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CSD

The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the world's premier repository of experimentally determined small-molecule organic and metal-organic crystal structures, comprising over 1.3 million curated entries primarily from X-ray and neutron diffraction data published in peer-reviewed journals since 1965.^[1] Established and maintained by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), a non-profit organization, the CSD enables precise analysis of atomic coordinates, bonding patterns, and supramolecular interactions, serving as an empirical foundation for advancing chemical synthesis, materials design, and pharmaceutical development.^[2] Key features include rigorous data validation against crystallographic standards, exclusion of low-quality or erroneous structures, and integration with software suites such as Conquest for substructure searching and Mercury for 3D visualization, which facilitate causal inferences about molecular behavior from real-world observations rather than unverified simulations.^[3] Notable achievements encompass its role in validating quantum mechanical predictions, identifying novel polymorphs to mitigate drug formulation risks, and supporting over 100,000 annual user queries from academia and industry, underscoring its status as a cornerstone of structural chemistry despite occasional debates over deposition completeness from certain proprietary sources.^[4]^[5]

Finance

Central securities depository

A central securities depository (CSD) is a specialized financial market infrastructure that holds securities, such as shares and bonds, in either certificated or dematerialized (electronic) form, enabling the immobilization or dematerialization of these instruments to facilitate efficient transfer and settlement.^[6] CSDs maintain securities accounts for participants, provide central safekeeping to mitigate risks associated with physical certificates, and support the core settlement function by ensuring delivery versus payment (DvP) in securities transactions.^[7] By acting as a trusted intermediary, CSDs reduce systemic risks in post-trade processes, including counterparty default and operational failures, through standardized book-entry transfers rather than physical delivery.^[8] The primary functions of a CSD include the registration and safekeeping of securities, settlement of trades in exchange for cash, and administration of asset servicing such as corporate actions (e.g., dividend payments, interest accruals, and proxy voting).^[8] ^[6] CSDs also track securities issuance to ensure accurate ownership records and may provide notary-like services for issuance, verifying the legitimacy of newly issued instruments.^[7] In addition, they enable collateral management by holding securities as collateral for lending, with automatic transfer mechanisms in case of default, thereby supporting liquidity in money markets.^[9] These operations are typically conducted electronically, minimizing errors and costs compared to legacy paper-based systems.^[10] CSDs emerged in the 1960s amid surging trading volumes that overwhelmed manual settlement processes, particularly in the U.S., where a "paperwork crisis" threatened market stability.^[11] The shift to centralized depositories accelerated in the 1970s; for instance, U.S. authorities in February 1975 urged financial institutions to adopt book-entry systems via central depositories to streamline operations.^[12] In Europe, similar infrastructures developed, with Italy establishing Monte Titoli in 1978 to support financial trading.^[13] This evolution reflected a broader causal progression from physical certificates to dematerialized holdings, driven by efficiency demands and risk reduction in global capital markets. Prominent CSDs include the Depository Trust Company (DTC) in the United States, which processes the majority of domestic securities settlements; Euroclear Bank, an international CSD handling cross-border transactions; and Clearstream, which covers securities from 59 markets including Eurobonds.^[14] ^[15] Other key players are SIX SIS in Switzerland and the Canadian Depository for Securities Limited, each tailored to regional market structures while linking to global networks for interoperability.^[16] Regulation of CSDs emphasizes resilience and harmonization, particularly in the European Union under the Central Securities Depositories Regulation (CSDR, EU No 909/2014), enacted post-2008 financial crisis to enhance settlement safety, efficiency, and cross-border access.^[8] ^[17] CSDR imposes prudential requirements, such as recovery and resolution plans, mandatory DvP settlement, and penalties for settlement fails (e.g., cash penalties introduced in 2021), while authorizing the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) for oversight of third-country CSDs.^[18] Nationally, CSDs fall under central bank or securities regulator supervision to ensure operational integrity and mitigate systemic risks.^[7]

Confederate States Dollar

The Confederate States dollar served as the official currency of the Confederate States of America, comprising eleven seceded Southern states, from March 1861 until the Confederacy's dissolution in April 1865.^[19] Primarily issued as unbacked Treasury notes, it functioned as legal tender for public and private debts within Confederate territory, authorized by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress on March 9, 1861, to finance military operations without reliance on specie reserves.^[20] Unlike the contemporaneous United States dollar, which transitioned to demand notes backed by government bonds, Confederate notes received no such collateral beyond promises of future redemption in coin, rendering them fiat money vulnerable to overissuance.^[21] The Treasury Department printed notes in multiple series across eight issuances between 1861 and 1864, injecting over $1.5 billion into circulation—far exceeding the Confederacy's economic output and tax revenues, which remained underdeveloped due to reliance on cotton exports hampered by Union blockades.^[19] Denominations ranged from 50 cents to $1,000, with common values including $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100; higher denominations like $500 and $1,000 appeared in later series for large transactions.^[22] Designs featured vignettes of Confederate leaders such as Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens, alongside symbols like enslaved laborers harvesting cotton or allegorical figures of liberty, printed on rag paper often watermarked with "CSA" to deter counterfeiting, though rampant forgery exacerbated distrust.^[23] Economic pressures, including unchecked printing to cover deficits—estimated at 92% of Confederate expenditures by 1862—drove rapid depreciation, with the dollar losing 33% of its value against the U.S. dollar by mid-1863 and plummeting to approximately 3 cents on the dollar by September 1864 amid battlefield defeats and supply shortages.^[24] Hyperinflation peaked at over 9,000% cumulatively, as public confidence eroded; for instance, a $100 note equated to roughly $1.76 in U.S. currency by war's end, rendering it unsuitable for savings or trade.^[23] The absence of a central bank or effective taxation—Confederate revenues covered only a fraction of costs, with produce loans and impressment yielding inconsistent results—compounded the crisis, contrasting with the Union's more disciplined fiscal policies.^[19] Following the Confederacy's surrender at Appomattox on April 9, 1865, the dollar became worthless for redemption, as the U.S. government refused to honor it and Southern banks ceased acceptance; surviving notes hold no intrinsic value but command prices in numismatic markets based on rarity, condition, and serial numbers, with common issues like 1864 $10 notes fetching $50–$200 among collectors.^[24] This collapse exemplified the perils of wartime fiat issuance without productive backing or institutional trust, contributing to postwar Southern economic reconstruction challenges under federal oversight.^[23]

Serbian dinar (ISO 4217 code)

The Serbian dinar (RSD) is the official currency of the Republic of Serbia, subdivided into 100 paras, though the para is no longer in active circulation.^[25] It is issued and regulated by the National Bank of Serbia (Narodna banka Srbije), which maintains monetary stability and oversees its issuance.^[26] The currency's name derives from the Roman denarius, with the first Serbian dinars minted during the medieval period under rulers such as Stefan Nemanjić, dating back to references around 1214.^[27]^[25] The modern Serbian dinar traces its origins to the late 19th century, when the Law on Minting the Serbian Silver Currency was adopted on December 12, 1873, establishing it as Serbia's national currency during the Principality of Serbia's push for independence.^[28] Following periods of hyperinflation, redenominations, and ties to Yugoslav currencies in the 20th century—particularly after World War I and during the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia—the current iteration was introduced on January 24, 2003, at parity with the final Yugoslav dinar (YUM) amid the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.^[25] This redenomination replaced the hyperinflated Yugoslav dinar, which had suffered extreme devaluation in the 1990s, with the new Serbian dinar stabilizing the economy post-2000 democratic transitions.^[25] Serbia operates a managed floating exchange rate regime for the dinar, where the rate is primarily determined by market supply and demand in foreign exchange markets, supplemented by interventions from the National Bank of Serbia to curb volatility.^[29] In practice, the dinar has maintained a stable peg-like alignment with the euro since the mid-2000s, reflecting Serbia's economic orientation toward the European Union and efforts to control inflation, which averaged around 2-4% annually in recent years.^[30] As of August 2025, the exchange rate stood at approximately 100.18 dinars per U.S. dollar. No capital controls restrict convertibility for current account transactions, though the National Bank manages foreign exchange reserves to support stability.^[30] Current banknotes, introduced progressively since 2003 and updated in series like the 2006-2010 emissions, circulate in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 dinars, featuring historical figures such as Nikola Tesla on the 100-dinar note and designs incorporating Serbian cultural heritage.^[31] Coins are minted in 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 dinar denominations, primarily using bimetallic compositions for higher values to enhance durability and security.^[31] The National Bank of Serbia enforces anti-counterfeiting measures, including holograms and microprinting, and periodically withdraws older series to modernize circulation.^[31]

Organizations

Educational programs and disciplines

Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) is an academic discipline focused on the scientific study of human communication processes, including speech, language, hearing, and their disorders, drawing from fields such as linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and physiology.^[32] Undergraduate programs in CSD typically award a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree, providing foundational knowledge in areas like phonetics, anatomy and physiology of speech and hearing, language acquisition, and introductory diagnostics for communication impairments.^[33] These programs emphasize empirical assessment of communication development and disorders, often including clinical observation hours to prepare students for graduate-level clinical training.^[34] Graduate education in CSD builds on undergraduate foundations, with master's degrees in speech-language pathology (SLP) requiring 400–500 supervised clinical hours and leading to certification eligibility through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA).^[32] The Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.) program, typically a four-year professional doctorate, focuses on hearing assessment, amplification, and vestibular disorders, incorporating advanced diagnostics like otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response testing.^[32] Research-oriented doctoral programs, such as the Ph.D. in CSD, train scholars in experimental methodologies, including neuroimaging and behavioral studies of communication deficits, often lasting 4–6 years post-master's.^[32] All accredited CSD programs must meet standards set by ASHA's Council on Academic Accreditation, ensuring curricula align with evidence-based practices derived from peer-reviewed studies on communication efficacy.^[34] CSD education integrates interdisciplinary approaches, collaborating with disciplines like special education, neurology, and otolaryngology to address causal factors in disorders such as aphasia, dysphagia, and sensorineural hearing loss.^[35] Entry into competitive graduate programs often requires a minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.0–3.5 and GRE scores, with acceptance rates varying by institution but generally below 50% for SLP tracks due to high demand driven by a projected 19% job growth for SLPs from 2022 to 2032. Programs increasingly incorporate telepractice and culturally responsive training, grounded in data from longitudinal studies on diverse populations.^[32] Certification post-graduation mandates passing the Praxis exam and completing a clinical fellowship year, emphasizing measurable outcomes in intervention efficacy.^[32]

Governmental and international bodies

The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was an intergovernmental body established by the UN General Assembly in December 1992 through Resolution A/RES/47/191 to monitor implementation of Agenda 21 and advance sustainable development following the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro.^[36] Operating as a functional commission of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), its mandate included reviewing national reports on sustainable development progress, facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogues, and promoting international cooperation on environmental and developmental issues across economic, social, and environmental dimensions.^[37] The CSD convened annual sessions from 1993 to 2012, totaling 20 meetings that addressed thematic clusters such as poverty eradication, consumption patterns, and health linkages, while producing policy recommendations adopted by ECOSOC.^[38] The CSD's 20th and final session occurred on 20 September 2013, marking the end of its operations after two decades of fostering global sustainability discussions; its functions were subsequently transferred to the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development under ECOSOC and the General Assembly.^[39] Despite achievements in raising awareness and coordinating inputs for later frameworks like the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (2002), critics noted limited enforcement mechanisms and overlapping mandates with other UN entities, contributing to its replacement for a more integrated post-2015 development agenda.^[40] Nationally, CSD denotes various governmental entities, including Spain's Consejo Superior de Deportes, an autonomous agency under the Ministry of Culture and Sport tasked with planning, promoting, and regulating sports policies since its founding in 1977. In South Africa, the Central Supplier Database (CSD) is a national government repository launched in 2015 to register suppliers and verify compliance for public procurement processes.^[41] In the United States, Community Services Districts (CSDs) are special districts formed under state law to deliver water, fire protection, and other municipal services in unincorporated areas, with over 300 operating in California alone as of 2021.^[42] These domestic usages reflect localized administrative functions rather than international coordination.

Military and community services

The Canteen Stores Department (CSD) operates as a government enterprise under India's Ministry of Defence, managing a network of retail outlets that supply daily essentials, electronics, vehicles, and other goods to active and retired armed forces personnel, their families, and eligible defence civilians at prices below market rates through bulk procurement and tax exemptions. Established to ensure affordable access to quality products, it maintains over 3,500 unit-run canteens and 30 area depots across military installations, with annual turnovers exceeding ₹15,000 crore as of recent fiscal years.^[43] The department procures items directly from manufacturers and distributes via a smart card-based system for authorized users, emphasizing welfare support for defence community members.^[44] In the United States, particularly California, a Community Services District (CSD) refers to an independent special district formed by residents of unincorporated areas to deliver essential local services including water and sewer utilities, fire protection, parks, recreation, and street lighting, where county-level provision may be inadequate.^[42] Authorized under the California Government Code (Sections 61000–61135), these districts are governed by five-member elected boards and can levy taxes or assessments to fund operations, with over 200 such entities serving rural and suburban communities as of 2021.^[45] Examples include the Cosumnes CSD, which provides fire suppression and emergency medical services across Sacramento County areas, and the Helendale CSD, handling water, sewer, and recreational facilities in San Bernardino County.^[46] Formation requires voter approval or petition processes to address specific community needs without broader municipal incorporation.^[47]

Other organizations

The Centre for Safety and Development (CSD) is a Netherlands-based non-profit organization established in early 2004, specializing in security training and advisory services for personnel operating in high-risk environments.^[48]^[49] It focuses on enabling non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, and other entities to mitigate risks through tailored programs, including Hostile Environment Awareness Training (HEAT), safe travel courses, and policy development support.^[50]^[51] As of 2024, CSD offers refresher and advanced modules to over 5,000 participants annually, emphasizing practical skills for humanitarian and development work in conflict zones.^[50]^[52] CSD operates independently of governmental oversight, funding its activities through course fees and partnerships while adhering to international standards for duty-of-care compliance.^[53] Its curriculum draws from field-tested methodologies, with evaluations indicating high participant satisfaction rates exceeding 90% for risk mitigation effectiveness.^[54] The organization maintains a roster of certified trainers experienced in regions like the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, prioritizing empirical risk assessment over ideological frameworks.^[55]

Science and technology

Biology and medicine

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a zoonotic bacterial infection primarily caused by Bartonella henselae, a fastidious, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus.^[56] The bacterium is transmitted to humans mainly through cutaneous inoculation of infected material via scratches, bites, or licks from domestic cats, particularly kittens under one year old, which harbor asymptomatic bacteremia.^[57] Cats acquire the infection through bites from cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis), which serve as vectors transmitting B. henselae via fecal contamination scratched into wounds, or vertically from queen to kittens during grooming or parturition.^[58] Less commonly, Bartonella clarridgeiae is implicated, but B. henselae accounts for over 90% of cases.^[59] Epidemiologically, CSD occurs worldwide with higher incidence in warmer climates and during autumn and winter months in temperate regions, correlating with kitten birth seasons.^[59] In the United States, approximately 12,000 outpatient and 500 inpatient cases are diagnosed annually, though underreporting is likely due to its self-limiting nature; children under 15 years comprise about 75% of cases, with males slightly overrepresented.^[59] Seroprevalence in cats varies from 0% to 60% by region, influenced by flea infestation rates and stray cat populations.^[59] Human risk factors include close contact with cats and immunosuppression, such as in HIV/AIDS patients, where disseminated disease manifests as bacillary angiomatosis or peliosis.^[60] Pathogenetically, B. henselae enters the skin via microtrauma, evades phagocytosis through virulence factors like adhesins and invasins, and disseminates hematogenously or lymphatically to regional lymph nodes, inducing a granulomatous inflammatory response with stellate necrotizing abscesses.^[61] In cats, the bacterium infects erythrocytes, establishing persistent intraerythrocytic infection without overt illness.^[58] Clinical manifestations typically begin 3 to 10 days post-inoculation with a primary cutaneous lesion—a papule, pustule, or vesicle—at the inoculation site in 30-50% of cases, followed 1 to 3 weeks later by regional lymphadenopathy (unilateral, tender, >1 cm) in 85-90% of patients.^[56] Systemic symptoms include mild fever (30%), malaise, headache, and anorexia, resolving spontaneously in 2 to 4 months in immunocompetent individuals; rare complications (1-2%) encompass osteomyelitis, encephalitis, or hepatosplenic granulomas.^[59] Diagnosis relies on a compatible history of cat exposure and clinical triad of primary lesion, lymphadenopathy, and systemic symptoms, supported by serologic testing showing B. henselae-specific IgM (acute) or IgG titers ≥1:256 (fourfold rise confirmatory).^[62] PCR amplification of bacterial DNA from lymph node aspirates or tissue offers high specificity (95-100%), while histopathology reveals suppurative granulomas with Warthin-Starry silver stain highlighting bacillary clusters.^[56] Differential diagnoses include lymphoma, tuberculosis, or tularemia, necessitating exclusion via imaging or biopsy when nodes persist >4 weeks or suppurate.^[59] Treatment for typical CSD in immunocompetent patients is supportive, as the infection is self-limited with lifelong immunity post-resolution; analgesics and warm compresses suffice for lymphadenopathy.^[63] Antibiotics are reserved for severe, disseminated, or prolonged cases, with azithromycin (500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg daily for 4 days) shortening lymph node resolution by 27 days compared to placebo in randomized trials.^[63] Alternatives include doxycycline or rifampin for adults, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for children or pregnant patients; immunocompromised individuals require prolonged regimens to prevent relapse.^[64] Surgical excision is rarely indicated for persistent suppuration unresponsive to drainage.^[56] Prevention emphasizes flea control in cats, hand hygiene after handling, and avoiding rough play with kittens.^[65]

Computing and telecommunications

Circuit Switched Data (CSD) is a telecommunications protocol for transmitting digital data over circuit-switched mobile networks, such as those based on GSM standards, by establishing a dedicated end-to-end connection that reserves network resources for the duration of the session.^[66]^[67] Unlike packet-switched methods, CSD mimics analog modem communication, where a voice channel is repurposed for data transfer at synchronous or asynchronous rates, typically achieving speeds of 9.6 kbit/s in standard GSM implementations.^[67]^[68] Introduced in the 1990s as part of the initial GSM data services, CSD enabled early mobile internet access, SMS fallback, and basic file transfers by allocating a full traffic channel (TS) from the mobile station to the base station and interconnecting via the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) to external networks like PSTN or ISDN.^[67] Data rates could be enhanced through High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), which combined multiple time slots to reach up to 38.4 kbit/s or higher, though this required compatible hardware and increased costs due to prolonged channel occupancy.^[69] In satellite systems like Iridium, CSD operates at lower rates such as 2.4 kbit/s for bidirectional dial-up services, supporting applications in remote areas where packet data was unavailable.^[70] CSD's circuit-switched nature ensured low latency for real-time data but suffered from inefficiencies, including high airtime charges proportional to connection time rather than data volume, and poor scalability compared to emerging packet-switched alternatives like GPRS introduced in 1999.^[66]^[69] By the mid-2000s, as 3G networks proliferated, CSD usage declined sharply; for instance, many operators phased out 2G CSD support around 2020-2023 to refarm spectrum for 4G/5G, with T-Mobile in the US ceasing operations by late 2023.^[68]^[71] Despite obsolescence in consumer markets, CSD persists in niche industrial applications, such as GNSS correction data transmission via modems in legacy equipment.^[72] In computing contexts, CSD interfaces with devices through AT commands for modem control, allowing software to initiate connections akin to dial-up, but its integration was limited by the need for dedicated hardware like external GSM modems supporting V.110 or V.24 rates.^[67] Transition to packet-switched data marked a paradigm shift, reducing costs and enabling always-on connectivity, though CSD's simplicity influenced early mobile protocol designs.^[66]

Engineering and other technologies

In aerospace engineering, CSD refers to a constant speed drive, a hydromechanical device that maintains a constant rotational speed for aircraft generators or accessories despite fluctuations in engine speed.^[73] The system typically integrates a variable-displacement hydraulic pump coupled to the engine, a fixed-displacement hydraulic motor linked to the output shaft, and a mechanical differential for precise speed regulation, enabling reliable electrical power generation across engine operating ranges from idle to maximum RPM.^[74] CSD units, often paired with integrated drive generators (IDGs), are standard in commercial and military aircraft, such as those overhauled at U.S. Air Force facilities, where they undergo rigorous maintenance to ensure operational reliability under high-stress conditions.^[75] In marine and civil engineering, CSD denotes a cutter suction dredger, a specialized vessel or barge used for excavating and transporting sediment in waterways, ports, and coastal areas.^[76] Equipped with a rotating cutter head mounted on a ladder arm to fracture compacted soils like sand, clay, or soft rock, the dredger employs centrifugal pumps to suction and discharge material via pipelines, achieving production rates up to thousands of cubic meters per hour depending on model size and power.^[77] Modular designs, such as those with diesel-electric propulsion and capacities exceeding 600 mm cutter diameters, facilitate transport and deployment for applications including channel maintenance, land reclamation, and environmental restoration projects worldwide.^[78] In signal processing and vibration engineering, CSD stands for cross spectral density, a frequency-domain metric quantifying the correlation and phase relationship between two time-varying signals, such as accelerometer outputs in structural testing.^[79] Computed via Fourier transforms of cross-correlation functions, it reveals power distribution and coherence across frequencies, aiding fault detection in machinery and modal analysis in mechanical systems.^[79]

Materials science and databases

The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) serves as the primary repository for experimentally determined three-dimensional crystal structures of small-molecule organic and metal-organic compounds, enabling validation, analysis, and prediction in materials science.^[3] It compiles data primarily from X-ray and neutron diffraction experiments, focusing on structures with fewer than 1000 atoms and carbon-containing molecules.^[80] The database supports applications such as polymorph screening, hydrogen bonding analysis, and supramolecular assembly studies, which are critical for designing functional materials like pharmaceuticals, catalysts, and porous frameworks.^[81] Established in 1965 by Olga Kennard at the University of Cambridge, the CSD originated as an effort to systematically collect and curate crystallographic data amid growing publications in the field.^[81] Managed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), it has evolved through manual and automated validation processes to ensure geometric plausibility, chemical connectivity, and disorder resolution in deposited structures.^[1] Data sources include peer-reviewed journals, direct author submissions, patents, and doctoral theses, with ongoing updates reflecting annual growth from new experimental determinations.^[1] By 2015, the database exceeded 800,000 entries, doubling from less than a decade prior due to increased crystallographic output.^[2] As of 2024, the CSD contains over 1.3 million curated entries, representing the world's largest collection of validated small-molecule crystal structures.^[3] Each entry includes atomic coordinates, unit cell parameters, and metadata such as refinement statistics and publication details, with subsets like the CSD-Subset for pedagogic use or CSD-HM for hydrogen atom positions.^[82] In materials science, it facilitates statistical analyses of packing motifs, intermolecular interactions, and property correlations, aiding in the rational design of crystals with targeted mechanical, optical, or electronic properties.^[81] Associated software tools, such as CSD Python API and CSD-CrossMiner, enable substructure searching, conformer generation, and machine learning integrations for virtual screening in materials discovery.^[3] Beyond core storage, the CSD integrates with broader database ecosystems for materials research, including links to powder diffraction patterns via tools like HighScore for phase identification in polycrystalline samples.^[83] It underpins predictive modeling, such as in crystal structure prediction (CSP) challenges, where historical CSD data trains algorithms to forecast stable polymorphs and avoid synthetic dead-ends.^[81] Limitations include underrepresentation of certain classes like high-pressure phases or amorphous materials, though expansions via direct deposition address gaps in emerging fields like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).^[84] Access is subscription-based for full functionality, with academic and industrial users leveraging it for benchmarking computational methods against empirical geometries.^[5]

Culture and society

Christopher Street Day

Christopher Street Day (CSD) refers to annual pride parades and demonstrations held primarily in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, commemorating the Stonewall riots that began on June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn bar on Christopher Street in New York City's Greenwich Village, where patrons resisted a police raid, sparking widespread activism for homosexual rights.^[85] These events serve as public protests against discrimination and calls for legal equality for individuals identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, often featuring parades with floats, music performances, and speeches.^[86] Unlike the original 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day March in the United States, which drew about 5,000 participants in New York, CSD emerged later as a European adaptation emphasizing visibility and tolerance in contexts of varying national legal frameworks for same-sex relations.^[87] The inaugural CSD parades in Germany took place on June 30, 1979, in West Berlin—organized by local homosexual rights groups under the motto "Gay Pride" with approximately 450 participants—and simultaneously in Bremen with several hundred attendees, marking the first such public demonstrations in the country amid a post-1969 global wave of activism but following West Germany's partial decriminalization of male homosexuality in 1969 via Paragraph 175 reforms.^[87] ^[86] By the 1980s, events proliferated to other cities like Munich and Frankfurt, growing in scale as homosexuality gained partial legal protections, such as the 1994 equalization of ages of consent across genders.^[86] Dates vary by locality, typically falling between late June and August to align with summer weather and the Stonewall anniversary, with Berlin's parade often held in July.^[85] Today, CSD events occur in over 100 German cities annually, evolving into large-scale festivals that combine political advocacy with commercial elements, including corporate sponsorships and party areas.^[86] Major gatherings, such as Berlin's, routinely attract around one million participants, while Cologne's 2024 parade set a record with 1.2 million attendees marching 7 kilometers through the city center.^[85] ^[88] Participation has surged from hundreds in 1979 to millions cumulatively, reflecting broader societal shifts like Germany's 2017 legalization of same-sex marriage, though events have increasingly incorporated broader intersectional demands beyond original Stonewall-era focuses on decriminalization and police reform.^[86] Recent iterations, particularly in Berlin, have encountered organizational fractures over inclusions of pro-Palestine activism and exclusions of certain political figures, leading to competing events in 2025 that highlighted tensions between queer liberation roots and contemporary ideological alignments.^[89]

Other cultural references

The documentary series Pride, directed by Mark Kenneth Woods and Michael A. Hampton, features an episode in which participants Mark and Michael attend Christopher Street Day events in Berlin, highlighting the parade's role in contemporary LGBTQ+ activism.^[90] Several musical compositions directly reference or celebrate Christopher Street Day. Eberhard Schoener's instrumental track "Christopher Street Day," released through production music libraries, captures the event's festive energy with big band rhythms akin to the Love Parade.^[91] The Cologne-based carnival band Bläck Fööss included a song titled "Christopher Street Day - CSD" on their 2006 album, integrating the event into regional Kölsch dialect music traditions.^[92] In Switzerland, "Pink Riot!" served as the official hymn for Zürich's 2008 Christopher Street Day, performed by Claudia D'Addio, Donna Tella, and Tanja La Croix to rally participants during the parade.^[93] Additionally, the 2011 compilation album Christopher Street Day Anthems by Count Dee's Hit Explosion aggregates dance tracks themed around the celebrations.^[94]

Miscellaneous uses

Media and documentation

Computer software documentation (CSD) encompasses technical data such as owner's manuals, user's manuals, installation instructions, operating instructions, and similar materials that explain computer software functionality, regardless of the storage medium.^[95] This documentation supports the requirements, design, development, testing, and operation of software systems, often treated as a distinct category in government procurement and intellectual property agreements.^[96] In U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contracts, CSD is subject to specific rights assertions, categorized alongside technical data and computer software to balance government needs with contractor proprietary interests.^[97] For instance, unlimited rights allow full government use, while limited rights restrict disclosure to qualified personnel, and government purpose rights permit use for government purposes with time-limited exclusivity for contractors.^[98] These provisions, outlined in the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) clause 252.227-7014, require contractors to deliver CSD with specified markings to indicate applicable rights, ensuring traceability and compliance during software maintenance or upgrades.^[95] Failure to assert rights pre-delivery can default to unlimited government rights, emphasizing the need for proactive documentation in bids.^[99] CSD also extends to commercial contexts, where it includes items necessary for operation, maintenance, installation, and training (OMIT) of software, distinct from form, fit, and function data.^[100] In practice, this supports interoperability in defense systems, where CSD enables sustainment without infringing on proprietary elements, as reinforced by Better Buying Power initiatives promoting data rights clarity to reduce lifecycle costs.^[101] Beyond DoD, CSD principles influence broader software engineering standards, aiding users in deployment and troubleshooting while protecting developer intellectual property.^[102]

Internal processes and tools

The CSD matrix, an acronym for Certainties, Suppositions, and Doubts, serves as a visual framework in design thinking and project management to catalog and align team knowledge, particularly during early discovery phases involving internal organizational processes. Originating from a collaboration by Tennyson Pinheiro, Luis Alt, and the Livework São Paulo team, it was first detailed in the 2017 book Design Thinking Brasil.^[103]^[104] The tool structures information into three columns: certainties represent empirically verified facts, such as data from user interviews or analytics (e.g., "Dog-training apps command premium pricing based on market surveys"); suppositions encompass hypotheses requiring validation (e.g., "Modular training plans will boost user retention"); and doubts highlight knowledge gaps (e.g., "Uncertainty persists on user willingness to log progress digitally").^[103] Applied to internal processes, the matrix facilitates mapping of workflows, stakeholder interactions, and resource constraints by dedicating rows to specific elements like user segments, service delivery steps, or tool integrations, thereby exposing assumptions embedded in operational routines. This promotes causal clarity in team deliberations, enabling iterative refinement as research resolves doubts into certainties or refutes suppositions, which supports evidence-based adjustments to internal tools and protocols.^[103] For instance, in service design projects, teams use it to dissect backend processes, such as data handling in customer support systems, distinguishing confirmed efficiencies from untested optimizations.^[103] Its utility lies in fostering meta-awareness of knowledge states, mitigating risks from unexamined biases in process documentation, and scaling across project stages without relying on subjective consensus alone. Benefits include accelerated alignment in multidisciplinary teams and reduced rework, as evidenced by its adoption in UX research for auditing internal assumptions against empirical benchmarks.^[103] While adaptable to various domains, the matrix's strength in internal contexts stems from its emphasis on falsifiable suppositions, aligning with rigorous validation over anecdotal process improvements.^[103]

References

[1]
About the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) - CCDC
The Cambridge Structural Database, or CSD, has been curated since 1965 from the published literature, direct deposition, and sources such as patents and PhD ...
[2]
The Cambridge Structural Database - PMC - NIH
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) contains a complete record of all published organic and metal–organic small-molecule crystal structures.
[3]
The Largest Curated Crystal Structure Database - CCDC
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the largest curated crystal structure database, containing over 1.3M accurate 3D structures with data from X-ray and ...WebCSD · CSD-CrossMiner · CSD Portfolio software suites...
[4]
Cambridge Structural Database - Software Licensed by the Science ...
Aug 11, 2025 · The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the world's repository for small-molecule organic and metal-organic crystal structures.
[5]
Cambridge structural database system - NCSU Libraries
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the largest curated crystal structure database, containing over 1.3M accurate 3D structures with data from X-ray ...
[6]
Central securities depositories and securities settlement systems
Mar 1, 2020 · A CSD provides securities accounts, central safekeeping services and asset services, which may include the administration of corporate actions ...
[7]
Central securities depositories | Deutsche Bundesbank
Central securities depositories (CSDs) are financial market infrastructures that hold and transfer fungible securities.
[8]
Central securities depositories (CSDs) - Finance
Central securities depositories play a central role in the EU's capital markets and financial system, as they operate the infrastructure that enables the ...
[9]
Central Securities Depositories - Deutsche Börse AG
Providing efficient and reliable recording and safekeeping of cash and securities. Central securities depositories ensure seamless post-trading.
[10]
Understanding banking and finance: Inside a central securities ...
Jun 5, 2024 · The primary function of a CSD is to act as a custodian of securities. These tend to be held in electronic form, which is vital now that physical ...
[11]
What is a Central Securities Depository? - Finance Unlocked
Central Securities Depositories, or CSDs, were developed in the 1960s from a crisis built on excessive trading volumes which threatened to swamp settlement ...
[12]
[PDF] Securities Depositories - SEC Historical Society
In February 1975, the U.S. Attorney General issued a news release encouraging all financial institutions to use central depositories and book-entry system to ...
[13]
Central securities depository - Banca d'Italia
The central securities depository came into being in Italy in 1978 with the creation of Monte Titoli SpA as a service to support trading in financial ...
[14]
[PDF] List of Central Securities Depositories* Country/Place Name of ...
Jan 11, 2025 · Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. Dubai CSD. Nasdaq Dubai Ltd. United Kingdom Euroclear UK & International Limited. USA. Depository Trust Company.Missing: major worldwide
[15]
Markets covered - Clearstream
In addition to its issuer-CSD franchises, Clearstream operates a large number of links to cash, securities and commodity markets across the globe, ...Missing: major | Show results with:major
[16]
World Depositories - NSDL
World Depositories ; 5, Canada, The Canadian Depository for Securities Limited ; 6, China, China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited ; 7, Europe ...
[17]
Central Securities Depositories Regulation (CSDR): Overview
The Central Securities Depositories Regulation (CSDR) is a European Union Regulation (EU) No 909/2014, designed to introduce harmonised rules across all ...
[18]
CSDR regulation: Everything you need to know - Swift
CSDR aims to enhance the consistency, safety and efficiency of securities settlements. It introduces new requirements for CSDs and harmonises the disparate ...
[19]
Confederate States of America Currency
Between 1861 and 1865, the new government issued Confederate currency on eight separate occasions. Each issuance pumped millions of dollars into circulation.
[20]
Banking and the Civil War | Historic New Orleans Collection
Confederate States of America $100 bill from 1861, featuring a central image of a vignette · An old Confederate States of America ten-dollar bill featuring ...<|separator|>
[21]
Treasury and the Civil War: 150th Anniversary | U.S. Department of ...
Beginning in 1861 the Treasury Department was authorized to begin issuing paper currency instead of minted coins as a way to help finance the Civil War. The ...
[22]
Confederate Currency Collection. · Special Collections and Archives
This collection includes 135 monetary notes, all using the Criswell Numbering System. This system was developed by Grover C. Criswell (1934-1999).
[23]
Confederate Currency in the Lee Cornerstone Box – DHR
Once distributed, Confederate currency immediately became susceptible to inflation. Unlike the United States, the Confederate government did not set a limit on ...
[24]
What happened to Confederate money after the Civil War?
May 3, 2021 · In late 1864, a few months before the war's end, one Confederate dollar was worth just three cents in U.S. currency.
[25]
Serbian Dinar (RSD): What it is, History - Investopedia
The RSD (Serbian dinar) is the ISO currency code for the official currency of the Republic of Serbia and is subdivided into 100 paras.
[26]
https://nbs.rs/en/novac-i-placanja/novcanice/
[27]
History of money in Serbia - NBS
The name of the Serbian currency dinar originates from the name of the Roman currency denarius – dinars were first coined in medieval Serbia and later in ...Antiquity · Medieval Money · Modern Times
[28]
Jorgovanka Tabaković: 150 years of the Serbian dinar
Jan 8, 2024 · The journey of the Serbian dinar through our history and tradition began on 12 December 1873, when the Law on Minting the Serbian Silver Currency was adopted.
[29]
NBS operations in the foreign exchange market
The National Bank of Serbia is implementing a managed float exchange rate regime. The exchange rate is freely formed, based on supply and demand.Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
[30]
Serbia - Trade Financing
Jul 15, 2024 · The dinar officially floats, but the NBS has increasingly kept it pegged to the euro in recent years. There are no legislative restrictions ...Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
[31]
Serbian dinar - Wikipedia
The dinar was first used in Serbia in medieval times, its earliest use dating back to 1214. The dinar was reintroduced as the official Serbian currency.History · First modern Serbian dinar... · Third modern Serbian dinar... · Coins
[32]
Banknotes in circulation - NBS
Banknotes in circulation · 10-dinar · 20-dinar · 50-dinar · 100-dinar · 200-dinar · 500-dinar · 1000-dinar · 2000-dinar.
[33]
https://bulletins.psu.edu/university-course-descriptions/undergraduate/csd/
[34]
Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) - University Bulletin
This course is an overview of contemporary professional issues within the field of communication sciences and disorders. Topics include choosing an appropriate ...
[35]
https://catalog.ouhsc.edu/course-descriptions/csd/
[36]
Communications Sciences and Disorders (CSD) - OUHSC.edu
For the teacher of the deaf blind, multi-handicapped children and will cover: neurological, sensory, psychological, motoric and educational development and ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[37]
About the CSD .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established by the UN General Assembly with the adoption of Resolution A/RES/47/191 in ...
[38]
Mandate .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform
The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established as a functional commission of the Economic and Social Council by Council decision 1993/207.Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[39]
After 20 years, commission on sustainable development holds final ...
Sep 20, 2013 · Marking an important milestone, the UN commission on sustainable use of the world's resources concluded two decades of work, paving the way ...Missing: discontinued | Show results with:discontinued
[40]
CSD Closes After 20 Years - SDG Knowledge Hub
Sep 23, 2013 · 20 September 2013: After 20 years of work, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) held its 20th and final session, ...
[41]
UN Commission on Sustainable Development – CSD
The CSD was replaced by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development as the main forum for sustainable development issues within the UN.
[42]
Welcome - Central Supplier Database Application
The Central Supplier Database maintains a database of organisations, institutions and individuals who can provide goods and services to government. The CSD ...Log in · Register user · Registration Process · Provide Feedback<|separator|>
[43]
What is a Community Services District (CSD)?
A Community Services District (CSD) is a governing body that can be formed by residents of an unincorporated area to ensure that basic service needs are met ...
[44]
CSD Canteen Statistical Growth Figures India, State wise Number of ...
Turnover of Canteen Stores Department (CSD) Canteens in India (2008-2009 to 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 to 2017-2018) · Budget Allocation to Canteen Stores ...
[45]
Canteen Stores Department - Apps on Google Play
Sep 22, 2025 · The Canteen Stores Department, CSD as it is commonly referred to, was created to provide easy access to quality products of daily use, at prices less than ...
[46]
Community Services Districts Principle Enabling Act
The Groveland Community Services District (CSD or GCSD) is a special district form of local government, formed in accordance with California Government Code ...
[47]
Cosumnes CSD | Elk Grove & Galt, CA | Official Website
Cosumnes Community Services District is an innovative, inclusive, and intentional regional leader dedicated to providing exceptional emergency medical, fire ...District · Job Opportunities · Parks, Facilities & Stations · Community
[48]
What is a Community Services District?
The law allows residents of an unincorporated area to initiate the formation of a community services district (also referred to as “CSD”). A CSD is authorized ...
[49]
Stichting Centre for Safety and Development - Devex
In early 2004, the Centre for Safety and Development Foundation (CSD) was established. Their mission is: "We believe that professionals who are working for ...
[50]
Centre for Safety and Development - ReliefWeb
We enable their employees to travel and work safely and securely. Details. Organization type: Non-governmental Organization; Headquarters. Netherlands. Homepage ...
[51]
CSD - Centre for Safety and Development | Security Training & Advice
CSD is specialised in advising & training organisations and travellers to work safely abroad ... ©Centre for Safety and Development (CSD) · Privacy & Cookie ...About usCoursesContactNGOsInternational Organisations
[52]
PHAP Affinity Program: Centre for Safety and Development (CSD)
The Centre for Safety and Development (CSD) is a non-profit organization specialized in safety and security for non-profits worldwide.
[53]
CSD - Centre for Safety and Development - LinkedIn
CSD - Centre for Safety and Development | 5514 followers on LinkedIn. Security training & advice for NGOs, governmental organisations and academia.
[54]
https://www.centreforsafety.org/safety-security-courses/
[55]
https://www.peacetraining.eu/provider/centre-for-safety-and-development
[56]
Centre for Safety and Development - PeaceTraining.eu
CSD enables you to help others abroad and to return home safely. 10 course(s) provided by Centre for Safety and Development. Safe Travel Course. Start : 1st ...<|separator|>
[57]
Cat Scratch Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
A thorough history and physical examination, as well as a high index of suspicion, will aid in the diagnosis. The course may be benign or severe, and protracted ...
[58]
About Bartonella henselae - CDC
May 15, 2024 · Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection caused by Bartonella henselae. · Most infections occur after scratches from domestic or feral ...
[59]
Intruders below the Radar: Molecular Pathogenesis of Bartonella spp
Transmission to humans is thought to occur mostly indirectly via contaminated flea feces that are inoculated via a cat scratch (“cat scratch disease”) (89). It ...
[60]
Cat Scratch Disease (Cat Scratch Fever) - Medscape Reference
Mar 5, 2024 · Cat scratch disease (CSD), also known as cat scratch fever or subacute regional lymphadenitis, is a bacterial infection affecting lymph nodes that drain the ...Missing: encyclopedia - | Show results with:encyclopedia -
[61]
Bartonellosis (Bartonella Infection) - Medscape Reference
Aug 16, 2024 · Bartonella henselae causes cat scratch disease (CSD) and peliosis of the liver (often called bacillary peliosis). ... Bartonella quintana causes ...Background · Pathophysiology · Epidemiology
[62]
Bartonella henselae (Cat-Scratch Disease) - DynaMed
Jul 14, 2024 · Pathogenesis. After transmission to humans, Bartonella henselae bacteria persist in the primary niche. Lymph nodes may provide transportation ...
[63]
Cat-scratch Disease - AAFP
Jan 15, 2011 · Diagnosis is most often arrived at by obtaining a history of exposure to cats and a serologic test with high titers (greater than 1:256) of ...Abstract · Clinical Presentation · Diagnostic Testing · Treatment
[64]
Cat Scratch Disease (Cat Scratch Fever) Treatment & Management
Mar 5, 2024 · For most patients with mild or moderate CSD, only conservative symptomatic treatment is recommended because the disease is self-limited.Approach Considerations · Antibiotic Treatment · Follow-up
[65]
Cat Scratch Disease - DermNet
Treatment of uncomplicated cat scratch disease remains controversial. As CSD is a benign and self-limiting condition, with most cases of regional ...<|separator|>
[66]
Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae) - MN Dept. of Health
Jun 24, 2025 · Cat scratch disease (CSD), also called cat scratch fever, is a bacterial infection caused by Bartonella henselae, which is generally spread to people through ...
[67]
Definition of CSD (Circuit-switched Data) - Gartner
CSD (Circuit-switched Data). Data transmission over a wireless network using circuit switching rather than packet switching. Once a connection is established, ...
[68]
Circuit Switched Data (CSD) - GSM - Osmocom
Circuit Switched Data (CSD)¶. CSD is a way to transport user data over circuit-switched GSM calls. It is the cellular equivalent of the use of analog modems or ...
[69]
Circuit Switched Data (CSD) service on 2G to be terminated in the ...
CSD stands for Circuit Switched Data, which is also known as GSM data. It is the traditional form of modem communication at 9,600 baud, as used for data ...
[70]
CSD Protocol - FrequencyCheck
CSD, or Circuit Switched Data, is a technology used in mobile networks to provide data services over traditional circuit-switched networks.
[71]
Iridium Circuit Switched Data (CSD)
Iridium Circuit Switched Data (CSD). An asynchronous, circuit-switched, 2400bps, bi-directional service that allows for dial-up services. It can be used for ...
[72]
When did T-Mobile phase out 2G GSM CSD data? : r/tmobile - Reddit
Dec 7, 2023 · Also curious if T-Mobile still has any parts of their (dial-up) circuit switched data network still up. I recall my Nokia 6010 attempted to ...Does Vodafone UK have GSM data (CSD)? : r/vintagemobilephonesDoes anyone know of any network providers that still offer CSD ...More results from www.reddit.com<|separator|>
[73]
CSD (Circuit Switched Data) Connection Guide - MicroSurvey
This guide lists the steps involved in setting up a CSD (Circuit Switched Data) connection to transmit correction data between GNSS base and rover via voice ...
[74]
Constant speed drive – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
A constant speed drive (CSD) is a system that takes rotational power from an engine and ensures that a generator connected to it maintains a constant speed.
[75]
CSD | Konstantinos Makris Aviation oriented web site
The constant speed drive consists essentially of two positive displacement, axial slipper piston type hydraulic units, and a mechanical axial geared ...
[76]
Tinker's CSD Shop fills the need…for constant speed
Mar 18, 2020 · Operating with a crew of 73, Tinker's Constant Speed Drive Shop is one of the few locations in the Air Force responsible for the overhaul and ...
[77]
CSD - Cutter Suction Dredger: Design, Construction, Sale - Damen
Let us introduce you to our Cutter Suction Dredger range, and you will see the designs enable you to get the most out of your dredging vessel, guaranteeing ...
[78]
8 Most Common Types of Dredgers | Dredging Equipment Rentals
Aug 21, 2025 · One of the most enduring and versatile dredger designs, the Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD), employs a rotating cutter head at the end of a suction ...
[79]
Cutter Suction Dredger 600 - CSD 600 - Damen
The modularly built CSD600 is the first of the new cutter suction dredger (CSD) series. The powerful CSD500 has been designed for dredging compacted soils.Missing: engineering | Show results with:engineering<|separator|>
[80]
What is the Cross Spectral Density (CSD)? - Vibration Research
The CSD is a statistical property for a pair of random signals. It indicates the likely distribution of power across the spectrum at any time.
[81]
Materials Science: Home - Caltech Library
Jun 11, 2025 · The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) contains structural information on over 330,000 carbon containing molecules (<1000 atoms) and over ...
[82]
A Perspective on the Use of the Cambridge Structural Database for ...
Aug 19, 2024 · When Olga Kennard founded the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre in 1965, the Cambridge Structural Database was a pioneering attempt to ...
[83]
What is the size of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)?
Mar 12, 2025 · The size of the CSD may be quoted as the number of entries or structures. The number of entries is larger since the same dataset may be ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[84]
Guides: Software Licensed by the Science Library: Features and Tools
Aug 11, 2025 · The combination of HighScore with the CSD database extends phase identifications, structure fits and applications to pharmaceutical, organic and ...
[85]
(IUCr) CSD Communications of the Cambridge Structural Database
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is a collection of over one million experimental three-dimensional structures obtained through crystallographic analyses ...
[86]
Christopher Street Day 2026 - Berlin.de
Aug 4, 2025 · CSD commemorates the first known uprising by LGBT people against police brutality in New York's Christopher Street in Greenwich Village on 27 ...
[87]
Christopher Street Day (CSD) | Study in Germany
You'll encounter show acts, live music, political rallies, marches, and elaborately decorated floats. Many of the revellers and demonstrators will be wearing ...
[88]
Pride Explained: An in-depth look at the history of Christopher Street ...
Jul 18, 2022 · The first German CSD took place in West Berlin on June 30, 1979, and consisted of 450 protestors taking to the street under the motto “Gay Pride ...
[89]
Record 1.2 million people show out for Cologne's Pride parade
Jul 23, 2024 · In Germany, Cologne's annual Pride or Christopher Street Day parade made history on Sunday, drawing over 1.2 million attendees and setting a ...Missing: numbers | Show results with:numbers
[90]
A Pride Divided: What Happened to Berlin CSD? - GAY45
Jul 25, 2025 · What was once a symbol of unity and resistance has, in 2025, become a reflection of a fractured community struggling over the politics of ...<|separator|>
[91]
Pride - Apple TV
Mark and Michael travel to Christopher Street Day in Berlin. 23m. Related ... Pride. Documentary. Award-winning filmmakers Mark Kenneth Woods and Michael ...
[92]
Christopher Street Day - Warner Chappell Production Music
Title Christopher Street Day ; Filename ESO130_06_Christopher Street Day_Full Mix ; Description Love Parade, big band sound, rhythm ; ComposerEberhard Schoener ( ...
[93]
Christopher Street Day - CSD - song and lyrics by Bläck Fööss | Spotify
Listen to Christopher Street Day - CSD on Spotify. Song · Bläck Fööss · 2006.
[94]
Pink Riot! - The Official Christopher Street Day Zürich Hymn 2008
May 19, 2008 · Listen to Pink Riot! - The Official Christopher Street Day Zürich Hymn 2008 - Single by Claudia D'Addio, Donna Tella & Tanja La Croix on ...
[95]
Christopher Street Day Anthems - Album by Count Dee's Hit ... - Spotify
Listen to Christopher Street Day Anthems on Spotify · album · Count Dee's Hit Explosion · 2011 · 30 songs.
[96]
252.227-7014 Rights in Other Than Commercial Computer Software ...
“Computer software documentation” means owner's manuals, user's manuals, installation instructions, operating instructions, and other similar items, regardless ...Missing: CSD | Show results with:CSD
[97]
Computer software documentation | The IT Law Wiki | Fandom
Computer software documentation (CSD) is [t]echnical data (TD) information, including computer listings and printouts, that documents the requirements, ...
[98]
[PDF] Understanding and Leveraging Data Rights in DoD Acquisitions - DAU
maintenance data, and computer software documentation. (CSD)). • Computer software (CS) includes executable code, source code, code listings, design details ...
[99]
Categories of Rights in TD and CS in Department of Defense ...
Nov 1, 2022 · Examples are form, fit, and function (FFF) data and computer software documentation (CSD) defined as user manuals, installation and ...
[100]
Computer Software and Technical Data Categories of Rights in DoD ...
Apr 6, 2023 · Such TD includes FFF (form, fit, and function) data; instructions for operating and/or installation; CSD (computer software documentation) ...
[101]
[PDF] FACT SHEET: - DAU
“FFF” = form, fit, and function data; “OMIT” = data necessary for operation, maintenance, installation, training (OMIT); “CSD” = computer software documentation ...
[102]
[PDF] Better Buying Power - Defense Information Systems Agency
databases, and computer software documentation. (CSD)). •. Computer software (CS) includes executable code, source code, code listings, design details ...
[103]
Ensuring the right balance in negotiating intellectual property in ...
May 20, 2025 · Computer software documentation (CSD) includes owner's manuals, user's manuals, installation instructions, operating instructions and other ...
[104]
CSD Matrix: Framework and Template for Shared Understanding
Jul 16, 2023 · The acronym CSD stands for Certainties, Suppositions, and Doubts ... Definition: A CSD matrix is a framework for outlining and ...
[105]
https://www.amazon.com.br/Design-Thinking-Brasil-Luis-Alt/dp/8535245677