Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Tender

Tender is a polysemous English word originating in the Middle English period around 1225, derived from Old French tendre and Latin tener, signifying softness or delicacy.^[1]^[2] As an adjective, it describes qualities of gentleness, affection, or vulnerability, such as tender emotions expressing fondness or a tender bodily area marked by soreness when touched.^[3]^[4] In nominal usage, tender denotes a formal offer or bid, notably in legal contexts as an unconditional proffer of payment or performance to discharge an obligation, or in commercial procurement as a competitive submission for contracts.^[5]^[3] Nautically, it refers to a small vessel attendant to a larger ship, ferrying crew, passengers, or provisions.^[3] This breadth of application—from sensory delicacy to procedural and mechanical functions—stems from extensions of its core etymological sense of yielding or extendable suppleness, with no major controversies but persistent utility across domains like cuisine (e.g., fork-tender meat) and finance (e.g., tender offers in mergers).^[2]^[6]

Etymology

Origins and Semantic Evolution

The adjective "tender" entered Middle English in the early 13th century from Old French tendre, which derives from Latin tener (neuter tenerum), denoting "soft, delicate, or weak."^[6]^[2] This root traces to the Proto-Indo-European ten-, associated with stretching or tension, implying a yielding or pliant quality.^[2] Initial applications focused on physical attributes, such as fragility in youth ("tender age") or texture in substances like meat, reflecting sensory perceptions of ease in manipulation or vulnerability to damage.^[3]^[7] Semantic extension occurred by the 14th century, broadening to emotional or relational gentleness, as in expressions of fondness or compassion, where the notion of softness metaphorically applied to human sentiments or interactions.^[6]^[7] This shift paralleled broader patterns in Romance languages, where physical delicacy influenced abstract interpersonal qualities, evidenced in early English texts using "tender" for loving or considerate behavior.^[3] The verb "to tender," distinct yet related, also appeared in 13th-century English via Anglo-Norman tendre, from Latin tendere "to stretch out or extend," connoting the act of holding forth or presenting something for acceptance.^[6]^[2] By the 14th century, it specifically meant "to offer formally," evoking the gesture of extension, as in proffering payment or proposals, which differentiated it from the adjective's sensory origins while sharing a conceptual thread of outreach.^[6] This evolution was facilitated by Norman French influence post-1066 Conquest, integrating the term into legalistic contexts of presentation without implying inherent bid-related meanings at the time.^[2]

Primary Linguistic Senses

As an Adjective

As an adjective, "tender" primarily denotes a quality of softness, delicacy, or sensitivity that yields easily to pressure or touch, often implying fragility or reduced resistance in physical structures.^[3] In culinary contexts, tender meat exhibits ease of chewing due to lower levels of connective tissue, such as collagen, which, when abundant, contributes to toughness by binding muscle fibers; cuts with minimal such tissue, like filets, require less cooking time to achieve palatability without breakdown into gelatin.^[8]^[9] Similarly, tender skin describes tissue prone to bruising or soreness from minor trauma, as seen in post-injury sensitivity where underlying capillaries rupture easily under force.^[10] Medically, tenderness in joints signifies localized pain elicited by palpation, a hallmark of inflammation where immune responses cause swelling and heightened nociceptor activity; for instance, in inflammatory arthritis, affected joints display warmth, redness, and tenderness alongside stiffness lasting over an hour in the morning.^[11] This physical manifestation contrasts with mere softness by incorporating pain response, verifiable through clinical examination rather than subjective report alone.^[12] Emotionally, "tender" characterizes affections expressed through gentle, protective behaviors, such as careful handling or soothing actions, rather than abstract sentiment; historical psychological descriptions link it to observable responses like embracing with restraint to avoid harm, rooted in compound states of care observable in interpersonal interactions.^[13] The phrase "tender feelings" thus grounds in evident conduct, like reduced force in touch during vulnerability, avoiding conflation with unmeasurable introspection.^[14] In reference to youth, "tender age" indicates a stage of physical and experiential vulnerability, where individuals lack resilience to stressors due to immature skeletal and neural development; this usage appears in medieval English literature by the 1300s, as in records of heirs at "such a tender age" implying incapacity for full agency, reflecting empirical observations of dependency rather than romanticized innocence.^[15]

As a Verb

The verb tender refers to the formal act of presenting something for acceptance, such as offering payment to discharge a debt or submitting a resignation to conclude employment. This sense emphasizes an unconditional proffer backed by immediate capability, distinguishing it from mere intent or negotiation. In legal usage, tender requires demonstrable readiness—such as holding exact legal tender or a valid instrument—to establish a causal basis for performance, ensuring the offeree can accept without delay or condition.^[16]^[17] Etymologically, tender traces to Latin tendere ("to stretch out"), via Old French tendre ("to offer"), conveying the physical and metaphorical extension of an item or proposal. The English verb sense of formal offering emerged around 1200 CE, evolving into contractual applications by the late medieval period as common law prioritized verifiable actions over oral assurances.^[2]^[18] By the 15th century, amid the rise of assumpsit actions for breach, tendering performance in disputes demanded empirical proof, such as producing goods or funds, to avoid forfeiture of remedies.^[19] In contemporary contract law, particularly under U.S. principles, improper tender—lacking unconditional offer, precise amount, or present ability—fails to trigger discharge or equitable relief, voiding related claims like demands for specific performance. For instance, a debtor must produce cash or equivalent on demand; a check alone may suffice commercially but risks dishonor, underscoring courts' insistence on tangible readiness to causally resolve obligations rather than deferral based on good faith alone.^[20]^[21] This rigor prevents disputes from intent mismatches, as evidenced in cases where unproven tender bars recovery, enforcing accountability through documented capability.^[22]

Technical and Industrial Applications

In Rail Transportation

A tender in rail transportation is a dedicated railcar attached behind a steam locomotive to store fuel—such as coal, wood, or oil—and water for boiler operation, enabling extended runs without frequent stops for replenishment. This configuration was standard for steam-powered motive power from the early 19th century through the mid-20th century, as locomotives were designed with limited internal capacity to prioritize boiler and mechanical efficiency.^[23]^[24] Tenders varied in size by locomotive class and route demands; for instance, those paired with 4-8-4 "Northern" types, introduced in the 1920s and peaking in the 1930s-1940s, typically carried 20,000 to 25,000 US gallons of water and 10 to 20 tons of coal, supporting high-speed freight and passenger services across North American networks.^[25]^[26] Design progressed from rudimentary wooden or early iron frames in the 1820s, often with fewer axles and basic bunkers, to robust steel structures by the 1930s featuring 8 to 12 axles for better weight distribution, U-shaped water tanks encircling fuel spaces, and aerodynamic fairings on streamlined models to cut air resistance.^[23]^[27] These evolutions addressed engineering challenges like axle loading, which influenced track stress—multi-axle tenders kept loads under 20-25 tons per axle on heavy mainlines—and overall train dynamics, with loaded tenders weighing 150,000 to over 400,000 pounds, roughly matching or exceeding the locomotive's engine weight.^[28] Post-World War II, tenders fell into disuse as diesel-electric locomotives, which stored fuel internally and required no water, proliferated for their lower maintenance, quicker startup, and operational flexibility; U.S. railroads dieselized rapidly from 1945 onward, with steam operations largely ending by 1960.^[29] Electrification in regions like Europe and parts of the U.S. further obviated steam tenders by powering locos via overhead lines. While no commercial revivals have occurred by 2025, select tenders endure on heritage lines, such as those with Union Pacific's preserved 4-8-4 No. 844, for excursion services.^[25]^[27]

In Maritime Contexts

In maritime contexts, a tender denotes a small auxiliary vessel designed to transport personnel, provisions, or equipment between a larger ship—typically anchored offshore—and the shore, another vessel, or a fixed platform. These craft facilitate operations in areas where deep-draft ships cannot approach due to shallow waters, congested harbors, or environmental restrictions, serving as logistical extensions of the primary vessel's capabilities.^[30]^[31] Historically, tenders evolved from simple rowed dinghies in 18th-century naval fleets to powered launches by the early 20th century, enabling efficient personnel shuttling and supply runs amid limited basing infrastructure, as seen in pre-World War II Pacific operations where they compensated for sparse naval facilities.^[32] During World War II, the U.S. Navy employed specialized tenders for combat support, including seaplane tenders displacing around 8,000 tons, measuring 492 feet in length with a beam of 69 feet 6 inches, and achieving speeds of 16.5 knots via turbine engines producing 8,500 horsepower; these vessels maintained aircraft operations and provided repair services to extend fleet endurance in forward areas.^[33] Smaller utility boats, such as 50-foot tenders, handled mine diving and noise measurement tasks, often powered by motors for short-range ferrying under wartime conditions.^[34] Such designs prioritized durability and rapid deployment, with armament additions like 40-mm Bofors guns reflecting adaptations to aerial threats based on operational experience.^[35] In modern civilian and naval applications, tenders underpin cruise ship excursions in tender ports—where vessels like those serving ports with shallow drafts or protected reefs ferry hundreds of passengers daily—and crew transfers to offshore oil platforms, utilizing aluminum or composite hulls for weights as low as 139 kg in electric models to enhance portability and fuel efficiency.^[36]^[37] Seaworthiness is quantified through intact stability assessments, requiring a positive metacentric height (GM) to counteract heeling moments from waves or uneven loading, ensuring the vessel remains upright with righting arms exceeding 0.2 radians at 30-degree heel angles per international standards.^[38]^[39] These metrics, derived from hydrostatic calculations and inclining experiments, underscore causal factors like low center of gravity and hull form in preventing instability, rather than relying on unverified operator anecdotes.^[38]

Economic and Legal Uses

Procurement and Bidding Processes

A tender in procurement constitutes a structured mechanism whereby government or private entities issue formal invitations to suppliers to submit priced offers for goods, services, or construction contracts, typically via sealed bids to mitigate collusion risks and promote transparency.^[40] In sealed bidding, submissions remain confidential until public opening, with evaluation centered on the lowest-priced, compliant bid, followed by contract award without post-submission negotiations.^[41] This process underpins global public procurement volumes estimated at $13 trillion annually, representing about one-third of total government spending worldwide.^[42] In 2024, procurement practices shifted toward multiple-award contracts to sustain competition across task orders, exemplified by U.S. federal Multiple Award Schedules totaling $51.12 billion, up from prior years amid efforts to balance efficiency with small business access.^[43] Competitive tendering delivers verifiable cost efficiencies, with empirical analyses indicating savings of 10-30% through intensified bidding pressure, as observed in U.S. Department of Defense procurements and Spanish auction data where higher bidder participation correlated with reduced contract prices.^[44] ^[45] Nonetheless, government tenders face persistent critiques for enabling cronyism, wherein discretionary award practices favor politically connected incumbents over merit, inflating costs via favoritism documented in procurement favoritism studies across EU and developing contexts.^[46] ^[47] Such distortions undermine competitive ideals, as evidenced by elevated spending concentrations signaling corrupt influences rather than market-driven outcomes.^[48] Digital platforms have accelerated e-tender adoption in the EU and U.S. since 2024, streamlining submissions via certified online portals that lower entry barriers and enhance auditability, per OECD assessments of procurement digitalization initiatives.^[49] Looking to 2025, forecasts project expanded cross-border tenders in infrastructure and IT sectors, driven by infrastructure megaprojects prioritizing competitive global sourcing to avert monopolistic delays and supply bottlenecks.^[50] These trends counter inefficiencies from incumbent dominance, fostering broader supplier participation amid rising demands for resilient networks.^[51]

Legal Tender and Currency

Legal tender refers to designated forms of money that must be accepted as payment for debts, public charges, taxes, and dues within a jurisdiction, typically at face value, though private parties are not federally compelled to accept it for goods or services. In the United States, 31 U.S.C. § 5103 establishes that coins and currency, including Federal Reserve notes, constitute legal tender for all such obligations.^[52] This status ensures creditors cannot refuse payment in the specified currency to discharge a debt, but acceptance beyond debts—such as for private transactions—remains discretionary, as no federal statute mandates businesses to accept cash.^[53] The concept originated in 17th-century English legislation, such as coinage acts that standardized metallic currency to curb debasement, clipping, and counterfeiting, thereby stabilizing domestic trade and international exchange in an era of fragmented coin qualities.^[54] These laws evolved to enforce specific coins or tokens as valid for settling obligations, addressing the causal disruptions from variable money quality that hindered commerce under commodity-based systems reliant on gold and silver. Empirical analysis of historical monetary regimes shows that commodity standards, like the classical gold standard from 1870 to 1914, correlated with lower average inflation rates—often near zero or deflationary—due to money supply constraints tied to metal stocks, contrasting with fiat systems where central banks expand currency untethered to physical reserves.^[55] Fiat legal tender, decoupled from commodities, facilitates monetary expansion that empirically drives inflation, as evidenced by the U.S. dollar's post-1971 trajectory following President Nixon's suspension of gold convertibility, which severed the Bretton Woods link and enabled unchecked issuance. From 1971 to 2024, the dollar has lost approximately 85-96% of its purchasing power, measured by consumer price index data, reflecting cumulative inflation exceeding 500-700% amid fiat flexibility that critics argue distorts price signals and incentivizes government deficits over market discipline.^[56] Under historical gold standards, inflation averaged 0.5-1% annually across major economies, with volatility tied to gold discoveries rather than policy discretion, underscoring causal realism in how untethered supply erodes value preservation compared to asset-backed tenders.^[57] Government monopolies on fiat tender, while stabilizing short-term liquidity, systematically enable seigniorage and debasement, as monetary aggregates correlate more strongly with price rises under fiat than commodity regimes.^[58] Enforcement varies globally, with many nations limiting compulsion to public debts or capping amounts to accommodate digital payments and private discretion. In Canada, while Bank of Canada notes and coins retain legal tender status for debts, the 2013 phase-out of penny distribution—coupled with policies allowing transaction rounding and no mandate for private cash acceptance—effectively reduces enforcement for small sums, prioritizing efficiency over strict universality.^[59] Similar patterns appear in the European Union, where euro legal tender applies primarily to debts but permits refusal for non-debt transactions, reflecting adaptations to low-cash economies without undermining core debt settlement functions.^[60]

Corporate Tender Offers

A corporate tender offer involves a bidder, often an acquirer in a merger or acquisition, publicly inviting shareholders of a target company to sell their shares at a specified price, typically at a premium above the current market value, within a defined period. This mechanism facilitates direct share purchases from shareholders, bypassing board approval in hostile takeovers, and is commonly structured as a two-step process: an initial tender for a majority stake followed by a backend merger to acquire remaining shares.^[61]^[62] In the United States, tender offers are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Williams Act of 1968, which mandates detailed disclosures about the offer's terms, bidder intentions, and financing sources, along with a minimum 20-day open period allowing shareholders to withdraw tenders and a requirement for pro-rata acceptance if oversubscribed. These rules aim to protect shareholders from coercive tactics by ensuring informed decision-making and equal treatment. A prominent historical example is the 1988 leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), where competing bids escalated to a record $25 billion tender offer at approximately $109 per share, highlighting how premiums can drive shareholder participation in contested deals.^[63]^[64]^[65] Empirical analyses indicate that tender offer success correlates with premium levels, with successful bids offering premiums about 13 percentage points higher than unsuccessful ones, particularly when seeking majority control, as higher premiums incentivize tendering amid uncertainty. In venture capital contexts, premiums in late-stage private company tenders were at or below last-round valuations in 83% of cases examined in early data, though elevated premiums (over 20%) have historically boosted completion rates by signaling bidder commitment.^[66] By 2025, tender offers have surged as a liquidity tool for late-stage private companies amid prolonged pre-IPO timelines, with the median age of venture-backed firms at IPO reaching 13 years from founding, up from prior norms, enabling employee and early investor exits without full public listings. Venture Capital Journal estimated a $300 billion liquidity opportunity from such tenders, driven by firms like those in AI and fintech staying private longer due to abundant private capital and market volatility. Deal counts for tenders in 2025, especially among unicorns valued $1-10 billion, are projected to exceed 2024 levels, with platforms reporting average subscription rates of 75% and participation around 50% in executed offers.^[67]^[68]^[69] These offers empirically deliver shareholder value through premiums and partial liquidity, promoting efficient capital reallocation from mature privates to emerging ventures, though they carry risks of pricing opacity in illiquid private markets and potential manipulation via selective participation caps. Unlike traditional public tenders, VC-driven ones often prioritize controlled exits over hostile dynamics, mitigating some coercion but raising concerns over valuation accuracy without broad market pricing.^[70]^[71]

Cultural References

In Music and Entertainment

Tender is a British electronic music duo formed in London in 2015 by Dan Cobb and James Cullen, specializing in alt-pop and indietronica with themes of personal emotion and relationships.^[72] The pair self-released their debut EP Armour in 2015, followed by Tender EP II in 2016, before signing with Partisan Records for their full-length debut album Modern Addiction on September 1, 2017.^[73] Subsequent releases include Fear of Falling Asleep in 2019 and FLUX in 2024, which have cultivated a dedicated indie audience through festival performances and streaming platforms, though without major mainstream chart breakthroughs.^[74] In popular music, "Tender" stands out as a 1999 single by the English rock band Blur from their album 13, released on February 22 and debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart, where it held for one week amid sales of over 200,000 copies in its first week.^[75] The track, co-written by band members Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James, and Dave Rowntree, features gospel-influenced backing vocals and lyrics exploring romantic longing and emotional fragility, earning critical praise for its melodic accessibility during Blur's transition to experimental Britpop.^[75] Another prominent example is "Tender Love" by American R&B group Force M.D.'s, released in November 1985 from their album Chillin', which reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 4 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart, driven by its smooth production by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.^[76] The song's slow-dance appeal and harmonious vocals contributed to its enduring radio play and inclusion in soundtracks like Krush Groove.^[77]

In Literature and Media

F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel Tender Is the Night, published in book form on April 12, 1934, after serialization in Scribner's Magazine from February to May of that year, chronicles the psychological unraveling of psychiatrist Dick Diver and his marriage to the mentally unstable heiress Nicole Warren amid the expatriate American community on the French Riviera during the 1920s.^[78]^[79] The narrative explores themes of mental illness, professional ambition eroded by personal indulgence, and the fragility of human relationships, drawing from Fitzgerald's own experiences with his wife Zelda's schizophrenia and their Riviera lifestyle.^[80] Initial sales totaled approximately 12,000 copies within three months, underperforming compared to Fitzgerald's earlier works like This Side of Paradise, though posthumous editions and critical reevaluations elevated its status as a literary classic.^[81] Critics have noted the novel's autobiographical undertones, with Dick's decline mirroring Fitzgerald's struggles with alcoholism and Zelda's institutionalizations, though Fitzgerald revised the structure multiple times to emphasize thematic depth over direct self-portraiture.^[82] A 1962 film adaptation directed by Henry King, starring Jason Robards Jr. as Dick and Jennifer Jones as Nicole, condensed the story into a melodrama focusing on marital discord but received mixed reviews for diluting the novel's psychological nuance, earning a 6.0/10 average rating on IMDb from nearly 1,000 user assessments.^[83] Other media titles incorporating "Tender" include J.R. Moehringer's 2005 memoir The Tender Bar, a coming-of-age account of the author's youth in a Long Island bar serving as surrogate family amid absent parents, which sold steadily as a bestseller and inspired a 2021 film directed by George Clooney featuring Ben Affleck, garnering a 6.7/10 IMDb rating from over 36,000 votes for its nostalgic tone despite critiques of sentimentalism.^[84]^[85] These works highlight "tender" as evoking emotional vulnerability in narrative contexts, distinct from literal or economic usages.

References

[1]
tender, adj. & n.³ meanings, etymology and more
There are 31 meanings listed in OED's entry for the word tender, 11 of which are labelled obsolete. See 'Meaning & use' for definitions, usage, and quotation ...
[2]
Tender - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Old French tendre and Latin tener, "tender" means soft, delicate, youthful, and to offer formally, including payment or legal offer.
[3]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tender
[4]
TENDER | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
TENDER meaning: 1. gentle, loving, or kind: 2. (of part of the body) painful, sore, or uncomfortable when touched…. Learn more.
[5]
tender | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
Tender is to unconditionally offer money or performance to meet an obligation. The term most commonly arises in the context of the contractual sale of goods.
[6]
'Tender' and Its Not-So-Delicate History | Merriam-Webster
(The etymological consensus is that tender in "chicken tender" is a shortening of tenderloin. That tender was first served up some time in the late 20th century ...
[7]
Tender - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender.
[8]
Understanding What Happens To Meat When You Cook It, Part 2
Oct 30, 2016 · When meat is cooked, it becomes tender as the high temperature forces the proteins to denature. It is the connective tissue that makes the meat tough.
[9]
Contribution of collagen and connective tissue to cooked meat ...
Variations in the quantity and thermal stability of collagen in intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) play a role in variations in cooked meat tenderness.
[10]
What's the difference between soft and tender? - Quora
Aug 27, 2018 · Another example where "tender" is used: "my face still feels tender from when I was punched." Here is means it's still painful or sore.What does it mean if someone is tender?What is so fragile that when you say its name you break it?More results from www.quora.com
[11]
Inflammatory Arthritis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Apr 17, 2023 · Inflammatory arthritis includes a group of arthritis accompanied by joint pain, swelling, warmth, and tenderness in the joints, and morning stiffness that ...
[12]
Chronic inflammation and your joints - Harvard Health
Jul 1, 2021 · ... inflammation is part of the healing process. Puffy, red, tender joints may indicate that your immune system is working to remove damage and ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[13]
TENDER definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
A tender is a formal offer to supply goods or to do a particular job, and a statement of the price that you or your company will charge.
[14]
The Measurement of Positive Valence Forms of Empathy and Their ...
Apr 12, 2019 · Convergent validity with other empathy measures (e.g., that tap empathic concern – the tendency to experience sadness or tender feelings for ...
[15]
Coming of Age and the Family In Medieval England - Academia.edu
1300) recollected that the male heir's father “was of such a tender age when the heir's mother was pregnant that it was commonly said he could not have ...
[16]
3-603. TENDER OF PAYMENT. | Uniform Commercial Code | US Law
TENDER OF PAYMENT. (a) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the effect of tender ...Missing: common | Show results with:common
[17]
Tender: Understanding Its Legal Definition and Implications
Tender refers to the act of offering something, typically payment, to another party. In legal terms, it can mean presenting an unconditional offer to enter into ...
[18]
Tender - Definition, Meaning, Synonyms & Etymology - Better Words
' This Old French term itself has its origins in the Latin word 'tendere,' meaning 'to stretch' or 'to extend.' Over time, 'tender' evolved in English to ...<|separator|>
[19]
[PDF] THE HISTORY OF CONTRACT IN EARLY ENGLISH EQUITY
contract in the common law during the fifteenth century. Assumpsit need not be considered, for it did not become available as a contractual action till 1504.
[20]
§ 2-511. Tender of Payment by Buyer; Payment by Check. | US Law
Tender of payment is a condition for delivery, sufficient if current in business, but payment by check is conditional and defeated by dishonor.Missing: common | Show results with:common
[21]
[PDF] Tender: A Requirement for Equitable Jurisdiction and Relief. A 16th ...
When a complaint is dismissed for failure to make a proper tender, the first ... failed to recognize the distinction between rescission at law and rescission in ...
[22]
Chapter 34 Legal Tender: A Notion Associated with Payment in
Legal tender is money that, if tendered by a debtor in payment of his monetary obligation, may not be refused by the creditor.
[23]
Steam Locomotive Tenders
Most steam locomotive tenders consisted of a fuel bunker (that held coal or wood) surrounded by a "U" shaped (when viewed from the top) water jacket.Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
[24]
Locomotive | Definition, History, Design, Types, & Facts - Britannica
Oct 5, 2025 · The tender of a typical European main-line locomotive had a capacity of 9,000 kg (10 tons) of coal and 30,000 litres (8,000 gallons) of water. ...Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
[25]
“Living Legend” Northern No. 844 - Union Pacific
Weight. 907,980 lbs. or 454 tons Engine & Tender ; Length. 114 ft. 2-5/8 in. Engine & Tender ; Tender Type. 14-wheeled ; Water Capacity. 23,500 gallons ; Fuel.
[26]
Big Boy No. 4014 - Union Pacific
Tender Type. 14-wheeled ; Water Capacity. 25,000 galons ; Fuel. No. 5 Oil (2019 - present) Coal 56,000 lbs. (1941-1961) ; Gauge of track. 4 ft. 8-1/2 in. ; Cylinder.
[27]
Steam locomotive tenders have a life of their own - Trains Magazine
Oct 16, 2023 · During their operating years it was common, for example, to replace an original, smaller tender with a larger one from a retired sister.
[28]
4-8-4 "Northern" Steam Locomotives in the USA
The four wheel trailing truck supported a larger firebox for maximum steam levels allowing for extra boiler capacity. ... Used as an auxiliary water tender for PM ...
[29]
Post-war Railroads - History | HowStuffWorks
Apr 17, 2008 · Meanwhile, diesel locomotives began to replace steam engines as the nation prepared for war. Literally everything moved by rail during the ...
[30]
The Essential Guide to Tender Boats: Versatility and Benefits - OUCO
Oct 16, 2024 · A tender boat is a small vessel designed to support larger ships by transporting people, supplies, or equipment between the main vessel and the shore or ...
[31]
What Is a Tender Boat on a Cruise? What Is a Tender Port?
Dec 3, 2024 · Tender boats are specifically designed to carry groups of passengers to and fro, with safety and stability in mind.
[32]
Tending to a Distributed Maritime Operation: The Ongoing Need for ...
Sep 12, 2023 · Tenders were the product of a pre-World War II shortage of appropriate naval bases in the Pacific and proved their worth in the hard island- ...
[33]
Ships of the US Navy, 1940-1945 - Seaplane Tenders - Ibiblio
Apr 14, 2006 · Displacement: 8,000 tons · Length: 492' · Beam: 69'6" · Draft: 23'2" · Speed: 16.5 knots · Turbine engines; 8,500 h.p. · Built at Todd-Pacific ...Missing: landing | Show results with:landing
[34]
Boats of the United States Navy
These range in size from as small as a 9 foot dinghy to as large as a 135 foot Landing Craft Utility. ... 50' Mine Diving Tender, 092. 50' Noise Measuring ...
[35]
Historic Fleets - 'The Busy Lady' | Naval History Magazine
By the time the Yosemite entered the Fleet, even tenders bristled with antiaircraft weapons, wartime experience having proved the 40-mm Bofors and 20-mm ...
[36]
Tender Boats on a Cruise: What They Are & How They Work
Simply put, they're smaller boats that ferry passengers between the cruise ship and shore when the ship can't dock directly at a port. These smaller vessels ...
[37]
ZeroJet Powered Offshore Cruising Tenders (OCT) Range
Weighing in from 139 kg (307 lbs), the ZeroJet OC Tender is so lightweight, yet powerful and spacious. This is your chance to experience advanced electric ...
[38]
Understanding Intact Stability of Ships - Marine Insight
Jan 25, 2021 · This field of study deals with the stability of a surface ship when the intactness of its hull is maintained, and no compartment or watertight tank is damaged.
[39]
Ship stability criteria - a crucial safety matter
Feb 3, 2020 · For a ship to be considered seaworthy and safe it must be designed to remain stable and afloat in all conditions, whether intact or damaged.
[40]
Part 14 - Sealed Bidding - Acquisition.GOV
Sealed bidding is a contracting method using competitive bids, public opening, and awards. It involves preparing invitations, publicizing, submitting, ...
[41]
Sealed Bidding Procedures | www.dau.edu
Sealed bidding involves: preparing invitations, publicizing, submitting, evaluating bids, and awarding a contract. It is a major federal procurement procedure.
[42]
Public Procurement Statistics 2025 - 25 Key Figures
Global procurement is estimated at 13 trillion annually, which is no surprise considering the role of public procurement in the community.
[43]
Increasing GSA Schedules and GWACs in Federal Procurement
Aug 11, 2025 · The use of GSA Schedules, consolidated under Multiple Award Schedule (MAS), reached $51.12B in FY24, up from $46.56B in FY21, and averages at ...
[44]
[PDF] further econometric evidence on the extent and sources of - Dialnet
... cost savings associated with competitive tendering analyze U.S. Department of Defense data and report savings in the range of 20-30% per year (see Carrick ...
[45]
An empirical analysis of the impacts of competition on procurement ...
Aug 5, 2024 · This paper empirically analyses the effect of a competitive environment on the cost of procurement. We exploit a dataset based on the Spanish procurement award ...
[46]
Discretion and Favoritism in Public Procurement - Oxford Academic
Since the temptation to engage in corruption increases with contract value, many countries, including the United States and most EU countries, use procurement ...
[47]
Procuring Low Growth: The Impact of Political Favoritism on Public ...
Mar 14, 2025 · The country's public procurement is also vulnerable to corruption risks, which typically push prices up, leading to overspending. To support ...
[48]
Assessing Vulnerabilities to Corruption in Public Procurement and ...
May 20, 2022 · Spending concentration (by organization, by year) can also be a sign of corrupt practices as corruption could lead to a higher concentration of ...
[49]
[PDF] Digital transformation of public procurement (EN) - OECD
Jun 12, 2025 · Today, the digital transformation of public procurement encompasses a wide range of initiatives, from establishing online portals for sharing ...
[50]
Global Tender Trends 2025: Where Businesses should be looking
Oct 1, 2025 · Infrastructure projects continue to dominate procurement budgets in 2025. Many governments are prioritizing roads, bridges, airports, and urban ...
[51]
The impact of competitive tendering on operational costs and market ...
The results reveal that: (i) implementation of CT significantly lowered operational costs; and (ii) market concentration increased.
[52]
31 U.S. Code § 5103 - Legal tender - Law.Cornell.Edu
United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all ...
[53]
Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form ...
Jul 21, 2020 · There is no federal statute mandating that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept currency or coins as payment for goods or services.
[54]
[PDF] The Governmentâ€™s License To Create Money - Cato Institute
Over generations, and particularly during the 17th century, the rule of law gradually replaced the discretion and avarice ofdespotic monarchs. This transi- tion ...
[55]
[PDF] Gold, Fiat Money and Price Stability
The average is 1.78 percent, about half of the estimate for the gold standard era. Although the average inflation rate was higher during the fiat standard, the ...
[56]
https://www.equiti.com/sc-en/news/market-insights/the-debasement-of-the-us-dollar-a-long-descent/
[57]
(PDF) Return to Gold-Based Monetary System - ResearchGate
The results show that the rate of inflation and the value of world gold are much lower and more stable during the gold standard phases than the fiat money.
[58]
Money, Inflation, and Output under Fiat and Commodity Standards ...
We find that under fiat standards, the growth rates of various monetary aggregates are more highly correlated with inflation and with each other than they are ...
[59]
About legal tender - Bank of Canada
Some central banks demonetize bank notes after legal tender status has been removed, which means that they cease to honour their face value. In other words, ...Missing: 2013 | Show results with:2013
[60]
Legal Tender: Definition, Economic Functions, and Examples
Legal tender is the officially recognized money that a country or jurisdiction must accept for settling debts and financial obligations within its borders.
[61]
Tender Offer vs. Merger in M&A | Difference + Examples
We compare the structure of tender offers vs. mergers with real life examples. Discover the advantages and disadvantages of 1-step and 2-step mergers.
[62]
Tender Offer (US) | Practical Law - Westlaw
A tender offer is an offer to purchase some or all of a corporation's publicly traded stock directly from the company's stockholders with cash.
[63]
Understanding the Williams Act: Shareholder Protections and ...
The Williams Act is a federal law enacted in 1968 that defines the rules of acquisitions and tender offers.
[64]
Tender Offer FAQs - SEC.gov
A tender offer must comply with the rules and regulations of the SEC, which include certain disclosure requirements, minimum offering periods, withdrawal rights ...
[65]
HISTORY OF THE RJR NABISCO TAKEOVER - The New York Times
Dec 2, 1988 · The RJR Nabisco takeover began with a $17B offer, escalated to $24.88B, and was won by Kohlberg, Kravis at $109/share.
[66]
Determinants of Tender Offer Premiums - jstor
Premiums in successful of- fers are 13 percentage points higher than those in unsuccessful attempts, and premiums in of- fers where the bidder seeks majority ...
[67]
Startups are staying private longer thanks to alternative capital - CNBC
Oct 7, 2025 · The median age of companies that have gone private so far this year is 13 years since founding, up from a median of 10 years in 2018, according ...
[68]
https://www.venturecapitaljournal.com/tender-offers-a-300bn-liquidity-opportunity/
[69]
[PDF] PRIVATE MARKET LIQUIDITY: A REVIEW OF TENDER OFFERS
Tender offer deal count for 2025 is on track to far exceed 2024, driven primarily by companies with valuations between $1 billion and $10 billion.Missing: late- stage
[70]
Tender offers are helping fill the gap left by venture capital's IPO lull
Sep 12, 2025 · Late-stage tender offers have also seen an increase in subscription rate, which measures the amount of demand from potential buyers that sellers ...Missing: premiums | Show results with:premiums
[71]
Staying Private and Tender Offers | Morgan Stanley at Work
In 2024, for tender offers executed on our platform, we saw an average subscription rate of 75% and an average participation rate of 50%.
[72]
TENDER - Nettwerk Music Group
Since forming in 2015, TENDER have become masters of balancing bedroom pop intimacy with festival-sized ambition, with their superbly composed alt-pop songs ...
[73]
TENDER reveal trippy new single 'cutting grass' off upcoming album ...
Jul 30, 2024 · Since their 2015 formation, the year in which they released their first EP, 'Armour' followed by 2016's 'Tender EP II' and their debut full- ...
[74]
TENDER | Spotify
Albums ; FLUX. Album • 2024 ; Fear of Falling Asleep. Album • 2019 ; Modern Addiction. Album • 2017 ...Missing: chart | Show results with:chart
[75]
TENDER – BLUR - Official Charts
"Tender" peaked at 2 on the Official Singles Chart on 06/03/1999, and 85 on the Official Singles Sales Chart on 06/02/2025.
[76]
Tender Love | Top 40 Chart Performance, Story and Song Meaning
Tender Love – Force M.D.'s | Top 40 Chart Performance, Story and Song Meaning. Chart Performance: Pop (#10), R&B (#4) and Adult Contemporary (#2); 1986. Story ...
[77]
Force M.D.'s - Tender Love - TV80s
Originally recorded for the Krush Groove soundtrack, “Tender Love” quickly became a chart success all on its own. It climbed to No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 ...<|separator|>
[78]
Tender Is the Night: Full Book Summary - SparkNotes
A short summary of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. This free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of Tender Is the Night.Missing: themes | Show results with:themes
[79]
Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald | Summary & Analysis
More than a simple story of estrangement and infidelity, Tender Is the Night grapples with the complexity of human relationships and the manipulations and ...
[80]
F. Scott Fitzgerald and mental illness in Tender is the Night
Jan 23, 2017 · However, Tender is the Night more acutely corresponds to Leffel's deficit theory of schizophrenia which dehumanizes the mentally ill by viewing ...
[81]
How F. Scott Fitzgerald's Writing Process Will Make You a Better Writer
Sep 18, 2025 · His novel Tender is the Night, published in 1934, sold even fewer, a mere 12,000 copies. Yet, despite these disappointments, Fitzgerald didn't ...
[82]
Psychoanalyzing Fitzgerald's 'Tender is the Night' - Beatin' Paths
Jan 4, 2022 · Scott Fitzgerald considered his final novel, Tender is the Night, to be his finest work. It is heavily based in the reality of his own life in ...Missing: summary themes
[83]
Tender Is the Night (1962) - IMDb
Rating 6/10 (998) "Tender is the Night" has its moments of greatness, in particular toward the end and who can fault the acting of such a stellar cast.
[84]
William Monahan On Adapting J.R. Maguire's Memoir “The Tender ...
Jan 10, 2022 · The Tender Bar is based on JR Moehringer's touching, best-selling memoir about a boy yearning for surrogate fatherly guidance in Manhasset, Long Island.<|control11|><|separator|>
[85]
The Tender Bar (2021) - IMDb
Rating 6.7/10 (36,564) The Tender Bar: Directed by George Clooney. With Ben Affleck, Tye Sheridan ... The script is already a book adaptation. Tye Sheridan is my favorite ...The Tender Bar · Watch the Trailer · Full cast & crew · Parents guide