: Bureaucracy Relief Act IV - Bird & Bird
Nov 26, 2024 · The Bureaucracy Relief Act IV (German: Bürokratieentlastungsgesetz IV, short form: 'BEG IV'), which is scheduled to take effect on 1 January ...
[106]
Independent and Dependent Variables - Scientific Method - Ranger ...
Aug 16, 2021 · In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher. The dependent variable is the response that is ...
[107]
Independent Variable in Psychology: Examples and Importance
Apr 4, 2023 · The independent variable (IV) in psychology is the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the ...
[108]
Define Your Variables - Science Buddies
Independent Variable (what you change) · Dependent Variable (what you measure or observe) · Controlled Variables (what you keep the same).
[109]
https://scienceready.com.au/pages/independent-dependent-and-controlled-variables
[110]
Instrumental Variables
Instrumental Variables (IV) estimation is used when the model has endogenous X's. IV can thus be used to address the following important threats to internal ...
[111]
12 Instrumental Variables Regression
A general technique for obtaining a consistent estimator of the coefficient of interest is instrumental variables (IV) regression.
[112]
[PDF] Instrumental Variables Regression
Instrumental variables (IV) regression is a general way to obtain a consistent estimator of the unknown coefficients of the population regression function ...
[113]
12.2 The General IV Regression Model
The simple IV regression model is easily extended to a multiple regression model which we refer to as the general IV regression model.
[114]
Intro to IV Estimation - Instrumental Variables - Tilburg Science Hub
In this building block we will walk you through the process of using instrumental variables in your regression by introducing the ivreg() function from the AER ...
[115]
How Implied Volatility (IV) Works With Options and Examples
Sep 18, 2025 · Implied volatility (IV) measures how much the market believes the price of a stock or other underlying asset will move in the future. Investors ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[116]
Individual Values & Personality - Pokémon Database
Individual Values (IVs for short) are key to determining your Pokémon's stats. IVs are randomly assigned when you encounter any wild Pokémon (or receive it as a ...
[117]
Individual Values (IV's) - Pokemon: Let's Go, Pikachu! Guide - IGN
Individual Values (or IVs) are a hidden set of stats that are randomly applied to each Pokemon upon receiving or capturing them.
[118]
I.V. definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
IV · 1. intravenous. 2. intravenous drip. 3. intravenous injection. 4. intravenously ; i.v. · 1. increased value. 2. Also: I.V.. initial velocity. 3. invoice value.Missing: list | Show results with:list
[119]
IV - Business & Finance - Acronym Finder
What does IV stand for? · Inverness (postcode, United Kingdom) · Interamente Versato (Italian: Fully Paid-Up) · Implied Volatility (finance) · Independent ...
[120]
What does IV stand for? - Abbreviations.com
What does IV mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: IV. · In Vitro · In Vivo · intravenous.