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Caudron

Caudron was a pioneering French aircraft manufacturer founded in 1909 by brothers Gaston Caudron (1882–1915) and René Caudron (1884–1959), renowned for its early innovations in aviation design and production of military biplanes during World War I, as well as high-performance racing aircraft in the interwar period.^[1] The company established its first factory at Romiotte, near Fienvillers in the Somme department, and rapidly progressed from experimental monoplanes to producing several different models by 1914, including the influential Caudron Type A and B pusher biplanes.^[1] During World War I, Caudron became a major supplier to the French Army and Allied forces, producing nearly 4,000 aircraft overall, including thousands of reconnaissance and light bomber types such as the single-engine Caudron G.3 and the twin-engine G.4, powered by Le Rhône or Anzani rotary engines, with wooden airframes and fabric covering; these played key roles in early aerial warfare for scouting and bombing missions from 1915 onward.^[2]^[3] In the interwar years, Caudron shifted focus to civilian and racing aircraft, developing advanced designs like the single-engine Caudron C.460 Rafale, a low-wing monoplane that achieved multiple international speed records, including a 1934 mark of 505.85 km/h (314.4 mph) over a 3 km course set by pilot Raymond Delmotte.^[4] The company's women aviators also made history; for instance, Hélène Boucher established a women's world speed record of 455 km/h (283 mph) in a Caudron C.450 Rafale in 1934, while Maryse Hilsz set a distance record of approximately 3,200 km (1,988 miles) in a Caudron Simoun in 1938.^[5] In 1933, industrialist Louis Renault acquired Caudron due to his passion for aviation, merging it with his automotive expertise to form Caudron-Renault, which expanded production of trainers, transports, and fighters like the twin-engine C.440 Goéland and the single-seat C.714 fighter.^[5]^[1] During World War II, the firm continued manufacturing for the French Air Force until the 1940 armistice, after which its facilities supported limited Vichy regime efforts before Allied liberation.^[1] Postwar nationalization in 1948 merged Caudron-Renault into the state-owned SNCAN, effectively ending its independent operations.

Founders

Alphonse Gaston Caudron

Alphonse Gaston Caudron, born on January 18, 1882, in Favières, Somme, France, grew up on his family's farm in the nearby Romiotte area, where his parents worked the land in the Somme basin. From an early age, he displayed a keen interest in mechanics, inspired by the rapid advancements in aviation across northern France, particularly after the Wright brothers' demonstrations of powered flight in 1908 that captivated the region.^[6]^[7] In 1908, Caudron initiated his aviation experiments by constructing gliders, which he tested at the local dunes along the Somme coast, often towing them with a horse named Luciole to simulate flight conditions. These efforts marked his transition from theoretical interest to hands-on innovation, as he collaborated briefly with his younger brother René to refine glider designs and explore propulsion methods. By the following year, he had progressed to attempts at powered flight using a rudimentary homemade engine, building on the glider framework to achieve short hops.^[8]^[6] Caudron played a pivotal role in founding the Association Aéroplanes Caudron Frères in 1909, establishing the brothers' venture in a former pottery workshop near their family farm in Romiotte, which served as both home and initial production site. In 1910, he led the design of the company's first biplane prototype, a tractor-configuration aircraft powered by a 35-horsepower Anzani engine, representing a significant leap from unpowered gliding to controlled powered aviation. This model, later designated the Type A, flew successfully and set the stage for the firm's expansion into aircraft manufacturing and pilot training.^[1]^[2] During World War I, Caudron continued testing prototypes for military use. On December 12, 1915, he perished in a flying accident near the Caudron factory at Bron airfield, east of Lyon, while evaluating the experimental Caudron R.4 bomber. At approximately 200 meters altitude, the aircraft abruptly lost lift and plummeted to the ground, resulting in the deaths of Caudron, his mechanic, and his designer; the exact cause remained undetermined, though structural failure was suspected.^[9] Caudron's legacy endures as the pioneering force in the brothers' partnership, embodying the shift from glider experimentation to viable powered aircraft that propelled the Caudron firm to prominence in early aviation. His innovative approach to design and testing influenced subsequent developments in French aeronautics, even as his untimely death at age 33 shifted leadership to his brother.^[10]

René Caudron

René Caudron was born on July 1, 1884, in Favières, Somme, France, where he grew up on his family's farm alongside his older brother Gaston. Largely self-taught in aviation, he developed skills as an aircraft designer and pioneer through practical experimentation, beginning with the construction of early gliders in collaboration with Gaston starting in 1908.^[11]^[10] The brothers formalized their partnership by founding the Caudron aircraft company in 1909, establishing a factory in Romiotte near Favières and later expanding operations.^[12] Following Gaston's death in a flying accident on December 12, 1915, René assumed full control of the company and oversaw its rapid wartime expansion, including relocations of production facilities to meet military demands.^[10] Under his leadership in the 1920s and 1930s, the firm diversified into training aircraft and racing designs, reflecting his strategic focus on broadening the company's portfolio beyond reconnaissance roles.^[6] He also directed the oversight of the 1933 merger with Renault, which integrated Caudron into a larger industrial framework while allowing continued operations under the Caudron-Renault banner.^[13] Post-merger, René navigated the challenges of industry consolidation and, following World War II, the 1945 nationalization of Renault by the French provisional government, which incorporated Caudron's assets into state-controlled entities.^[14] René Caudron made significant personal contributions to pilot training and aviation advocacy in France, notably by co-founding the École d'Aviation des Frères Caudron at Le Crotoy in 1910, one of the nation's earliest flight schools.^[10] This institution, leveraging the flat terrain of the Somme estuary, trained thousands of pilots and established Caudron as a cornerstone of French aeronautical education and fostering widespread interest in aviation.^[15] Holding French pilot license number 180, he remained an active advocate for the sector throughout his career, influencing its growth over four decades until his death on September 28, 1959, in Vron, France.^[11] His enduring legacy lies in transforming the family venture into a major force in European aviation, emphasizing innovation and accessibility in flight training.^[10]

Company History

Establishment and Pre-War Development (1909–1914)

The brothers Gaston and René Caudron, sons of farmers with a passion for aviation inspired by the Wright brothers' demonstrations, formally incorporated their venture as the Association Aéroplanes Caudron Frères in 1909 at Le Crotoy in the Somme department, where they established a civil flying school on the local beaches to support their early experiments.^[6]^[16] Lacking substantial financial resources or equipment, they relied on local funding and their own tenacity to construct initial gliders, including a horse-towed model that achieved short flights over the dunes.^[6] This modest setup marked the beginnings of organized aircraft development in northern France, with the association transforming into the Société des Avions Caudron by 1910 to formalize production efforts.^[16] In 1910, the brothers constructed their first dedicated factory in Rue, Somme, near their family farm, enabling rudimentary production of early aircraft such as gliders and the pioneering Type A biplane.^[10] The Caudron Type A, a tractor biplane powered by a 35-hp Anzani engine, debuted with initial flight tests at Le Crotoy, where it demonstrated improved stability through wing warping controls and auxiliary surfaces during local demonstrations and pilot training sessions.^[17] These activities helped generate limited revenue through civilian pilot instruction at the school, though financial challenges persisted, with operations dependent on sporadic local investments and sales rather than large-scale contracts.^[6] By 1914, wartime demands prompted the company to expand with a new facility in Lyon to increase output capacity for advanced designs like the G.3 reconnaissance biplane, which underwent successful tests and local races, including René Caudron's victory in a 93-mile event at Rheims.^[18]^[10] Early sales emerged to both civilian pilots via the training school and the French military, which placed initial orders for the G.3 in late 1913 for reconnaissance roles, providing crucial pre-war revenue amid ongoing financial strains from limited capital.^[19]^[20] This period solidified Caudron's reputation for reliable, affordable aircraft, setting the stage for wartime expansion without yet relying on major government funding.^[6]

World War I Production and Expansion (1914–1918)

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Caudron brothers responded to the French mobilization by relocating their primary production facility from Crotoy in northern France—vulnerable due to its proximity to the advancing German front—to Lyon in the safer interior, enabling continued operations amid the chaos of invasion.^[10] This move allowed them to rapidly scale up manufacturing of reconnaissance and training aircraft based on pre-war prototypes like the Type G series, which were already in limited production and adaptable for military use.^[21] To further meet surging demand from the French military, a second factory was established at Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris later in 1914, facilitating decentralized production and logistical synergies with government contracts.^[2] By 1915, Caudron's factories had introduced more efficient assembly methods for biplane construction, drawing on automotive influences to streamline wooden frame and fabric covering processes, which supported a dramatic increase in output from dozens of aircraft annually pre-war to hundreds monthly.^[10] The Lyon and Issy-les-Moulineaux plants together produced over 4,000 aircraft by the war's end in 1918, primarily reconnaissance and light bomber models supplied under major contracts to the French Aéronautique Militaire, as well as to British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service units, and Italian forces on the Alpine front.^[22]^[2] This expansion was underpinned by workforce growth from a pre-war team of around 50 to several thousand employees, incorporating skilled woodworkers, mechanics, and female laborers to address labor shortages exacerbated by conscription.^[10] The death of co-founder Gaston Alphonse Caudron on December 15, 1915, in a crash of a prototype R.4 at Bron airfield near Lyon posed a significant challenge, as he had been instrumental in design and testing; however, his brother René assumed full leadership, steering the company through material shortages and supply disruptions to sustain high-volume production.^[10]^[7] Under René's direction, Caudron prioritized reliability and rapid iteration, contributing substantially to Allied air reconnaissance efforts and helping France maintain aerial superiority in early campaigns despite the loss of key personnel.^[10] By 1918, the firm's output had become a cornerstone of the French war effort, with aircraft deployed across multiple fronts and exported to allies, underscoring Caudron's transformation from a modest workshop to a vital industrial player.^[2]

Interwar Innovations and Merger with Renault (1919–1933)

Following the end of World War I, Caudron faced severe demobilization challenges as military contracts ceased abruptly, prompting significant factory downsizing and a pivot to the civilian market for training aircraft. The company's Lyon assembly plant halted operations in 1920, reflecting the broader contraction in France's aviation sector amid economic uncertainty and slow development of commercial aviation. Leveraging wartime production experience in biplane designs, Caudron shifted focus to reliable wooden-framed trainers like the C.59, introduced in 1921, which became a staple for civil flying schools and helped sustain the firm through the early postwar years.^[23] In the 1920s, Caudron pursued innovations in multi-role biplanes and transport aircraft to capture emerging markets, producing over 1,800 units of the C.59 alone for pilot training and securing export deals to European nations such as Belgium, Finland, Spain, Bulgaria, and Turkey, as well as to countries like Argentina, Brazil, and China. These efforts included adaptations for colonial operations in French territories, where the aircraft's simplicity and low cost supported aerial surveying and training in remote areas. A notable publicity event occurred on July 30, 1921, when Swiss pilot François Durafour landed a Caudron G.3 on the Dôme du Goûter slope near Mont Blanc at 4,331 meters, the highest aircraft landing to date, demonstrating the ruggedness of Caudron designs and boosting international interest.^[24]^[19] By the early 1930s, persistent financial strains from economic depression and industry consolidation pressures eroded Caudron's independence, culminating in Renault's acquisition of a majority stake in 1933. Prompted by the French Air Ministry's push for rationalization, Renault took a controlling interest on July 1, 1933, forming the Société anonyme des avions Caudron-Renault as a semi-autonomous subsidiary that retained design autonomy while integrating Renault's advanced engine technology for enhanced performance. As the surviving founder and director, René Caudron played a central role in navigating the merger, ensuring the company's legacy continued under the new structure and facilitating synergies in propulsion systems for future models.^[13]^[25]^[26]

World War II Operations and Nationalization (1934–1959)

Following the 1933 merger with Renault, Caudron-Renault shifted emphasis toward high-performance racing aircraft to promote its designs and engines, supporting pilots in international speed record attempts and competitions during the late 1930s. In June 1934, aviator Hélène Boucher signed a contract with the company, becoming its official pilot and competing in events like the Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe race with the C.460 Rafale, which secured victories and highlighted Renault-powered innovations.^[27] Boucher set multiple world records in August 1934 aboard a Caudron-Renault C.430 Rafale, achieving an average speed of 412 km/h over 100 km and 409 km/h over 1,000 km, elevating the firm's reputation in global aviation circles.^[28] The company formed a racing team that included other female pilots like Maryse Bastié, aligning with Renault's strategy to market lightweight, high-speed monoplanes for both civilian and military applications.^[29] During the German occupation from 1940 to 1944, Caudron-Renault's factories were placed under Messerschmitt oversight, compelling the production of liaison and training aircraft for the Luftwaffe, including approximately 700 new light planes such as the Simoun (C.630) and Goéland (C.440) models, alongside licensed assembly of the Siebel Si 204.^[30] This forced collaboration strained resources and morale, as the firm was prohibited from developing new French designs while prioritizing German needs. In September 1943, Allied bombing raids severely damaged the Issy-les-Moulineaux plant, destroying buildings, debris-strewn hangars, and production lines in a targeted strike against occupied aerospace facilities.^[31] The attack, part of broader Royal Air Force operations, disrupted output but did not halt the program entirely, as operations partially relocated.^[32] After France's liberation in 1944, the provisional government nationalized Caudron-Renault in 1945 as part of the broader aerospace industry restructuring, integrating its assets into the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Nord (SNCAN) to consolidate state control over aviation manufacturing.^[33] This move, enacted under laws nationalizing key firms like Renault, aimed to purge collaborationist elements and redirect production toward Allied reconstruction, though it limited Caudron-Renault to modest output of trainers like the Goéland for postwar French and export markets.^[34] In the late 1940s and 1950s, the nationalized entity faced economic decline amid shifting priorities to jet and helicopter technologies, with Caudron's facilities repurposed for component production rather than full aircraft assembly, contributing parts to emerging rotary-wing programs under SNCAN.^[35] By 1949, related assets from the liquidated Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre were absorbed into SNCAN, further diluting Caudron's independent identity and leading to reduced operations.^[33] The firm's dissolution culminated in 1959, coinciding with the death of co-founder René Caudron, as state consolidation eliminated the brand amid postwar rationalization that favored larger national conglomerates like SNECMA.^[10] Nationalization imposed legal constraints, including asset seizures and management overhauls, which economically marginalized remaining Caudron holdings by prioritizing collective state goals over private innovation, resulting in the loss of proprietary designs and workforce dispersal.^[36]

Aircraft

Early and Experimental Models (1909–1913)

The Caudron brothers, Gaston and René, began their aviation endeavors with unpowered gliders in 1909, conducting tests on the dunes of Le Crotoy in northern France. Their initial designs featured wire-braced structures made from local wood and fabric, emphasizing simplicity and ease of construction. The first glider, a biplane configuration inspired by contemporary pioneers like the Wright brothers, achieved its maiden unpowered flight in the spring of 1909, towed by a farm horse across the sandy terrain. These early experiments allowed the brothers to refine control mechanisms, including wing warping for roll stability, while addressing basic aerodynamic challenges without the complexities of powered propulsion.^[10]^[17] Transitioning to powered flight, the brothers developed the Type A biplane in late 1909, initially flown as a glider due to engine shortages but soon equipped with a 25 hp Anzani radial engine in the A2 variant. This pusher-configured design incorporated twin tail booms, dual rudders, and chain-driven propulsion, marking their first powered prototype with a maiden flight later that year at Le Crotoy. By 1910, the Type A4 emerged as the first factory-produced model at their Rue facility, featuring a 35 hp Anzani engine in a tractor arrangement for improved forward visibility and stability, with the pilot seated exposed behind the rear wing spar. However, experimental efforts faced setbacks, including unreliable chain-drive systems that caused frequent mechanical failures during tests, limiting early reliability. Production remained modest, with fewer than 10 Type A variants built primarily for personal demonstrations and local trials.^[17]^[37] From 1911 to 1912, the Caudrons shifted toward monoplanes to pursue higher speeds, culminating in the Type N, their inaugural single-wing design that first flew in December 1911. Powered by a 30 hp Anzani engine, the Type N adopted a tractor propeller, steel-tube wing spars for enhanced strength, and wing-warping controls, supported by a simple V-leg undercarriage. This evolution reflected a design philosophy prioritizing lightweight construction using readily available materials, though engine reliability issues persisted, occasionally grounding prototypes during extended test flights. Approximately 5 to 10 units were produced for racing demonstrations and pilot training, contributing to the brothers' growing expertise in monoplane aerodynamics. By the end of 1913, the total output of all pre-war experimental aircraft remained under 20, underscoring the iterative, small-scale nature of their pioneering work.^[38]^[39]

World War I Military Aircraft

The Caudron G.3, a two-seat tractor biplane that debuted in military service in 1914, served as a foundational trainer and reconnaissance aircraft for Allied forces throughout World War I. Evolving from pre-war prototypes, it featured a sesquiplane configuration with wing-warping for control, powered by an 80 hp Gnome or Le Rhône rotary engine, enabling a top speed of around 104 km/h and stable handling suitable for novice pilots. Escadrille C.11 of the French Aéronautique Militaire was among the first units to equip with the G.3 at the war's outset, employing it for battlefield observation and artillery coordination due to its reliability and ease of flight. The aircraft's design also facilitated adaptations for night reconnaissance, with over 2,800 units produced in total, including 2,450 in France, 233 under license in the United Kingdom, and 166 in Italy, allowing widespread distribution to French, British Royal Flying Corps (RFC), and other Allied squadrons.^[40]^[41]^[42] Building on the G.3's success, the Caudron G.4 entered service in 1915 as a twin-engine pusher biplane optimized for light bombing and extended reconnaissance missions. It utilized two 80 hp Le Rhône 9C rotary engines, a wood-and-fabric airframe with a 16.8 m wingspan, and dimensions of 7.2 m in length and 2.5 m in height, achieving an empty weight of 733 kg and a gross weight of 1,232 kg. Capable of carrying up to 100 kg of bombs, the G.4 conducted early strategic raids against German targets and was valued for its good climb rate and endurance of about 3.5 hours, though its pusher configuration exposed crews to greater risk from ground fire. French escadrilles integrated it into bombardment groups like GB 3, the first dedicated night-bombing unit formed in March 1916, while the British RFC employed it for similar roles until more advanced fighters rendered it obsolete by 1917; approximately 1,358 were manufactured, with limited license production in the UK and Italy supplementing French output.^[2]^[43]^[44] Other Caudron designs, such as the R.11 reconnaissance aircraft introduced in 1918, further expanded the firm's WWI contributions by providing escort protection for bomber formations in French escadrilles and British RFC operations. The R.11, a three-seat twin-engine biplane with two 220 hp Hispano-Suiza 8B inline engines, reached speeds up to 183 km/h and a service ceiling of 5,900 m, armed with multiple Lewis machine guns for defensive fire. Its robust build supported artillery spotting and convoy escort duties in the war's final months, though production was limited to approximately 370 units amid the armistice; combat losses were relatively low due to its late entry and protective role, with adaptations including enhanced armor for observer positions. Overall, Caudron's WWI aircraft emphasized versatility in reconnaissance and training, enabling Allied air forces to scale operations rapidly through licensed manufacturing and modular designs.^[45]

Interwar Trainers and Reconnaissance Planes

Following World War I, the Caudron G.3 evolved into a key interwar trainer through post-war variants that adapted its sesquiplane design for peacetime use, building on its foundational role as an observation aircraft. Upgraded models incorporated engines like the 100 hp Anzani 10 radial or 130 hp Le Rhône variants, improving reliability and climb performance for basic flight instruction without altering the core wooden structure and fabric covering. These aircraft were extensively employed in French civilian air clubs, such as the Aéro-Club de France, to train aspiring pilots amid the aviation boom of the 1920s, and were also supplied to colonial forces in North Africa and Indochina for military familiarization flights. By the late 1920s, over 2,800 G.3 units had been produced globally, with many repurposed for these non-combat roles until obsolescence in the early 1930s.^[46]^[47] The 1920s Phalène series marked Caudron's emphasis on versatile civilian trainers and tourers, transitioning from biplane orthodoxy to more modern configurations suitable for the expanding private aviation market. The C.280 Phalène, introduced in 1932 but rooted in late-1920s design studies, was a high-wing braced monoplane with an enclosed cabin accommodating three occupants—pilot and two passengers—in tandem seating for enhanced comfort on cross-country flights. Powered by a 145 hp (108 kW) Renault 4Pdi inline engine, it offered a cruising speed of 155 km/h and a range of 850 km, making it ideal for instructional tours and light utility work; early prototypes used a 120 hp de Havilland Gipsy II for similar performance. Production exceeded 240 units across variants like the C.282/8, with many serving in French flying schools and private hands, though military adaptations such as the C.400 were tested for advanced training.^[48] Caudron's interwar reconnaissance efforts focused on observation aircraft like the C.99, a prototype developed in 1924 to meet French Army A.2 specifications for two-seat army cooperation roles. This biplane featured a conventional fuselage with improved forward visibility over earlier designs, powered by experimental engines up to 400 hp in prototypes, but it did not enter production or service. Complementing this, models such as the C.59 (1922) served dual trainer-reconnaissance duties with its 130 hp Salmson 9A radial, achieving speeds of 180 km/h in brief operational use. These aircraft exemplified Caudron's adaptation to reduced military budgets by prioritizing cost-effective, multi-role platforms.^[25] Export markets drove significant production of Caudron's interwar trainers, with approximately 500 units of models like the G.3 and C.109 series delivered abroad between 1919 and 1933. Belgium operated G.3 variants until 1928 for observation training, while Poland acquired C.109 parasol-wing tourers/trainers in the mid-1920s for its nascent air force; China received dozens of G.3s and later C.109s, using them in regional squadrons until the early 1930s. Innovations in parasol wing configurations, as seen in the C.109 (1925), elevated the high-mounted wing above the fuselage on struts to optimize downward visibility for reconnaissance and low-level instruction, a design choice that influenced subsequent French light aircraft.^[49]^[46]^[25]

Racing and Advanced Designs (1930s–1940s)

In the 1930s, following the merger with Renault that facilitated advanced engine integration, Caudron pursued high-performance racing aircraft characterized by sleek aerodynamics, cantilever wings, and retractable landing gear to minimize drag. The Caudron C.450, a single-seat low-wing monoplane developed in 1933, exemplified this approach with its wooden construction, streamlined fuselage, and a supercharged Renault 6-cylinder inverted inline air-cooled engine rated at approximately 310 hp. Piloted by Hélène Boucher, the C.450 achieved significant records, including a women's international speed record over a 100 km closed circuit of 445.028 km/h on 11 August 1934 at Guyancourt, France. Building on the C.450's success, the Caudron C.460 Rafale, introduced in 1934, refined these design principles with an even more refined elliptical wing planform and fully retractable gear, while retaining a similar Renault 6Q engine tuned to over 370 hp for competition. This racer secured victory in the prestigious 1934 Coupe Deutsch de la Meurthe, with Raymond Delmotte averaging 382 km/h over the 200 km course, and later set an absolute world landplane speed record of 504.694 km/h over 3 km on 25 December 1934 at Istres, France. The C.460's innovations contributed to multiple national and international racing triumphs, underscoring Caudron's dominance in speed events during the mid-1930s.^[50] Caudron's experimental efforts extended to military prototypes, such as the 1930s Typhon (C.640) series, a heavy twin-engine design intended as a high-speed mail carrier and potential fighter. Powered by two Renault 12R V-12 engines each producing 450 hp, the Typhon featured a cantilever low-wing structure but was plagued by excessive weight and stability issues, leading to its abandonment as a combat aircraft after limited testing in 1935. Despite these challenges, a modified variant participated in the 1937 Istres-Damascus-Paris race, highlighting Caudron's ambition in blending racing aerodynamics with practical applications.^[51]^[52] During World War II, under German occupation, Caudron shifted to producing the C.440 Goéland, a twin-engine liaison and utility aircraft with cantilever wings and fixed gear for versatility in communications roles. Equipped with two Renault 6Q inverted inline engines of 220 hp each, approximately 700 units were manufactured at the Renault Billancourt plant for Luftwaffe use as trainers, transports, and liaison planes, with some adapted for navigation and bombing instruction. This production, totaling over 1,700 Goélans across variants, marked Caudron's adaptation to wartime demands while preserving key interwar design elements like efficient wooden airframes.^[53]^[54]

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[28]
Histoire des avions Caudron-Renault (1909 - 1945 )
Oct 16, 2024 · Pour promouvoir ses avions, Caudron-Renault crée également une écurie qui alignera outre Hélène Boucher, d'autres femmes comme Maryse Bastié, ...
[29]
Le Groupe Caudron-Renault 1933-1944 : un météore de l'aviation ...
La Société des avions Caudron, issue de l'Association Aéroplanes Caudron Frères fondée en 1909, a été créée en 1910 par les frères Gaston (1882-1915) et René ( ...
[30]
Bombardement des usines Caudron-Renault : bâtiments et ...
Bombardement des usines Caudron-Renault : bâtiments et décombres, cheminées... ; Auteur(s) · Gevaert, fabricant ; Dates · 19–09–1943 ; Datation en siècle · 1ère ...
[31]
Caudron C.440 Goéland - Avionslegendaires.net
Le bombardement de l'usine d'Issy-les-Moulineaux en 1943 constitua un épisode dramatique mais non fatal pour le programme. La guerre ne mit pas ...
[32]
French Aircraft Industry Nationalization - ProHosting.com
Dec 27, 2017 · 1945: Caudron-Renault acquired by SNCA du Nord. July 1949: SNCA du Centre liquidated and assets distributed to SNCA du Nord (Bourges factory), ...
[33]
L'industrie aéronautique, été 1944-printemps 1945 - Persée
Résumé (fre). Entre une industrie dominée par les Allemands et le grand programme d'aviation de paix lancé par le gouvernement provisoire à l'automne de ...
[34]
NORD - All the World's Aircraft
Caudron-Renault was added 1945, Bourges factory of liquidated SNCAC 1949, Lyon-Villeurbanne factory of Arsenal 1953 and SFECMAS December 1954. Major ...Missing: nationalisation | Show results with:nationalisation
[35]
https://janes.migavia.com/fr/nord.html
[36]
Jane's All the World's Aircraft. 1913 - Project Gutenberg
A reprint of the 1913 edition of All The World's Air-craft. Edited by FRED T. JANE. ARCO PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. New York. First published by Sampson Low ...
[37]
Caudron N - Their Flying Machines
By the end of 1911 21 Caudrons had been built, including some new types, all with equal-span wings; No 21 was a monoplane:Missing: history specifications
[38]
Breguet's Pre-1914 Aircraft ID Challenge Index - The First Air Races
He lost his life in a flying accident in 1915. #1166 James F. Scott triplane (USA, 1909) Image Challenge * * * * * James Frederic Scott of Chicago tendered ...
[39]
Caudron G.III - Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome
The Caudron G.III was in French army service when the War began. Already in mass production, it was adopted by the Allies and was license-built in England ...
[40]
Caudron: G3 - Graces Guide
Jul 20, 2022 · The Caudron G.3 was a single-engined French biplane built by Caudron, widely used in World War I as a reconnaissance aircraft and trainer.
[41]
[PDF] Naval Aviation in World War I - Naval History and Heritage Command
Aircraft manufacturing was under- going some measure of expansion as a result of orders from abroad, but not as a result of Navy orders. Although suitable sites ...
[42]
[PDF] The Development of Military Night Aviation to 1919 - DTIC
Specifications for Night Reconnaissance Planes. L. 1. Two Compasses ... Caudron G-4: 35, 37. Centre d' Instruction pour 1'Aviation de. Chasse de Nuit ...
[43]
Caudron G.4 - bomber, reconnaissance aircraft - Aviastar.org
Wing area, 36.8 m · 396.11 sq ft ; PERFORMANCE ; Max. speed, 132 km/h, 82 mph ; Ceiling, 4300 m, 14100 ft ; ARMAMENT, 1-2 x 7.7mm machine guns, 100kg of bombs ...Missing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
[44]
Caudron R.11 Escort Fighter / Light Bomber / Reconnaissance Aircraft
In the light bombing role, the R.11 carried an ordnance load of just 265 pounds, all externally. The crew of three were all positioned along the fuselage in ...
[45]
WW1 French Naval Aviation - naval encyclopedia
The first trained pilot was Lieutenant Louis-Édouard Byasson. He was also, incidentally the world's first death in naval aviation, crashing on April 14, 1911 ...
[46]
Reconnaissance / Trainer Aircraft - Caudron G.3 - Military Factory
The G.3 first flew in prototype form prior to the war in late-1913 and was introduced in time for combat during 1914. It went on to stock various ...
[47]
Caudron C.280 Phalene - touring monoplane - Aviastar.org
Specification ; Length, 8.25 m, 27 ft 1 in ; Height, 2.05 m, 7 ft 9 in ; Wing area, 25.35 m · 272.86 sq ft ; PERFORMANCE ; Max. speed, 185 km/h, 115 mph.Missing: 1920s specifications
[48]
Caudron G.III - Belgian Wings
These aircraft were identified by their S.F.A. (Service de Fabrication des Avions) numbers as well as individual letters painted on the backside of the fuselage ...Missing: production | Show results with:production
[49]
Caudron C.460 - racing aircraft - Aviastar.org
Caudron C.460 - racing aircraft, photo, technical data, development history.
[50]
Caudron C.640 Typhon - long-range high-speed mail-carrier
The Typhon established speed records over a 5000km distance and participated in the celebrated Istres-Damascus-Paris air race in August 1937. Unfortunately it ...
[51]
Various Caudron Prototypes & Projects
May 1, 2010 · Hi, the Caudron C. 810 (first allocated) was three seat twin engined fighter project of 1940, powered by two Renault engines.Caudron designations - Secret Projects ForumJean de Chappedelaine projects - Secret Projects ForumMore results from www.secretprojects.co.ukMissing: hélicoptères 1940s 1950s
[52]
Caudron C.440 Goeland - military transport or trainer - Aviastar.org
The Germans used the Goeland as a pilot, radio and navigational trainer, for communications, and a small number had glazed noses for bomb-aimer training. In ...
[53]
Caudron C.440 (Goeland) Light Utility Military / Civilian Aircraft
"Over 1,700 Caudron C.440 Goelands were produced during a service life that covered the inter-war period, World War 2 and the early Cold War years.".Missing: liaison | Show results with:liaison<|control11|><|separator|>