Canadian Forces base
Canadian Forces bases (CFBs) are military installations operated by the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), serving as primary hubs for personnel housing, equipment maintenance, training exercises, and logistical support for domestic and international operations.[1] These facilities, distributed across all provinces and territories, include dedicated sites for the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint operations, with functions encompassing brigade-level commands, specialized training centers, and administrative support units.[2][3] Established largely during the First and Second World Wars to rapidly expand training capacity—such as CFB Borden, which annually trains around 20,000 personnel—the bases have evolved to address modern threats, including Arctic sovereignty patrols and rapid deployment capabilities, though they have faced reductions in number since the 1970s due to post-Cold War budget constraints.[4][1] Notable characteristics include their role in fostering operational readiness amid fiscal pressures and occasional controversies over environmental impacts from live-fire training or indigenous land use disputes, underscoring tensions between defence imperatives and civilian concerns.[3]Definition and Purpose
Overview of Canadian Forces Bases
Canadian Forces bases, formally designated as installations of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), serve as the foundational infrastructure for military operations, training, logistics, and administration across Canada. These facilities support the CAF's regular force of approximately 68,000 personnel and reserve force of over 27,000, enabling readiness for domestic defense, NATO commitments, and international deployments.[1] The bases are distributed nationwide, with key concentrations in provinces like Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and the maritime regions, as well as emerging facilities in the Arctic to assert sovereignty.[5] The primary purposes of these bases include housing military families, maintaining equipment, conducting exercises, and providing medical and support services through dedicated centers. Army bases emphasize ground maneuver training and mechanized operations, while air force wings focus on aviation sustainment and air defense. Naval facilities prioritize fleet maintenance and maritime patrol capabilities. For instance, CFB Borden stands as the largest training base, annually preparing 20,000 personnel in trades ranging from basic recruit to advanced technical skills.[4] The Canadian Army operates 10 principal bases, strategically located to facilitate rapid response across diverse terrains.[2] Under the CAF's defense policy Strong, Secure, Engaged, bases ensure operational agility amid evolving threats, including hybrid warfare and climate-induced Arctic challenges. Infrastructure upgrades, such as those at forward-operating locations like Nanisivik, enhance logistical reach into remote areas.[6][3] These installations also integrate joint and special operations elements, fostering interoperability among branches and with allies. Economic contributions to host communities through employment and procurement further underscore their multifaceted role, though primary emphasis remains on military efficacy.[7]
Strategic Roles in National Defense
Canadian Forces bases form the backbone of the Canadian Armed Forces' (CAF) ability to detect, deter, and defend against threats to national sovereignty and security, particularly in vast and remote regions like the Arctic. These installations provide essential infrastructure for maintaining operational readiness, including equipment storage, maintenance facilities, and personnel housing, which enable rapid mobilization and sustained deployments. Under Canada's defence policy, bases support core missions such as continental defence through NORAD commitments and international alliances like NATO, where they facilitate joint exercises and interoperability training to enhance collective deterrence against aggression.[8][9] In the Arctic, bases and forward operating locations play a pivotal role in asserting sovereignty amid escalating geopolitical tensions, including Russian militarization and increased Chinese presence. Operations such as NANOOK involve deploying assets from these bases to conduct patrols, surveillance, and exercises, reinforcing Canada's claim over its northern territories and addressing vulnerabilities exposed by climate change and melting ice routes. Investments in northern infrastructure, including deep-water ports and runways, aim to project power and respond to incursions, with plans for near-permanent CAF presence through expanded training up to 10 months annually starting in 2025.[10][11][12] Strategically, air bases like 5 Wing Goose Bay serve as key hubs for NATO tactical training, hosting low-level flight exercises for allied air forces to build skills in contested environments, while also acting as transit points for transatlantic deployments. Naval facilities at Esquimalt and Halifax ensure maritime domain awareness and fleet readiness to secure sea lanes and support Indo-Pacific engagements. Army bases provide training grounds for high-readiness units, preparing forces for expeditionary operations and domestic aid to civil authorities, such as disaster response. Overall, these bases enable causal linkages between policy objectives and executable capabilities, prioritizing empirical readiness over expansive overseas basing due to Canada's geographic advantages and alliance dependencies.[13][14][8]
Historical Development
Pre-Confederation and Early Militia Camps
In New France, military defense relied on fortified settlements and local militia organizations rather than dedicated training camps. Quebec City, established as a permanent settlement in 1608, featured early palisade defenses that evolved into more substantial fortifications, serving as assembly points for militia companies formed under Intendant Jean Talon in 1669. These militias, comprising habitants organized by parish, conducted rudimentary drills and musters in open fields adjacent to settlements like Trois-Rivières and Montreal to counter Indigenous raids and Iroquois threats. The Compagnies franches de la Marine, France's regular colonial troops arriving from 1682, supplemented these efforts, but training remained decentralized and tied to habitations without purpose-built encampments.[15][16] Following the British conquest of New France in 1760, garrisons at existing forts such as Quebec and Montreal housed British regulars, while local militias were restructured under English common law. The Quebec Act of 1774 retained elements of the French militia system, mandating enrollment of males aged 16 to 60 for local defense, with training limited to annual musters in town commons or fields. In the Maritime colonies, Halifax's Citadel Hill fortifications, initiated in 1749, supported militia drills amid threats from American privateers during the Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Upper Canada's Militia Act of 1793 formalized similar requirements, dividing men into sedentary (non-active) and embodied (trainable) categories, with two days of annual training typically held in county seats like Kingston or York, using natural terrain for basic maneuvers rather than engineered camps.[17][18] The War of 1812 marked the first widespread use of temporary militia encampments in British North America, as provincial units were embodied to augment British forces against U.S. invasions. In Upper Canada, militia from York and Niagara districts encamped near Fort George—built between 1796 and 1799 on the Niagara River—to defend against American advances, with sites featuring tented areas, earthworks, and supply depots for up to several thousand men. Similar ad hoc encampments occurred at Prescott and Kingston, where Fort Henry (construction begun 1812) provided a fortified hub for training Incorporated Provincial Battalions of militia. Post-war demobilization returned training to sporadic local musters, hampered by limited funding and enthusiasm, though volunteer flank companies emerged in the 1830s for rifle practice in rural clearings.[19][20] Tensions during the Rebellions of 1837–1838 prompted further militia activations, with loyalist units encamping temporarily in Lower Canada near Montreal to suppress Patriote uprisings, utilizing fields and existing barracks. Upper Canada's militia similarly mustered at Toronto and London, erecting basic tent camps for short durations. By the 1850s, amid fears of Fenian incursions, the voluntary militia expanded with units like the 1856 Montreal Light Infantry conducting more frequent drills in urban drill sheds or nearby pastures, foreshadowing permanent facilities but still reliant on ephemeral sites. These pre-Confederation practices emphasized community-based defense over specialized infrastructure, reflecting resource constraints and the auxiliary role of militia to British garrisons.[21][22]World Wars and Major Expansions
During the First World War, Canada undertook rapid expansions of its military training infrastructure to support the mobilization of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). The Valcartier Camp near Quebec City, initially established in 1910 as a militia training site, was vastly enlarged starting in August 1914, becoming the primary assembly and basic training center for recruits; by October 1914, over 32,000 men had gathered there for initial processing and drills before deployment to Britain.[23] [24] Camp Petawawa in Ontario was acquired and developed as a central training facility for artillery and infantry units, accommodating large-scale maneuvers on its expansive grounds.[25] Camp Borden, opened in July 1916 near Barrie, Ontario, served as a key army training depot with replicated trench systems spanning hundreds of acres to simulate frontline conditions, training thousands of soldiers before transitioning to aviation use later in the war.[26] These camps marked a shift from pre-war militia exercises to permanent-scale facilities, driven by the need to equip over 600,000 Canadians who eventually served overseas.[25] Naval facilities also expanded during the war, with the Halifax dockyard undergoing significant upgrades to serve as the Royal Canadian Navy's headquarters and a convoy assembly point, handling increased ship repairs and personnel throughput amid U-boat threats in the Atlantic. These developments laid groundwork for sustained military infrastructure, though most WWI expansions were temporary and focused on immediate mobilization rather than long-term basing. The Second World War prompted even larger-scale buildups across all services, with the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), agreed upon in December 1939, driving the construction of 107 flying and technical schools plus 184 support units at 231 sites nationwide, transforming rural airfields into major training hubs that graduated 131,533 aircrew by 1945.[27] [28] Army training expanded existing sites like Valcartier and Petawawa for reinforcement units and specialized schools, while new facilities such as Camp Shilo in Manitoba were developed for prairie-based maneuvers; by 1943, these supported over 700,000 army enlistees through basic and advanced instruction.[29] Naval bases at Halifax and Esquimalt saw dockyard enlargements and barracks additions to accommodate convoy escorts and shipbuilding, with Esquimalt's capacity surging to train thousands for Pacific and Atlantic operations.[30] These expansions, fueled by industrial mobilization and Allied agreements, elevated Canada's domestic military footprint, producing assets critical to campaigns in Europe and the Atlantic while minimizing overseas basing reliance.[29]Cold War Buildup and NATO Integration
Canada's adherence to the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, positioned it as a founding member of NATO, necessitating a rapid military expansion to fulfill collective defense obligations amid escalating Soviet threats.[31] Between 1949 and 1951, Canadian armed forces personnel grew by 70 percent, supported by a $5 billion investment in modernization, including enhancements to domestic infrastructure for training and logistics.[32] Bases like CFB Goose Bay integrated into continental air defense, joining the Northeast Air Command in 1950 to counter potential bomber incursions.[33] The Canadian Army's NATO integration began with the deployment of the 27th Infantry Brigade to Hanover, West Germany, in 1951, establishing a peacetime forward presence on the central front.[34] This commitment expanded with the creation of CFB Lahr in 1957, which housed the 4th Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, comprising approximately 5,000 personnel equipped with Leopard tanks and armored vehicles by the 1980s, ready for rapid reinforcement under NATO's Article 5.[35] The base featured extensive training areas and maintenance facilities, sustaining operations until the early 1990s.[35] The Royal Canadian Air Force contributed 1 Air Division, activated in 1951 with 12 squadrons of F-86 Sabre fighters ferried to Europe via Operation Leap Frog.[36] Initial bases included RCAF Stations Marville and Grostenquin in France, alongside Zweibrücken and Baden-Soellingen in West Germany, providing tactical nuclear-capable strike capabilities until the 1960s.[34] After France's 1966 exit from NATO's integrated command, the division reorganized under 1 Canadian Air Group at Lahr, consolidating wings at Lahr and Baden-Soellingen with CF-104 Starfighters for low-level interdiction roles.[36] These installations, peaking at over 10,000 RCAF personnel in Europe, underscored Canada's air commitment despite domestic debates over costs and sustainability.[35]Post-Cold War Closures and Realignments
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Canadian government pursued a "peace dividend" through defense spending reductions, leading to the closure of several Canadian Forces bases deemed redundant amid lower perceived threats and fiscal pressures from federal deficits. These actions were part of broader restructuring under the 1994 White Paper on Defence, which emphasized efficient, multi-purpose forces while rationalizing infrastructure that had expanded during the Cold War.[37] By the mid-1990s, personnel strength dropped from approximately 92,000 in 1990 to around 66,000 by 1996, necessitating consolidation of training, operational, and support functions at fewer sites.[38] Major overseas closures included CFB Baden-Soellingen in Germany, shuttered on December 31, 1993, ending significant Canadian air commitments in Europe after NATO's post-Cold War reconfiguration.[39] CFB Lahr followed in 1995, with both sites' functions repatriated or eliminated as Canada withdrew from forward-deployed basing.[40] Domestically, CFB Summerside in Prince Edward Island closed in 1991 after its 1989 designation for shutdown in the federal budget, primarily to cut operational costs amid search-and-rescue and training overlaps; the move saved an estimated $979 million over 15 years but disrupted local economies reliant on the base's 1,193 personnel and $40 million payroll.[41] Further domestic rationalizations targeted training and administrative facilities. CFB Cornwallis in Nova Scotia, a key naval recruit training center, ceased operations with its final class graduating on August 18, 1994, and full decommissioning by May 1995, shifting basic training to other sites like CFB Esquimalt.[42] CFB Penhold in Alberta wound down most activities by 1992 before complete closure in 1995, reflecting surplus capacity in air training post-Cold War.[43] CFB Ottawa closed in February 1994, transferring responsibilities to National Defence Headquarters, while CFB Calgary ended operations in 1998 after a 1996 announcement, with brigade elements relocated to nearby installations like CFB Edmonton.[44][45] Realignments often involved unit transfers rather than outright abandonment, such as renaming bases to align with new divisional structures (e.g., CFB Petawawa to Garrison Petawawa) and consolidating reserves with regular forces under regional commands established in the early 1990s.[46] These changes prioritized deployable combat capabilities over fixed infrastructure, though critics noted underinvestment in remaining facilities strained readiness.[47]| Base | Closure Date | Key Reason |
|---|---|---|
| CFB Summerside | 1991 | Budget cuts and functional overlaps[41] |
| CFB Baden-Soellingen | 1993 | NATO post-Cold War drawdown[39] |
| CFB Cornwallis | 1994-1995 | Training consolidation[42] |
| CFB Ottawa | 1994 | Administrative transfer to NDHQ[44] |
| CFB Penhold | 1995 | Surplus air training capacity[43] |
| CFB Lahr | 1995 | End of European basing[40] |
| CFB Calgary | 1998 | Unit relocation for efficiency[45] |
Current Operational Bases
Canadian Army Installations
The Canadian Army maintains ten primary installations that serve as operational hubs, training facilities, and logistics centres for its regular and reserve forces, distributed across Quebec, Ontario, the western provinces, and Atlantic Canada to align with its four regional divisions. These bases support brigade groups, specialized units, and collective training exercises, enabling readiness for domestic operations, NATO commitments, and international deployments. Key functions include basic and advanced soldier training, equipment sustainment, and integration with joint forces, with infrastructure adapted to diverse terrains from forested manoeuvre areas to arid proving grounds.[2][1] 4th Canadian Division Support Base Petawawa in Renfrew County, Ontario, functions as a core army garrison hosting 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, which encompasses regular infantry battalions such as 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment, armoured reconnaissance squadrons, field artillery regiments, and combat engineer units equipped for mechanized operations. The base also accommodates the Canadian Special Operations Regiment for specialized counter-terrorism and direct action training, alongside 1 Canadian Field Hospital for tactical medical support. Spanning over 17,000 hectares of training area, it facilitates year-round exercises emphasizing combined arms tactics and winter warfare proficiency.[48][49] 5th Canadian Division Support Base Gagetown near Oromocto, New Brunswick, operates as Atlantic Canada's principal army training venue, providing logistical, personnel, and environmental services to units under 5th Canadian Division while hosting elements like 2nd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment for infantry qualification courses. Its expansive 1,100-square-kilometre range supports live-fire artillery, anti-tank, and demolition training, accommodating both Canadian forces and multinational exercises such as those under NATO's enhanced Forward Presence. The installation emphasizes safety protocols for high-volume munitions use and environmental stewardship in a mixed woodland-wetland ecosystem.[50] Canadian Forces Base Borden in Simcoe County, Ontario, serves as a tri-service training hub with significant army components, including initial recruit indoctrination for non-commissioned members and leadership development programs through the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School. It supports army-specific evolutions in basic military skills, physical fitness standardization, and professional military education for junior ranks, drawing on its established role since 1916 as one of Canada's oldest permanent camps. The base integrates army training with air force and joint elements, fostering interoperability.[4][51] Additional installations, such as those aligned with 3rd Canadian Division in western Canada, focus on prairie-based armoured and artillery manoeuvre, while Quebec's facilities under 2nd Canadian Division emphasize urban and cold-weather operations; these collectively ensure geographic coverage for rapid response and reserve mobilization.[52][1]Royal Canadian Navy Facilities
Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt, located near Victoria, British Columbia, functions as the primary Pacific coast naval facility for the Royal Canadian Navy, housing Maritime Forces Pacific and serving as the home port for approximately half of the RCN's surface fleet, including frigates, submarines, and support vessels.[1][53] The base spans 12,000 acres with over 1,500 buildings and includes Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard, originally established by the Royal Navy in 1865 for ship repair and maintenance, which continues to support fleet sustainment operations.[54][55] Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Rocky Point provides munitions storage and handling, while the adjacent Canadian Forces Fleet School Esquimalt delivers technical and seamanship training for naval personnel.[1] Established as a Royal Navy site in 1855, it transitioned to RCN control upon the navy's formation in 1910 and remains integral to west coast operations, including patrol and deployment readiness.[56] Canadian Forces Base Halifax, situated in Nova Scotia, operates as the east coast hub for the Royal Canadian Navy, accommodating Maritime Forces Atlantic and the remainder of the fleet, with capacity for up to 12 frigates and associated auxiliaries at its deep-water piers.[1][57] As Canada's largest base by personnel population, it integrates HMCS Stadacona for administrative, training, and barracks functions, alongside the adjacent 12 Wing Shearwater for maritime helicopter operations supporting anti-submarine warfare.[53] The facility includes repair docks capable of handling major vessel overhauls and supports submarine maintenance for the Victoria-class fleet.[57] Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Bedford handles Atlantic munitions logistics, ensuring operational supply chains.[1] Founded as a naval yard in 1758 during the colonial era, it evolved into the modern RCN base post-1910, focusing on Atlantic defense and NATO interoperability.[57] The Nanisivik Naval Facility in Nunavut represents a specialized Arctic outpost for the RCN, designed as a seasonal deep-water port for refueling and resupply of patrol vessels during summer operations to assert sovereignty amid increasing northern traffic.[53] Construction began in 2010, with initial operational capability projected for 2025, limited to four weeks annually due to ice conditions, supporting Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol ships in high-latitude missions.[58] This remote site enhances RCN presence in the Northwest Passage without permanent basing, complementing the mainland facilities for extended-range deployments.[1] Additional RCN support elements include naval reserve divisions across 24 Canadian cities for recruitment and local training, though these lack dedicated base infrastructure and rely on host facilities.[53] Fleet maintenance and specialized units, such as dive teams and clearance diving, operate from the core bases, with no standalone facilities elsewhere designated primarily for naval use as of 2025.[59] These installations collectively sustain a fleet of 29 major warships and submarines, enabling blue-water capabilities despite ongoing infrastructure upgrades to address capacity strains from personnel growth.[53][60]Royal Canadian Air Force Stations
The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) maintains operational stations across Canada, organized primarily into wings that host squadrons responsible for fighter interception, maritime patrol, air transport, search and rescue, and pilot training. These facilities enable rapid response to aerial threats, support NORAD continental defense missions, and facilitate sovereignty patrols over vast territories, including the Arctic. As of 2025, the RCAF operates 13 wings, with key installations focused on operational readiness amid ongoing fleet modernization efforts, such as the transition to F-35 fighters and new patrol aircraft.[61][1]| Wing | Location | Primary Roles |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Wing | Kingston, Ontario | Helicopter training and operational support with CH-146 Griffon aircraft.[62] |
| 3 Wing | Bagotville, Quebec | CF-18 Hornet fighter operations, air defense, and NATO deployments.[63] |
| 4 Wing | Cold Lake, Alberta | Advanced fighter training, CF-18 operations, and testing at the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range.[63] |
| 5 Wing | Goose Bay, Labrador | Tactical fighter training for allied forces, forward operating location for exercises.[1] |
| 8 Wing | Trenton, Ontario | Air mobility command, CC-130 Hercules and CC-150 Polaris transport operations.[64] |
| 9 Wing | Gander, Newfoundland | Search and rescue with CH-149 Cormorant helicopters.[65] |
| 14 Wing | Greenwood, Nova Scotia | Maritime patrol with CP-140 Aurora aircraft, anti-submarine warfare.[1] |
| 15 Wing | Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan | Fighter pilot training with CT-155 Hawk and NATO Flying Training in Canada program.[66] |
| 16 Wing | Borden, Ontario | Initial flight training and technical training school.[63] |
| 17 Wing | Winnipeg, Manitoba | Search and rescue coordination and operations.[63] |
| 19 Wing | Comox, British Columbia | CF-18 fighters, CP-140 patrols, and Pacific search and rescue.[63] |
Joint and Multi-Service Bases
Canadian Forces Base Borden, situated near Angus, Ontario, operates as a primary tri-service training installation for the Canadian Armed Forces, accommodating recruits and personnel from the Army, Navy, and Air Force branches. Established initially as an Royal Flying Corps site in 1916 and evolving post-unification, it hosts specialized schools for basic military qualification, leadership development, and technical trades, conducting courses that emphasize interoperability across services. The base trains approximately 20,000 military personnel annually and supports around 3,250 uniformed members alongside 1,500 civilian staff, focusing on foundational skills applicable to joint operations.[4] Canadian Forces Base Kingston, located in Kingston, Ontario, serves as a key multi-service hub emphasizing joint doctrine, professional military education, and operational support. It houses elements of the Canadian Army's 4th Canadian Division, the Royal Military College of Canada, and various lodger units from other branches, including air force training detachments and joint staff programs. With a mandate to sustain 46 resident organizations, the base facilitates integrated exercises and administrative services that enhance cross-environmental coordination, drawing on its historical role since the 19th century as a militia training ground.[68] Other installations exhibit multi-service characteristics through shared logistics and support functions, such as Canadian Forces Base Montreal, which provides centralized supply and maintenance for Army, Navy, and Air Force units in eastern Canada under the 2nd Canadian Division. These bases reflect the CAF's unified structure since 1968, prioritizing efficiency in resource allocation over branch-specific silos, though primary environmental commands retain oversight of core operational units.[1]Decommissioned and Abandoned Sites
Major Closed Bases and Their Timelines
Following the end of the Cold War, the Canadian Armed Forces underwent significant restructuring, including the closure of several major bases as part of defence spending reductions outlined in federal budgets during the early 1990s. These closures were primarily driven by the diminished need for forward-deployed forces in Europe and domestic consolidation of training and operational assets to address fiscal constraints.[69] The European bases, in particular, were shuttered as Canada withdrew from NATO commitments in Germany, while domestic air force installations faced cuts due to aircraft phase-outs and centralized operations.[70] CFB Baden-Soellingen, an air force base in Germany hosting fighter squadrons under 1 Canadian Air Division, ceased operations on December 31, 1993, as part of the broader repatriation of Canadian air assets following the Soviet Union's dissolution.[71] Similarly, CFB Lahr, which supported army mechanized brigades and air elements, was decommissioned on August 31, 1994, marking the end of Canada's permanent military presence in continental Europe after nearly four decades.[72] These closures affected thousands of personnel, with units like 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group relocating to Canadian bases such as CFB Edmonton.[73] In Canada, CFB Summerside in Prince Edward Island, a key air navigation and search-and-rescue training site, was announced for closure in May 1989 amid air force rationalization but fully decommissioned in 1992 after the relocation of squadrons like No. 413 to CFB Greenwood.[74][75] CFB Chatham in New Brunswick, focused on air weapons training and formerly home to interceptor squadrons, closed in 1996 as artillery and aviation units shifted to CFB Gagetown for consolidation.[76] CFB Calgary in Alberta, encompassing Currie and Harvey Barracks for army mechanized forces, saw its components shutter progressively: Harvey Barracks in June 1997 and Currie Barracks on February 1, 1998, with 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group moving to CFB Edmonton.[77][78]| Base | Location | Closure Date | Primary Role and Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| CFB Baden-Soellingen | Germany | December 31, 1993 | Air force fighter operations; end of NATO European air commitment, squadrons repatriated to bases like CFB Bagotville.[71] |
| CFB Lahr | Germany | August 31, 1994 | Army brigade support; full withdrawal of ground forces from Europe, affecting over 5,000 personnel.[72] |
| CFB Summerside | Prince Edward Island | 1992 | Navigation and SAR training; economic impact on local community, site repurposed as Slemon Park industrial area.[75] |
| CFB Chatham | New Brunswick | 1996 | Air weapons school; training consolidated at CFB Gagetown, airfield retained for civilian use.[76] |
| CFB Calgary | Alberta | February 1, 1998 (final) | Army mechanized brigade; units relocated to Edmonton, site redeveloped for urban use.[77] |