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C79 optical sight

The C79 optical sight, also designated as the SpecterOS 3.4x, is a fixed-magnification manufactured by for use on military assault rifles, providing 3.4× magnification to enhance mid-range accuracy while maintaining a wide for close-quarters engagements. Designed with a compact 28 mm objective lens and a rugged, rubber-armored aluminum body weighing approximately 611 grams, it mounts via a standard and features a tritium-illuminated for visibility in low-light conditions, along with fully shock-protected for reliability in harsh environments. Developed in the late through close collaboration between Elcan and the Canadian Armed Forces, the C79 was first deployed in 1989 as the standard optic for the C7 rifle and later the C8 carbine, replacing earlier to improve effectiveness in diverse scenarios. Its adoption extended beyond , with variants like the M145 machine gun optic selected by the U.S. for the M240B and M240L, and integration into the U.S. Kit II in the early 2000s, leading to exports to over 60 countries and production exceeding 450,000 units. Notable for its durability—capable of withstanding extreme abuse, such as being run over by a —the C79 has evolved through upgrades like the C79A2 variant, which features green rubber armoring and an improved mounting system, ensuring continued relevance in modern forces. As of 2025, some operators, including , are transitioning to newer variable-power sights like the Specter to replace the C79. Production at Elcan's facility in , supports hundreds of jobs and underscores Canada's role in advanced optical manufacturing for allied militaries.

Overview and History

Design Origins

The C79 optical sight was developed in the late 1980s through a close collaboration between —a Canadian firm founded in 1952 and later acquired by Technologies in 1997—and the Canadian Armed Forces, specifically to equip the new 5.56×45mm C7 and C8 rifles replacing older battle rifles. Introduced in 1989 as the SpecterOS 3.4x model and designated C79 by the Canadian military, it marked Elcan's entry into standardized combat optics for NATO-compatible small arms. The initial design philosophy balanced moderate magnification for precise mid-range targeting—typically zeroed at 200 meters and effective out to longer distances—while preserving a wide for in varied engagements, from close quarters to extended ranges. This approach addressed the need for enhanced accuracy on 5.56mm platforms without compromising speed or durability in frontline use.

Adoption by Canadian Forces

The C79 optical sight was adopted by the Canadian Forces in 1989 as the standard sighting system for the C7 rifle, C8 carbine, and C9A1 . This adoption occurred as part of the Small Arms Replacement Project (SARP) initiated in the late , which aimed to modernize weapons by replacing traditional with optical systems to enhance accuracy and target engagement in NATO-standard operations. Initial production and fielding involved the procurement of approximately 70,000 units from , ensuring widespread distribution across Canadian Forces units. The sight's incorporates tritium illumination for low-light visibility, with a of 12.32 years necessitating periodic replacement every 8-12 years to maintain effectiveness. Early evaluations, conducted by (DRDC), focused on reliability in extreme conditions, including cold weather operations where fogging and breath condensation were assessed, as well as dust-laden environments simulating arid or operational theaters. These tests validated the C79's durability, paving the way for its deployment in international operations during the 1990s, such as the UNPROFOR mission in the Balkans where Canadian peacekeepers employed C7 rifles equipped with the optic. The sight's performance in these scenarios underscored its role in enhancing situational awareness and engagement accuracy for Canadian troops in peacekeeping and combat support roles.

Technical Specifications

Optical Features

The C79 optical sight employs a fixed 3.4× magnification, delivering an 8° field of view that equates to roughly 14 meters wide at a 100-meter range. This configuration balances target identification with situational awareness in combat scenarios. A 28 mm objective lens enhances low-light performance by capturing adequate ambient light for the given magnification. The sight maintains an eye relief of 70 mm and an exit pupil diameter of 8.2 mm, promoting reliable eye placement and compatibility with helmets or other protective equipment. Illumination is provided solely by a tritium source integrated into the reticle, enabling passive visibility in low-light or nighttime conditions without batteries. The tritium isotope offers an effective operational lifespan of up to 10 years before significant dimming occurs. Multi-coated lenses with high-efficiency broadband coatings minimize glare and maximize light transmission, supporting clear imaging across varied lighting. The optical design minimizes parallax at typical engagement distances, ensuring reticle alignment with the point of impact regardless of minor head position shifts.

Physical Dimensions and Construction

The standard C79 optical sight measures approximately 165 in length, 57 in width, and 86 in height, with a total weight of 685 grams including the mount. The sight is constructed with a nitrogen-purged optical system to prevent internal fogging, and it is waterproof to a depth of 2 meters for extended periods, while also being shock-resistant to 1,000 G-forces to ensure durability in harsh combat environments. Its mount options include an integral design for compatibility with early Canadian rifle systems or a low-profile adapter, featuring quick-detach capability specifically for rails to facilitate rapid installation and removal. The unit is rated for operational temperatures ranging from -51°C to +49°C and incorporates a rubberized exterior to enhance grip and provide additional protection against impacts and environmental exposure.

Reticle Design

The of the C79 optical sight consists of a single vertical post with a sharp tip in the center, flanked by horizontal 0.5 bars providing reference points for holds and alignment. Vertical lines extend downward from the left horizontal bar, enabling users to estimate holdovers for bullet drop compensation on man-sized targets at extended ranges. Illumination for the reticle is provided by a tritium source emitting in red, optimized for low-light and nighttime engagements while minimizing visibility to devices; the tritium has a of 12.32 years, leading to gradual dimming of brightness over the sight's service life. The is calibrated specifically for ammunition zeroed at 200 meters, where the central tip aligns with point of impact. Ballistic drop compensator (BDC) markings via the stadia lines account for drops, such as approximately 5.5 mils at 400 meters, facilitating quick holds out to 600 meters without mechanical adjustments. The and adjustments use clicks equivalent to approximately 1 inch at 100 meters; zeroing is typically performed at 25 meters. For engagements under 75 meters, fixed backup iron sight posts on the sight housing provide a option, allowing transition to non-magnified aiming if the optic fails.

Operation and Use

Mounting and Adjustment

The C79 optical sight mounts to MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rails on compatible weapons such as the C7 and C8 rifles, using a dedicated mount assembly with wingnuts for secure attachment. To install, loosen the wingnuts counterclockwise until slight resistance is felt, align the cross-bolts with the rail slots, hook the clamp foot under the rail's left overhang, and roll the sight over the right edge before pushing forward to engage. Tighten the wingnuts with moderate finger pressure only, avoiding tools to prevent damage; typical torque for such Picatinny thumbscrews is 20-25 in-lbs to ensure stability without over-tightening. The mount is compatible with risers on C7 and C8 weapons to achieve proper eye relief, allowing the sight to be positioned forward or backward on the rail for a full field of view. Adjustment of the C79 is performed via dedicated windage and elevation knobs, designed for tool-free operation in field conditions. The windage knob adjusts azimuth by turning clockwise to shift the point of impact right, with each click equating to 0.25 mil (approximately 2.5 cm at 100 meters or 0.014° angular adjustment). Elevation is adjusted using a thumbwheel on the range drum, where clockwise rotation moves the point of impact down; clicks are also 0.25 mil, allowing precise corrections without specialized tools. Zeroing the C79 begins with an initial bore-sight at 25 meters using a with a 4 cm aim point, setting the range dial to 200 meters and firing a 3-shot group to mark the center. Adjustments are made by counting clicks (2 per square for and ) to center the group on the aim point, with the range drum unlocked for elevation changes. Confirmation occurs via live-fire at 200 meters, firing additional 3- or 5-round groups to verify point of aim equals point of impact, referencing the reticle's bullet drop compensator for alignment. Maintenance for the C79 is minimal, as the base model requires no batteries and features a self-illuminating with a lifespan of 10-12 years before replacement is needed. Routine care involves cleaning lenses with lens paper or microfiber cloth dampened with water or alcohol, avoiding abrasive materials, while the tritium source should be checked in low light and replaced by qualified technicians if dimmed. No user disassembly is recommended, and the sight should be protected from extreme impacts or direct sunlight to preserve the beta light functionality.

Field Operation

The C79 optical sight primarily enhances accuracy for engagements between 100 and 400 meters on rifles and light machine guns, where its 3.4x facilitates better target identification and precision compared to . This mid-range capability supports effective fire in varied combat scenarios, including environments like those encountered in , by allowing soldiers to maintain while delivering controlled shots. The sight's tritium-illuminated provides reliable visibility in urban or low-light conditions, enabling operations without external power sources, while the etched remains clear in bright daylight for seamless transitions. Its 8-degree supports (CQB) movements, though soldiers may briefly reference integrated backup for targets under 75 meters. The design's durability withstands harsh field conditions, including extreme temperatures from -40°F to 140°F, ensuring consistent performance during prolonged deployments. However, the fixed 3.4x magnification can limit rapid at extreme close ranges, potentially slowing transitions in dynamic CQB situations compared to 1x . Additionally, the sight's weight of approximately 680 grams (24 ounces) contributes to altered on lighter platforms like carbines, which may affect handling during extended maneuvers. In Canadian Forces training doctrine, the C79 is zeroed at 100 meters to achieve point-of-aim alignment at 200 meters, optimizing for automatic fire suppression out to 600 meters while maintaining a point-blank up to 300 meters for unadjusted aiming on man-sized targets. This procedure involves firing grouped shots and adjusting dials in 2.5 cm increments at 100 meters, followed by verification at longer distances to align with operational needs for suppressive and roles.

Variants

C79A2

The C79A2 variant was introduced in the early as part of the Canadian Forces' mid-life upgrade program for the C7A1 rifle to the C7A2 configuration and the C8 carbine to the C8A3, replacing the original C79 sight to enhance compatibility with the updated platforms. This upgrade addressed limitations in the original mounting system, incorporating an improved style mount that provides greater rigidity and includes a spring mechanism to minimize zero shift during handling and field use, ensuring more reliable point-of-impact retention compared to the previous dovetail mount. Key additions to the C79A2 include a green rubber armored covering designed to better blend with the Canadian camouflage pattern, replacing the black rubber of the earlier model for improved visual concealment in operational environments. The optic retains the core 3.4x and 28 mm objective lens specifications of the base C79, with a nitrogen-purged and tritium-illuminated for low-light aiming, while the overall weight increases slightly to 685 grams due to the enhanced mount and armor. Following its adoption around 2005, the C79A2 became the standard optical sight for Canadian rifles and carbines in combat operations, including deployments to where it supported engagements at mid-range distances under diverse lighting conditions. The design remains consistent with the original C79, featuring a simple pattern with range estimation marks for rapid on the C7A2 and C8A3 weapons.

M145 Machine Gun Optic

The M145 Machine Gun Optic (MGO) is a variant of the C79 optical sight adapted by the U.S. Army specifically for machine guns, including the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) and M240B medium machine gun, to improve target detection, identification, and engagement at extended ranges up to 1200 meters. This adaptation provides a fixed 3.4x magnification telescopic sight with a wide field of view, enabling machine gunners in infantry, armored cavalry, special forces, and combat engineer units to adjust fire more effectively under various mission profiles and environmental conditions. Key to its design for sustained machine gun fire is a ballistically calibrated, illuminated featuring marks at 300m, 500m, 700m, and 800m for trajectory holdovers, with full compensation extending to 1200m; this chevron-style pattern accounts for 5.56mm (M249) and 7.62mm (M240) bullet drops, allowing rapid ranging and adjustments without external tools. The uses a battery-powered LED for illumination, powered by a single lithium-manganese dioxide battery that provides an average life of 175 hours, with variable intensity settings across 10 levels to enhance visibility in low-light conditions while conserving power. Mounting occurs directly on the (MIL-STD-1913) of compatible weapons, with a torque-limiting knob ensuring secure attachment and eye relief of approximately 70mm; elevation and adjustments are made via knurled dials, with each click equating to 2.5mm shift at 10m (or 5 inches at 500m). Engineered for the rigors of machine gun operation, the M145 incorporates a rugged, nitrogen-purged aluminum housing that resists fogging and withstands extreme temperatures from -45°C to +49°C, dust, mud, salt air, high altitudes, and immersion in water up to 20 meters for 2 hours, making it suitable for prolonged exposure to , vibration, and field abuse during sustained fire. A Signature Reduction Device on lens minimizes , while the overall construction weighs 24 ounces and measures 7 inches in length, balancing durability with portability for crew-served roles. Procurement of the M145 began in the early as part of U.S. Army small arms enhancements, with units costing approximately $672 each and fielding examples including 297 optics per equivalent by the mid-2000s; by 2010, thousands had been issued across active and reserve components. Evaluations in the late and early compared its performance to emerging systems like the Family of Weapon Sights-Crew Served (FWS-CS), which provides improved ranging and thermal capabilities; as of 2025, the M145 remains in service while FWS-CS continues development and initial fielding.

M145 M4 Optic

The M145 M4 Optic represents a specialized variant of the Elcan Specter , tailored specifically for mounting on U.S. M4 carbines and M16A4 to enhance medium-range engagement capabilities with the 5.56mm NATO cartridge. This configuration incorporates a ballistically calibrated designed for the 5.56mm trajectory, featuring marks for holdover at ranges including 300m, 400m, 500m, and 600m, with zeroing typically set at 100m or a 300m field zero. The supports accurate and ranging out to these distances, prioritizing precision for applications while maintaining compatibility with the standard M145's rugged construction for durability. Retaining the core 3.4x of the M145 series, the M4 offers an improved eye of 70mm, which provides a more forgiving eye box suitable for the shorter stocks and closer eye positioning common on M4 carbines during dynamic maneuvers. The optic's LED-illuminated features variable intensity settings across 10 positions (including off), powered by a DL1/3N 3V that delivers approximately 175 hours of operational life at average brightness. At maximum illumination, continuous use can extend up to seven days, ensuring reliability in varied lighting conditions without fiber optic dependency. Weighing 680 grams, the M145 M4 Optic mounts directly to MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rails via a torque knob or wingnut system, allowing quick attachment and zero retention when removed and reinstalled, which facilitates integration with other squad-level optics on rifle platforms. This variant was developed as part of early 2000s U.S. Army small arms enhancements, appearing in evaluations alongside upgrades to improve squad-level and precision. In practice, it has been employed by U.S. Army units on M4/M16 platforms for extended-range engagements, though the U.S. Corps primarily adopted the ACOG as its rifle combat optic starting in 2004, leading to limited or supplementary use of the M145 series in Marine squads.

Danish C79 LMG Optic

The Danish C79 LMG Optic is an export variant of the C79 optical sight adapted for use in the Danish armed forces, providing enhanced aiming for on weapons such as the M/62 MG and M/60E6 machine guns. This adaptation focuses on rapid area target engagement, with a 3.4×28 optical sight mounted on the receiver featuring range settings from 300 to 800 meters. In 2020-2021, the awarded contracts to for ELCAN Specter DR variable-magnification sights (1-4x and 1.5-6x) as supplements to the existing C79 optics for rifles and machine guns, enhancing versatility in missions.

Users

Current Operators

The Canadian Armed Forces remain the primary operator of the C79 optical sight, with approximately 70,000 units integrated on C7A2 rifles, C8A3 carbines, and C9 light machine guns for standard issue across infantry units. These sights continue to receive ongoing maintenance to ensure reliability in diverse operational environments, even as evaluations of advanced optics proceed through partnerships with the (). The Royal Danish Army employs the C79 on machine gun platforms such as the , where it supports active service requirements for mid-range engagements. As of early 2025, these fixed 3.4x sights remain in frontline use, though procurement contracts indicate a phased transition to the ELCAN Specter DR dual-role optic for enhanced versatility. The Royal Netherlands Army maintains limited stocks of the C79 for reserve and training purposes, primarily associated with legacy C7NLD rifles held in inventory. These optics, originally acquired to pair with Canadian-origin , continue to serve in non-combat roles amid broader modernization efforts. In the United States, residual stocks of the M145 variant—a machine gun-specific adaptation of the C79—are held in storage for potential deployment on M240 and M249 weapons systems. While the M145 has been largely phased out in active units in favor of the Family of Weapon Sights - Crew Served (FWS-CS) for improved low-light and rangefinding capabilities, these legacy optics persist in reserve inventories as of 2025.

Former Operators

The United States Army adopted the M145 variant of the C79 optical sight in the early 2000s primarily for use on crew-served weapons such as the M249 SAW and M240 machine guns, providing a fixed 3.4x magnification for improved mid-range accuracy. However, by the 2010s, the M145 began to be supplanted by other optics including the M150 Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG) for select applications and the M68 Close Combat Optic (CCO) for closer engagements, as part of broader modernization efforts to enhance versatility in combat scenarios. The introduction of the Family of Weapon Sights - Crew Served (FWS-CS) in 2021 marked a significant step toward full replacement, offering integrated thermal imaging, laser rangefinding, and ballistic computation capabilities that addressed limitations in the M145's fixed magnification and daylight-only performance. By 2025, the M145 had been largely phased out from active U.S. Army inventories in favor of these advanced systems, with replacement ongoing. In the , the C79 underwent evaluation trials by the in the late 1990s and early 2000s, particularly for potential use by units seeking an upgraded beyond the standard (Sight Unit, Small Arms, Trilux). These trials assessed the C79's 3.4x magnification and tritium-illuminated for compatibility with British small arms, leading to limited acquisition for use rather than widespread adoption due to integration challenges with existing platforms like the L85 rifle. Instead, the remained the primary optic through the 2000s, later supplemented and partially replaced by holographic sights such as the in close-quarters roles during operations in and . Across these former operators, the retirement of the C79 stemmed from the evolution toward variable-power optics that offer both 1x close-range speed and higher magnification for precision engagements, exemplified by the , which provides greater adaptability without the need for multiple sights. This transition addressed the C79's fixed 3.4x limitation in dynamic modern battlefields, where rapid shifts between near and distant targets are common.

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