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Collier

A collier is a person employed in the coal industry, most commonly referring to a coal miner who extracts coal from underground seams, though the term historically also encompassed coal merchants and charcoal producers.^[1] The word derives from Middle English "colier," meaning one who works with coal, with its earliest recorded use dating to the late 14th century in reference to charcoal production before evolving to focus on coal mining in the 16th century.^[2] In maritime contexts, a collier can denote a bulk cargo ship designed specifically for transporting coal, a role that became prominent during the Industrial Revolution to supply fuel to factories, ships, and cities across Europe and North America.^[1] Colliers played a pivotal role in the development of the Industrial Revolution, particularly in Britain, where coal mining expanded rapidly from the 18th century onward to power steam engines, ironworks, and textile mills, transforming economies and urban landscapes.^[3] In Scotland, colliers faced uniquely harsh conditions as hereditary bondsmen tied to collieries under feudal-like laws from the 17th century, effectively functioning as slaves who could not leave their employment without permission and whose children were bound to the same labor from age five or six; this system persisted until partial reforms in 1775 and full emancipation in 1799.^[4] English and Welsh colliers, while not formally enslaved, endured dangerous underground work involving long hours, poor ventilation, and frequent accidents like explosions and collapses, which spurred early labor movements and safety legislation such as the Mines Act of 1842 that banned women and children under 10 from underground labor.^[5] By the 19th century, colliers formed a distinct working-class culture in mining communities, contributing to trade unions like the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (founded 1889), which advocated for better wages, shorter hours, and nationalization of the industry amid strikes such as the 1926 General Strike.^[6] In the United States, colliers were central to Appalachian coal regions from the late 19th century, facing similar perils and organizing through unions like the United Mine Workers of America, which achieved key victories including the eight-hour day in 1898.^[7] The profession declined sharply post-World War II with the rise of alternative energy sources, automation, and environmental regulations, reducing employment from over a million in the UK in 1920 to around 7 million globally as of 2020 and fewer than 500 in the UK as of 2022; today, most colliers work in Asia, particularly China and India.^[3]^[8]

In the coal trade

As an occupation

A collier, historically, refers to a person engaged in the production, transport, or sale of coal, encompassing roles such as a coal miner, coal merchant, or charcoal burner.^[2] In its earliest usage, the term denoted a charcoal maker and seller, notorious for practices like short-weighting customers.^[2] The word "collier" derives from late 14th-century Middle English "collere," an agent noun formed from "col," meaning "coal" or "charcoal," with roots tracing to Old English "col" and further to Proto-Germanic *kula(n).^[2] By the 1590s, the meaning had shifted to specifically denote a "digger in a coal mine," reflecting the growing importance of coal extraction as wood shortages intensified in England.^[2] This evolution paralleled the transition from charcoal-based to coal-based economies, where colliers became integral to early industrial processes. During the Industrial Revolution (c. 1760–1840), colliers played a pivotal economic role in Britain by supplying coal that powered steam engines, factories, and emerging transport networks, enabling the mechanization of production and widespread urbanization.^[9] Coal output surged from approximately 2.5–3 million tons annually in 1700 to 224 million tons by 1900, with colliers numbering around 220,000 by 1851, directly supporting industrial expansion and the growth of cities through affordable fuel for railways, canals, and gas lighting.^[9] Their labor facilitated key innovations, such as Abraham Darby's 1709 coke-fired blast furnace at Coalbrookdale, which reduced reliance on charcoal and scaled iron production for machinery.^[9] Labor conditions for colliers in British coal pits during the 18th and 19th centuries were notoriously harsh, characterized by long hours, dangerous underground work, and minimal protections, often leading to high injury and fatality rates—over 1,000 deaths annually by 1870.^[10] Children as young as 8 and women worked in mines until the 1842 Mines and Collieries Act banned underground employment for females and boys under 10, prompted by reports of appalling conditions including flooding, explosions, and physical abuse.^[10] Unlike craft guilds that regulated medieval trades, colliers lacked formal guilds and instead formed early trade unions in response to wage disputes and exploitation, though these were often suppressed until the mid-19th century.^[11] In Scotland, colliers exemplified extreme exploitation, bound to specific mines as hereditary laborers under the 1606 Colliers and Salters Act, which treated them akin to serfs and prohibited leaving without severe penalties until emancipation in 1799.^[4] Working six-day weeks in narrow, unventilated pits, often with family members including children as young as 4, Scottish colliers supplied coal for the booming salt industry in regions like Fife and East Lothian, contributing to local economic growth but at the cost of generational servitude.^[4] Their efforts underpinned Britain's coal-dependent urban expansion, as cheap fuel from such pits powered the migration of workers to industrial centers like Manchester and Glasgow.^[9]

As a facility

A colliery refers to a coal mine and its integrated surface infrastructure, encompassing underground workings for extraction, processing areas for sorting and washing coal, and facilities for loading and selling the output. This comprehensive setup distinguished collieries from simple pits, enabling efficient operations from seam to market.^[12]^[13]^[14] The development of collieries originated in 16th-century England, when coal mining surged amid shortages of wood for fuel, particularly in northern regions like Durham and Northumberland. By the mid-1500s, the trade expanded significantly, with coastal export via Newcastle marking early commercialization. This laid the groundwork for industrialized mining, as collieries evolved from rudimentary open-cast sites to structured operations with shafts and buildings.^[15] The 19th-century coal boom accelerated colliery growth during Britain's Industrial Revolution, driven by demand for steam power in factories, railways, and ships. Production rose from about 5.2 million tons annually in 1750 to 62.5 million by 1850, exceeding 100 million tons by the 1870s, prompting deeper shafts and mechanized facilities across coalfields. A notable example is the Deep Navigation Colliery in South Wales, where sinking began in 1873 to access steam coal seams, exemplifying the era's push for high-output sites.^[16]^[17] Operationally, collieries centered on vertical shafts or horizontal drifts to reach seams, often exceeding 1,000 feet deep by the 19th century, with multiple pits for ventilation and haulage. Key machinery included steam engines for critical functions: early atmospheric engines like Newcomen's 1712 design pumped water from flooded workings, while later rotary models by Watt from the 1780s powered winding gear to lift coal tubs via cages. Processing involved screening and washing to prepare coal for sale, all coordinated from surface headframes. However, safety challenges persisted, as methane gas (firedamp) ignited by open flames caused devastating explosions; the 1812 Felling Colliery disaster in Durham, triggered by such an ignition, killed 92 miners and spurred early ventilation reforms.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] Collieries formed economic hubs of the Industrial Revolution, providing mass employment and fueling Britain's global dominance in manufacturing. By the early 20th century, the industry supported over 1 million workers, with peaks around 1.19 million in 1920 amid high demand. Output culminated at 287 million tons in 1913, underscoring collieries' role in generating wealth through exports and domestic energy supply, though at the cost of hazardous labor conditions. Workers known as colliers performed extraction tasks within these facilities.^[22]^[23]^[24]

As a type of ship

A collier is a bulk cargo ship designed or used to carry coal. Early evidence of coal being transported by sea dates to 1306, when coal was used in London, indicating the beginnings of maritime coal trade.^[25] In the 18th century, colliers were typically wooden sailing vessels, known as collier brigs, employed in the British coastal trade to transport coal from the northeast ports like Newcastle-upon-Tyne to London and other southern destinations. These ships were built with flat bottoms and minimal draught to maximize cargo capacity while navigating shallow coastal waters, often carrying loads of around 200 to 300 tons. By the 19th century, the design evolved to include larger holds resistant to coal dust accumulation and potential explosions, with features like reinforced structures to handle the abrasive cargo.^[26]^[27]^[28] The transition to steam-powered iron-hulled colliers began in the mid-19th century, pioneered by shipbuilders like Sir Charles Palmer at his Jarrow yard, which rapidly replaced wooden sailing vessels for greater efficiency in bulk transport. These steam colliers typically ranged from 200 to 500 tons and operated on established routes such as the UK to continental Europe, supporting industrial demands for coal. Sailing and steam colliers coexisted into the early 20th century, but the fleet's role in naval logistics became prominent during conflicts, including World War II, where British colliers formed vital convoys to deliver coal from northeast England to London, often under escort to counter submarine threats.^[29]^[30] Post-World War II, the demand for colliers declined sharply due to the global shift from coal to oil as the primary fuel for ships and industry, rendering many vessels obsolete by the mid-20th century. Notable examples include the Royal Navy's use of colliers for wartime replenishment, such as those supporting fleet operations, highlighting their critical but unglamorous role in sustaining naval power.^[31]^[32]

Geographical locations

In the United States

Collier County is located in southwestern Florida and was established on May 8, 1923, from the southern portion of Lee County. Named after Barron G. Collier, a prominent land developer, the county has a population of 375,752 as recorded in the 2020 United States Census. Its county seat is Naples, and the area is renowned for the affluent city of Naples on the Gulf Coast and its adjacency to Everglades National Park, which draws millions of tourists annually for ecotourism, wildlife viewing, and outdoor recreation.^[33] Collier City is a residential neighborhood in Pompano Beach, Broward County, Florida, characterized by its urban-suburban mix of single-family homes, apartments, and community facilities. Bounded by major thoroughfares, it features local amenities such as the Collier City Branch Library and proximity to highways for easy access to nearby Fort Lauderdale. The area emphasizes community development through initiatives focused on housing and economic revitalization.^[34]^[35] Collier Cone is a prominent cinder cone in the Cascade Range of central Oregon, rising to about 7,534 feet and located within the Three Sisters Wilderness area of the Deschutes National Forest. This volcanic feature, formed during Pleistocene eruptions, is accessible via trails like the Pacific Crest Trail and provides opportunities for hiking amid alpine meadows, glaciers, and forested lands managed for conservation and recreation.^[36] Collier Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, with a population of 7,940 as of the 2020 United States Census, historically associated with coal mining communities.

Outside the United States

Collier Row is a suburban locality in the London Borough of Havering, situated north of Romford in Greater London, United Kingdom. Originally a rural area with farmsteads dating back to medieval times, it underwent significant residential expansion beginning in the late 19th century and accelerating through the interwar and post-World War II periods to accommodate London's overspill population.^[37] This development transformed Collier Row into a densely populated residential neighborhood characterized by semi-detached houses, local shops along Collier Row Road, and community facilities like parks and schools. The area retains some historic elements, such as Grade II-listed buildings from its agrarian past, amid modern suburban infrastructure.^[37] Colliers is a small town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, located along the western shore of Conception Bay. According to the 2021 Census of Population, it has 613 residents, reflecting a slight decline from 654 in 2016, with a density of approximately 25 people per square kilometer.^[38] Historically a fishing community reliant on the cod fishery, Colliers features a harbor that supports local inshore fishing operations and marine activities.^[39] The town's economy also benefits from Newfoundland and Labrador's broader offshore oil and gas sector, with residents commuting to related support roles in nearby St. John's, contributing to a median after-tax family income of $77,500 in 2020.^[38] Collier Park, located in Como within the City of South Perth, Western Australia, serves as a key recreational hub featuring a 27-hole public golf course designed to international standards. Opened in the 1970s, the facility includes three nine-hole courses—the Pines, Lakes, and Island layouts—catering to golfers of all levels with practice areas, a driving range, and a clubhouse. As of 2025, the course is undergoing redevelopment, with construction expected to start late in the year.^[40]^[41] Surrounding the golf course is natural bushland typical of the Perth region's Swan Coastal Plain, providing walking trails and habitats for native wildlife, which enhances its role as a green space for community leisure and biodiversity conservation.^[42] Collier Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean in the remote Kimberley region of northwestern Western Australia, holds profound indigenous significance for Aboriginal Traditional Owners, including the Worrorra and other language groups. The bay's dramatic landscapes, shaped by extreme tides up to 12 meters, encompass ancient rock shelters at sites like Raft Point, where Wandjina spirit figures and other rock art depict cultural narratives dating back at least 24,000 years.^[43] These artworks, part of a continuous 40,000-year-plus occupation of the Kimberley, illustrate ancestral laws, Dreamtime stories, and environmental knowledge, underscoring the area's role in ongoing cultural practices and heritage protection efforts.^[44]

People

With the surname Collier

Napheesa Collier (born September 23, 1996) is an American professional basketball player who plays as a power forward for the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).^[45] She was selected sixth overall in the 2019 WNBA Draft after a standout college career at the University of Connecticut, where she earned All-American honors.^[46] Collier has been a key contributor to the Lynx, earning the 2024 WNBA Defensive Player of the Year award and helping the team reach the WNBA Finals that year. In the 2025 season, she earned All-WNBA First Team honors and was a leading candidate for league MVP.^[47] Internationally, she won gold medals with the U.S. women's national team at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and the 2024 Paris Olympics, marking her as a two-time Olympic champion.^[48] Barron Gift Collier (March 23, 1873 – March 13, 1939) was an American advertising entrepreneur and one of the most influential business figures in early 20th-century Florida.^[49] Born in Memphis, Tennessee, he pioneered streetcar and outdoor advertising, building a vast empire that included over 3,000 billboards across the U.S. by the 1920s.^[50] Collier invested heavily in Southwest Florida's development, acquiring over 1.3 million acres of land and funding infrastructure projects like the Tamiami Trail highway.^[51] His efforts led to the creation of Collier County in 1923, named in his honor, transforming the region from swampland into a hub for agriculture, real estate, and tourism.^[52] Paul Collier (born April 23, 1949) is a British economist specializing in development economics, particularly issues affecting Africa's poorest nations.^[53] He serves as Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford, and was director of the Centre for the Study of African Economies from 1994 to 2015.^[54] Collier gained international prominence with his 2007 book The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, which analyzes the challenges facing the world's 58 least-developed countries—home to about one billion people—and proposes strategies like aid reform, military intervention in conflicts, and trade policies to break poverty traps.^[55] The book, which won the Lionel Gelber Prize, has influenced global policy discussions on development and conflict resolution.^[56] Robert James-Collier (born September 23, 1976) is a British actor best known for his television roles in period dramas.^[57] He rose to fame playing the scheming footman Thomas Barrow in the ITV/PBS series Downton Abbey (2010–2015), a role that earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012.^[58] Prior to Downton Abbey, James-Collier portrayed Liam Connor in the long-running soap opera Coronation Street (2006–2008).^[59] His other credits include the BBC series The Bay (2019–present) and films such as The Riddle (2007).^[60] John Collier (May 4, 1884 – May 8, 1968) was an American social reformer and government official who served as Commissioner of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[61] A progressive advocate for Native American rights, he championed the "Indian New Deal," a policy shift aimed at reversing decades of assimilationist practices by promoting tribal self-governance and cultural preservation.^[62] Collier was the principal architect of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which ended land allotment, restored surplus lands to tribes, and established frameworks for tribal constitutions and economic development.^[63] His tenure marked a significant departure from prior federal policies, though it faced criticism from some tribes for its paternalistic elements.^[64]

With the given name Collier

Collier is primarily a surname of English origin, derived from an occupational term for a coal worker or dealer, but it has occasionally been adopted as a given name in modern times, particularly in the United States.^[65] This usage emerged prominently in the 20th century, often within family naming traditions where surnames are repurposed as first names to honor lineage or heritage.^[66] As a given name, Collier is considered unisex, though it is more frequently given to boys and remains quite rare overall, ranking as the 19,115th most popular male name in the U.S. with an estimated 297 bearers.^[67] In recent years, its popularity has been modest, with 48 boys named Collier in 2024, placing it at approximately the 2,705th spot for male names.^[68] Notable individuals bearing Collier as a given name include Collier Cobb (1862–1933), an American geologist, educator, and real estate developer who served as a professor of geology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and contributed to studies on coastal sands and soils.^[69] Another example is Collier Schorr (born 1963), an American artist and fashion photographer renowned for her portrait series featuring adolescents, which blend realism with fictional elements and explore themes of youth and identity; her work has been exhibited at institutions like the Whitney Museum of American Art.^[70] These figures illustrate the name's sporadic adoption in professional and creative contexts, reflecting its ties to American family customs rather than widespread cultural trends.^[71]

Other uses

Publications

Collier's magazine, originally launched as Collier's Once a Week in April 1888 by Irish-American publisher Peter Fenelon Collier, was a prominent American general interest periodical that evolved into a key platform for fiction, investigative journalism, and social commentary.^[72] Renamed Collier's Weekly in 1895, it gained widespread popularity for its blend of serialized stories, humor, and hard-hitting exposés, particularly during the Progressive Era when it became a leading venue for muckraking journalism that targeted corporate abuses and political corruption.^[73] Under editors like Samuel Hopkins Adams, the magazine published influential series such as "The Great American Fraud" in 1905–1906, which exposed the dangers of patent medicines and spurred regulatory reforms.^[74] The publication's historical role extended to championing progressive causes, including labor rights and antitrust efforts, with its circulation peaking at over 2.5 million copies weekly by the early 1940s amid its coverage of World War II events.^[75] During the war, Collier's featured groundbreaking articles, such as William L. Laurence's October 1944 piece on the atomic bomb project, one of the first public discussions of nuclear weapons development.^[75] By the mid-1950s, however, rising competition from television and other media led to declining ad revenues, culminating in the magazine's cessation of publication with its final issue dated January 4, 1957.^[72] Another significant publication associated with the Collier name is Collier's New Encyclopedia, a comprehensive illustrated reference work issued by P.F. Collier & Son from 1902 to 1929.^[76] Originally conceived as a 20-volume set but published in 10 bound volumes with loose-leaf updates for self-revision, it included over 500 illustrations and 96 maps, covering topics from history and science to biography in an accessible format for general readers.^[77] Distinct from the later Collier's Encyclopedia (1952–1990), this earlier edition emphasized visual aids and modular updates to maintain relevance, reflecting the publisher's commitment to affordable, user-friendly knowledge dissemination during the early 20th century.^[76]

Businesses and organizations

P.F. Collier & Son was an American publishing house founded in 1875 by Peter Fenelon Collier, an Irish immigrant who began as a book salesman and established the company as a major subscription-based publisher in New York.^[78] The firm specialized in affordable multi-volume sets of classic literature and historical works sold through installment plans, achieving significant scale by the early 20th century with sales exceeding 30 million books in the 1900–1910 decade.^[79] It expanded into encyclopedias, notably producing Collier's New Encyclopedia in the 1920s and later Collier's Encyclopedia starting in 1949, though the company was eventually acquired and restructured as part of Crowell-Collier Publishing in 1919.^[80] The Barron Collier Companies, a U.S.-based diversified holding company headquartered in Marco Island, Florida, traces its origins to the ventures of Barron Gift Collier Sr., who built a fortune in streetcar advertising in the early 1900s before shifting focus to Florida land development after visiting the state in 1911.^[49] By the 1920s, Collier Sr. had acquired over 1.3 million acres in Southwest Florida, contributing to infrastructure projects like the Tamiami Trail highway and establishing early telephone, railroad, and newspaper services in the region, which laid the foundation for Collier County.^[49] Today, the company operates in real estate development—including commercial, residential, and agricultural properties—as well as mineral management and oil exploration, maintaining a portfolio that reflects its century-long commitment to responsible land stewardship in Southwest Florida.^[49] Colliers International Group Inc., founded in 1976 in Canada as a partnership of real estate firms, has grown into a global diversified professional services and investment management company specializing in commercial real estate advisory, brokerage, and asset management.^[81] As of 2024, it employs 22,940 professionals operating in more than 60 countries, delivering services such as property management, valuation, and investment consulting to clients worldwide. The firm reported annual revenues of $4.82 billion in 2024, with $99 billion in assets under management.

Science and nature

In taxonomy, the abbreviation "Collier" serves as an authority for species descriptions in zoology, particularly in marine biology and ichthyology. Albert Walker Collier (1910–2009), an American marine biologist and founding member of the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, contributed to studies on shellfish and aquatic organisms, influencing classifications in phycology and microbiology.^[82] Glen E. Collier, an ichthyologist and professor emeritus at the University of Tulsa, advanced the genetic and molecular phylogeny of Neotropical killifishes in the family Rivulidae through seminal research, including analyses of over 70 taxa using mitochondrial DNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships and biogeography.^[83] His work, spanning more than 25 years, has shaped classifications of genera like Rivulus and Epiplatys, emphasizing dispersal patterns in Central and South American freshwater ecosystems.^[84] Natural features bearing the name Collier include prominent geological formations. Collier Glacier is a temperate valley glacier in the Cascade Range of Oregon, United States, situated on the northwest flank of North Sister volcano at elevations above 2,400 m, covering approximately 0.7 km² as of recent measurements.^[85] It has experienced significant retreat, losing over 60% of its volume since the early 20th century due to climate warming, with studies documenting its mass balance through direct observations and photographic records dating back to 1910.^[86] In Antarctica, the Collier Hills form a group of mainly ice-free hills in the Heritage Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, located between the mouths of Schanz and Driscoll Glaciers where they join Union Glacier, at coordinates around 79°42′S, 83°24′W.^[87] These hills, named after Robert Collier of the 1962–63 University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, expose bedrock in a region critical for paleontological and glaciological research.^[88]

References

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1. One that produces charcoal. 2. A coal miner. 3. A ship for transporting coal. Examples of collier in a Sentence.
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noun col· liery ˈkäl-yə-rē plural collieries : a coal mine and its connected buildings Examples of colliery in a Sentence
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a mine from which coal is dug, and all the buildings, machines, etc. connected with it: The Earth Centre is built on the site of a former colliery.
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The path climbs steadily through the mountain forest, passing a side trail that leads to Spring Lake at the 0.75-mile mark.
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before the extensive development of Collier Row between the end of nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Although a later rebuild, the ...
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Collier Park Golf is a 27 hole international standard public golf course, driving range and practice facility located in the heart of South Perth.
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[46]
Napheesa Collier Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft ... - WNBA
Led the Lynx across the board (22 points, 11 rebounds, five assists) Aug. 6 in Atlanta, becoming the fourth player in team history to register a 20/10/5 effort ...
[47]
Napheesa Collier - USA Basketball
Honors: 2015 FIBA U19 World Cup All-Tournament Team. 2024: Helped the Women's National Team to a record eighth-straight gold medal, the longest Olympic gold ...
[48]
Minnesota Lynx Forward Napheesa Collier Named to 2024 All ...
Oct 16, 2024 · Collier won her second Olympic gold medal with the United States Women's National Team in Paris on Aug. 11. The 2024 WNBA Defensive Player ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Napheesa Collier | Team USA
2-time Olympian; 2-time Olympic medalist (2 gold). Olympic Games Paris 2024, gold (Team - Women); Olympic Games Tokyo 2020, gold (Team - Women). Athlete News.
[50]
The History of Barron Collier Companies | Marco Island, FL
Barron Gift Collier Sr. founded the company, his sons took over after WWII, and the company grew to include agriculture, real estate, and oil.Missing: magnate | Show results with:magnate
[51]
Barron G. Collier ... Father of Streetcar Advertising - Historic Memphis
Memphian Barron G. Collier founded a dynasty based on his development of streetcar advertising in America. He went on to develop the state of Florida.Missing: magnate | Show results with:magnate
[52]
Who was Barron Collier, and how did he shape Southwest Florida?
Mar 16, 2025 · Barron Collier was a self-made advertising magnate who shaped Southwest Florida by investing in infrastructure, establishing the first ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[53]
[PDF] The Collier Story - Naples
Barron Gift Collier, founder of Collier County, saw it as a paradise, purchased Useppa Island, and founded the Naples Daily News. He died in 1939.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[54]
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries… | Oxford Martin ...
Economist Paul Collier writes persuasively that although nearly five billion of the world's people are beginning to climb from desperate poverty.
[55]
The Bottom Billion - Hardcover - Paul Collier - Oxford University Press
Free delivery 25-day returnsPaul Collier reveals that fifty failed states--home to the poorest one billion people on Earth--pose the central challenge of the developing world in the ...
[56]
The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What ...
In the universally acclaimed and award-winning The Bottom Billion, Paul Collier reveals that fifty failed states--home to the poorest one billion people on ...
[57]
Paul Collier: The "bottom billion" | TED Talk
May 28, 2008 · Around the world right now, one billion people are trapped in poor or failing countries. How can we help them? Economist Paul Collier lays ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
Robert James-Collier - Biography - IMDb
Robert James-Collier was born on September 23, 1976 in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. He is an actor, known for his role as Thomas Barrow in Downton ...
[59]
Robert James-Collier - IMDb
Robert James-Collier was born on September 23, 1976 in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. He is an actor, known for his role as Thomas Barrow in Downton ...Biography · Actor · 1 of 61 · The Inheritance
[60]
Robert James-Collier - Actor - TV Insider
Actor · Birth Date: September 23, 1976 · Age: 49 years old · Birth Place: Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, UK · Credits · Photos.
[61]
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2015/11/30/indian-new-deal/
[62]
Indian New Deal - Pieces of History - National Archives
Nov 30, 2015 · Collier set out to reform Indian policy after President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to serve as the head of the BIA in 1933. The Collier ...
[63]
John Collier Envisions an Indian New Deal - History Matters
John Collier's appointment as Commissioner of Indian Affairs by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 marked a radical reversal—in intention if not always in effect—in ...
[64]
[PDF] Native Americans and the New Deal: The Office Files of John Collier ...
With the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the liberal and Indian reformer John Collier was nominated and confirmed as Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian ...
[65]
American Indians and the New Deal
The IRA was the brainchild of Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, an appointee of President Franklin Roosevelt. The law protected and restored land to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
Collier - Baby Name Meaning, Origin, and Popularity for a Boy
The name Collier is a boy's name of English origin meaning "coal miner". This occupational surname could find new life with those wishing to honor someone in ...
[67]
Collier - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - The Bump
This British pick has been around since the mid-1600s and was originally used as an occupational name for a "coal miner." Although the coal days are largely ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[68]
First Names COLLIER National Statistics - MyNameStats.com
COLLIER is ranked as the 19115th most popular given name in the United States with an estimated population of 297. This name is in the 92nd percentile, this ...
[69]
Collier as a First Name - The Name Geek
79 people named Collier were born in the U.S. in 2024. It was the 2,705th most popular name for boys, and the 4,161st most popular overall. The popularity of ...
[70]
Cobb, Collier | NCpedia
As a youth, Cobb, with his eleven brothers and sisters, was educated at home by his mother. A precocious child, he wrote, illustrated, and printed his own ...
[71]
Collier Schorr - Art21
Collier Schorr was born in New York City in 1963 and attended the School of the Visual Arts, New York. Best known for her portraits of adolescent men and ...
[72]
https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=colliers
[73]
Collier's archives - The Online Books Page
Collier's was a popular American magazine of literature and journalism, published in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was briefly revived in the 21st.
[74]
Edited by Arthur Weinberg and Lila Weinberg | The Muckrakers
In stockFrom 1902, when it latched onto such mass circulation magazines as Collier's and McClure's, until it merged into the Progressive movement in 1912, muckraking ...
[75]
Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871–1958): Journalist and Muckraker - NIH
In 1905, he moved to Collier's Weekly, where he wrote a series of 11 searing and sensational articles on “The Great American Fraud,” the patent medicine ...Missing: era | Show results with:era
[76]
[PDF] Television and the Decline of Fiction in Magazines
In April 1888, Collier started. Collier's Once a Week, a magazine devoted to ... During WWII, CW's circulation reached 2.5 million. In the October 14, 1944 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[77]
Catalog Record: Collier's new encyclopedia : a loose-leaf and...
Language(s): English ; Published: New York : P. F. Collier, [c1921] ; Subjects: Encyclopedias and dictionaries. ; Physical Description: 10 v. col. front, illus., ...Missing: 1902 1929 Son
[78]
Timeline of encyclopedias
1902, General knowledge · Collier's New Encyclopedia is first published. Originally designed to include 20 volumes, it would be considered one of the top ...
[79]
Collier, Peter Fenelon | Dictionary of Irish Biography
... founding P. F. Collier & Son Ltd in 1875. The marked success of the use of an instalment plan led him to use it as the means to expand his business, and in ...
[80]
An Up and Down History of Collier's Magazine from Founding to ...
Collier's, founded in 1888 by Peter Finley Collier, would experience many ups and downs throughout it's history, peaking as an important muckraking magazine in ...
[81]
archives.nypl.org -- Crowell-Collier Publishing Company records
In 1895 the name of the magazine was changed to Collier's Weekly: An Illustrated Journal. The magazine was noted for its half-tone news pictures that flourished ...
[82]
Colliers - 2025 Company Profile, Team, Funding & Competitors
Oct 29, 2025 · Colliers is a public company based in Toronto (Canada), founded in 1976 by Bill Mcharg, George Duncan and Robert Mccuaig.
[83]
About | Colliers
Colliers named to TIME's world's best companies 2025 list. Recognized as one of the top companies in the world for employee satisfaction, revenue growth, and ...Colliers' group · Colliers logo · Colliers Japan video · U.S. Leadership
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Colliers named one of Forbes' World's Best Employers 2025
Oct 22, 2025 · With over $5.0 billion in annual revenues, a team of 24,000 professionals, and more than $100 billion in assets under management, Colliers ...
[85]
Lunar Craters - Fourmilab
The following table lists all named lunar craters. Click on the crater name to view the Moon centred on that crater. Longitude in red indicates a far-side ...
[86]
[PDF] 92553-May 2010 QNL final.indd - National Shellfisheries Association
Jul 24, 2010 · Albert Walker Collier. 1910–2009. Albert Walker Collier was the last surviving founding member of the. American Institute of Fishery Research.
[87]
Phylogeny of the Neotropical Killifish Family Rivulidae ...
Phylogenetic relationships of 70 taxa representing 68 species of the Neotropical killifish family Rivulidae were derived from analysis of 1516 nucleotides ...
[88]
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES: Family RIVULIDAE
... Glen E. Collier, University of Tulsa University (Oklahoma, USA), for his “pioneering” and long-term (25 years) genetic and molecular contributions to ...
[89]
Collier Glacier
Until 1924, Collier Glacier extended from the saddle between North and Middle Sister to the base of Collier Cone (Mountain, 1984; McDonald, 1995).Missing: Antarctica | Show results with:Antarctica
[90]
Collier | orglaciersinst - Oregon Glaciers Institute
Collier is a large glacier on the northwest flank of North Sister. It is one of the most studied glaciers in Oregon, with direct observations of its mass ...
[91]
Collier Hills - Australian Antarctic Data Centre
A group of mainly ice free hills located between the mouths of Schanz and Driscoll Glaciers where the two join Union Glacier, in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth ...
[92]
Union Glacier - Antarctic Place-names Committee
... Collier Hills are named for Robert Collier, member of the 1962-63 University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party. Donald and Ronald Ridges are named for ...