Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Cannae

Cannae is an ancient village in Apulia, southeastern Italy, strategically located on a hill near the Ofanto River (ancient Aufidus), several miles west of modern Barletta.^[1] It served as an important settlement for the Daunians in the 4th century BC and later became a Roman town due to its position at a key crossroads.^[2] Cannae is best known for the Battle of Cannae, fought nearby on August 2, 216 BC during the Second Punic War, where Carthaginian general Hannibal decisively defeated a larger Roman army led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.^[3] This victory, one of the worst defeats in Roman history, demonstrated Hannibal's tactical brilliance through double envelopment and influenced military strategy for centuries, including the German Schlieffen Plan in World War I.^[4] Today, Cannae is a frazione of the comune of Barletta, known as Canne della Battaglia, and is preserved as an archaeological park featuring remains from Daunian, Roman, and medieval periods, with no direct evidence of the 216 BC battle discovered to date.^[5]

Geography

Location and Terrain

Cannae is situated in the region of Puglia (ancient Apulia) in southern Italy, at approximately 41°18′N 16°09′E, on the right bank of the Ofanto River, known in antiquity as the Aufidus.^[6] This location places it within the northern part of the Tavoliere delle Puglie, a broad expanse historically associated with Daunian territory.^[6] The terrain surrounding Cannae consists of a flat alluvial plain formed by the Ofanto River, which provided essential water resources for local agriculture and settlements while serving as a natural barrier due to its meandering course and seasonal flooding.^[7] Bounded by the Adriatic Sea to the east and rolling limestone hills to the west, the plain features open, gently sloping landscapes that transition into low terraces southward.^[7] These characteristics made the area suitable for expansive maneuvers, particularly by cavalry, owing to the vast, unobstructed spaces free of dense vegetation or rugged elevations.^[7] The region experiences a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters with most rainfall concentrated between October and April, supporting a semi-arid environment conducive to viticulture and cereal cultivation.^[8] The fertile alluvial soils of the Ofanto Valley, enriched by river sediments, fostered early human occupation, including Daunian settlements from the Iron Age onward, as the nutrient-rich loams enabled sustained agricultural productivity in this otherwise marginal landscape.^[9]

Modern Settlement

Canne della Battaglia serves as a frazione of the comune of Barletta in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, within the Puglia region of Italy. Originally associated with the nearby municipality of Canosa di Puglia, the locality was annexed to Barletta in 1303 under Carlo II d'Angiò, following a period of medieval decline that led to population migration toward Barletta. Today, it remains a small rural settlement, supporting a modest community engaged in local activities. The economy of Canne della Battaglia centers on agriculture, with the surrounding terrain featuring extensive olive groves and vineyards typical of Puglia's fertile plains along the Ofanto River valley.^[10] This agrarian focus sustains traditional farming practices, contributing to the production of regional olive oil and wines. Infrastructure supports both local needs and tourism, with the settlement accessible via the Strada Provinciale 142 and in close proximity to the SS16 Adriatica, a major coastal highway facilitating travel across Puglia.^[11] Rail connectivity is provided by the Stazione di Canne della Battaglia on the Barletta-Spinazzola line, offering links to Bari approximately 50 km south and Foggia about 60 km north. The modern village layout is compact and integrated with its historical core, clustered around the hilltop site at 54 meters above sea level, overlooking the Ofanto plain. Cultural features include the medieval Cittadella ruins and the Antiquarium di Canne, a museum established in 1958 that serves as an interpretive center for the area's heritage, alongside memorials commemorating the ancient battle site's significance.^[12]

Ancient History

Early Settlement and Development

Archaeological evidence indicates that the area around Cannae was inhabited during the Neolithic period, with artifacts dating from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE, encompassing the Bronze Age around 1000 BCE. These findings, including pottery and tools, suggest early agricultural communities exploiting the fertile Ofanto valley for basic subsistence farming.^[13]^[14] By the 6th century BCE, the Daunian tribe, an Italic people with possible autochthonous origins and influences from the Balkans, controlled the region, establishing Cannae as a fortified settlement known as an oppidum. This hilltop town featured defensive walls and associated necropoleis with megalithic graves and warrior burials, including ceremonial armor, reflecting a warrior society integrated into broader Daunian cultural networks. The site's strategic elevation provided natural defenses, supporting a population engaged in local trade and craftsmanship.^[15]^[16] Cannae's economy centered on agriculture, serving as a hub for grain production and wool processing, with exports contributing to Italic trade networks by the 4th century BCE. The surrounding plains facilitated cereal cultivation, while sheep herding supported textile production, as evidenced by regional wool trade prominence noted in ancient accounts. These activities linked Cannae to neighboring Daunian and Peucetian communities, fostering economic interdependence before Roman influence.^[16]^[17] Roman forces conquered Cannae in 318 BCE during the Second Samnite War, subjugating the Daunian territory alongside nearby Canusium as part of Apulia's incorporation into the expanding Republic. Following this conquest, Cannae became a Roman ally (socii), integrated into Roman administrative networks. The settlement underwent Romanization in the 3rd century BCE, with the construction of roads connecting it to major routes like the Via Appia (initiated 312 BCE) and basic aqueduct systems to support urban growth and agriculture. These developments transformed Cannae from a tribal oppidum into an integrated Roman outpost, enhancing its role in regional supply chains.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Role in Regional Conflicts

Cannae, known in Roman times as a key settlement in Apulia near Canusium, played a significant military role during the Second Samnite War (326–304 BCE). In 318 BCE, Roman forces under the consuls Lucius Plautius Venno and Marcus Foslius Flaccinator ravaged much of Apulia and captured Canusium after defeating its defenders, incorporating the area into Roman control as part of their expansion against the Samnites. This conquest marked Cannae's emergence as a strategic outpost in southeastern Italy, facilitating Roman operations against Italic tribes.^[18] Following the Samnite Wars, the region of Apulia, including sites like Cannae, served as a logistical hub during the Pyrrhic War (280–275 BCE), where Roman armies countered the invasion of King Pyrrhus of Epirus. Apulia was a key area for Roman resistance after Pyrrhus's victories at Heraclea and Asculum, highlighting the tactical importance of the fertile plains for sustaining legions against Hellenistic forces and war elephants.^[21] By 218 BCE, as tensions escalated with Carthaginian movements, the region around Cannae experienced growing strategic pressures from incursions tied to Hannibal's invasion of Italy, positioning it on the frontline of the emerging Second Punic War.

Battle of Cannae

Prelude and Forces

The prelude to the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE was shaped by Hannibal Barca's audacious invasion of Italy, which began in 218 BCE when he led his Carthaginian army from Spain across the Pyrenees, through southern Gaul, and over the Alps into the Po Valley, despite heavy losses from weather, terrain, and ambushes by local tribes.^[3] This grueling march reduced his initial force significantly, but Hannibal quickly demonstrated his tactical brilliance by defeating Roman armies at the Trebia River in December 218 BCE and at Lake Trasimene in June 217 BCE, where he ambushed and annihilated consular forces under Tiberius Sempronius Longus and Gaius Flaminius, respectively.^[22] These victories compelled Rome to adopt a cautious Fabian strategy under Quintus Fabius Maximus, avoiding direct confrontation while harassing Hannibal's supply lines, but political pressure in Rome for a decisive battle mounted amid Hannibal's raids into central Italy.^[23] In response, the Roman Senate appointed new consuls for 216 BCE: Lucius Aemilius Paullus, a seasoned patrician favoring caution, and Gaius Terentius Varro, a plebeian populist eager for vengeance and glory.^[3] The Roman army assembled under their joint command totaled approximately 86,000 men, comprising eight legions of about 40,000 heavy infantry drawn from Roman citizens, supplemented by an equal number of allied Italian troops providing additional infantry and around 6,000 cavalry, many of whom were less experienced horsemen from regions like Lucania and Samnium.^[22] This force represented one of the largest mobilizations in Roman history up to that point, reflecting the Republic's determination to crush the invader, though internal discord arose as Varro overrode Paullus's reservations and ordered the army to pursue Hannibal into Apulia.^[23] Hannibal, by contrast, commanded a more compact but versatile army of about 50,000 troops at Cannae, honed through two years of campaigning in Italy and reliant on his renowned cavalry superiority.^[3] His infantry numbered roughly 40,000, a multinational mix including elite Libyan spearmen (veterans of earlier wars), Gallic and Spanish warriors armed with swords and javelins, and lighter African skirmishers, while his 10,000 cavalry consisted of swift Numidian light horse for harassment and heavier Iberian and Gallic squadrons for shock tactics.^[22] Although Hannibal had crossed the Alps with around 37 war elephants in 218 BCE to bolster his initial assault, harsh Alpine conditions and subsequent battles had eliminated all but possibly a handful by 217 BCE, leaving none operational for the Cannae campaign. As summer 216 BCE progressed, Hannibal maneuvered eastward from Campania into Apulia to forage for supplies and draw the Romans out, crossing the Apennines and ravaging the countryside near the Aufidus (modern Ofanto) River to provoke engagement on favorable ground.^[23] Varro, assuming command on his designated day, led the Roman host southward in pursuit, encamping opposite Hannibal's positions near the village of Cannae on the right bank of the Aufidus, where the Carthaginians had seized a strategic hill and water sources, setting the stage for confrontation on August 2.^[3] This pursuit ended Rome's Fabian restraint, as the consuls yielded to public demand for battle despite Hannibal's smaller numbers, confident in overwhelming him through sheer manpower.^[22]

Tactics and Engagement

The Battle of Cannae unfolded on August 2, 216 BCE, near the Aufidus River in Apulia, with both armies deploying on a relatively flat plain to maximize their formations. The Roman army, numbering approximately 80,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry under consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro, adopted a dense, rectangular infantry formation with maniples packed closely together for greater depth, flanked by cavalry wings—Roman horse on the right near the river and allied cavalry on the left—while light-armed velites screened the front.^[24] In contrast, Hannibal positioned his smaller Carthaginian force of about 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry in a deliberate crescent-shaped array: the weaker Gallic and Spanish infantry formed the convex center, elite African heavy infantry anchored the wings as reserves, Balearic slingers and light troops advanced ahead, and cavalry protected the flanks—Spanish and Gallic horse under Hasdrubal on the left by the river, and Numidians under Maharbal on the right.^[25] This deployment intentionally weakened the Carthaginian center to invite a Roman assault while positioning superior cavalry and veteran flanks for a counterstroke.^[26] The engagement began with skirmishes between light troops, yielding no decisive advantage, before escalating into full infantry and cavalry clashes. The Romans, commanded variably by the aggressive Varro on the day of battle, launched a powerful central advance that shattered Hannibal's Gallic and Spanish lines, creating a bulge as the center recoiled in feigned retreat and drawing the Roman legions deeper into the crescent.^[27] Simultaneously, on the flanks, Carthaginian cavalry achieved swift victories: Hasdrubal's Spanish and Gallic horse overwhelmed the Roman right in brutal hand-to-hand combat, while the Numidians on the right employed hit-and-run tactics to harass and eventually rout the allied Roman cavalry on the left, feigning flight before turning to pursue.^[28] With Roman cavalry neutralized and driven from the field, Hasdrubal redirected his horsemen to assault the Roman infantry's exposed rear, coordinating seamlessly with the infantry maneuver to initiate the envelopment.^[26] Hannibal's tactical innovation—a masterful double envelopment or pincer movement—unfolded as the African infantry on the wings pivoted inward, their ranks clad in captured Roman armor for psychological effect, to seal the Roman forces in a deadly pocket surrounding over 50,000 infantry.^[29] This encirclement trapped the Romans in a confined space where their numerical superiority became a liability, subjected to relentless attacks from all sides by converging Carthaginian lines and returning cavalry, leading to chaotic slaughter amid dust and heat as legionaries fought desperately but futilely for escape.^[30] Hasdrubal's precise timing in linking the cavalry victory to the infantry trap exemplified Hannibal's orchestration, leveraging cavalry superiority to outmaneuver the rigid Roman tactics and achieve total tactical dominance.^[26]

Casualties and Immediate Aftermath

The Battle of Cannae resulted in one of the most lopsided defeats in ancient military history, with Roman casualties estimated between 48,000 and 70,000 dead, including consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus and numerous high-ranking officers such as senators and quaestors.^[31] Approximately 6,000 Romans were captured during and after the engagement.^[31] Carthaginian losses were far lighter, totaling around 6,000 to 8,000 killed, the majority from Gallic auxiliary units.^[31] Surviving consul Gaius Terentius Varro fled the battlefield with about 50 cavalry and regrouped with scattered remnants at Venusia, where roughly 7,000 to 10,000 additional fugitives eventually assembled.^[31] In Rome, panic gripped the populace, but the Senate demonstrated remarkable steadfastness by rejecting any overtures for negotiation with Hannibal and instead authorizing a massive recruitment drive, including slaves and youths as young as 17, while appointing a dictator to oversee defenses.^[31] They even commended Varro publicly for preserving what remained of the army and not despairing of the republic's survival.^[31] Hannibal's forces treated the captives severely, separating Roman citizens for enslavement and sale while releasing Italian allies without ransom to undermine Roman cohesion.^[31] The fallen Romans faced further indignity as their bodies were stripped of weapons, armor, and jewelry; Hannibal gathered more than 200 gold signet rings from slain nobles and dispatched them to Carthage, where they were dramatically poured before the Senate as evidence of the victory's scale.^[32] The fighting left the area around Cannae in devastation, with trampled farmlands, ruined settlements, and unburied corpses littering the plains along the Aufidus River. Hannibal established his camp near the site to bury his dead, collect spoils, and resupply before marching into Campania and securing the defection of Capua as winter quarters.^[31]

Legacy and Significance

Impact on the Second Punic War

The Battle of Cannae inflicted catastrophic losses on Rome, with estimates of 50,000 to 70,000 Roman soldiers killed, shattering the republic's military confidence and triggering defections among key Italian allies.^[33] Cities such as Capua, a major economic center in Campania, rebelled against Roman authority shortly after the defeat, joining Hannibal and providing him with valuable resources and manpower that prolonged his presence in Italy.^[34] These losses eroded Rome's control over southern Italy, allowing Hannibal to consolidate support from other communities like the Hirpini and parts of Apulia.^[34] The disaster at Cannae reinforced Rome's commitment to the defensive strategy of attrition pioneered by Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, who had been appointed dictator in 217 BCE.^[35] Known as the Fabian strategy, this approach emphasized avoiding decisive pitched battles, instead focusing on guerrilla tactics to disrupt Hannibal's foraging parties, scorch the earth to deny supplies, and fortify key positions, thereby leveraging Rome's superior manpower and economic resilience.^[33] Ancient sources like Polybius note that this cautious policy, though initially criticized as cowardly by Roman traditionalists eager for revenge, preserved Roman forces and prevented further annihilation, marking a fundamental shift from aggressive confrontation to prolonged endurance.^[36] Hannibal, despite his tactical triumph, could not capitalize on Cannae due to logistical limitations, including insufficient siege equipment and reinforcements from Carthage, leading him to abandon a direct assault on Rome in favor of consolidating gains in southern Italy.^[37] He established a base near Capua, conducting raids to sustain his army and encourage further defections, but these efforts devolved into a strategic stalemate as Roman forces under Fabius shadowed his movements without committing to open battle.^[35] Livy describes how this impasse frustrated Hannibal's goal of fracturing the Roman alliance entirely, tying down his army in Italy for over a decade without achieving a knockout blow.^[38] Ultimately, Cannae's psychological devastation failed to alter the war's trajectory in Carthage's favor, as Rome mobilized unprecedented resources, including arming slaves and younger citizens, and redirected efforts to peripheral theaters like Spain under Publius Cornelius Scipio (later Africanus).^[33] By severing Carthaginian supply lines in Iberia and launching a naval campaign to isolate Hannibal, Rome regained the initiative, forcing his recall to Africa in 203 BCE and culminating in Scipio's decisive victory at Zama in 202 BCE, which ended the Second Punic War and established Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean.^[37]

Influence on Military Strategy

The Battle of Cannae has been revered since antiquity as a paradigmatic example of tactical annihilation through double envelopment, with ancient historians Polybius and Livy extolling Hannibal's maneuver as a masterpiece of military art. Polybius, drawing on eyewitness accounts including those from survivors, described how Hannibal's forces, despite being outnumbered, orchestrated a complete encirclement that destroyed a superior Roman army, emphasizing the general's innovative use of cavalry and infantry to create a deliberate weakness in the center that lured the enemy into a trap. Livy, building on Polybius and other sources, portrayed the battle as an unparalleled feat, quoting Maharbal's famous remark to Hannibal that he knew how to win victories but not how to exploit them, underscoring the tactical brilliance amid strategic limitations. These accounts influenced Hellenistic and Roman military education, where Cannae was dissected in academies as a model for outmaneuvering larger foes, shaping doctrines on flexibility and combined arms. In the modern era, Cannae's principles permeated European military thought, particularly in Prussian strategy, where Alfred von Schlieffen developed his "Cannae concept" of wide envelopment to achieve decisive annihilation, directly inspiring the Schlieffen Plan for a rapid defeat of France in a two-front war. This approach echoed Hannibal's tactics in emphasizing speed, flanking, and encirclement, as seen in earlier Prussian successes like Helmuth von Moltke's victories at Königgrätz in 1866 and Sedan in 1870, which used railways for coordinated maneuvers to isolate enemy forces. Napoleonic warfare also adopted Cannae-like envelopments, with Napoleon Bonaparte employing turning movements at battles such as Austerlitz in 1805 and Jena in 1806 to shatter larger coalitions through flank attacks and concentration of force, though his later reliance on frontal assaults deviated from this ideal. Cannae's legacy extended into the 20th century, informing World War II German tactics, where Heinz Guderian referenced the battle's rapid encirclement in developing blitzkrieg doctrine, prioritizing armored mobility to achieve Cannae-style pockets of destruction against numerically superior enemies. British strategist B.H. Liddell Hart, in his seminal work Strategy (1929), analyzed Cannae as the epitome of the "indirect approach," advocating psychological and positional superiority over brute force, a concept that influenced post-war military simulations and wargames like those used in U.S. Army training exercises. Culturally, the battle symbolizes tactical genius versus strategic overreach, as Machiavelli critiqued in his Discourses on Livy (1531), where he praised Hannibal's discipline at Cannae but faulted his failure to capitalize on the victory to topple Rome, a theme echoed in literature such as Ben Kane's Hannibal trilogy and films like Hannibal (1959), which dramatize the envelopment's drama and Hannibal's unfulfilled potential.

Archaeology and Preservation

Major Excavations

The archaeological exploration of the site at Canne della Battaglia began in earnest in the early 20th century, with initial systematic excavations led by Michele Gervasio between 1937 and 1939. These efforts targeted burial sites across several acres, initially believed to relate to the casualties of the 216 BC battle, using traditional manual digging techniques to uncover skeletal remains and associated features. The work was halted by the onset of World War II, leaving many questions unresolved about the site's stratigraphy and historical layers.^[39] Postwar campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s marked a significant expansion, including the construction of the Antiquarium in 1958 to store and display materials from ongoing digs. In 1959, Professor Nevio De Grassi, as Superintendent of Antiquities for Apulia, resumed excavations with support from the Cassa per il Mezzogiorno development fund, extending over large areas and incorporating anthropological analysis of approximately 170 skeletons by experts from Rome University's Anthropological Institute; these remains were later determined to belong to a medieval Christian cemetery rather than the ancient battle. Concurrently, Dinu Adamesteanu, superintendent for Puglia and Basilicata, pioneered aerial photography starting in 1959, conducting systematic surveys that revealed crop marks and settlement patterns at Canne della Battaglia and surrounding areas, complemented by field walking and basic geophysical prospecting like magnetometry to delineate subsurface structures without extensive trenching. These methods addressed the challenges of the site's hilly terrain and agricultural overlay, though interruptions from local farming activities persisted.^[39]^[40]^[41] More recent investigations since 2000 have emphasized non-invasive technologies amid ongoing preservation issues. A landscape survey in 2003–2004 by the University of Foggia's Department of Archaeology mapped the Ofanto Valley environs, including Cannae, using surface collection and topographic analysis to contextualize the battlefield perimeter. In 2018, researchers applied advanced metrology techniques, such as ultrasonic testing and thermography, to assess the structural integrity of the ancient walls during the MetroArchaeo project, highlighting erosion from modern agriculture and the need for sustained funding to counter urban encroachment and climatic degradation. These EU-aligned initiatives underscore a shift toward digital documentation, including early GIS integration for site modeling, though budget constraints have limited full-scale geophysical scans like ground-penetrating radar.^[42]^[43]

Key Discoveries and Artifacts

Despite extensive excavations, no direct archaeological evidence of the 216 BC Battle of Cannae—such as mass graves, weapons, or structures attributable to the Roman or Carthaginian forces—has been identified at the site, possibly due to post-battle cleanup, agricultural disturbance over centuries, and the battlefield's location on open plains separate from the ancient town.^[39]^[44] Preceding the Roman era, excavations have unearthed significant Daunian artifacts from the 6th century BCE, including finely crafted pottery vessels with geometric patterns, small bronze figurines depicting warriors and deities, and tomb inscriptions in the Daunian script. These finds, primarily from simple oven-shaped tombs and dwelling sites, illuminate the indigenous Daunian culture's social structure, religious practices, and trade connections in pre-Roman Apulia, predating Hannibal's invasion by centuries. The inscriptions, etched on stone slabs, provide rare linguistic insights into this Italic people's identity and interactions with neighboring groups.^[12] Roman-era discoveries at Cannae include Republican-period coins, such as silver denarii bearing consular imagery, and fragments of tessellated mosaics depicting mythological scenes, which attest to the site's continued occupation and administrative role after the battle. These artifacts underscore Rome's resilience in reclaiming and fortifying the area during the Second Punic War's aftermath.^[12]

References

[1]
The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE - Internet History Sourcebooks Project
The Senate passed a resolution that they should give the enemy battle: they, however, bade Gnaeus Servilius wait, and despatched the Consuls to the seat of war.
[2]
Chapter 4: The Battle of Cannae - Dickinson College Commentaries
On August 2, 216 BC Rome suffered one of the most catastrophic defeats in military history. The town of Cannae, located about 300 miles south of Rome in ...
[3]
(DOC) The Battle Of Cannae - Academia.edu
The Battle of Cannae on August 2, 216 B.C.E. resulted in over 50,000 Roman casualties. Hannibal's tactical genius led to a significant Carthaginian victory ...
[4]
Cannae: a Pleiades place resource
May 25, 2023 · OSM location of Canne della Battaglia (750 BC - AD 300) accuracy: +/- 20 meters. Names: Geographic Names: Cannae (Latin, 750 BC - AD 300).
[5]
[PDF] CANNAE BATTLEFIELD: A GEOMORPHIC-GEOARCHAEOLOGIC ...
plain of the Ofanto River, formerly the Aufidus. These soils grade off to the south onto a low terrace below the limestone escarpment now covered with olive ...<|separator|>
[6]
The Agency of the Displaced? Roman Expansion, Environmental ...
Nov 12, 2018 · The climate data seem to cohere with literary testimony suggesting that arid conditions prevailed in Apulia by the first century BCE (Horace's ...
[7]
View of The Lower Valley of Ofanto River
83Archaeology, Landscape, Architectureland, the siticulosa Apulia, made the fields fertile and has favoured human settlement since the prehistoric age, as ...Missing: soil | Show results with:soil
[8]
Cannae - Wikipedia
Geography. The commune of Cannae is situated near the river Ofanto (ancient names Aufidus or Canna), on a hill on the right (i.e., south) bank, 9.6 kilometres ...Battle of Cannes · Battle of Cannae (1018) · Barletta
[9]
Canne - Wikipedia
Canne (Cannae in latino, Κάνναι in greco antico e bizantino), oggi nota come Canne della Battaglia, era un'antica città dell'Apulia che sorgeva nei pressi ...Battaglia di Canne · Battaglia di Canne (1018) · Diocesi di Canne
[10]
Canne della Battaglia: una mattina di primavera - Ambient&Ambienti
Apr 4, 2015 · A Canne della Battaglia arrivo da una strada tortuosa di campagna, tra vigneti, piccoli orti, oliveti. Tutti dettagli della campagna ...
[11]
SS16 Adriatica: slow traffic - 29/10/2025 21:13 - YouDriver.com
Oct 29, 2025 · On the SS16 Adriatica there are traffic delays due to a broken down vehicle. The accident occurred at the Canne della Battaglia Crossroads ...
[12]
Stazione di Canne della Battaglia - Wikipedia
La stazione di Canne della Battaglia è una fermata ferroviaria a servizio del sito archeologico di Canne della Battaglia che si trova sulla linea Barletta- ...Missing: strade | Show results with:strade
[13]
Antiquarium e zona archeologica di Canne della Battaglia
Barletta ; Address. Frazione Canne della Battaglia 70051 Barletta ; Timetables. WINTER: Thursday-Sunday 9.00-18.00; SUMMER: Thursday-Sunday 10.00-19.00 - Second ...Missing: comune Canosa
[14]
Canne della Battaglia - Place in Puglia
Only a village in the era of the Roman Republic, it later expanded and grew to the status of town or Municipium by the time of the Empire. From its position on ...Missing: administrative | Show results with:administrative
[15]
[PDF] Lucanian Border - Archaeology on the Apulian - Oapen
... Climate and the environment ... settlements in the Fossa Bradanica and adjoining areas ...
[16]
The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern ...
Jan 17, 2022 · Daunians' genetic profile may be compatible with an at least partial autochthonous origin, with plausible contributions from the Balkan ...
[17]
Persistence and change in settlement patterns in the Ofanto valley ...
Aug 9, 2025 · Recent archaeological surveys have produced a general picture of settlement patterns during the last six centuries BCE (for the latest results, ...
[18]
Time and Place: History and Geography (Part I) - The Italic People of ...
The climate of Apulia tends to extremes. In the whole of the region most of the rainfall is concentrated in the winter and spring. The wettest months are ...
[19]
Livy 9.20 and Early Roman Imperialism in Apulia - jstor
If we accept the conquest of Teanum in 318 or 317 as historical, then there be little objection to accepting the veracity of the conquest of Canusium, also.
[20]
The Agency of the Displaced? Roman Expansion, Environmental ...
Nov 12, 2018 · Recent archaeological surveys have produced a general picture of settlement patterns during the last six centuries BCE (for the latest results, ...
[21]
Second Samnite War - Pro Romanis
Apr 24, 2017 · Samnite organization was not as unified as that of the Romans: after being conquered ... In 318 BC, the Romans were able to bring Canusium ...
[22]
Pyrrhic War | Roman history - Britannica
In ancient Rome: The Pyrrhic War, 280–275 bc. Rome spent the 280s bc putting down unrest in northern Italy, but its attention was soon directed to the far ...Missing: Cannae | Show results with:Cannae
[23]
Livy on the Battle of Cannae - JohnDClare.net
Hannibal met him with his light-armed troops and cavalry and surprising him while still on the march disordered the Romans much. 6. They met, however, the first ...
[24]
[PDF] Livy, Book 21-25; the second Punic War. Translated into English ...
Sardinia or Sicily, Roman traders were free to go. _ Polybius observes that the provisions of this treaty imply that. Carthage claimed Sardinia and Libya as ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0151%3Abook%3D22%3Achapter%3D46
[26]
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/polybius-cannae.asp
[27]
Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History
### Summary of Polybius' Account of the Battle of Cannae (Book 3, Chapters 107-118)
[28]
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0151%3Abook%3D22%3Achapter%3D47
[29]
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D116
[30]
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0151%3Abook%3D22%3Achapter%3D49
[31]
http://www.yorku.ca/pswarney/Texts/livy-22.htm
[32]
Livy's History of Rome: Book 22 - York University
The prisoners taken in the battle are stated to have amounted to 3000 infantry and 1500 cavalry. [22.50]Such was the battle of Cannae, a battle as famous as ...Missing: casualties aftermath
[33]
https://verso.uidaho.edu/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=01ALLIANCE_UID&filePid=13308447780001851&download=true
[34]
[PDF] The Second Punic War And Its Enduring Social Impact
While the early confrontations of the Second Punic War laid bare the differences in tactical approach between Rome and Carthage, the events at Cannae would ...
[35]
Problems of the Second Punic War: III. Rome and Her Italian Allies
it is that Hannibal, immediately after the battle of Trasumennus, should have played the part of liberator of the Italians from Roman tyranny, and then ...
[36]
[PDF] Hannibal and Scipio's war: The Second Punic War
In the years following the battle of Cannae, the Roman forces shifted their overall war strategy to better deal with Hannibal and his forces. Being as the ...
[37]
https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-88/jfq-88_102-111_Klima-Mazzella-McLaughlin.pdf?ver=2018-01-09-102343-833
[38]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0147:book=22:chapter=61
[39]
https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/18/archives/tombs-at-cannae-are-not-romans-excavations-at-battlefield-of-216-bc.html
[40]
TOMBS AT CANNAE ARE NOT ROMANS'; Excavations at Battlefield ...
tombs at Cannae, long thought to be of Romans and Carthaginians killed in battle in which Hannibal defeated Romans, found to be part of medieval Christian ...
[41]
Museo e Parco Archeologico Canne della Battaglia
Canne della Battaglia (Barletta) – Antiquarium and Archaeological Park · Canosa di Puglia – Archaeological Museum · Trani – Swabian Castle · FOGGIA ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
[PDF] Centre and Periphery - UC Classics
A comprehensive programme of aerial photography, field survey and excavation carried out since 1966 under the guiding hand of Dinu Adamesteanu (1979), former ...
[43]
[PDF] Ofanto valley near Canusium and Cannae (Apulia)
Introduction. This paper presents the results of a two-year survey carried out in 2003-4 by the. Department of Archaeology of the University of Foggia in ...
[44]
Non-Destructive Survey Systems on Masonry: The Case of the Walls ...
Abstract: This study wants to show the methodology and the results of in-situ analysis made in the archaeological site of Canne della Battaglia.