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Coconut Development Board

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) is a statutory body established by the Government of India under the Coconut Development Board Act, 1979, which came into effect on 12 January 1981 to oversee the integrated development of the coconut industry nationwide. Operating under the administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the Board focuses on enhancing coconut cultivation, productivity, processing, and marketing to support farmers, particularly smallholders, and boost economic benefits from coconut products. Headquartered in Kochi, Kerala, with regional offices in Bengaluru, Chennai, Guwahati, and Patna, the CDB implements schemes for technology transfer, research, financial assistance, and quality regulation to address challenges like productivity decline and market expansion. Its core functions, as outlined in the Act, include adopting development measures for the industry, imparting technical advice to cultivators and processors, planning and executing programs for production and utilization, promoting cooperative marketing, and regulating imports and exports of coconut-related goods to ensure sustainable growth. Through initiatives like the Technology Mission on Coconut and farmer training programs, the Board aims to increase yields, diversify products (such as virgin coconut oil and coir), and integrate coconut farming with other agricultural practices for long-term resilience.

History

Establishment

The Coconut Development Board was established through the enactment of the Coconut Development Board Act, 1979 (Act No. 5 of 1979), passed by the on March 17, 1979, to create a responsible for the integrated development of the coconut industry under the control of the Union government. The legislation aimed to promote systematic growth in coconut production, processing, and marketing across the country. The Board officially came into existence on January 12, 1981, following a notification by the Central Government. It operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, which continues to oversee its functions. The establishment addressed key challenges in the coconut sector during the late 1970s, including declining productivity due to ageing plantations and pests, substantial post-harvest losses from inadequate processing infrastructure, and the absence of coordinated support mechanisms for growers and processors. These issues were particularly acute in the major producing states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, where coconut cultivation forms a vital part of the rural economy. The initial headquarters was located in , , chosen for the state's position as the leading coconut-producing region in , facilitating effective oversight and outreach to the core production areas.

Key Developments

Following its establishment under the Coconut Development Board Act of 1979, the Board marked a significant milestone in 2001 through integration into the Technology Mission on Coconut (TMOC), a central sector scheme designed to enhance research, infrastructure, and value-added product development in the coconut sector. This initiative focused on commercializing technologies for coconut processing, such as virgin coconut oil production in collaboration with the , and supported the establishment of processing units to improve farmer incomes and export potential. The TMOC's emphasis on productivity enhancement and pest management technologies represented a pivotal shift toward sustainable coconut farming practices across traditional and non-traditional growing areas. In August 2021, the Coconut Development Board (Amendment) Act, 2021, was enacted, amending the original 1979 Act to provide for of a non-executive chairman and a , thereby improving the Board's and operational efficiency. In the , shortly after the Board's inception, it spearheaded the of dedicated facilities to address challenges in coconut cultivation and utilization, laying the groundwork for long-term scientific advancements. These early efforts included collaborations with institutions like the ICAR-Central Crops , which expanded its sub-stations during this period to focus on high-yielding varieties and disease-resistant strains, directly benefiting the Board's mandate for integrated . The Board further amplified its global outreach by participating in biennial World Coconut Day celebrations starting in the 2000s, with formal observances beginning in 2009 under the Coconut Community framework. These events, hosted annually on , highlight coconut's economic and nutritional importance, fostering international partnerships and awareness campaigns that align with the Board's objectives for market expansion and sustainable practices. A major policy evolution occurred in 2024 with the Board's alignment to the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-OS) framework, incorporating coconut palm development to support broader goals of edible oil self-sufficiency through enhanced and . This was complemented by recent revisions to schemes in September 2025, announced during World Coconut Day celebrations, which increased budgetary allocations for value addition, , and climate-resilient practices to counter environmental challenges like erratic weather patterns. These updates, including higher financial assistance for replanting and units, aim to empower smallholder farmers and boost sector competitiveness.

Organizational Structure

Headquarters and Governance

The headquarters of the Coconut Development Board is located in Kochi, Kerala, where the central Secretariat is housed, serving as the primary administrative hub for the organization's operations. This location facilitates coordination of national-level activities related to coconut development, with the Secretary acting as the responsible for overall administration and implementation of Board decisions. The governing body of the Board is led by a non-executive Chairman appointed by the , ensuring strategic oversight without direct executive involvement. The Board comprises a diverse composition of members, including the , representatives from key central ministries such as , , , and , officials from coconut-growing states like , , , and , Members of Parliament, the Horticulture Commissioner, the Director of the , the Chairman of the Coir Board, coconut growers, processing industry representatives, and an expert in coconut development. This structure promotes collaborative decision-making, with the term of appointed members typically set at three years except for ex-officio positions. Administratively, the Board is organized into key divisions, including , , , extension, and , each headed by directors or joint directors to handle specialized functions such as policy formulation, budgeting, technological advancement, farmer outreach, and product promotion. These divisions operate under the Secretariat's coordination to ensure efficient execution of the Board's mandate. The organization functions under the oversight of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, . The Board maintains compliance with the , through designated public information officers and an appellate authority, enabling transparent access to information on its activities. Additionally, its outlines commitments to service delivery, including timelines for processing applications such as scheme approvals within 30-60 days, to enhance accountability and responsiveness to stakeholders.

Regional and State Network

The Coconut Development Board maintains a decentralized structure through four regional offices and six state centers to facilitate localized support for coconut cultivation and development across . The regional offices are located in (), (), (), and (), each headed by a director responsible for coordinating activities in designated zones. The office primarily covers southern non-traditional coconut-growing areas, including parts of and neighboring states, focusing on extending cultivation to new regions. The office oversees areas in , supporting traditional producers in the state and adjacent coastal zones. The office addresses northeastern outreach, promoting development in and surrounding states with emerging coconut sectors. The office handles northern expansion, aiding cultivation in and other inland northern areas. These offices collectively span the 17 major coconut-growing states, ensuring broad geographic coverage. Regional directors play a key role in overseeing the implementation of Board schemes, organizing farmer training programs on best practices, and collecting field data on production, productivity, and challenges to inform central policy. This decentralized approach enables timely interventions tailored to regional needs, such as soil-specific advisories and pest management support. Complementing the regional network, the Board operates six state centers at Pitapally (Odisha), Kolkata (West Bengal), Thane (Maharashtra), Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), and Junagadh (Gujarat). These centers provide grassroots-level assistance, including technical guidance and demonstration activities, to enhance state-specific coconut initiatives. The network's expansion began with an initial focus on southern states in the 1980s, establishing the first regional offices in Bengaluru and Coimbatore to bolster traditional production hubs. By the 1990s, outreach extended to northeastern and island regions through new state centers and the addition of offices in Patna and Guwahati, reflecting growing cultivation in diverse agro-climatic zones. Further developments, such as the state center in Gujarat established in 2022, have continued this broadening into the 2020s. These field units coordinate closely with the Kochi headquarters to align local efforts with national objectives, ensuring seamless execution of development programs.

Mandate and Objectives

Legal Framework

The Coconut Development Board was established as a statutory body under the Coconut Development Board Act, 1979 (Act No. 5 of 1979), enacted by the Parliament of India on March 17, 1979, to oversee the integrated development of the coconut industry under the control of the Union government. Section 4 of the Act constitutes the Board as a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, empowering it to acquire, hold, and dispose of property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name. The Act came into force on January 12, 1981, following notification by the Central Government. Under Section 10 of the Act, the Board is vested with functions essential to promoting the coconut industry, including providing technical advice to the on matters related to coconut , production, and marketing; conducting surveys and collecting statistics on coconut and its products; encouraging ; fostering marketing initiatives within and outside that encompass quality standards and for coconut products to enhance their competitiveness; and recommending measures for regulation. Section 9 allows the Board to appoint committees for efficient execution of these responsibilities. Additionally, the Act enables the Board to collaborate with international organizations, such as representing in the International Coconut Community (formerly the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community), to advance global coconut development efforts. The Act has undergone amendments to refine its operational framework, including the Coconut Development Board (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Act No. 21 of 1987), which introduced changes to provisions, such as adjustments to the composition of the Board by substituting "Agriculture Commissioner" with "Horticulture Commissioner" in Section 4. Act No. 4 of 1987 amended provisions in Section 13 and repealed the Copra Cess Act, 1979, ensuring financial sustainability without reliance on direct levies or cesses. More recently, the Coconut Development Board (Amendment) Act, 2021 (Act No. 22 of 2021), effective from September 1, 2021, modified Section 4 to designate the Chairman as a non-executive position, separating policy oversight from day-to-day administration while integrating the Board's role with broader national agricultural strategies, including the National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm for coconut diversification. Funding for the Board is primarily sourced from grants and loans, as stipulated in Sections 13 and 14 of the , which establish the Coconut Development Fund to receive contributions from the , approved loans, and donations from industry stakeholders with prior governmental consent; the Board may also borrow funds with guarantees for its activities.

Primary Goals

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) aims to foster the integrated development of coconut cultivation and industry across , with a core objective of enhancing production through the promotion of high-yielding varieties, systems, and improved farming practices to achieve sustainable high output levels, with production reaching 22.28 billion nuts annually as of 2024. This focus seeks to boost productivity and ensure the long-term viability of coconut farming, which supports millions of livelihoods in coastal and tropical regions. A key priority is strengthening the entire value chain by promoting value-added products such as virgin coconut oil, , and other derivatives to increase domestic consumption and expand exports, thereby making the coconut economy globally competitive. The Board emphasizes diversification into processed goods to reduce dependency on raw nut sales and enhance for producers. Sustainability forms a foundational goal, with initiatives directed toward building in coconut farming, improving through practices, and aligning efforts with national objectives like doubling farmer incomes under schemes such as PM-KISAN. These measures address environmental challenges like erratic weather patterns while promoting eco-friendly cultivation to safeguard future productivity. Inclusivity is integral to the Board's mandate, targeting smallholder farmers—who constitute over 90% of coconut producers—and supporting women-led enterprises in processing and value addition to empower marginalized groups within the sector. This approach, established under the , ensures equitable growth and broad-based economic benefits.

Functions

Cultivation and Production Support

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) plays a pivotal role in supporting coconut farmers by providing technical guidance on best practices for planting, irrigation, and pest management to optimize yields and sustainability. Through its extension network and published resources, such as the "Package of Practices for Coconut Cultivation," the Board advises on site selection, spacing (typically 7.5m x 7.5m for tall varieties), and irrigation schedules, recommending 40-50 liters of water per palm per day during dry periods to maintain soil moisture without waterlogging. For pest management, CDB promotes integrated approaches, including the use of bio-agents like neem-based formulations and pheromone traps to control rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils, reducing chemical dependency and environmental impact. To monitor and inform , CDB conducts annual surveys in collaboration with state departments, compiling comprehensive on cultivation across . As of 2023-2024, the surveyed area under stands at approximately 2.17 million , with total production reaching 21.37 billion nuts and an average productivity of 9,871 nuts per , reflecting gradual improvements through targeted interventions. These statistics, sourced from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, help identify productivity gaps, such as lower yields in senile gardens, guiding for farmer support. CDB facilitates input provision through subsidized distribution of high-quality planting materials, including dwarf varieties like Chowghat Orange Dwarf and Tall x Dwarf (TxD) hybrids, which offer earlier bearing (3-4 years) and higher nut yields (up to 250 nuts per palm annually). Under schemes like the Technology Mission on Coconut, farmers receive assistance of Rs. 56,000 per hectare in two equal annual installments (as of 2025) for new planting, along with bio-fertilizers such as Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria to enhance soil nutrient uptake and promote organic growth. A key focus is replanting senile palms over 60 years old, which constitute a significant portion of unproductive gardens; the Replanting and Rejuvenation scheme provides financial assistance of up to ₹32,000 per hectare (as of 2024-25), with further increases to Rs. 350 per seedling announced in 2025, aiming to boost overall productivity by 20-30% in affected areas. In September 2025, on World Coconut Day, CDB announced enhanced financial support, including raising sapling aid to Rs. 45 from Rs. 4 and replanting aid to Rs. 350 from Rs. 40 per seedling, to accelerate rejuvenation efforts. Extension services form the backbone of CDB's on-ground support, with demonstrations and farmer field schools conducted across 17 coconut-growing states, including , , and , to disseminate sustainable practices. These interactive sessions, often held on model farms, train over 10,000 farmers annually in techniques, such as with for natural and mulching to conserve , fostering adoption of eco-friendly methods that align with research outputs from CDB's demonstration-cum-seed production farms.

Research and Technology Transfer

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) actively engages in research collaborations with institutions like the (CPCRI) to develop and promote disease-resistant coconut varieties. A key example is the Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD), an indigenous dwarf identified and bred by CPCRI for its tolerance to root wilt disease and high potential, with an average annual production of 250 nuts per palm starting from 3-4 years after planting. The CDB facilitates the distribution of certified CGD seedlings through its farms and state centers, supporting widespread adoption in disease-prone regions like and supporting cultivation schemes for enhanced productivity. In-house efforts by the CDB focus on innovative for by-product utilization and preservation. The Board, in with the (CFTRI), , has developed a preservation for , enabling packing in pouches or aluminum cans with a shelf life exceeding six months under ambient conditions through and aseptic filling processes. Additionally, the CDB supports R&D on shell-based production via sponsored projects, converting shells into through for applications in soil amendment and , as outlined in its Technology Mission initiatives. Technology transfer forms a core component of the CDB's research mandate, achieved through workshops, technical publications, and patenting of innovations. The Board conducts training programs at its (CDBIT) for entrepreneurs on processing technologies, including the hydraulic dehusking , which automates removal to improve and in post-harvest operations. Publications such as the Indian Coconut Journal disseminate these advancements, while a fee structure (e.g., Rs. 50,000 plus ) facilitates commercialization of innovations like virgin production. On the international front, the CDB represents India's interests as a founding member of the , established in 1969, with active participation intensifying since the Board's inception in 1981. Through ICC membership, the CDB contributes to global standards, including phytosanitary measures for coconut trade, by collaborating on pest risk management protocols and exchange to address transnational threats like lethal yellowing disease. These efforts enhance international cooperation, as evidenced by joint events like World Coconut Day celebrations.

Programs and Schemes

Rejuvenation and Expansion Initiatives

The Coconut Development Board implements several targeted schemes to revitalize aging coconut plantations and extend cultivation into new regions, addressing challenges like senile palms, low productivity, and vulnerabilities. These initiatives emphasize financial support, technological interventions, and risk mitigation to sustain and grow the coconut sector. The Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS) provides coverage against yield losses from natural calamities, pests, diseases, and other perils that render palms unproductive or lead to their death. Administered by the Board, the scheme insures healthy bearing palms aged 4 to 60 years, with sum insured ranging from INR 900 to INR 1,750 per palm depending on age, and annual premiums as low as INR 9 to INR 14 per palm. Premiums are subsidized at 75%, with 50% borne by the Coconut Development Board, 25% by state governments, and the remaining 25% by farmers, making it accessible for smallholders in vulnerable areas. Under the Replanting and Rejuvenation of Coconut Gardens () programme, farmers receive financial assistance of up to Rs. 32,000 per for the cutting and removal of senile or disease-affected palms, followed by replanting with high-yielding varieties. Additional support of Rs. 40 per is provided for replanting unproductive trees, subject to a maximum of Rs. 4,000 per , aiming to restore garden density to 160 palms per and boost long-term productivity through integrated management practices. The programme targets widespread coverage, with efforts to rejuvenate approximately 1 hectares annually across traditional growing regions to counter declining yields from old plantations. The Technology Mission on Coconut (TMOC) incorporates components focused on soil amelioration and water harvesting, particularly in drought-prone areas, to enhance and conserve moisture for sustainable cultivation. These include organic recycling for soil health management and structures like farm ponds, which support integrated nutrient and water management in rainfed coconut gardens. By promoting these technologies, TMOC helps mitigate environmental stresses and improves resilience in arid and semi-arid zones. To expand cultivation beyond traditional coastal belts, the Board has launched initiatives in non-traditional areas, including northeastern states such as , through subsidized planting and demonstration farms. These efforts have increased coconut area in by approximately 20% since 2010, from around 17,000 hectares to over 20,000 hectares, fostering hybrid adoption and to diversify livelihoods in the region. These rejuvenation and expansion efforts align briefly with the broader National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) by promoting oilseed crop diversification in marginal lands.

Value Addition and Market Development

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) supports value addition in the coconut sector through its Technology Mission on Coconut, particularly under Programme II focused on processing and product development. This initiative provides financial assistance equivalent to 25% of the project cost for establishing or modernizing units producing value-added products such as virgin coconut oil, desiccated coconut, and geotextiles, with enhanced support up to 33% or 50% for small-scale units, women entrepreneurs, and SC/ST categories, capped at Rs. 50 lakhs per project. These grants aim to promote diversification from raw s to higher-margin processed goods, drawing on research-derived innovations like shelf-stable concentrates and bioactive extracts developed at CDB's . Market promotion efforts by the CDB include organizing domestic trade fairs, buyer-seller meets, and participation in international exhibitions to enhance visibility and sales of coconut products. The Board collaborates with the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Development Authority (APEDA) to facilitate exports, offering guidance on compliance, packaging, and market intelligence for products like and desiccated coconut destined for global markets. Additionally, the CDB recognizes outstanding exporters through annual Export Excellence Awards in categories such as kernel-based, shell-based, and water-based products, as exemplified by awards to companies like Ltd. for kernel products in 2024. Quality certification initiatives under the CDB emphasize standards for processed coconut products to meet domestic and export requirements. The Board supports producers in obtaining certifications like India Good Handling Practices (GHP), and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and organic labels, which are essential for accessing premium markets. Furthermore, the CDB aids in securing (GI) tags for unique coconut varieties, such as the ongoing efforts for Kuttiyadi coconut from , noted for its high oil content and drought resistance, to protect regional specialties and boost market value. In 2025, the CDB introduced revisions to its schemes, including raising the subsidy for the Area Expansion Programme from Rs. 6,500 to Rs. 56,000 per and for seedling production from Rs. 8 to Rs. 45 per seedling, alongside increased budget allocations for value addition to support micro, (MSMEs) in processing infrastructure and . These updates aim to strengthen the downstream , with a focus on sustainable processing and export-oriented growth, building on the Board's integrated approach to production, processing, and marketing.

Skill Development and Insurance Programs

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) implements skill development schemes to build capacity among in the coconut sector, focusing on practical in harvesting, , and . A key initiative is the "Friends of Coconut Tree" (FoCT) program, which trains unemployed rural aged 18-45 in safe coconut harvesting using mechanical climbing devices, , and plant protection techniques to address labor shortages in traditional farming. More than 62,000 individuals, including hundreds of women, have been trained under this program since its inception (as of 2021), enabling participants to secure or in and related activities. The scheme partners with local institutions like Krishi Vigyan Kendras and demonstration farms to deliver residential modules, emphasizing hands-on skills for sustainable livelihoods. Complementing FoCT, the CDB's Skilled Manpower Development Scheme targets employable for training in coconut technologies, including virgin extraction, desiccated , and coir-based product spinning, often conducted at Board-operated technology centers. These programs, extended through collaborations with Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and farmer groups, aim to create a skilled workforce for industry expansion, with annual batches covering hundreds of participants in specialized modules on entrepreneurship and integration. For instance, in 2019-20 alone, 1,377 received FoCT certification, while additional sessions on handicrafts and reached 195 participants in 2021-22, fostering in by-products. To enhance collective empowerment, the CDB has promoted the formation of over 1,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) since through a three-tier structure of Coconut Producer Societies (), federations, and companies, aggregating 40-100 growers per society for contiguous clusters. By 2021-22, this effort resulted in 9,787 and 747 federations nationwide, enabling members to engage in for better prices, secure institutional credit at reduced rates, and access technical inputs collectively. These FPOs, registered under the Companies Act or as cooperatives, provide a platform for smallholders to mitigate risks and scale operations, with the Board offering financial assistance for formation and . The Board's insurance programs center on the Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS), which safeguards nut-bearing palms aged 4-60 years against losses from natural perils and biotic stresses, particularly in cyclone-vulnerable coastal regions. Administered since 2000, CPIS covers events like cyclones, floods, droughts, , and pests or diseases such as root wilt and eriophid infestations, compensating for palm death or productivity loss at a subsidized premium shared between the CDB (50%), state governments (25%), and farmers (25%). This scheme integrates risk mitigation for perennial crops, complementing national frameworks like the (PMFBY) by addressing palm-specific vulnerabilities in mixed and homestead systems across 13 major growing states. Over 51,000 farmers were covered by 2013, with expansions focusing on broader enrollment in high-risk areas. Women empowerment forms a core component of these initiatives, with targeted modules for Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in value-added products like coconut shell handicrafts, snacks, and oils to promote economic independence. The CDB mandates at least 30% female participation in training programs, resulting in SHGs covering a significant share of trainees—often approaching 40% in recent cohorts—through dedicated sessions on product diversification and management. These efforts have enabled women-led groups to increase incomes by 3-5 times via coconut-based ventures, with post-training support facilitating market entry through linkages to cooperatives and expos.

Achievements and Impact

Production and Industry Growth

Under the Coconut Development Board's initiatives since its in 1981, India's coconut production has seen substantial growth, rising from approximately 5.94 billion nuts in 1981-82 to 21.37 billion nuts in 2023-24. This surge reflects the Board's efforts in enhancing practices and expanding accessible technologies, contributing to India's position as one of the world's largest producers, accounting for about 31% of global according to estimates (as of FY22). Productivity has similarly improved, increasing from 5,445 nuts per in 1981-82 to 9,871 nuts per in 2023-24, driven by programs promoting high-yielding varieties and better farm management. The coconut sector's economic footprint has expanded significantly, employing over 12 million people across , , and value-added activities. It contributes approximately Rs. 30,796 (US 3.72 billion) to India's GDP, underscoring its role in rural livelihoods and agricultural output.[75] Exports of coconut products reached US 452 million in FY23, marking a 9.8% growth from the previous year and highlighting the sector's integration into global markets. Area under coconut cultivation has more than doubled, from 1.09 million hectares in 1981-82 to 2.17 million hectares in 2023-24, including notable expansion in non-traditional regions such as the northeastern states and parts of . This growth aligns with the Board's area expansion schemes, which have facilitated a roughly 20% increase in cultivation in emerging areas through subsidies and technical support. Sustainability efforts, including the promotion of under schemes like the Technology Mission on Coconut (TMOC), have enabled a reduction in chemical inputs by up to 33% by integrating organic and practices.

Recognition and Global Contributions

The Coconut Development Board (CDB) has established a National Award scheme to recognize excellence in and related activities, including honors for the best-maintained coconut gardens, innovative product development, and outstanding exporters. These awards encompass categories tailored for small-scale farmers, highlighting sustainable practices and enhancements in diverse regions. Since their inception, the awards have been presented to individuals and organizations demonstrating superior performance, such as the 16 recipients honored in recent ceremonies for contributions across , , and . Complementing these, the CDB's Export Excellence Awards provide annual recognition to top performers in the coconut export sector, covering categories like shell-based, kernel-based, and water-based products. These awards, featuring 12 distinct categories to represent various coconut derivatives, are typically conferred during World Coconut Day events to celebrate global market contributions from exporters in states like , , and . In 2025, nine manufacturers received these honors for elevating coconut products on international platforms. On the global stage, the CDB demonstrates leadership within the International Coconut Community () through active participation in ministerial meetings and organization of key international events. Notably, the Board co-hosted the 1st International COCOHEALTH Conference in from August 19-22, 2025, fostering collaboration on health and sustainability in the coconut sector among ICC member countries. Additionally, CDB representatives attended the 60th ICC Ministerial Meeting in , , in November 2024, advancing discussions on resilient coconut economies. The Board's 2025 scheme revisions, which enhance subsidies for area expansion and value addition, have been commended in agricultural analyses for prioritizing climate adaptation and resilience against environmental challenges.

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