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Computer operator

A computer operator is a professional who monitors and controls electronic computers and peripheral equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, or other data in accordance with operating instructions, including tasks such as loading input/output media like tapes or disks, entering commands, and resolving processing errors to maintain system efficiency.^[1] This role requires knowledge of computer system functions, the ability to interpret console messages, and skills in diagnosing issues like equipment failures or invalid data inputs.^[2] The profession originated in the 1950s alongside the rise of commercial electronic computers, where operators managed manual workflows in data processing centers, such as loading job tapes, monitoring console lights, and distributing printouts from mainframe systems like the IBM 7094.^[3] By the 1960s and 1970s, computer operators formed a significant workforce—peaking at over 117,000 in the U.S. in 1970—overseeing control consoles, handling punched cards, and ensuring hardware uptime in environments dominated by batch processing.^[3] Their labor-intensive duties influenced the development of early operating systems in the late 1950s, as groups like SHARE sought to automate scheduling and resource allocation to reduce reliance on human intervention.^[3] In contemporary settings, particularly within U.S. federal classifications like the GS-0332 series, computer operators focus on operating digital systems in complex environments, including multiprogramming setups where they adjust job priorities, restart systems, and direct junior staff during shifts, though the role demands independent judgment rather than supervisory authority.^[2] However, the occupation has declined sharply due to automation, desktop computing, and outsourcing; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projections from 2012 to 2022 anticipated a 17% employment drop, and the role was reclassified in 2018 into the broader "Computer Occupations, All Other" (SOC 15-1299) category due to diminishing numbers, with actual employment continuing to decrease thereafter.^[4]^[5] As of May 2023, the broader category encompasses about 422,000 jobs, but dedicated computer operator roles remain limited.^[6] Today, remaining positions often emphasize monitoring networked systems and peripheral devices in specialized sectors like government or legacy mainframe operations, with skills in operating systems such as MVS/JES2.^[2]^[7]

Historical Development

Origins in Early Computing

The role of the computer operator has roots in the 1940s with the operation of early large-scale computers but formalized as a profession in the 1950s alongside commercial electronic systems. Operators were essential to machines like the ENIAC unveiled in 1945, which required manual intervention for computations and marked a shift from mechanical tabulators to programmable electronic devices.^[8] Early operators' responsibilities centered on preparing inputs, configuring hardware, and ensuring continuous operation amid frequent failures. For the ENIAC, which relied on 18,000 vacuum tubes, operators physically rewired the system by plugging and unplugging thousands of cables to reconfigure function tables and accumulators, flipped over 6,000 switches to load programs and initial values, and monitored vacuum tube performance to replace failing components, a task demanding constant vigilance as tubes burned out every few hours.^[8]^[9] This manual labor extended to auxiliary tasks like handling punch-card peripherals for data entry, though ENIAC's core programming avoided cards in favor of direct hardware setup.^[8] The operator role evolved directly from the "human computers"—predominantly women performing manual calculations on desk calculators during World War II projects, such as ballistics trajectory computations at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Over 200 such calculators were employed there, and a core group of six women, known as the ENIAC programmers, transitioned to operating the machine after receiving specialized training from its designers, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, who instructed them in its wiring and switch-setting protocols to support artillery firing table production.^[8]^[10] This training formalized their expertise, bridging wartime manual computation with machine-assisted processing. By 1951, the introduction of the UNIVAC I at the U.S. Census Bureau represented the first formal deployment of operators in a civilian, commercial context, where they loaded magnetic tapes and punch cards to process census data, automating repetitive tabulations that had previously overwhelmed manual teams.^[11] These operators, overseen by bureau officials, handled the machine's input-output cycles for the 1950 population census and subsequent economic surveys, performing wiring adjustments and tube maintenance akin to ENIAC duties while adapting to tape-based storage that reduced some manual reconfiguration.^[11] This era solidified the operator as a critical technician, ensuring the reliability of vacuum-tube systems in institutional settings like government data processing.^[11]

Mainframe Era

The Mainframe Era, spanning the 1960s to the 1980s, marked the standardization and expansion of the computer operator role as large-scale systems like IBM's System/360 became central to commercial data processing. Announced in 1964, the System/360 family introduced a unified architecture for batch processing, where operators scheduled and managed jobs using Job Control Language (JCL) to define execution steps, resource allocation, and sequential processing of workloads.^[12] This shift from earlier experimental machines adapted foundational manual skills—such as basic input handling—to scalable, business-oriented environments, enabling efficient handling of high-volume tasks like payroll and inventory management.^[12] Operators' daily routines revolved around supporting batch operations in controlled computer rooms, including mounting magnetic tapes for data input, loading decks of punched cards to initiate jobs, and monitoring console lights and displays for system status. They responded to interruptions by resolving errors, such as hardware faults in tape drives or paper jams in printers, often requiring manual intervention to restart tasks or recover from failures to minimize downtime. These activities ensured smooth execution of sequential jobs, with operators coordinating physical media handling and issuing console commands to oversee progress.^[12]^[13] Key specializations began to emerge as mainframe complexity grew, with console operators focusing on monitoring CPU utilization through system indicators and commands to optimize performance and detect bottlenecks. Peripherals operators handled input/output devices, managing tape mounts, disk operations, and printer setups to support data flow in batch environments. These roles were essential for maintaining operational efficiency in increasingly interconnected systems.^[12] The widespread adoption of mainframes in businesses accelerated after the mid-1960s, transforming operators into critical personnel for 24/7 data processing centers that supported enterprise-scale computing. Employment for computer operators peaked at over 117,000 in the U.S. in 1970, reflecting the era's demand for skilled labor in growing industries like finance and manufacturing, though broader categories including peripheral equipment operators saw continued growth into the 1980s.^[3]^[14]

Transition to Microcomputers

The introduction of the IBM Personal Computer in 1981 marked a pivotal shift in corporate computing, enabling end-users to perform basic tasks such as word processing and spreadsheet calculations directly on desktops, thereby bypassing the need for centralized mainframe operators to mediate access.^[15] This decentralization reduced the reliance on specialized personnel for routine data entry and job submission, as companies began purchasing PCs in bulk to empower individual workers.^[15] Similarly, the Apple Macintosh, launched in 1984, further accelerated this trend by popularizing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that simplified interactions, allowing non-experts to operate systems without command-line consoles or operator assistance.^[16] As personal computers proliferated, computer operators' duties evolved toward managing distributed environments, including minicomputers like the DEC VAX series, which dominated enterprise computing in the 1980s and required oversight for multi-user operations and early networking.^[17] Operators increasingly handled network configuration and maintenance for client-server architectures, transitioning from batch processing on mainframes—such as loading tapes and monitoring print jobs—to supporting interconnected PC clusters that demanded real-time troubleshooting.^[18] These routines from the mainframe era, once centralized under operator control, began to automate or decentralize as end-users gained direct access via GUIs and local area networks.^[19] Key events underscored the contraction of the operator role during this period. By the late 1980s, punch-card usage had sharply declined, becoming largely obsolete by the mid-1980s as magnetic tapes, disks, and direct terminal inputs replaced them, eliminating a core operator task of preparing and loading physical media.^[20] The rise of GUIs, exemplified by the Macintosh, further diminished console dependency, as users could intuitively navigate systems without operator intervention for job queuing or error resolution.^[21] In the job market, this led to significant shifts, including widespread layoffs in mainframe operations; for instance, IBM downsized by 60,000 employees in 1993 amid declining mainframe demand driven by the PC surge, affecting many operators in large corporations.^[22] Many operators adapted by retraining in emerging technologies, such as UNIX systems for minicomputers and networks, often evolving into system administrators who oversaw PC-based infrastructures and client-server setups.^[18] This pivot capitalized on their foundational skills in monitoring and maintenance, repositioning them to manage the growing complexity of distributed computing environments in the late 1980s and 1990s.^[19]

Core Responsibilities

System Monitoring and Operation

Computer operators are responsible for real-time monitoring of computer systems to ensure continuous and efficient operation, which includes regularly checking system logs for errors, tracking CPU and memory usage to prevent overloads, and issuing alerts for anomalies such as hardware overheating or software crashes.^[23]^[24] This ongoing vigilance helps maintain system stability by identifying issues before they escalate into major disruptions, with operators documenting operating times, detected problems, and initial responses in logs for audit and improvement purposes.^[25]^[26] In troubleshooting, computer operators initiate basic interventions like restarting stalled processes, executing diagnostic scripts to isolate faults, and coordinating with programmers or maintenance teams when job failures occur due to software bugs or resource conflicts.^[27]^[28] These actions follow documented procedures to minimize downtime, ensuring quick recovery without compromising data integrity. For instance, if a process failure is detected, operators may rerun jobs or escalate to specialists while keeping the system operational for other tasks.^[29] Operators utilize a range of tools for effective monitoring, evolving from traditional operating system consoles in early setups to contemporary dashboards and software like Nagios or Zabbix that provide real-time visualizations of system health.^[30] Key performance indicators include aiming for 99.9% uptime, which translates to no more than about 8.76 hours of annual downtime, and monitoring response times to ensure they meet operational thresholds for user and application performance.^[31]^[32] These metrics establish the scale of reliability expected in production environments, where even brief interruptions can impact business continuity. Safety protocols form a critical part of system operation, particularly in handling power failures through procedures for orderly shutdowns that prevent data corruption and facilitate rapid recovery upon power restoration.^[33] Operators must also ensure compliance with standards for information security management, such as NIST SP 800-53, which mandates controls including secure shutdowns to protect sensitive data during emergencies and routine operations. This involves verifying uninterruptible power supplies, testing failover mechanisms, and logging all shutdown events to align with risk management requirements.^[34]

Data Handling and Maintenance

Computer operators manage the input and output data flows by physically loading and unloading storage media, such as magnetic tapes, disks, and cartridges, into peripheral devices to ensure seamless data transfer and processing.^[35] This hands-on process is essential for initiating batch jobs, archiving datasets, and distributing reports, particularly in environments relying on legacy or hybrid storage systems.^[36] To maintain storage integrity, operators routinely verify data accuracy through checksum calculations, comparing hashes like MD5 or SHA-256 between source files and copies to detect corruption during media handling or transfers.^[37] Routine backups form a core aspect of data handling, with operators scheduling and executing full backups that capture entire datasets periodically, alongside incremental backups that record only changes since the last backup to optimize storage and time efficiency.^[38] These strategies minimize data loss risks while adhering to operational schedules, often involving off-site storage for disaster recovery preparedness.^[35] In historical contexts, such as the 1960s mainframe era, operators managed 7-track tape reels with capacities around 10 MB per 2400-foot unit at 800 bits per inch, constraining backup volumes to essential datasets.^[39] Today, this role extends to handling terabyte-scale volumes in data centers, where operators oversee automated yet manually verified backup processes across networked storage arrays.^[40] Maintenance routines include regular cleaning of hardware components, such as tape drives and disk readers, to prevent dust accumulation that could impair read/write operations and data reliability.^[35] Operators also perform firmware updates on storage peripherals when vendor-recommended, ensuring compatibility and security patches are applied without disrupting ongoing data flows.^[41] Archiving obsolete data follows strict retention policies, such as the 7-year hold mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) for financial records, where operators catalog and relocate files to long-term media while securely disposing of expired content.^[42] In error management, operators recover from data corruption by leveraging RAID configurations, such as RAID 5 for parity-based redundancy, to rebuild affected arrays from surviving disks.^[37] For severe incidents, they initiate tape restores, mounting backup media to extract and reintegrate lost files into active systems, often testing recoveries in controlled environments to validate completeness.^[40] All incidents are meticulously documented in operational logs, detailing the error type, recovery steps, and outcomes to support auditing and future prevention.^[35] System monitoring serves as the primary oversight layer, alerting operators to data-related anomalies like integrity failures during these processes.^[43]

Specializations

Console Operators

Console operators serve as the central point of control for mainframe computer systems, focusing on real-time monitoring and intervention through dedicated console interfaces. Their primary duties involve interpreting messages displayed on the system console, which alert to conditions such as errors, resource usage, or operational status, and entering commands via keyboard to initiate actions like starting or stopping tasks. On platforms like IBM z/OS, they also manage multi-user sessions, allocating resources and ensuring smooth interaction among concurrent processes.^[44]^[45]^[46] The role reached its peak during the IBM System/360 era in the 1960s, when mainframes demanded constant oversight due to their complexity and the lack of advanced automation. Operators relied on physical consoles, often modified IBM Selectric typewriters, to boot systems, load programs, and respond to interrupts, with round-the-clock monitoring requiring shift-based staffing to maintain 24/7 availability. By the 1990s, the introduction of System/390 and enhancements in operating systems like OS/390 enabled virtual consoles, allowing multiple remote or software-emulated interfaces for distributed control without physical proximity to the hardware.^[47]^[48]^[49] Key tools for console operators include job entry subsystems such as JES2, which handle job submission, scheduling, and output control under z/OS, enabling operators to issue commands for prioritization or cancellation. They routinely respond to system interrupts, including I/O waits that signal delays in data transfer and abends—abnormal terminations of programs due to errors like invalid instructions or resource shortages—often requiring immediate commands to diagnose, restart, or isolate issues. Peripherals operators support this by preparing physical inputs that feed into console-managed workflows.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53] In production environments, console operators face high-stakes risks, where delayed or incorrect responses to alerts can lead to system outages or data integrity issues; for instance, they may need to halt executing jobs abruptly to avert cascading failures or potential data loss from unchecked abends. Such decisions demand precise adherence to procedures to safeguard critical operations in mission-critical settings like banking or government systems.^[46]^[52]

Peripherals Operators

Peripherals operators played a critical role in the mainframe era by managing physical input/output (I/O) devices, ensuring reliable data transfer between external media and the central processing unit. These specialists focused on hands-on interactions with hardware like card readers, line printers, and tape drives, which were essential for batch processing in early computing environments. Unlike more centralized roles, their work emphasized mechanical setup, monitoring, and maintenance to prevent bottlenecks in data workflows. Key device types included card readers, such as the IBM 2540 introduced in 1965, which read punched cards at speeds up to 1,000 cards per minute to input programs and data efficiently.^[54] Line printers, exemplified by the IBM 1403 from 1959, operated at up to 1,100 lines per minute using a rotating chain of characters hammered against inked ribbon, enabling rapid production of reports and listings on continuous fanfold paper.^[55] Tape drives, such as the IBM 2400 series debuted in 1964, provided sequential storage and retrieval via magnetic reels, supporting backups and inter-system data transfers at rates that, while slower than modern standards, met the demands of high-capacity batch jobs. Operators' core tasks involved mounting magnetic tape reels onto drives to load or unload data, aligning print heads on line printers for accurate character imprinting, queuing print jobs via physical controls, and resolving common mechanical issues like paper jams in printers or card misfeeds in readers.^[56] Troubleshooting required manual intervention, such as clearing debris from feeds or recalibrating tensions, to minimize downtime in 24/7 operations. Console operators occasionally directed job streams to these peripherals for execution, but peripherals staff handled the device-specific execution. Sub-roles emerged to specialize further: tape operators managed labeling of reels with identifiers for tracking, verifying media integrity through visual and test reads to detect errors or degradation, and preparing volumes for mounting.^[57] Printer operators oversaw post-print processing, including collating multi-part forms from fanfold output, bursting continuous sheets into individual pages, and maintaining stocks of paper and ribbons to sustain uninterrupted runs.^[58] The role declined sharply with the rise of digital interfaces and personal computers in the 1980s, as direct-attached devices and user-managed I/O reduced the need for dedicated hardware specialists; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projections from 2012 to 2022 anticipated a 17% employment drop for computer operators (SOC 43-9011), a category encompassing peripheral roles, due to automation and distributed systems (the occupation was reclassified in 2018 to 15-1299 Computer Occupations, All Other, which projects 7% or higher growth from 2024-2034 overall, though traditional operator positions continue to contract).^[4]^[59] Nonetheless, elements persist in modern high-volume printing for applications like bank statements, where operators or automated systems handle large-scale output for financial institutions using specialized laser or continuous-feed printers.^[60]

Data Librarians

Data librarians serve as custodians of physical and digital storage media in computing operations, focusing on organized preservation, retrieval, and protection to support data accessibility and integrity. This role emerged in the 1950s alongside early magnetic tape systems, such as the IBM 726 drive released in 1952, which necessitated dedicated personnel to manage growing volumes of tape reels for backups and archives in mainframe environments.^[61]^[62] A primary responsibility involves inventory management, including the cataloging and tracking of tapes, disks, and cartridges through systems like IBM's DFSMS Removable Media Manager (DFSMSrmm), which automates volume tracking, retention enforcement, and library audits.^[63] Offsite storage is routinely arranged for disaster recovery, with duplicate media transported to secure vaults to enable restoration in case of primary site failures.^[64] Access protocols govern media handling, requiring data librarians to retrieve items on demand while enforcing check-in and check-out logs to log all movements and prevent misplacement; expired data is purged per retention policies, often via automated features in tape management tools like CA 1.^[65]^[66] Peripherals operators occasionally provide newly processed media for library intake. Security protocols are rigorously applied to mitigate risks, encompassing the oversight of encryption keys to protect data at rest, role-based access controls limiting handling to cleared staff, and periodic audits ensuring adherence to standards. In regulated industries such as healthcare, these measures support HIPAA compliance by mandating encryption for tapes storing protected health information, alongside controls to avert breaches from lost or stolen media.^[67]^[68] The profession has transitioned from manual 1950s tape libraries to modern virtual tape libraries (VTLs), disk-based emulations capable of storing petabytes of data while preserving tape-compatible workflows for enhanced efficiency and scalability.^[69]

Skills and Qualifications

Technical Skills

Computer operators must possess comprehensive knowledge of hardware components to ensure reliable system performance and uptime. This includes a thorough understanding of central processing units (CPUs), which serve as the core processors in mainframes and servers, handling instruction execution, resource allocation, and workload management.^[70] Operators also need familiarity with storage arrays, such as Storage Area Networks (SANs) that provide high-speed, block-level data access for enterprise applications, and Network Attached Storage (NAS) systems that enable file-level sharing over networks.^[71] Additionally, basic networking proficiency is required, encompassing Ethernet switches that connect devices within local area networks (LANs) to facilitate data transmission and resolve connectivity bottlenecks.^[72] Proficiency in software tools forms the backbone of operational efficiency for computer operators. They must master operating system (OS) commands across platforms, including Windows for server management, Linux for Unix-like environments via tools like the Bash shell, and z/OS for mainframe operations to initiate tasks, monitor processes, and control subsystems.^[44] Scheduling software, such as Control-M, is essential for automating job workflows, dependency management, and batch processing in data centers, reducing manual intervention.^[73] Scripting capabilities in languages like Bash for Linux automation or Python for cross-platform task scripting enable operators to develop custom routines for repetitive operations, such as log parsing or system backups.^[74] Diagnostic abilities are critical for identifying and resolving system issues promptly. Operators interpret error codes from logs and alerts to diagnose hardware failures, software bugs, or configuration errors, often using platform-specific utilities.^[75] In mainframe settings, IBM's System Display and Search Facility (SDSF) provides real-time job monitoring, output review, and JCL error correction, displaying queues, return codes, and system messages for efficient troubleshooting.^[76] For networking diagnostics, tools like ping test host reachability via ICMP echoes, while traceroute maps packet paths to pinpoint latency or routing failures.^[77] As roles evolve with technology, computer operators are increasingly expected to develop emerging skills in cloud and security domains. Basic cloud knowledge includes monitoring Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 instances for metrics like CPU utilization, disk I/O, and instance health using tools such as Amazon CloudWatch. Cybersecurity awareness focuses on operational vigilance, such as recognizing phishing indicators in emails or alerts—like urgent requests for credentials or suspicious links—that could lead to unauthorized system access.^[78] These proficiencies are typically honed through targeted professional training to adapt to hybrid environments.

Professional Training and Certifications

Entry-level positions as a computer operator typically require a high school diploma or equivalent, supplemented by vocational training in computer operations or information technology.^[79] Many employers prefer candidates with an associate degree in IT, computer science, or a related field to provide foundational knowledge in hardware, software, and basic system management.^[80] This educational background equips individuals with the essential understanding needed to monitor and maintain computing environments effectively. On-the-job training is a critical component for aspiring computer operators, often beginning with apprenticeships or shadow shifts in data centers to gain practical experience in real-world operations.^[81] Programs like the Microsoft Datacenter Academy offer structured pathways that include hands-on learning in datacenter operations, helping trainees transition into operational roles.^[82] Vendor-specific courses, such as IBM's training for Z system operators, focus on mainframe environments and include self-paced modules and instructor-led sessions to build expertise in system monitoring and job control.^[83] Key certifications validate the skills of computer operators and enhance employability by demonstrating proficiency in core areas like hardware troubleshooting and service management. The CompTIA A+ certification covers essential IT support topics, including operating systems and networking, making it a standard entry-level credential for roles involving system uptime and reliability.^[84] ITIL Foundation certification provides knowledge of IT service management practices, which helps operators ensure consistent service delivery and minimize downtime in operational settings.^[85] For mainframe-focused positions, the IBM Mainframe Systems Operator Level I Certificate confirms understanding of hardware and software components critical to maintaining high availability.^[86] These credentials underscore expertise in achieving and sustaining system uptime, a key metric for operational success. Career progression for computer operators often advances from entry-level roles to supervisory positions through accumulated experience and continuous learning. Operators can move into supervisory roles by overseeing teams and optimizing workflows, with ongoing education via online platforms like Coursera supporting this growth.^[87] For instance, the Google IT Support Professional Certificate on Coursera offers modules in system administration and troubleshooting, enabling operators to build advanced skills for leadership tracks.^[88] This training hones technical skills essential for higher responsibilities in IT operations.

Modern Evolution

Role in Data Centers

In Tier 3 and Tier 4 data centers, computer operators function within highly redundant environments designed for maximal uptime, featuring uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), backup generators, and advanced cooling systems to support continuous operations.^[89] These classifications, established by the Uptime Institute, ensure 99.982% availability for Tier 3 facilities with concurrent maintainability and 99.995% for Tier 4 with full fault tolerance, allowing maintenance without service interruption.^[89] Operators are primarily based in Network Operations Centers (NOCs) for infrastructure monitoring or Security Operations Centers (SOCs) for threat detection, coordinating from centralized control rooms to oversee physical and virtual assets.^[90] Key tasks involve managing hybrid cloud configurations that blend on-premises hardware with public cloud services, such as Microsoft Azure, to enable dynamic workload distribution and resource optimization.^[91] Monitoring duties utilize tools like Nagios for real-time checks on servers, networks, and applications, and Splunk for aggregating logs, detecting anomalies, and generating alerts across distributed systems.^[92] Operators also execute failover processes, initiating switches from on-premises to cloud resources during outages to preserve data integrity and service levels, often following predefined disaster recovery protocols.^[93] These roles handle operations at exabyte-scale data volumes, with global daily data generation reaching approximately 403 exabytes in 2025, necessitating scalable storage and processing capabilities in hyperscale facilities.^[94] To support 24/7 demands, positions increasingly adopt shift-based scheduling, with about 24% of data center jobs offering hybrid arrangements and 12% fully remote access via secure VPN connections for off-site oversight.^[95] At hyperscalers like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google, operators emphasize regulatory compliance, including GDPR adherence for personal data handling across borders, alongside sustainability efforts such as energy-efficient cooling and power usage optimization to reduce environmental impact.^[96] In AWS environments, they maintain network scalability and hybrid connectivity while enforcing security standards for regulated sectors.^[97] Google's operations teams similarly prioritize efficient resource management to support global infrastructure reliability.^[98]

Impact of Automation

The advent of automation tools has significantly transformed the role of computer operators by automating routine tasks such as system monitoring, configuration management, and error resolution. Self-healing systems, like those powered by Ansible Automation Platform, enable infrastructure to automatically detect and remediate issues without human intervention, shifting operators from manual oversight to higher-level orchestration. Similarly, AI-driven anomaly detection platforms, such as IBM Watson AIOps, use machine learning to analyze logs and metrics in real-time, identifying deviations from normal behavior and suggesting proactive fixes, thereby reducing the need for constant manual surveillance.^[99]^[100] This automation has led to a marked evolution in job responsibilities, with traditional computer operators transitioning from hands-on execution to supervising automated bots and integrating with DevOps practices. The traditional computer operator occupation (formerly SOC 43-9011, reclassified in 2018 into broader categories like SOC 15-1299 Computer Occupations, All Other) has declined sharply, from approximately 194,000 in 2000 to 51,500 in 2016, with estimates around 40,000 by 2026; however, the absorbing category employed 437,000 in 2023 and is projected to grow as roles evolve.^[101]^[102]^[6] This shift has created niches in DevOps, where operators now focus on scripting automation pipelines and ensuring seamless integration between development and operations, fostering efficiency in dynamic environments.^[103] Challenges arising from this transformation include significant skill gaps in AI literacy among IT professionals, with surveys indicating that while 81% of workers believe they can utilize AI, only 12% possess the necessary competencies for effective implementation in operations. Ethical concerns, particularly job displacement, have intensified, as automation exacerbates unemployment in routine-heavy roles without adequate reskilling programs, raising questions about equitable workforce transitions and social responsibility. Looking to 2030, projections suggest roles will emphasize orchestration and strategic AI alignment over execution, with operators mentoring teams on multi-cloud management and ethical AI deployment to mitigate these issues.^[104]^[105] A notable case study is the migration to serverless computing via AWS Lambda, which has eliminated much of the routine monitoring traditionally handled by operators. In implementations like those at Experian, Lambda's event-driven architecture automatically scales functions and handles infrastructure, allowing teams to focus on application logic rather than server health checks or patching, resulting in simplified incident response and reduced operational overhead. This approach underscores how serverless models can diminish headcount needs for monitoring while enhancing agility in IT operations.^[106]^[107]

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[4] As a metric based on time, it is immediately meaningful (e.g., everyone interprets 99.9% uptime as “system will be down for a total of 1 day every 1000 ...
[33]
[PDF] Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems
orderly shutdown of the information system in the event of a primary power source loss. ... ISO/IEC 27001:2005 Specification for an Information Security ...
[34]
[PDF] Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and ...
Sep 23, 2021 · NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for federal information systems ...
[35]
None
### Summary of Computer Operator Responsibilities
[36]
Computer Operations Technician - Portland Community College
Areas of responsibility include computer operations, report distribution and tape library. Analyzes and resolves hardware/software problems.<|control11|><|separator|>
[37]
[PDF] ITL Bulletin Techniques for System and Data Recovery, April 2002
Apr 1, 2002 · Common media used include diskettes, tape car- tridges, removable media (zip drives), compact disks, network storage devices such as networked.
[38]
[PDF] Backups
• Backup intervals are a balance: data lost vs. load. • Incremental vs. full backups. – Incremental only saves changes, but can't lose the full. • Periodically ...
[39]
IBM Mainframe Magnetic Storage Media - Columbia University
At 1600 bpi, a 2400-foot 9-track tape could hold about 50MB (depending on blocking, etc). In earlier times there were 4-track and 7-track drives at lower ...
[40]
[PDF] Request for Proposal Town of Plattsburgh Computer & Information ...
Coordinate off-site storage of backup media with the Town's Accounting office. • Periodically perform test system restores from daily backup tapes to assure ...<|separator|>
[41]
System backup - IBM
A file system backup allows incremental backups to be performed easily. ... Commonly used to convert and copy data to and from systems running other operating ...
[42]
SOX Data Retention Requirements: Tips For 2025
SOX compliance requires 7-year retention for financial records, audit reports, and workpapers. Data must be stored in tamper-proof formats like WORM (Write ...
[43]
Computer Operator II - Human Resources
Perform preventative maintenance on all equipment. Initialize the system, idle the system, initiate system recoveries, and similar procedures. Recognize ...Missing: handling | Show results with:handling
[44]
Roles in the mainframe world - IBM
The system operator monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software. The operator starts and stops system tasks, monitors the system ...
[45]
Mainframe System Operator Bootcamp | IBM Z Training - LearnQuest
This bootcamp equips learners with the knowledge and practical experience to monitor system activity, respond to console messages, manage jobs, maintain ...Missing: specializations | Show results with:specializations
[46]
Operator Console Display - TechDocs - Broadcom Inc.
z/OS consoles can start and stop jobs, control security mechanisms, initiate an initial program load (IPL) z/OS, and vary I/O devices online or offline.<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
Fifty Years Of Operating IBM Systems - IT Jungle
Mar 11, 2019 · The world is celebrating some important 50th anniversaries this year. My interests in aerospace and music led me to recall four events from 1969.
[48]
The IBM System/390
When IBM introduced the System/390 line of servers in 1990, some industry experts predicted a brief lifespan for the mainframe. In the March 1991 issue of ...Overview · next-gen mainframe
[49]
The IBM System/360
The IBM System/360, introduced in 1964, ushered in a new era of compatibility in which computers were no longer thought of as collections of individual ...
[50]
What is JES? - IBM
JES is a job entry subsystem in z/OS that receives, schedules, and controls output of jobs, providing job, data, and task management.
[51]
[PDF] Systems Operator's Library: OS/VS2 MVS JES2 Commands
This document provides JES2 information for system console operators to control a Systemj370 running under OSjVS2 with the Job Entry Subsystem 2 ( ...
[52]
Overview of an abend - IBM
A symptom dump message on the console, in the system log, or job log can indicate a system or user abend. · A system message indicating an SVC dump was requested ...Missing: response | Show results with:response<|separator|>
[53]
System Abend Codes - World of Mainframe
The wait time limit was exceeded for a job or job step. 1. The operator did not respond to a console request. 2. The program was waiting for a resource that was ...
[54]
[PDF] IBM 2540 Card Read Punch - Bitsavers.org
The 2540 has separate read and punch feeds, with maximum reading speed of 1000 cards per minute and maximum punching speed of 300 cards per min- ute. The punch ...
[55]
How the IBM 1403 Printer Hammered Out 1,100 Lines Per Minute
Mar 31, 2017 · The Model 3, which replaced the character chain with slugs sliding in a track driven by gears, took just 55 milliseconds to print a single line.
[56]
ATLAS MAGNETIC TAPE - ACL - Chilton Computing
The Supervisor passes the request to the Magnetic Tape Operator as soon as a tape mechanism becomes free. The mounting and dismounting of Satellite Output Tapes ...
[57]
Computer Tape Librarian | Responsibilities, Salary - Field Engineer
They oversee a classified library of magnetic tapes for data through verification, correction, labeling, and bar-coding. They also create a tape library report ...
[58]
51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators - O*NET
Tasks · Start presses and pull proofs to check for ink coverage and density, alignment, and registration. · Examine job orders to determine quantities to be ...
[59]
Computer Support Specialists : Occupational Outlook Handbook
Job Outlook. Overall employment of computer support specialists is projected to decline 3 percent from 2024 to 2034. Despite declining employment, about 50,500 ...
[60]
Bank Statement Printing Services and Solutions
Jan 13, 2023 · PCI Group offers efficient, compliant, and accurate bank statement printing, including secure data handling, dynamic printing, and high-tech ...
[61]
Magnetic tape - IBM
1953. IBM introduced the tape drive vacuum column for use with the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine. · 1964. Tape storage capacity increased rapidly.Missing: 1960s | Show results with:1960s
[62]
1951: Tape unit developed for data storage
In 1951, Univac introduced the Uniservo 1, a tape drive using 0.5 inch tape, and in 1952, IBM announced its first magnetic tape storage unit.
[63]
DFSMSrmm - IBM
DFSMSrmm manages your removable media resources, including tape cartridges and reels. It provides the following functions: Library Management: You can ...
[64]
Offsite Tape Storage for Backups: An Overview - NAKIVO
Jun 1, 2023 · Offsite tape storage is a type of storage where a copy of the data is stored on tapes that are located on a site different from the primary site.Key Advantages of Offsite... · Offsite Tape Storage LimitationsMissing: library | Show results with:library
[65]
[PDF] CA 1® Tape Management | Broadcom Inc.
CA 1 simplifies and unifies z/OS tape management, automating tasks, protecting against destruction, and providing library inventory and audit tracking.
[66]
Running DFSMSrmm with system-managed tape libraries - IBM
DFSMSrmm provides this support for system-managed tape libraries: Cartridge entry processing; Cartridge eject processing; Expiration management ...Missing: DFSMS | Show results with:DFSMS<|control11|><|separator|>
[67]
Tape encryption methods - IBM
With library-managed encryption, you can control which volumes are encrypted by using their serial numbers. You can specify a range or set of volumes to encrypt ...
[68]
Make sure you encrypt your backup tapes - HIPAA Secure Now!
May 7, 2012 · Backup tapes need to ensure that the tapes utilize encryption. Without encryption, a lost or stolen backup tape could result in a very large data breach.
[69]
IBM mainframe tape: virtually yours for the New Year!
Jan 23, 2025 · What you know is that you have a virtual tape library in a rack with hundreds of virtual tape drives, petabytes of capacity, and gigabytes of ...
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[PDF] z/OS Basic Skills Information Center: Mainframe concepts - IBM
Who is the system operator? The system operator monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software. The operator starts and stops ...
[71]
What is a storage area network (SAN)? – SAN vs. NAS | NetApp
A storage area network (SAN) is a high-performance storage architecture used forbusiness-critical applications, offering high throughput and low latency.<|separator|>
[72]
Definition: What Is an Ethernet Switch - Fortinet
An Ethernet switch, or network switch, is a type of networking hardware that uses multiple ports to communicate between devices in the local area network (LAN).
[73]
Control-M: Workflow Orchestration Software
The Control-M orchestration and automation platform simplifies data and application workflows, reduces failure rates, improves SLAs, and accelerates ...Control-M Capabilities · Take a Tour · Managed File Transfer · Request Pricing
[74]
Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting - GeeksforGeeks
Oct 18, 2025 · BASH (Bourne Again Shell): It is the most widely used shell in Linux systems. It is used as default login shell in Linux systems and in macOS.
[75]
SDSF messages - IBM
This section explains the SDSF messages. The messages are in alphabetic order. Write-to-operator messages appear at the bottom of the log panels.Missing: computer diagnostic tools ping
[76]
What is the System Display and Search Facility (SDSF)? - IBM
SDSF is a utility to monitor, control, and view job output, review output, and correct JCL errors. It also allows viewing system logs and controlling job ...Missing: computer M
[77]
Understand the Ping and Traceroute Commands - Cisco
Oct 4, 2022 · The ping command is a very common method used to troubleshoot accessibility of devices. It uses a series of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo ...Missing: diagnostic SDSF
[78]
Recognize and Report Phishing - CISA
Phishing uses urgent language, requests for personal info, untrusted URLs, and incorrect email addresses. If suspicious, it's likely phishing.
[79]
Computer Operator: Salary and Career Facts - Learn.org
For the majority of computer operations positions, all you will need is a high school diploma or a GED to qualify. On-the-job training and certification is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[80]
Computer Operator: What Is It? and How to Become One?
High school degree or equivalent; associate or bachelor's degree in computer technology, computer science, information systems, or related field preferred but ...
[81]
Computer Operator Trainee Jobs, Employment | Indeed
Computer Operations Analyst (Entry-Level) - On-the-Job Training Provided. Provide technical support to computer users and organize sequence of events in ...
[82]
Microsoft Datacenter Academy - Microsoft Careers
The Datacenter Academy is a community skilling program that collaborates with local education partners to create pathways into the datacenter industry.
[83]
Training for the Future IBM Z System Operator
IBM offers a comprehensive learning path with 9 courses, including self-paced and instructor-led options, to train IBM Z system operators.
[84]
A+ Certification - CompTIA
You'll need to pass two exams: Core 1 (hardware and networking) and Core 2 (operating systems and security), which you can take in any order.A+ Core 1 V15 (New Version) · A+ Core 1 & 2 V15 (New Ver... · CertMaster Study
[85]
ITIL 4 Foundation - Peoplecert
The ITIL 4 Foundation course covers service management concepts, the service value system, four dimensions of service management, and ITIL practices.
[86]
IBM Mainframe Systems Operator Level I Certificate 3.1
This certificate validates that the learner understands and can describe the purpose of major mainframe hardware and software components.
[87]
Career Development Guide: Pathways for Male Computer Operators
With experience, computer operators can move into supervisory or management positions. Developing leadership skills is crucial for these roles: Project ...
[88]
Google IT Support Professional Certificate - Coursera
Gain skills required to succeed in an entry-level IT job · Learn to perform day-to-day IT support tasks including computer assembly, wireless networking, ...Details To Know · See How Employees At Top... · Prepare For A Career As A...
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Data Center Tiers Explained: From Tier 1 to Tier 4 - phoenixNAP
Oct 21, 2025 · This article explains how data center tiers work and how these rankings enable you to assess the quality of a data center. Read on to learn how ...Missing: 2024 | Show results with:2024
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Network Operations Center: Functions, Challenges, and the Role of ...
A NOC primarily focuses on the performance, availability, and health of the network infrastructure, while a SOC focuses on security threats and incidents. This ...
[91]
What is a Hybrid Cloud? | Microsoft Azure
By providing seamless backup and failover between private and public clouds, the hybrid cloud lets organizations prepare for business continuity disaster ...What Are The Benefits Of... · Common Hybrid Cloud... · Additional ResourcesMissing: operators | Show results with:operators
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Nagios Core and Nagios XI integration for Splunk On-Call
May 30, 2025 · Integrate Nagios and Splunk On-Call to monitor and alert on your entire infrastructure, whether it be cloud, virtual, or physical IT environments.Configure The Nagios Plugin · Routing Incidents · Send Nagios Alerts Through...
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https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-disaster-recovery-guidance
[94]
What Is an Exabyte & 4 Technologies Enabling Huge-Scale Storage
The World Economic Forum estimates that by 2025, 463 exabytes of data will be created daily around the world, and that the entire digital universe is over 44 ...
[95]
Remote Data Center Jobs in 2025: A Complete Guide
Sep 5, 2025 · In 2025, 24% of data center job postings offer hybrid work arrangements while 12% are fully remote, representing a significant shift in how ...
[96]
Data Center Compliance: The Complete Guide [2025]
Oct 4, 2025 · This article will cover the essential compliance standards and explain how data centers achieve and maintain them.
[97]
Data Center Infrastructure and Network Operations - Amazon.jobs
Data Center Operations. As a cleared professional on the Data Center Operations team, you'll play a key role in solving problems and ensuring customer success.
[98]
Data Center Careers - Google Data Centers
Want to join our team? Discover different careers below, and search our open roles for the position that fits you.
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Self-healing infrastructure with Red Hat Insights and Ansible ...
Sep 28, 2021 · In this post, we explore how Red Hat Insights and Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform can be used as core components of a self-healing infrastructure.Missing: computer | Show results with:computer
[100]
IBM Cloud Pak for AIOps
It uses AI to deduplicate alerts, detect anomalies, and correlate events, reducing noise and improving incident focus.Unified Operations... · Features · Interactive Walkthrough
[101]
[PDF] The 2000-10 job outlook in brief - Bureau of Labor Statistics
Computer operators. 194,000. -17. -33,000 Declining employment. New software makes computer ... projected 2000-10. Occupation. 2000. Percent1. Numeric2.
[102]
[PDF] Occupational Projections 2016 to 2026 - Table of Contents
... 43-9011. 51.5. 39.7. -11.8. -22.9 ... (1) Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[103]
Computer Operator roles: Future workforce evolution guide 2030
Computer Operator roles will integrate artificial intelligence monitoring tools and automated response systems. Operators must learn to configure AI-powered ...
[104]
The AI Skills Gap and How to Address It - InformationWeek
May 29, 2024 · A 2024 survey indicates that 81% of IT professionals think that they can use AI, but only 12% actually have the skills to do so. And 70% of workers likely need ...
[105]
Ethics and automation: What to do when workers are displaced
Jul 8, 2019 · Is there an ethical way for business leaders to usher their workforces through digital disruption? Researchers wrestled with those questions ...
[106]
Experian Case Study | Financial Services - Amazon AWS
By setting up AWS Lambda to automatically respond to real-time alerts from AWS Config, Experian has simplified the assessing, auditing, and remediating of its ...
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The Impact of Serverless Computing on DevOps and IT Operations
Serverless computing is transforming the landscape of DevOps and IT operations by reducing the need for infrastructure management, enabling faster deployments,