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COO

COO is an initialism with several meanings. In business, it most commonly refers to the chief operating officer, a senior executive role overseeing day-to-day operations.^[1] It may also refer to: For the chief operating officer role, see the [[Business#Chief Operating Officer|Business]] section.

Business

Chief Operating Officer

The Chief Operating Officer (COO) is a high-level executive who oversees the day-to-day administrative and operational functions of an organization, serving as the second-in-command to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and reporting directly to them.^[2]^[3] This role ensures the efficient execution of the company's strategy by managing core internal processes, including supply chain logistics, human resources, production, and quality control.^[4]^[5] COOs translate high-level objectives into actionable plans, optimize resource allocation, and drive operational improvements to support overall business performance.^[6] The COO position emerged in the mid-20th century alongside the expansion of large corporations, which demanded specialized leadership to handle increasingly complex operations amid technological and economic growth.^[7] By the 1960s, the role became more standardized as part of the evolving C-suite structure, allowing CEOs to focus on external strategy while COOs managed internal execution. A prominent example is Sheryl Sandberg, who served as COO of Meta Platforms from 2008 to 2022, where she scaled operations, expanded advertising revenue, and built key partnerships during the company's rapid growth phase.^[8] The title is occasionally rendered as Chief Operations Officer, but the two are functionally equivalent, with no substantive differences in scope or duties. In startups, COOs typically function as hands-on generalists, directly managing daily tasks, hiring, and process development to support scaling, often acting as an extension of the founder-CEO.^[9] In contrast, COOs at large corporations adopt a more strategic oversight role, coordinating across departments, ensuring compliance, and aligning operations with global objectives, though the position's prevalence has varied—present in about 40% of leading companies as of 2022.^[10]^[11] As of 2025, COO responsibilities are shifting toward integrating sustainability initiatives, such as redesigning supply chains for resilience and reducing Scope 3 emissions, alongside accelerating digital transformation through technologies like generative AI and data analytics.^[12]^[13] These trends reflect broader C-suite priorities, with 45% of executives identifying climate change and sustainability as a top-three business priority as of October 2025 and 40% prioritizing digital upgrades to enhance productivity and competitiveness.^[14]^[15] COOs are increasingly positioned to lead cross-functional teams in adopting insight-driven models that balance environmental goals with operational efficiency.^[16]

Certificate of Origin

A Certificate of Origin (CO) is an international trade document that certifies a declaration by an exporter regarding the origin of goods being exported, confirming the 'nationality' or country of manufacture or production.^[17] Issued typically by a chamber of commerce, government authority, or other authorized body, it attests that the goods meet specific origin criteria, such as being wholly obtained or substantially transformed in the exporting country.^[18] The primary purpose of a CO is to facilitate customs clearance at the point of import, enabling authorities to apply correct tariffs, quotas, or preferential treatments under international trade agreements.^[19] For instance, it ensures compliance with rules of origin in agreements like the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), where qualifying goods receive reduced or zero tariffs, or the European Union's Generalized Scheme of Preferences, which provides duty reductions for products from developing countries.^[20] Without a valid CO, importers may face higher duties or denial of preferential access, underscoring its role in verifying eligibility for trade benefits.^[21] The issuance process begins with the exporter preparing an application, which includes detailed information such as the product description, Harmonized System (HS) codes, quantity, value, and evidence of origin criteria like percentage of local content or manufacturing processes.^[22] This application is submitted to an authorized issuer, such as a local chamber of commerce accredited by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), which verifies the details against supporting documents like invoices or production records before certifying and stamping the CO.^[23] In some cases, self-certification is allowed under modern trade pacts, where the exporter or producer issues the declaration directly, subject to record-keeping requirements for audits.^[20] Historically, COs evolved in the post-World War II era as part of efforts to regulate international trade under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which initially left origin determination to individual countries but led to inconsistencies prompting harmonization.^[18] The World Trade Organization (WTO), succeeding GATT in 1995, introduced the Agreement on Rules of Origin to standardize non-preferential criteria globally, while preferential rules were refined through bilateral and regional pacts.^[24] In the 2020s, digital versions of COs have gained traction for greater efficiency, with electronic systems like essCert enabling online issuance, verification via blockchain or secure portals, and reduced paperwork, as adopted by chambers in the US and EU.^[25] Examples of CO application include shipments under the USMCA, where an automotive part manufactured in Mexico with sufficient North American content qualifies for duty-free entry into the US upon presentation of a certified origin statement, avoiding the previous 2.5% tariff.^[26] Similarly, in EU trade with African nations under the Everything But Arms initiative, a CO verifies that textiles produced in beneficiary countries meet origin rules to access zero tariffs.^[18] False declarations on a CO, such as misstating origin to evade tariffs, can result in severe penalties, including civil fines up to the domestic value of the goods, seizure of shipments, or criminal prosecution under laws like 19 U.S.C. § 1592.^[27] In business operations, chief operating officers often oversee the compliance processes for such documents to mitigate risks in global supply chains.^[28]

Communication

Bird Call

A coo is a soft, low-pitched, repetitive vocalization produced by certain birds, particularly those in the family Columbidae, serving primarily in communication for courtship and territorial advertisement.^[29] This sound is characterized by its murmuring quality, often transcribed phonetically as a drawn-out "coo" or "woo," and is typically uttered from a perch to convey messages over short distances in social or mating contexts.^[30] Biologically, cooing arises from the vibration of specialized membranes in the syrinx, the unique vocal organ of birds located at the base of the trachea where it bifurcates into the bronchi.^[31] Airflow controlled by syringeal muscles causes these membranes to oscillate, producing the resonant tones without the need for laryngeal structures found in mammals. This mechanism is especially pronounced in the Columbidae family, encompassing doves and pigeons, where cooing forms a core part of their acoustic repertoire; for instance, the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) emits a distinctive "cooooOOOOO-woo-woo-woo" sequence, primarily by males during breeding seasons.^[30]^[32] In cultural contexts, the coo of doves has long symbolized peace and serenity, frequently evoked in literature to represent tranquility or reconciliation, as seen in poetic depictions of doves heralding calm after conflict.^[33] The English word "coo" itself is onomatopoeic, imitating the sound's gentle cadence, with origins traceable to the late 16th century as an imitative verb describing dove-like murmurs.^[34]^[35] Among species, the rock dove (Columba livia), a common urban pigeon, exhibits contextual variations in its cooing: soft, rhythmic display coos during courtship involve bowing and puffing to attract mates, while sharper, more urgent advertising coos signal territorial claims or nest proximity, differing from distinct alarm grunts used against threats.^[29]^[36] Recent studies highlight conservation challenges for cooing birds, noting that urban noise pollution masks low-frequency coos, reducing their communicative efficacy and potentially disrupting mating success in species like pigeons and doves; a 2025 analysis of urban avian adaptations found selective pressures leading to altered vocal traits in noisy environments.^[37]^[38] These findings underscore the need for noise mitigation in cities to preserve acoustic signaling in Columbidae populations.

Infant Vocalization

Infant cooing consists of soft, vowel-like sounds, such as "oo," "ah," or "uh," produced by babies as one of their earliest non-cry vocalizations. These sounds typically emerge between 6 and 8 weeks of age and continue to develop through about 4 months, marking the onset of voluntary sound production using the vocal tract muscles.^[39]^[40] Cooing plays a crucial role in early language development by serving as a precursor to more complex speech sounds and indicating the infant's growing social engagement with caregivers. It facilitates interaction, as babies often coo in response to voices or faces, which in turn elicits reciprocal responses that strengthen emotional bonds and promote neural pathways associated with communication. This vocal practice also supports brain growth by exercising the coordination of respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems essential for future speech.^[41]^[42] The cooing stage generally begins around 2 months, featuring prolonged vowel sounds and occasional consonant-vowel combinations, and transitions into canonical babbling—repetitive syllables like "ba-ba"—by approximately 6 months. This progression is heavily influenced by auditory feedback from the infant's own voice and environmental language exposure, with enriched linguistic input accelerating the shift to babbling. Disruptions in hearing can alter this trajectory, highlighting the interplay between sensory input and vocal maturation.^[43]^[44] Neuroimaging research demonstrates that cooing and early vocalizations correlate with structural changes in brain regions involved in speech acquisition, such as the arcuate fasciculus, which connects auditory and motor areas for language processing. These findings indicate that cooing activates foundational neural circuits for sound production and comprehension. In deaf infants, cooing is often delayed or reduced in complexity compared to hearing peers, with studies showing fewer vowel-like utterances and slower progression to babbling without auditory intervention, underscoring hearing's role in vocal development.^[45]^[46] Caregivers' responses to cooing, such as mirroring the sounds or engaging in turn-taking, enhance bonding and reinforce the infant's communicative attempts. As of 2025, mobile applications like the CDC's Milestone Tracker enable parents to monitor cooing and other vocal milestones, providing alerts for potential developmental delays and supporting early interventions.^[47]^[48]

People

Coo Coo Cal

Calvin Bellamy, better known by his stage name Coo Coo Cal, was born on July 4, 1970, in Louisiana and raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, after his family moved frequently due to his father's military service, including time spent in Germany where he began creating mixtapes.^[49] As an "Army brat," Bellamy faced early hardships from constant relocations but channeled his experiences into music, emerging as a key figure in Milwaukee's underground hip-hop scene during the 1990s.^[50] He adopted the pseudonym Coo Coo Cal.^[51] Coo Coo Cal's career gained momentum with his debut album Game in 1996, released independently on In The Trunk Records, followed by the 1999 sophomore effort Walkin' Dead on Infinite Recordings, which showcased his raw, street-oriented lyricism.^[52] His breakthrough came with the 2001 album Disturbed on Tommy Boy Records, featuring the lead single "My Projects," a humorous yet gritty track celebrating life in Milwaukee's North Side housing projects that topped the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart.^[49] Known for party-themed, comedic lyrics infused with gangsta rap elements, his style reflected Midwest hip-hop's blend of hardcore delivery and regional pride, drawing from funk and Southern influences.^[53] Despite his success, Coo Coo Cal's major-label run was short-lived due to personal struggles and missed promotional appearances, leading to an industry blacklist in the early 2000s.^[51] He transitioned to independent releases, including collaborations like Kokain Kowboyz (2009) with Milwaukee rapper Baby Drew and solo projects such as Death Before Dishonour (2014), while working as a truck driver to support himself.^[54] By 2025, he continues occasional performances and released The Recovery, advocating for Milwaukee's local music community through interviews and documentaries highlighting emerging artists.^[55]

Coo Coo Marlin

Clifton Burton "Coo Coo" Marlin (January 3, 1932 – August 14, 2005) was an American stock car racing driver from Columbia, Tennessee, renowned for his tenacity as an independent competitor in NASCAR's early modern era.^[56]^[57] His nickname "Coo Coo" originated in childhood when he struggled to pronounce his own name, Clifton, endearing him to fans as a relatable figure from rural roots.^[58] By trade, Marlin was a beef farmer, balancing agricultural work with his passion for racing, which he pursued starting in the 1950s on local dirt tracks.^[59] Marlin's professional racing career spanned from the mid-1950s through the 1980s, with his most prominent phase in NASCAR's Grand National and Winston Cup Series from 1966 to 1980, where he made 165 starts without a victory but achieved nine top-5 finishes and 51 top-10 results.^[57]^[60] He debuted in the series at the 1966 Nashville 400, finishing eighth, and often fielded his own cars as an independent owner-driver, embodying the grassroots spirit of the sport through what became known as family-oriented efforts in Marlin Racing.^[61] Earlier, he dominated local circuits, securing four track championships at Nashville Speedway USA in 1959, 1962, 1966, and 1967—a record that underscored his skill on short tracks.^[61] Marlin also mentored his son, Sterling Marlin, who went on to a distinguished NASCAR career with 10 Cup wins, extending the family's influence across generations.^[62] In his personal life, Marlin remained deeply connected to his Tennessee farm, raising cattle even as racing demands intensified, and he passed away on August 14, 2005, at age 73 after battling cancer.^[63] His legacy endures as a symbol of blue-collar perseverance in NASCAR, highlighted by near-misses like leading the 1974 Daytona 500 late before a controversial penalty, and through ongoing tributes in historical retrospectives as of 2025.^[57]^[64] Though not personally inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame, Marlin's orbit via his son's inclusion in NASCAR's 75 Greatest Drivers list in 2023 cements the family's pioneering role in the sport's evolution.^[62]

Science

Carboxylate

The carboxylate ion is the anionic form derived from a carboxylic acid by deprotonation of the carboxyl group, represented by the general formula RCOO⁻, where R denotes an organic substituent group such as an alkyl or aryl chain.^[65]^[66] This ion features a resonance-stabilized structure with the negative charge delocalized over two oxygen atoms, enhancing its stability compared to other alkoxide ions.^[66] Chemically, the carboxylate ion exhibits basic properties as the conjugate base of a weak acid, with the pKa of its conjugate carboxylic acid typically ranging from 4 to 5, allowing it to maintain stability in mildly acidic to neutral environments.^[67] It readily forms salts with metal cations, such as sodium acetate (CH₃COO⁻ Na⁺), which are ionic compounds soluble in water and crucial for buffering solutions that resist pH changes by absorbing or releasing protons.^[68]^[69] In reactions, carboxylates act as nucleophiles, attacking electrophilic centers in acyl substitution processes, such as forming anhydrides from acid chlorides.^[70] Carboxylates occur naturally in biomolecules, notably as the deprotonated side chains of acidic amino acids like aspartate, where the -CH₂COO⁻ group contributes to protein structure, enzymatic catalysis, and ion binding at physiological pH.^[71]^[72] Industrially, they are essential in soaps and detergents, where the carboxylate head group enables surfactant behavior by interacting with water and hydrophobic dirt to form micelles that facilitate cleaning.^[73]^[74] In contemporary green chemistry, carboxylates play a pivotal role in developing biodegradable polymers, such as polyaspartic acid derivatives, which offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics by enabling controlled degradation through microbial action and reducing environmental persistence.^[75]^[76] As of 2025, advancements in bio-based synthesis have expanded their use in eco-friendly materials for packaging and biomedical applications, emphasizing renewable feedstocks like plant-derived carboxylic acids.^[77]^[78]

Cobalt(II) Oxide

Cobalt(II) oxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CoO, typically appearing as an olive-green or gray solid depending on particle size and preparation conditions. It represents one of the two primary stable oxides of cobalt, alongside the mixed-valence cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃O₄). This compound plays a significant role in materials science, particularly in ceramics and advanced energy storage technologies.^[79] Physically, CoO has a density of 6.44 g/cm³ and is insoluble in water, though it readily reacts with acids to produce soluble cobalt(II) salts. Magnetically, it displays antiferromagnetic behavior below its Néel temperature of 291 K, a property that arises from the alignment of spins in its rock-salt crystal structure. These characteristics make it thermally stable up to high temperatures, with a melting point around 1935 °C.^[80]^[81]^[82] Preparation of CoO commonly involves the thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) precursors such as cobalt(II) carbonate (CoCO₃) or cobalt(II) hydroxide (Co(OH)₂) in an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation to higher oxides. Industrially, it is often synthesized through the precipitation of cobalt(II) salts from aqueous solutions followed by calcination at elevated temperatures around 400–600 °C. This method allows for control over particle size and purity, essential for downstream applications.^[83]^[81] In applications, CoO serves as a key pigment imparting deep blue hues to glass and ceramic glazes when incorporated during firing, a use dating back centuries but still prevalent in modern manufacturing. It also functions as a catalyst in oxidation reactions, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide, due to its semiconducting properties. In the realm of energy storage, CoO acts as a precursor material for synthesizing lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, which continue to dominate portable electronics and electric vehicles in 2025 despite efforts to reduce cobalt dependency.^[82]^[84]^[85] Safety concerns with CoO include its toxicity upon inhalation or ingestion, potential to cause allergic skin reactions, and classification as a possible carcinogen based on inhalation studies. It is very toxic to aquatic life, necessitating careful handling and disposal. Post-2020, environmental and ethical regulations on cobalt mining—primarily from the Democratic Republic of Congo, which supplies over 70% of global cobalt—have intensified, with measures like the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act (2023) mandating supply chain due diligence to mitigate pollution, child labor, and habitat destruction.^[86]^[87]

Places

Coo, Belgium

Coo is a small hamlet in the municipality of Stavelot, located in Liège Province, Wallonia, Belgium, at approximately 50°23′30″N 5°52′30″E.^[88] Situated along the Amblève River in the Ardennes region, it forms part of the scenic landscape that attracts visitors seeking natural beauty and outdoor activities.^[89] The primary attraction in Coo is the Waterfalls of Coo, featuring a 15-meter drop on the Amblève River, making it one of Belgium's highest natural waterfalls.^[90] This site has been a major tourist draw since the early 19th century, when it became integrated into the regional circuit of "amusements of Spa," drawing crowds to the nearby spa town's leisure offerings.^[89] Historical development traces back further, with monks from Stavelot Abbey modifying the river in 1483 to power a mill, inadvertently creating the initial cascade that evolved into the prominent waterfall.^[90] In the 1800s, Coo emerged as a key stop in the burgeoning spa tourism area of the Ardennes, capitalizing on its picturesque falls and riverside setting to appeal to health-seeking and leisure travelers from across Europe.^[89] Today, this historical foundation supports modern tourism through extensive hiking trails that wind through the surrounding forests and along the river, offering views of diverse flora, insects, butterflies, and waterfowl while emphasizing the area's natural heritage.^[90] The local economy remains heavily reliant on tourism, bolstered by the nearby Plopsaland Ardennes theme park, which was acquired by the Plopsa Group in 2005 and rebranded as Plopsa Coo to feature family-oriented rides amid the Ardennes scenery.^[91] Coo promotes eco-tourism initiatives that focus on conserving the Amblève River's ecosystem, including guided nature walks and sustainable visitor practices to preserve the site's biodiversity and scenic integrity.^[90] With a population of 257 as of 2015, the hamlet maintains its quiet, rural character while serving as a gateway to broader Ardennes exploration, including brief proximity to nearby hydroelectric developments like those in Coo-Trois-Ponts.^[92]

Coo-Trois-Ponts, Belgium

Coo-Trois-Ponts is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station located near the town of Trois-Ponts in the Liège Province of Belgium, within the Amblève River basin.^[93]^[94] The facility plays a key role in the region's energy infrastructure, utilizing the natural topography of the Ardennes for water storage and power generation. The power station was constructed in stages during the late 1960s and 1970s, with building work commencing in 1967 and full operations achieved between 1969 and 1978.^[95]^[96] It features a pumped-storage system with two upper reservoirs (Coo I and Coo II) and a shared lower reservoir on the Amblève River, providing a hydraulic head of approximately 250 meters.^[97] The infrastructure includes six reversible Francis pump-turbines, delivering a total installed capacity of 1,164 MW following enhancements completed in 2025.^[93]^[98] Operated by ENGIE Electrabel, the station functions by pumping water from the lower to the upper reservoirs during periods of low electricity demand, typically using surplus power from the grid, and then releasing it through turbines to generate electricity during peak demand.^[99]^[93] This closed-loop system achieves an overall efficiency of about 75%, enabling rapid response times of less than five minutes to support grid flexibility.^[99] As Belgium's largest pumped-storage facility, Coo-Trois-Ponts is essential for maintaining grid stability amid increasing renewable energy integration, with an annual gross electricity generation of approximately 1,660 GWh.^[93]^[98] Ongoing upgrades, including turbine modernizations completed in 2025, have increased capacity by 79 MW and enhanced energy storage by 450 MWh, further aiding the accommodation of variable wind and solar inputs.^[100]^[95] The plant's location near natural attractions, such as the Coo waterfalls, also contributes to regional interest in sustainable energy tourism.^[99]

Other Uses

Concept of Operations

The Concept of Operations (ConOps) is a high-level document that provides a strategic description of how a proposed system, project, or organization will function to achieve its objectives, focusing on user perspectives and operational environments rather than technical specifications.^[101] It is widely used in military, engineering, and space exploration contexts, such as by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for acquisition programs and by NASA for mission planning, to align stakeholders on the envisioned system's purpose and interactions.^[102] Unlike detailed engineering designs, a ConOps emphasizes qualitative and quantitative characteristics to communicate the system's role in supporting missions or goals.^[103] Key components of a ConOps include identification of stakeholders (such as users, operators, and support entities), core processes for system operation, interfaces between system elements and external environments, and underlying assumptions or constraints that shape functionality.^[104] These elements form a visionary framework, outlining operational scenarios, user needs, and high-level workflows without delving into implementation details like hardware or software architectures.^[105] For instance, it may describe how personnel interact with a system during normal, degraded, or emergency modes to ensure clarity on roles and expected behaviors.^[106] ConOps documents are typically developed early in the project lifecycle, often during the concept or requirements phase, to guide subsequent design and reduce uncertainties.^[107] In DoD practices, this approach has been standardized since the 1990s as part of systems engineering processes to facilitate iterative refinement as projects evolve.^[108] Updates occur throughout the lifecycle to incorporate new insights, ensuring the document remains a living reference for decision-making and risk management.^[105] In space missions, such as NASA's Artemis program, ConOps documents outline operations for extravehicular activities (EVA) and surface excursions, specifying crew roles, timelines, and environmental interactions for missions like Artemis III.^[106] These examples demonstrate how ConOps aids in risk reduction by identifying potential operational gaps early, enabling proactive mitigation in complex environments like lunar exploration.^[107] By providing a shared understanding, ConOps minimizes misalignments that could lead to costly rework or mission failures.^[108] Standards like ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011 offer a recommended template for ConOps structure, including sections on scope, current systems, and post-conditions to ensure consistency across projects; this standard supersedes the earlier IEEE Std 1362-1998 and incorporates updated guidance for systems and software engineering requirements.^[109] This conceptual focus distinguishes ConOps from operational plans, which detail tactical procedures and timelines, positioning it as a foundational tool for strategic alignment rather than execution guidance.^[103] In business contexts, operating officers may reference ConOps-like visions to implement system integrations, though the primary application remains in technical domains.^[105]

Cost of Ownership

The cost of ownership (COO), commonly known as total cost of ownership (TCO), is a financial metric that captures the comprehensive economic expenses involved in acquiring, using, and disposing of an asset throughout its lifecycle. This approach extends beyond the initial purchase price to include direct costs like installation and upgrades, as well as indirect costs such as training and administrative overhead. By providing a fuller picture of long-term financial commitments, COO enables better decision-making compared to focusing solely on upfront expenditures.^[110]^[111] At its core, COO is calculated using a straightforward formula: TCO = acquisition costs + operating costs + maintenance costs + end-of-life costs, where acquisition covers purchase and setup, operating includes energy and usage expenses, maintenance accounts for repairs and servicing, and end-of-life encompasses disposal or resale. This methodology is routinely applied across industries, including information technology for evaluating hardware and software investments, automotive for assessing vehicle fleets, and real estate for analyzing property management over time.^[112]^[113] The concept gained prominence in the 1980s through Gartner's advocacy in IT procurement, emphasizing the need to quantify hidden costs amid the rise of personal computing. For instance, in automotive applications, vehicle COO typically averages around $0.82 per mile as of 2024 when factoring in fuel, insurance, depreciation, and repairs (assuming 15,000 miles per year), though this can vary by model and usage patterns.^[114]^[115] In practice, COO supports strategic procurement by highlighting cost-effective options, such as in fleet management where it informs choices between buying, leasing, or outsourcing vehicles to minimize overall expenses. As of 2025, user-friendly software tools and online TCO calculators—such as Edmunds' automotive estimator and Gartner's IT frameworks—have proliferated, allowing organizations to model scenarios efficiently and integrate data from multiple sources.^[116]^[117] Beyond basic components, COO evaluations often incorporate opportunity costs from funds locked in the asset rather than alternative investments, as well as downtime losses that disrupt operations and revenue. Contemporary assessments further extend to sustainability factors, like the carbon footprint from production, usage, and disposal, reflecting growing emphasis on environmental accountability in lifecycle analyses.^[118]^[110]^[119]

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Vocal communication - Avian Biology
The dove's familiar cooing sound (see sonagram below) includes a trill, which is caused by an airflow that makes membranes in the syrinx vibrate.Missing: Columbidae | Show results with:Columbidae
[33]
Biomechanics and control of vocalization in a non-songbird - NIH
The neuromuscular control of vocalization in birds requires complicated and precisely coordinated motor control of the vocal organ (i.e. the syrinx), ...
[34]
Peace symbols through history
Apr 5, 2018 · The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol ...Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
[35]
Coo - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in the 1660s, "coo" means to utter a soft, plaintive murmur, echoing dove sounds; related to Danish kurre, German girren, and Hindi kuku.
[36]
COO Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Nov 4, 2025 · The meaning of COO is to make the low soft cry of a dove or ... Word History. Etymology. Verb. imitative. First Known Use. Verb. 1577, in ...
[37]
Rock Pigeon - CT.gov
Male pigeons are more aggressive and strut. In a mating display, males fluff up their neck ruff, drag their tail on the ground, and make loud, cooing noises.Missing: variations | Show results with:variations
[38]
The adaptation and fitness costs to urban noise in the calls of ... - NIH
Feb 13, 2025 · Our findings suggest that urban noise exerts strong selective pressure on bird vocalizations, particularly in species that rely on acoustic ...Missing: cooing studies
[39]
Article Anthropogenic noise and habitat structure shaping dominant ...
Feb 16, 2024 · We found that noise, urbanization, and open understory spaces are factors contributing to the increase in the dominant frequency of bird sounds.Missing: cooing | Show results with:cooing
[40]
Baby Language Milestones 0 to 12 months: Cooing, Laughing, and Mo
Jun 12, 2018 · Cooing – This is the baby's first sound production besides crying, usually occurring between six to eight weeks of age. Laughing – Usually at ...
[41]
What Is Cooing for a Baby? - MedicineNet
Cooing is a combination of laughter and vowel sounds and typically lets you know your baby is happy and content. Coos engage different mouth muscles. From 0-3 ...
[42]
When Do Babies Start Cooing? - The Bump
May 6, 2024 · Cooing is actually the start of language development in babies. “[It's] when they're starting to learn how to make sounds and starting to process the muscles ...What Is Cooing In Babies? · Why Do Babies Coo? · How Baby Cooing Supports...
[43]
Cooing 101: A Guide to Baby's First Vocal Milestone -
Jul 13, 2023 · Cooing is a prelinguistic (meaning, develops before words) skill that babies make during the early stages of speech and language development.
[44]
Cooing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
By 12 weeks, most infants produce vowellike sounds called cooing. By 20 weeks, vocalizations begin to include more consonant sounds, a stage termed babbling.
[45]
When do babies coo for the first time? - Huckleberry
Oct 17, 2025 · The cooing stage is also when your baby begins to develop control of the muscles needed for talking [ ]. First words are still a long way off, ...Why do babies coo? · Ways to encourage baby... · Baby not cooing: What to doMissing: definition | Show results with:definition
[46]
Prelinguistic Vocal Development in Infants with Typical Hearing and ...
The present study longitudinally investigates several aspects of prelinguistic vocal development in ITH and in infants with severe-to-profound hearing loss (IHL) ...
[47]
Infant Cooing, Babbling Linked to Hearing Ability - The ASHA Leader
Infants coo and babble primarily to hear their own vocalizations, according to a study in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
[48]
How cooing with your baby can help language development - BBC
Copying the early noises your baby makes lets them know you're listening to them. It also gets them used to the back and forth rhythm of conversation ...<|separator|>
[49]
10 Of The Best Baby Tracking Apps For Parents In 2025 - SlashGear
May 25, 2025 · 10 Of The Best Baby Tracking Apps For Parents In 2025 · CDC's Milestone Tracker · Baby Connect · Baby Daybook · Nara Baby · Cubtale · Pregnancy & Baby ...
[50]
Coo Coo Cal was only Milwaukee rapper with a No. 1 song. A new ...
Feb 21, 2020 · Coo Coo Cal was an "Army brat" named Calvin Bellamy. Born in Louisiana, he moved around with his family, including some time in Germany, where ...
[51]
There's a Coo Coo Cal Documentary and You Need to Know About It
Dec 13, 2019 · In 2001, Coo Coo Cal – real name Calvin Bellamy – released his smash hit “My Projects,” an ode to living life in Milwaukee's North side. Coo Coo ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[52]
Whatever happened to Coo Coo Cal? - Radio Milwaukee
Feb 17, 2020 · The short version of the story is that Cal self-sabotaged his career, missing so many shows that the industry effectively blacklisted him.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[53]
Coo Coo Cal | TheAudioDB.com
Coo Coo Cal's first album, Walkin' Dead was released independently in 1999. Tommy Boy Records released Cal's second album, Disturbed on September 18, 2001.
[54]
Coo Coo Cal Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More... - AllMusic
Active. 1990s - 2010s ; Born. in Milwaukee, WI ; Genre. Rap ; Styles. Gangsta Rap, Hardcore Rap ; Also Known As. Calvin Bellamy.
[55]
Coo Coo Cal's Comeback Album - Shepherd Express
But in between investing in real estate, Cal was also working on a comeback album, Kokain Kowboyz, a collaboration with Milwaukee rapper Baby Drew, who also ...Missing: Uncorked | Show results with:Uncorked
[56]
Coo Coo Cal - Apple Music
Albums ; Walkin Dead · 2025 ; The Recovery · 2025 ; The Final Chapter : A Bigg Hank Production · 2021 ; Death Before Dishonour (Kill the Snitches) · 2014 ; STILL WALKIN.Missing: debut | Show results with:debut
[57]
Clifton Burton “Coo Coo” Marlin (1932-2005) - Find a Grave Memorial
He started one hundred and sixty-five NASCAR races, finished in the top five nine times and celebrated over fifty top ten finishes. He became one of America's ...
[58]
That's History Profile: Coo Coo Marlin - Frontstretch
Aug 30, 2007 · Birthdate: Jan. 3, 1932. Hometown: Columbia, Tenn. Starts: 165. Wins: 0. Top Fives: 9. Top 10s: 51. Poles: 0. Earnings: $328,111.Missing: Claude | Show results with:Claude
[59]
Spreading the Legend of a Nascar Pioneer - The New York Times
Sep 4, 2005 · Clifton Marlin - nicknamed Coo Coo as a child because he could not say his name - never won a Nascar race in 165 starts from 1966 to 1980. His ...Missing: Claude | Show results with:Claude
[60]
From potatoes to Daytona, Coo Coo Marlin a proud dad - UPI Archives
Feb 20, 1994 · Coo Coo is 62 and continues to operate as a beef farmer near Columbia, Tenn. He was a NASCAR Winston Cup driver himself from 1966-80 and in 165 ...Missing: Claude biography
[61]
http://www.historicracing.com/driverDetail.cfm?driverID=7760
[62]
Clifton Marlin biography - Historic Racing
Clifton "Coo Coo" Marlin was one of NASCAR's early stars and father of current Nextel Cup driver Sterling Marlin. Although he never won a NASCAR points race ...Missing: Claude | Show results with:Claude
[63]
Sterling Marlin Named to NASCAR's "75 Greatest" List - Autoweek
Apr 18, 2023 · The son of Clifton “Coo Coo” Marlin ... His career resume shows a combined 12 victories in NASCAR-sanctioned events spread among seven series.
[64]
NASCAR pioneer `Coo Coo' Marlin dies - Chicago Tribune
Aug 15, 2005 · Clifton “Coo Coo” Marlin, one of NASCAR's early stars and father of current Nextel Cup driver Sterling Marlin, died early Sunday after a ...
[65]
NASCAR Is Unrivaled in Hall of Fame Father-Son Combos - Autoweek
The late Clifton Burton (Coo Coo) Marlin was a popular and well-respected driver who did what he could in 165 starts between 1966 and 1980. No poles or ...
[66]
Carboxylate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Carboxylate refers to the deprotonated form of a carboxylic acid, characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group (-COO⁻) which can be introduced to ...
[67]
1.12: Carboxylic Acids - Chemistry LibreTexts
Sep 12, 2022 · The carboxylate ion has two electronegative oxygens to only one for the alkoxide ion. These electronegative atoms would hold the electron pairs ...
[68]
[PDF] Carboxylic Acid Structure and Chemistry: Part 2
This equation is derived from the equilibrium reaction as follows: Consider a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) with a pKa of 4 at physiologic pH (assume pH of. 7).
[69]
Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids- Ionization and Neutralization
Oct 16, 2024 · Soluble carboxylic acids are weak acids in aqueous solutions. Carboxylic acids neutralize bases to form salts.Missing: buffering | Show results with:buffering
[70]
16.7 Buffers – Enhanced Introductory College Chemistry
A buffer is a solution that resists dramatic pH changes, composed of a weak acid/base and its salt, reacting with added acid or base.
[71]
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (With Negatively Charged Nucleophiles)
May 6, 2011 · In the first, acid chlorides react with carboxylates (the conjugate base of carboxylic acids, acting as a nucleophile here) to give an anhydride ...
[72]
Peptide Side-COOH Groups Have Two Distinct Conformations ...
The carboxyl (COOH) side chain groups of amino acids, such as aspartic acid, play an important role in biochemical processes, including enzymatic proton ...
[73]
Acidic and Basic Amino Acids
These are aspartic acid or aspartate (Asp) and glutamic acid or glutamate (Glu). Their side chains have carboxylic acid groups whose pKa's are low enough to ...
[74]
Carboxylate - (Organic Chemistry) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
Carboxylates are the key functional groups in soap that give it its cleansing properties by interacting with water and dirt particles. During the saponification ...
[75]
Soaps (Detergent) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
These ions bind the carboxylate groups of soaps and form precipitates that reduce the cleansing power of a soap.
[76]
Innovative dual-functional, green and biodegradable dicarboxylated ...
Additional significant inhibitors include polycarboxylate substances such as poly(maleic-co-acrylic) acid, homopolymaleic acid and polyaspartic acid. These ...
[77]
Future of Carboxylic Acid in Biodegradable Polymer Production
Jul 31, 2025 · The future of carboxylic acids in biodegradable polymer production is closely tied to advancements in biotechnology and green chemistry.
[78]
Sustainable eco-friendly scale-up synthesis of polytartaric acid using ...
Sep 18, 2025 · Our research outlines a more efficient and environmentally benign pathway for synthesizing biopolymers at an industrial scale. Utilizing ...
[79]
Recent advances in biodegradable polymer blends and their ...
Sep 10, 2025 · This study provides critical insights into designing sustainable materials, helping shape green chemistry by fostering innovation in eco- ...
[80]
Cobalt(II) oxide
Insufficient relevant content. The provided URL content only includes a PubChem logo and a JavaScript requirement notice, with no scientific data on Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO). No definition, properties, preparation methods, applications, safety, or environmental regulations are available in the excerpt.
[81]
OX1493 Cobalt (II) Oxide (CoO) Powder (CAS No. 1307-96-6)
Starting from $100.00 In stockChemical Formula. CoO ; Molecular Weight. 74.93 ; Form. black powder ; Density (g/cm3). 6.45 ; Melting Point. 1785℃ ...
[82]
CoO - Solid State Chemistry @Aalto
Jul 9, 2025 · Cobalt(II)oxide is a metal oxide that can appear as olive-green or pink crystals, or as black powder. ... It is often used as a coloring agent to ...
[83]
Cobalt(II) Oxide | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®
Cobalt(II) Oxide (CoO) is a highly insoluble thermally stable Cobalt source suitable for lithium ion batteries and other applications.
[84]
COBALT OXIDE - Ataman Kimya
Cobalt(II) oxide is an inorganic compound that has been described as an olive-green or gray solid. Cobalt Hydroxide is used extensively in the ceramics industry ...
[85]
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of CoO ... - NIH
Apr 27, 2021 · Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have been considerably used in various applications; pigments, rechargeable batteries, catalysts, magnets, sensors, ...
[86]
Lithium Cobalt Oxide Market | Global Market Analysis Report - 2035
Sep 29, 2025 · The lithium cobalt oxide market is projected to grow from USD 6.1 billion in 2025 to USD 14.6 billion by 2035, at a CAGR of 9.1%.
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https://www.researchnester.com/reports/lithium-cobalt-oxide-market/6511
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Lithium Cobalt Oxide Market Report 2026-2035 - Research Nester
The global lithium cobalt oxide market size was worth more than USD 6.09 billion in 2025 and is poised to witness a CAGR of over 9% between 2026 and 2035, ...
[89]
Stavelot on a Belgium map, location on the map, exact time
50.3940981, 5.9304413.
[90]
The Coo Waterfall | Tourisme Stavelot
At the beginning of the 19th century, the world was attracted by the waterfall... and the brand! Indeed, Coo was part of the circuit of the "amusements of Spa".
[91]
The Coo waterfall (Province of Liège) | VISITWallonia.be
The monks of the abbey of Stavelot are said to have developed part of the river to feed into a mill as early as 1483. They would not have created the waterfall ...
[92]
Plopsaland Ardennes in Belgium • Tourist Attraction Stavelot
Sep 9, 2025 · In 2005, the Plopsa Group acquired the park, introduced beloved Studio 100 characters, and rebranded it as "Plopsa Coo".Missing: economy | Show results with:economy
[93]
Coo - Population Trends and Demographics - CityFacts
Area of Coo, 0.345 km². Population, 257. Male Population, 129 (50.3%). Female Population, 128 (49.7%). Population change from 1975 to 2015, -24.9%.
[94]
Power plant profile: Coo-Trois Ponts, Belgium
Oct 21, 2024 · The project is currently owned by Electrabel with a stake of 100%. Coo-Trois Ponts is a pumped storage project. The total number of penstocks, ...Missing: infrastructure significance
[95]
International Water Power & Dam Construction 's Post - LinkedIn
Jul 22, 2024 · COO TROIS PONTS, BELGIUM Coo-Trois-Ponts is a pumped storage hydropower facility located in Trois-Ponts, Province of Liege, Belgium.
[96]
Coo-Trois-Ponts Hydroelectric Power Station - Tractebel
The Mission. The objective was to increase the energy storage and power capacity of the existing Coo Pumped Storage Plant by 7.5%, while also extending the ...Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[97]
Power Plants Around the World - Coo-Trois-Ponts Pumped-Storage ...
Nov 6, 2021 · Coo-Trois-Ponts Pumped-Storage Power Station Liege, Belgium The 1,080-MW Coo-Trois-Ponts PSP is located along the Ambleve River in the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[98]
Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower Case Studies in Belgium
Existing pumped hydro storage plants in Belgium. Power Capacity, Stored Energy, Head. Coo-Trois-Ponts, 1164 MW, 5 GWh, 250 m. Plate-Taille, 144 MW, 0.796 GWh ...Missing: output | Show results with:output
[99]
Voith Hydro upgrades three power units from Belgium's largest ...
Oct 19, 2021 · 2021-10-19 Voith Hydro upgrades three power units from Belgium's largest pumped storage plant Coo-Trois-Ponts owned by ENGIE Electrabel.Missing: infrastructure significance
[100]
Coo pumped storage power station - ENGIE
Coo's maximum capacity totals 1,089 MW. Pumped storage is currently the only way to store electricity on a large scale. In Belgium, the Coo station is ...Missing: infrastructure | Show results with:infrastructure
[101]
Grid Solutions provides upgrade services for pumped-storage ...
Jun 24, 2021 · By the beginning of 2025, the capacity of the power plant will increase from 1,080 MW to 1,159 MW (+ 79 MW), while the storage volume will ...
[102]
IEEE 1362-1998 - IEEE SA
The ConOps document is used to communicate overall quantitative and qualitative system characteristics to the user, buyer, developer, and other organizational ...
[103]
Concept of Operations (CONOPS) | www.dau.edu
A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is a verbal or graphic statement that outlines a commander's assumptions and intent for an operation or series of operations.<|control11|><|separator|>
[104]
1362-1998 - Concept of Operations (ConOps) Document | IEEE Xplore
A concept of operations (CONOPS) document describes the mission of the system and its operational and support environments.
[105]
Appendix S: Concept of Operations Annotated Outline - NASA
Jul 26, 2023 · This Concept of Operations (ConOps) annotated outline describes the type and sequence of information that should be contained in a ConOps.
[106]
Concept of Operations (CONOPS) - Systems Engineering - AcqNotes
Sep 20, 2024 · A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is a document that describes a proposed system concept and how that concept would be operated in an intended environment.
[107]
[PDF] Exploration EVA System Concept of Operations Summary ... - NASA
The Exploration EVA System will enable up to 5 lunar surface excursions outside the lander during a 6.5 day Artemis III mission in 2024. Crewmembers will be ...
[108]
[PDF] SYS-800 Final Project-A Tailored LSP Concept of Operations
Apr 11, 2016 · An integral part of the Systems Engineering process is the creation of a Concept of Operations. (ConOps) for a given system, with the ConOps ...
[109]
[PDF] DAG-CH-3-Systems-Engineering.pdf - DAU
... systems come in and move out and as Concept of Operations / ... Figure 12: Systems Engineering Activities in the Technology Maturation and Risk Reduction.
[110]
What is total cost of ownership (TCO)? - TechTarget
Apr 10, 2025 · Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an estimation of the expenses associated with purchasing, deploying, managing, using and retiring IT assets.
[111]
Total Cost of Ownership: How It's Calculated With Example
Total cost of ownership is the purchase price of an asset plus the costs of operation, representing the complete cost through its entire life cycle.
[112]
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Explained - NetSuite
Apr 27, 2025 · Total cost of ownership is a comprehensive financial assessment that goes beyond the initial purchase price of a tangible good or service.
[113]
How do you calculate total cost of ownership? - Geotab
Understanding total cost of ownership is an important part of fleet management. See what tools Geotab offers to help you calculate your fleet's costs.
[114]
What is total cost of ownership (TCO)? - ITPro
Jan 1, 2025 · Analyst firm Gartner brought total cost of ownership into the mainstream in the 1980s, coinciding with the emergence of personal computers - ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[115]
How much will I save by carpooling? - Rideshare
Depending on your vehicle and driving patterns, the total cost of auto ownership and use can range from approximately $0.50 per mile to over $1.00 per mile.
[116]
Cost of Car Ownership - 5-Year Cost Calculator | Edmunds.com
The Edmunds True Cost to Own® (TCO®) calculator is a tool that looks at the 5-year costs of owning a vehicle, including some you might not have considered.
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Unlocking Value: Principles of Total Cost Ownership - Gartner
Jun 13, 2024 · This research demonstrates how procurement leaders can apply three total cost of ownership principles to optimize cost and unlock value.Overview · Recommendations · Gartner Research: Trusted...
[118]
Estimating Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) - Galorath
Dec 10, 2024 · These may include productivity losses during downtime, opportunity costs associated with alternative investments, and training expenses.<|control11|><|separator|>
[119]
Total Cost Ownership → Term - Climate → Sustainability Directory
Oct 23, 2025 · Meaning → Total Cost of Ownership includes all expenses over an asset's life, expanding to environmental and social impacts in sustainability ...