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CF

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes a protein regulating chloride ion transport across cell membranes; defective CFTR function leads to impaired mucus clearance and buildup of thick, viscous secretions in the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, and reproductive tract.^[1]^[2]^[3] This results in chronic respiratory infections, progressive lung damage, pancreatic insufficiency with malabsorption of nutrients, and elevated salt content in sweat, often detectable via diagnostic testing.^[4]^[5] The disease manifests primarily through recurrent pulmonary exacerbations, bronchiectasis, and digestive complications, with over 2,000 identified CFTR mutations varying in severity; the most common, ΔF508, accounts for about 70% of cases in populations of European ancestry.^[1]^[2] CF affects approximately 1 in 2,500 to 3,500 Caucasian newborns, with lower incidence in other ethnic groups, and impacts around 40,000 individuals in the United States, where newborn screening identifies most cases by age 2.^[1]^[6]^[7] First systematically described in 1938 through autopsy findings of pancreatic fibrosis in malnourished children, CF's genetic basis was pinpointed in 1989, spurring targeted therapies like CFTR modulators (e.g., elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor), which correct protein folding or function in responsive mutations and have doubled median life expectancy to over 50 years for recent cohorts.^[8]^[9]^[10] No cure exists, but multidisciplinary management—including airway clearance, antibiotics, enzyme replacement, and nutritional support—mitigates symptoms and complications, though access to high-cost modulators remains a barrier amid ongoing research into gene editing and broader-efficacy drugs.^[11]^[3]^[12]

Medicine and Biology

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, which encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein responsible for chloride ion transport across epithelial cell membranes.^[13]^[1] Individuals must inherit two mutated alleles, one from each parent, to manifest the disease; carriers with one mutated allele remain asymptomatic.^[14] Over 2,000 CFTR mutations have been identified, with the most common being F508del, disrupting protein folding and leading to defective chloride secretion, reduced airway surface liquid volume, and impaired mucociliary clearance.^[15] This results in dehydrated, viscous mucus accumulation in the lungs, pancreas, and other exocrine glands, predisposing to bacterial colonization and organ damage.^[15]^[4] Primary symptoms include recurrent and chronic lung infections due to obstructed airways, characterized by persistent cough producing thick mucus, wheezing, and progressive respiratory decline from pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.^[5] Pancreatic insufficiency affects approximately 85% of patients, causing malabsorption of nutrients, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive from blocked exocrine ducts and inadequate enzyme release.^[16] Other manifestations encompass salty skin from elevated sweat chloride, nasal polyps, liver disease, and infertility, particularly congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in males.^[17] Without intervention, these lead to bronchiectasis, cor pulmonale, and malnutrition, historically limiting survival to childhood.^[18] Diagnosis relies on elevated sweat chloride levels (>60 mmol/L), genetic testing for CFTR mutations, and newborn screening, which has been implemented nationwide in the U.S. since 2010 and detects immunoreactive trypsinogen elevations followed by confirmatory tests.^[19] Updated 2024-2025 guidelines from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation emphasize prompt variant analysis at least twice weekly, early sweat testing within the first weeks of life, and standardized protocols to reduce diagnostic delays and improve nutritional outcomes in infants.^[20]^[21] Therapeutic advances target CFTR dysfunction directly via small-molecule modulators. Ivacaftor, a potentiator enhancing channel gating for gating mutations like G551D, received FDA approval in January 2012 for patients aged 6 and older.^[22] The triple combination elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (Trikafta), approved in October 2019 for those aged 12 and older with at least one F508del mutation, corrects folding and trafficking while potentiating function, yielding up to 90% improvement in forced expiratory volume in phase 3 trials.^[23] Supportive care includes airway clearance, antibiotics, pancreatic enzyme replacement, and nutritional support. Emerging pipelines feature mRNA-based therapies, such as ReCode Therapeutics' RCT2100, an inhaled formulation delivering functional CFTR mRNA, which dosed its first patient in a phase 1b trial in September 2024 to address non-responsive mutations.^[24] Prognosis has improved markedly with modulators; 2024 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry data project a median survival age of 65 years for those born between 2020 and 2024, reflecting reduced mortality from respiratory failure and better access to therapies, though variability persists based on genotype and adherence.^[25]^[26]

Physical Sciences

Californium

Californium is a synthetic radioactive chemical element with the atomic symbol Cf and atomic number 98, classifying it as a transuranic actinide in the periodic table. As the sixth element beyond uranium to be discovered, it exhibits properties typical of actinides, including multiple oxidation states (+2 and +3 primarily) and a silvery-white metallic appearance in its pure form, though it tarnishes rapidly in air and reacts with oxygen, water, and acids. All isotopes of californium are radioactive, with no stable variants, and it does not occur naturally but must be produced artificially through nuclear reactions.^[27]^[28] The element was first synthesized on February 9, 1950, at the University of California, Berkeley, by physicists Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T. Seaborg. This achievement resulted from bombarding a microgram-scale sample of curium-242 with helium-4 ions accelerated to approximately 35 MeV in a 60-inch cyclotron, yielding trace amounts of californium-245 and -246 via the reaction ^{242}\mathrm{Cm} + ^{4}\mathrm{He} \to ^{245}\mathrm{Cf} + n (and subsequent neutron emission). Identification relied on ion-exchange chromatography separation and measurement of characteristic alpha decay energies around 6.0–7.0 MeV, confirming the atomic number 98 through genetic sequence analogy in the actinide series. The discovery was publicly announced on March 17, 1950, with the name "californium" proposed to honor the state hosting the research.^[29]^[30]^[31] Among its 20 known isotopes (mass numbers 237–258), californium-252 stands out for practical utility due to its spontaneous fission decay mode, which yields an emission rate of about $2.34 \times 10^{12} neutrons per second per gram—far exceeding other isotopic neutron sources in compactness and intensity. With a half-life of 2.645 years, Cf-252 decays primarily via spontaneous fission (3.09%) alongside alpha emission, enabling reliable neutron flux without external accelerators. This property underpins applications in neutron radiography for non-destructive testing of dense materials like turbine blades, prompt gamma neutron activation analysis for elemental assay in coal and cement, nuclear reactor startup sources to initiate fission chains, and portable detectors for explosives, land mines, and special nuclear materials via induced fission signatures. In well logging, Cf-252 neutrons probe subsurface formations for porosity and lithology, while medical uses include boron neutron capture therapy for certain cancers, though handling requires stringent shielding due to intense gamma and neutron radiation.^[32]^[33]^[34] Producing californium remains constrained by the underlying nuclear physics of transuranic synthesis: successive neutron captures in fissile targets like plutonium or curium in high-flux reactors (e.g., at Oak Ridge National Laboratory) compete with fission probabilities that increase with atomic mass, yielding minuscule cross-sections and requiring extensive processing to isolate milligrams from tons of starting material. Heavy-ion accelerators can form specific isotopes but at even lower efficiencies due to Coulomb barriers exceeding 10 MeV for actinide targets. Global annual output is under 0.5 grams, mostly as Cf-252 distributed from U.S. facilities like Oak Ridge and Savannah River, reflecting these inherent limits rather than technological gaps; total historical production exceeds only a few grams since inception. This rarity drives costs exceeding $20 million per gram for Cf-252, prioritizing industrial and research needs over broader availability.^[35]^[36]

Computing and Electronics

Carry flag

The carry flag (CF), also known as the carry bit, is a single-bit indicator in a processor's status register that signals a carry-out from the most significant bit during addition or a borrow-in to the most significant bit during subtraction in binary arithmetic operations.^[37] In the x86 architecture, CF occupies bit 0 of the EFLAGS register and is updated by instructions such as ADD, SUB, and their variants, reflecting unsigned overflow conditions without regard to signed integer semantics.^[38] This flag enables precise detection of arithmetic boundary crossings in low-level code, distinct from the overflow flag (OF), which handles signed integer wraparound.^[39] Introduced in early microprocessor designs, the carry flag appeared in the Intel 8086, a 16-bit processor released in 1978 that established the foundational x86 instruction set architecture still used today.^[40] The 8086's flag circuitry, including CF, supported status reporting for arithmetic results, evolving from prior designs like the 8080 but optimized for the segmented memory model and broader application in personal computing.^[40]^[41] This implementation addressed the limitations of single-word operations by providing hardware-level propagation for extended precision, a necessity in an era when memory and register widths constrained numerical computations to 8 or 16 bits.^[41] In practice, the carry flag facilitates multi-precision arithmetic through chained instructions like ADC (add with carry) and SBB (subtract with borrow), which incorporate the prior CF value to extend operands beyond native register sizes—essential for emulating arbitrary-precision libraries in assembly language.^[42]^[43] Programmers use conditional jumps such as JC (jump if carry) or JNC (jump if no carry) for branching on unsigned comparisons or error detection, as in validating if a sum exceeds the maximum unsigned value (e.g., 0xFFFF for 16-bit operations).^[39] Such mechanisms underpin reliable numerical processing in embedded systems, operating system kernels, and cryptographic algorithms, where bit-level control prevents silent overflows.^[42]

CompactFlash

CompactFlash (CF) is a flash memory card format developed by SanDisk and introduced in 1994 as a compact, removable data storage solution compatible with the PCMCIA/ATA interface.^[44]^[45] The format adheres to standards set by the CompactFlash Association, formed in 1995, enabling integration into portable devices such as digital cameras and personal digital assistants (PDAs) via adapters.^[45] The standard employs a parallel ATA (PATA) protocol over a 50-pin connector, which is a subset of the 68-pin PCMCIA interface, allowing passive adaptation to PC Card slots.^[46] CF cards are available in Type I (3.3 mm thick) and Type II (5 mm thick) form factors to accommodate varying device slots, with storage capacities initially limited to 128 MB but later supporting up to 137 GB under ATA constraints, and higher in extended implementations via CF+ enhancements.^[45]^[46] Data transfer speeds for standard CF reach up to 133 MB/s using UDMA Mode 6.^[46] As solid-state devices without moving parts, CF cards exhibit greater ruggedness than mechanical hard drives, resisting shock, vibration, and temperature extremes, which contributed to their adoption in professional photography equipment and early portable electronics.^[47]^[48] Their ATA compatibility facilitated seamless use in legacy systems, though the format has been largely supplanted in consumer markets by smaller Secure Digital (SD) cards since the late 1990s due to size and cost advantages.^[47] CF persists in industrial applications, such as embedded systems and boot drives, where its durability and fixed-disk mode support reliability in harsh environments.^[47]^[49] Variants like CFast, introduced later, shift to a SATA interface with a 7-pin data and 17-pin power connector, enabling speeds up to 600 MB/s in CFast 2.0 for high-performance video recording, though incompatible with standard CF slots.^[46]^[50]

Business and Trade

Cost and freight

Cost and Freight (CFR), also denoted as CF or C.F. in some contexts, is a trade term under the International Chamber of Commerce's Incoterms® 2020 rules, applicable exclusively to sea and inland waterway transport. The seller fulfills delivery obligations by placing the goods on board the vessel at the named port of shipment, obtaining export clearance, and contracting for and paying the freight costs to the named port of destination. Risk transfers to the buyer at the point of loading on board the vessel, while the buyer handles unloading, import clearance, and any onward transport.^[51]^[52] In contrast to Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF), CFR excludes any obligation for the seller to procure marine insurance covering the buyer's risk during ocean transit; the buyer must independently arrange such coverage if needed, often at potentially lower premiums due to direct control.^[53]^[51] This distinction suits scenarios where buyers prefer tailored insurance aligned with their risk assessments, avoiding the minimal coverage typically provided under CIF.^[54] CFR finds frequent application in shipments of bulk commodities like grains, ores, or coal, where goods are often sold unpackaged and sellers leverage established freight networks for cost efficiency, while buyers manage destination-specific logistics.^[52]^[55] Such usage minimizes disputes over packaging and transit handling in high-volume trades.^[56] Economically, CFR allocates seller expertise in export procedures and freight procurement to streamline supply chains, reducing overall logistics friction in global commodity flows, though it shifts transit risk and insurance burdens to buyers, potentially amplifying their exposure to volatile freight rates or carrier defaults without seller mitigation.^[57]^[58] This risk-cost balance incentivizes competitive freight bidding by sellers while empowering buyers with import autonomy, fostering trade efficiency but necessitating robust buyer risk management.^[59]

Carried forward

In bookkeeping, "carried forward" (abbreviated as c/f or CF) refers to the process of transferring the net balance from one accounting period, ledger page, or column to the next, ensuring continuity of financial records without resetting to zero.^[60]^[61] This practice applies to the difference between total debits and credits at the close of an account, which becomes the opening balance (b/f, or brought forward) for the subsequent period.^[62] The technique originated as an integral component of double-entry bookkeeping, systematically described by Luca Pacioli in his 1494 treatise Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita, which codified the Venetian method of balancing debits and credits across accounts.^[63] Pacioli's framework emphasized maintaining account integrity through periodic balancing and transfers, preventing loss of cumulative financial position and facilitating accurate trial balances.^[64] This carry-forward mechanism has remained a standard since the 15th century, supporting the preparation of financial statements by preserving undistributed profits, losses, or asset/liability balances across fiscal periods.^[65] For instance, in a cash book at the end of a month with total debits of $10,000 and credits of $8,500, the $1,500 debit balance is entered as "balance c/f" and then as "balance b/f" on the opening line of the next month's ledger, maintaining the running cash position.^[61] Similarly, a trading account's gross profit, such as $30,000, is carried forward directly to the profit and loss account without intermediate closure.^[61] This method applies to both temporary (nominal) accounts, where balances may close into equity, and permanent (real/personal) accounts, which retain balances indefinitely through successive carry-forwards.^[66]

Linguistics and Publishing

Confer (cf.)

In scholarly writing, "cf." is an abbreviation of the Latin imperative confer, derived from the verb conferre meaning "to bring together" or "to compare," originally from con- ("together") and ferre ("to bear" or "to carry").^[67] It directs readers to related but non-identical material for purposes of analogy or contrast, rather than direct equivalence or primary support.^[68] For instance, a citation might read: "The policy's implementation challenges persisted (cf. Smith's 2020 examination of analogous regulatory failures in European contexts)," signaling supportive parallels without claiming exact replication.^[69] This usage distinguishes "cf." from signals like "see," which implies straightforward reference to confirmatory or identical content, thereby avoiding overstatement of alignment between the cited work and the discussed point.^[70] In academic and legal texts, it is typically rendered in roman type (not italics) and placed in parentheses or footnotes to invite comparative analysis, such as in legal opinions where it highlights sufficiently analogous precedents that bolster an argument without being controlling.^[71] ^[72] Style guides like those from the Modern Language Association recommend restraint, advising "see also" for loosely related material to prevent implying deeper kinship than exists.^[70] Critiques of "cf." highlight risks of imprecision, where overuse or loose application can foster misleading parallels, contributing to semantic ambiguity or incoherent interpretive chains, particularly in legal reasoning where it may obscure distinctions between supportive analogy and substantive precedent.^[73] Scholars note ongoing "semantic drift" in its application, with inconsistent interpretations across disciplines leading to potential reader confusion if the cited material's relevance requires extensive explanation rather than self-evident comparison.^[72] Precise deployment demands contextual clarity, often supplemented by parenthetical notes to specify the nature of the analogy, ensuring the abbreviation serves evidentiary nuance without inviting erroneous equivalences.^[69]

Military and Government

Canadian Forces

The Canadian Forces (CF) designated Canada's unified military structure from 1968 to 2011, resulting from the integration of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force into a single command to streamline operations and eliminate redundancies inherited from pre-unification branches.^[74] This merger, formalized by amendments to the National Defence Act and effective on 1 February 1968, responded to post-Second World War demands for cost-effective defense amid fiscal constraints and evolving threats, creating functional commands focused on mobility, air defense, and maritime roles rather than service-specific silos.^[74] The Chief of the Defence Staff, appointed as the senior uniformed officer, held responsibility for operational command, strategic planning, and advising the Minister of National Defence, ensuring centralized authority over approximately 80,000-100,000 personnel during the period.^[75] The CF's primary functions encompassed territorial defense, North American security cooperation, and international commitments, including sustained NATO contributions such as deploying brigades to Europe under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty from 1951 onward and later multinational battlegroups in Eastern Europe via Operation Reassurance starting in 2014.^[76] Canada, a founding NATO member, allocated forces equivalent to two brigades and air squadrons to alliance defense during the Cold War, prioritizing collective deterrence against Soviet expansion while maintaining interoperability through joint exercises.^[77] In peacekeeping, the CF participated in over 120 United Nations missions since 1947, deploying more than 125,000 personnel to operations in Cyprus (1964-1992), the former Yugoslavia (1990s), and Afghanistan (2001-2014), where emphasis on rules of engagement and rapid response underscored a doctrine favoring meritocratic selection and tactical proficiency over administrative diversity quotas.^[78] In 2011, under the National Defence Act amendments, the overarching title shifted to Canadian Armed Forces to reinstate traditional elemental service names—like Royal Canadian Navy—and highlight the institution's combat-oriented mandate, reversing aspects of the 1968 unification that had prioritized uniformity at the expense of historical identifiers.^[79] The CF abbreviation endured in informal and legacy usage, reflecting persistent recognition of the pre-2011 framework's emphasis on integrated, efficiency-driven command unencumbered by parallel identity-based reforms that emerged in later decades.^[80]

Geography and Places

CF (postal code)

The CF postcode area designates a group of postal districts primarily in South Wales, centered around Cardiff and extending to surrounding towns such as Bridgend, Caerphilly, and Merthyr Tydfil.^[81] It encompasses approximately 46 postcode districts, serving a population of over one million residents across urban centers like Cardiff city and more rural locales in the Vale of Glamorgan and Rhondda Cynon Taf.^[82] This area code facilitates mail routing and sorting by Royal Mail, grouping addresses for efficient processing at regional distribution centers before local delivery.^[83] The CF prefix forms part of the United Kingdom's alphanumeric postcode system, which originated from trials in Norwich in 1959 and achieved nationwide rollout by the mid-1970s, with full implementation in Wales occurring progressively during that period.^[84] Specific to CF, early district numbering included lower codes, but Royal Mail later renumbered certain lower postcodes to CF99 for operational efficiency, such as improved sorting machinery compatibility, with these changes implemented in the late 20th century.^[85] The system aligns postcodes with geographic clusters rather than strict political boundaries, enabling precise logistics in South Wales' mix of dense urban zones, like Cardiff's CF10 (city center) and CF11 (docks area), and dispersed rural deliveries.^[86] Postcodes in the CF area follow the standard UK format of an outward code (CF followed by one or two digits for the district, e.g., CF10 or CF64) separated by a space from the inward code (a digit for the sector and two characters for the unit, e.g., 1AB), identifying delivery points down to individual streets or buildings.^[83] This structure indirectly corresponds to Ordnance Survey national grid references, supporting geospatial applications beyond mail, such as emergency services routing and demographic analysis, while prioritizing practical delivery efficiency over administrative divisions.^[87]

Sports

Centre fielder

In baseball, the center fielder (CF) is the outfielder assigned to defend the central portion of the outfield, designated as position 8 in standard scorekeeping notation. This positioning requires the player to cover the largest expanse of ground among outfielders, demanding superior speed, agility, and range to pursue fly balls, line drives, and grounders into gaps between left and right field. Center fielders often serve as the "captain" of the outfield, directing corner outfielders on ball trajectories and taking priority on contested catches within overlapping territories.^[88]^[89] They must also possess a strong throwing arm to relay throws from deeper outfield positions to infield cutoffs or directly to bases, preventing advancing runners from scoring on extra-base hits.^[90] Strategically, the center fielder intercepts balls hit between the corner outfielders, backs up throws to second and third base, and positions dynamically based on batter tendencies, such as pull hitters or power threats. Elite center fielders excel in reading batted balls off the bat and executing high-leverage plays, like robbing home runs at the warning track or turning singles into outs via diving catches. Defensive performance is quantified through metrics like Ultimate Zone Rating (UZR), which estimates runs saved or allowed by comparing a fielder's outcomes to league-average expectations in specific zones, incorporating factors such as range, arm strength, and error avoidance; positive UZR values indicate above-average defense, with center fielders often evaluated for their ability to handle the position's expansive demands.^[91]^[92] Historically, Willie Mays exemplified the archetype of the premier center fielder, winning 12 Gold Glove Awards from 1957 to 1968 and setting Major League records for games played (2,829) and putouts (7,095) as a center fielder, underscoring his unparalleled range and reliability over 22 seasons primarily with the New York/San Francisco Giants. The role has evolved from the dead-ball era (approximately 1900–1919), when low-scoring games emphasized speed for chasing grounders and singles amid shallower outfield alignments and rudimentary gloves, to the live-ball era post-1920, featuring deeper positioning against increased power hitting. In the modern game, analytics such as Statcast data on launch angles and exit velocities enable precise shifts and route optimizations, though center fielders remain central to preventing runs through empirical range extension, with recent seasons showing elevated defensive metrics due to specialized training and player athleticism.^[93]^[94]^[95]

CF Montréal

CF Montréal is a professional men's soccer club based in Montreal, Quebec, competing in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. The club was founded on December 10, 1992, as the Montreal Impact, initially competing in lower-tier North American leagues before joining MLS as its 19th franchise in 2012. In January 2021, it underwent a rebranding to CF Montréal, standing for Club de Foot Montréal, to better reflect its French-speaking roots and local identity while distancing from the prior name's associations. The team plays its home matches at Stade Saputo, a 19,619-seat venue opened in 2008 that serves as the hub for both senior and youth operations.^[96]^[97]^[98] The club's competitive history includes multiple domestic titles through its predecessor era, with a focus on regional success in Canada and CONCACAF competitions. As the Impact, it reached the 2015 CONCACAF Champions League final, the first for a Canadian club, though it fell to Club América. Under the CF Montréal banner, the team captured the 2021 Canadian Championship with a 1-0 victory over Toronto FC at Stade Saputo, securing qualification for the 2022 CONCACAF Champions Cup. The 2021 MLS regular season marked a high point, with a third-place Eastern Conference finish driven by disciplined possession-based play under coach Wilfried Nancy, though playoff elimination followed. CF Montréal maintains a youth academy established in 2010, which has produced national team call-ups and emphasizes player development for first-team integration over external recruitment.^[99]^[100]^[101] Drawing a passionate fan base rooted in Quebec's distinct cultural identity, CF Montréal prioritizes on-field performance and tactical cohesion, as evidenced by its investment in scouting and training rather than off-field social campaigns. Supporter groups like the 1642 Montreal Ultras have voiced strong attachment to local heritage, occasionally clashing with ownership over branding changes perceived as diluting traditions. Following a dismal 2023 season—marked by defensive lapses and bottom-table finishes—the club initiated a roster rebuild in 2025, emphasizing younger talents and designated player slots to restore competitiveness, as outlined in an open letter to fans acknowledging sustained underperformance. This approach aligns with a long-term strategy of internal growth, with academy products filling key roles amid the transition.^[102]^[103]^[104]

Other Uses

Christian Fellowship

Christian Fellowship, abbreviated as CF, refers to voluntary, student-led organizations in educational settings that unite Christians for Bible study, prayer, communal support, and evangelism grounded in scriptural principles.^[105] These groups emphasize peer accountability and personal spiritual growth, distinct from institutional curricula by remaining opt-in and focused on orthodox Christian doctrines such as the authority of Scripture and salvation through Christ.^[106] Prominent examples include CF at Harvard Law School, which organizes weekly large-group meetings and smaller gatherings to encourage faith integration amid legal studies, serving dozens of participants per event.^[106] Similarly, at the University of La Verne College of Law, CF equips members through inspirational sessions tailored to professional challenges, operating as a registered student organization since at least 2020.^[107] In international contexts, such as Singapore's public tertiary institutions, CF groups affiliated with the Fellowship of Evangelical Students (FES) exist on most campuses, facilitating inter-varsity events and doctrinal training for hundreds of students annually.^[108] Unlike mandatory diversity or orientation programs in academia, CFs are self-governing and attendance-driven, enabling participants to navigate secular environments while upholding biblically derived convictions on topics like morality and human purpose.^[105] This voluntary structure fosters resilience against cultural pressures, with groups like Harvard Business School's CF promoting service projects and networking rooted in faith, independent of school oversight.^[109] Participation in CFs shows stability amid broader shifts, aligning with data indicating a resurgence in young adult church attendance—Gen Z members averaging 1.9 services monthly in 2025—suggesting sustained engagement in campus fellowships prioritizing fidelity to evangelical tenets over accommodation to progressive norms.^[110] Reports from FES highlight consistent growth in CF involvement through events like joint Christian Weeks, countering declines in institutional religiosity by emphasizing relational evangelism and scriptural exposition.^[108]

Continuous flow

Continuous flow, in the context of chemical engineering and synthesis, refers to a process where reactants are continuously fed into a reactor system, such as microreactors or tubular reactors, allowing reactions to proceed in a steady-state stream rather than discrete batches.^[111] This methodology contrasts with traditional batch processing by enabling uninterrupted operation, which facilitates precise control over reaction parameters like temperature, pressure, and residence time.^[112] Developed for industrial bulk chemical production over a century ago, continuous flow techniques have seen renewed application in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals since the early 2000s, driven by advancements in microreactor technology that enhance scalability for complex syntheses.^[113] Key advantages include superior heat and mass transfer due to the high surface-to-volume ratio in flow systems, which minimizes hotspots and improves reaction uniformity compared to batch reactors.^[114] Safety is enhanced by handling smaller reagent volumes, reducing risks associated with exothermic or hazardous reactions, while real-time monitoring allows for immediate adjustments to optimize yields and minimize waste.^[111] Empirical studies demonstrate that flow processes often achieve higher throughput and selectivity; for instance, continuous setups can telescope multiple synthetic steps, avoiding intermediate isolations that plague batch methods and leading to overall process efficiencies that surpass batch operations in terms of time and resource use.^[112] In pharmaceutical applications, continuous flow has enabled the scalable synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as prilocaine hydrochloride, where microreactors facilitate rapid, high-yielding routes under controlled conditions.^[115] For fine chemicals production, it avoids the downtime inherent in batch cycles, supporting steady-state output suitable for on-demand manufacturing.^[116] These systems integrate well with downstream processing, promoting greener chemistry by reducing solvent use and enabling precise energy management.^[117]

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Californium - Element information, properties and uses
Californium was first made in 1950 at Berkeley, California, by a team consisting of Stanley Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn Seaborg.
[28]
Californium | Cf | CID 23997 - PubChem - NIH
A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3.
[29]
The New Element Californium (Atomic Number 98) | Phys. Rev.
Definite identification has been made of an isotope of the element with atomic number 98 through the irradiation of C m 2 4 2 with about 35-Mev helium ions.Missing: discovery | Show results with:discovery
[30]
[PDF] The New Element Californium (Atomic Number 98)
Since berkelium had taken its place as the eighth member of the actinide series, there was every reason to believe that element 98 should be an "eka-dysprosium.Missing: discovery | Show results with:discovery
[31]
Element 98 is Named for the Golden State - Celebrate California
On March 17, 1950, a team of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley announce the discovery of a new element. Although California has long been ...
[32]
Californium-252 Neutron Sources for Industrial Applications
Californium-252 makes an intense neutron point source that emits 2.34 × 1012 n/(sec g) through spontaneous fission. Sources are being prepared to ...
[33]
Well logging with californium-252 | U.S. Geological Survey - USGS.gov
Californium 252 is an isotopic neutron source that has only recently become available for experimental well logging. One curie of 252Cf emits 4.4 x 109 neutrons ...
[34]
Production, distribution and applications of californium-252 neutron ...
Californium-252 is used for PGNAA, explosives detection, neutron radiography, waste assays, reactor start-up, cancer therapy, and land mine confirmation.Production, Distribution And... · 5. Source Distribution... · 7. The Californium User...Missing: emission | Show results with:emission
[35]
[PDF] Production of Cf-252 and other transplutonium isotopes at Oak ...
The Californium Production Program was established at SRS to produce 252Cf in multigram quantities for market development. ORNL participated in this program, ...
[36]
[PDF] THE NEW ELEMENT CALIFORNIUM (ATOMIC NUMBER 98)
for the discovery of an isotope of element 98. That the 45-minute activity observed in the experiments is, beyond reasonable doubt, an isotope of element 98 ...
[37]
[PDF] Intel x86 Instruction Set Architecture
The Carry flag is set when an instruction generates a result that is too large (or too small) for the destination operand. • The Sign flag is set if the ...
[38]
x86 Architecture - Windows drivers | Microsoft Learn
Dec 13, 2024 · x86 Flags ; cf, Carry Flag, 0 1, nccy, No carry - Carry ; tf, Trap Flag, If tf equals 1, the processor will raise a STATUS_SINGLE_STEP exception ...
[39]
Carry Flag, Auxiliary Flag and Overflow Flag in Assembly
Oct 10, 2013 · The carry flag is set if the addition of two numbers causes a carry out of the most significant (leftmost) bits added. 1111 + 0001 = 0000 (carry ...Understanding the difference between overflow and carry flagsConfusion about ARM documentation on carry flag - Stack OverflowMore results from stackoverflow.com
[40]
Silicon reverse-engineering: the Intel 8086 processor's flag circuitry
Feb 11, 2023 · Status flags are a key part of most processors, indicating if an arithmetic result is negative, zero, or has a carry, for instance.
[41]
[PDF] Intel Microprocessors: 8008 to 8086 - SteveMorse.org
The CARRY flag indicates if a carry-out or borrow-in was generated, thereby providing the ability to perform multiple-precision binary arithmetic. The ZERO flag ...
[42]
Multi-Precision Arithmetic & "adc" Instruction - CS 301 Lecture
CS 301 Lecture, Dr. Lawlor CF--The "carry flag". Set to indicate the bit that carries out of an addition or subtraction.Missing: computer | Show results with:computer
[43]
multi-word addition using the carry flag - Stack Overflow
Mar 13, 2015 · This is the first example of an “add with carry” type instruction being implemented with intrinsics.How to access the carry flag while adding two 64 bit numbers using ...assembly - Why is the Carry Flag set during a subtraction when zero ...More results from stackoverflow.com
[44]
25 Years of CompactFlash: A Look Back at the Pioneering Format
Jul 11, 2019 · In 1994, we saw the debut of a pioneering format for flash memory products that could fit easily in devices like PDAs and digital cameras.
[45]
CompactFlash Association: Home
Based on PCMCIA/ATA interface – compatible with PC card adapters. 1995. CompactFlash Association Icon. Formation. CompactFlash Association (CFA) was officially ...
[46]
Technical Guide for CompactFlash (CF) and Secure Digital (SD) Cards
Jan 16, 2018 · CF cards use PATA, have 3.3mm/5mm thickness, and speeds like 8x/20x. SD cards use a hybrid interface, with 3.3V/1.8V, and have SPI/SD modes.
[47]
The history of memory cards in industrial environments - Swissbit
Jul 18, 2021 · In industrial applications, CompactFlash showed many advantages, most notably in terms of robustness and resistance. The CompactFlash Card (CFC) ...
[48]
Spotlight on Compact Flash Memory Cards | Delkin Devices
Users value CF cards for their reliability, high capacities, easy integrations, and robust speeds. Compact Flash memory cards are often used as boot drives with ...
[49]
Answers to Common Questions about CF Memory Cards
Both Compact Flash and SD memory cards are good options for industrial users. The main difference between the two is that Compact Flash cards have a memory ...
[50]
Card Types - CompactFlash Association
The CompactFlash Association (CFA) standards are CFexpress, CFAST, XQD, and CompactFlash. CFexpress is the latest and has three form factors.
[51]
Incoterms® 2020: CFR or CIF? - ICC Academy
Aug 21, 2024 · Under CFR, the seller must bear the cost and freight from the port of shipment to the port of destination. This term only applies to sea or ...Missing: CF | Show results with:CF
[52]
Cost and Freight (CFR) Incoterms® 2020 Rule - Trade Finance Global
Cost and Freight CFR (CFR) Incoterm® describes how the seller has the responsibility of the goods until the destination port.Missing: CF | Show results with:CF
[53]
Understanding CFR vs. CIF - Investopedia
The Bottom Line The difference between the two is that CIF requires marine insurance to be included, paid by the seller, that provides protection against any ...
[54]
CIF vs. C&F: Why You Should Take Control of Your Cargo Insurance
Rating 5.0 (9) CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) means the seller includes insurance, but it's usually the absolute minimum required. This often means limited coverage.
[55]
Incoterms in shipping and their impact on indirect tax - Avalara
Jul 9, 2025 · CFR is often used with bulk commodities and is suitable for sellers that have access to affordable freight options. Cost, Insurance and Freight ...<|separator|>
[56]
Incoterms Explained: Cost and Freight (CFR) - DCL Logistics
Jan 7, 2025 · It's commonly used in maritime transport for containerized goods or bulk shipments. CFR – Cost and Freight (show port of discharge). The ...
[57]
What Is Cost and Freight (CFR) in Foreign Trade Contracts?
Cost and freight (CFR) is a contractual obligation for a seller of export goods to arrange for their delivery by sea to a foreign port.<|separator|>
[58]
The Importance of Incoterms in International Trade | Gornitzky GNY
Dec 11, 2024 · Incoterms are a valuable tool for companies engaged in international trade, providing a clear structure for managing the complex risks, costs ...
[59]
Incoterms: How the rules of trade impact your revenue | EDC
May 19, 2023 · Incoterms are a set of 11 universal trade terms used in global sales contracts to clearly define the roles and responsibilities of the buyer and seller.Missing: CF | Show results with:CF
[60]
What is Balance B/F and Balance C/F? - Accounting Capital
Oct 29, 2017 · At the end of a journal page, debit and credit balances are totalled and carried forward to the next page, this balance pushed forward from the ...
[61]
Carry Forward Accounting -Meaning, Example, vs Brought Forward
Jun 14, 2024 · For example, if a business has a gross profit of $30,000 in the trading account, it will get carried forward to the next ledger account.
[62]
Difference Between Balance B/F and Balance C/F (Explained)
The abbreviation “C/F” refers to “Carried Forward” in accounting terms. In accounting, every trial balance or ledger account has a closing balance. If that ...
[63]
The Father of Accounting: Luca Pacioli
Mar 24, 2023 · Pacioli believed the most difficult part of double-entry accounting was determining the correct amounts of both debits and credits—and that one ...
[64]
Luca Pacioli and the Enduring Legacy of Double-Entry Accounting
Jan 3, 2025 · This article revisits Pacioli's contributions with a modern lens, exploring how his ideas have shaped accounting practices and their continued relevance in the ...
[65]
Luca Pacioli and the Birth of Modern Accounting
Oct 1, 2024 · The modern system of accounting known as “double-entry” bookkeeping was an invention of the famous Italian mathematician, educator, author, and Franciscan ...
[66]
When to Close an Account and When to Carry the Balance Forward
Where a balance needs to be retained, for example on cash, you do not close the account. You simply carry the balance forward to the next trading period.
[67]
https://www.etymonline.com/word/cf
[68]
Latin Terms and Abbreviations - UNC Writing Center
The abbreviation cf. stands for the Latin word confer which means “compare.” It is primarily used in endnotes or footnotes to point readers to works that ...
[69]
Frequently Used & Misused Latin Abbreviations in Academic Writing
Common Latin abbreviations include 'cf.' (compare), 'e.g.' (for example), and 'i.e.' (that is), often used in parentheses, but can be misused.
[70]
Is it acceptable to use the abbreviation cf. in MLA style?
Jul 24, 2019 · In MLA style, cf. may be used in parenthetical citations, but writers should take care not to use the abbreviation, meaning “compare” (from the Latin “confer”).
[71]
Shortened forms used in referencing - Style Manual
Jun 10, 2021 · Use roman type, not italics ; c. · circa (about, approximately) ; cf. compare (from Latin confer) ; ch, chapter ; col, cols, column(s).
[72]
Friends don't let friends use “cf.” | Scientist Sees Squirrel
Jun 13, 2016 · It's actually an abbreviation of the Latin conferre*, literally “bring together”. It means “compare”, and in particular it suggests either that the reader can ...
[73]
[PDF] Semiotics, Analogical Legal Reasoning, and the Cf. Citation
After exploring its semiotic function, he details the multitude of ways in which this signal has been used and misused. He argues that lawyers' and judges' ...
[74]
Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces
Nov 11, 2021 · In 1968, the Royal Canadian Navy, Army, and Air Force were combined into the Canadian Armed Forces, with a single command, new commands, and a ...Background · Reasons for Change · UnificationMissing: formation | Show results with:formation
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Chief of the Defence Staff - Canada.ca
Chief of the Defence Staff. General M.A.J. Carignan Chief of the Defence Staff. Latest CDS Message October 2, 2025. On behalf of the Canadian Armed Forces ...Biography · Chief Warrant Officer · Former Chiefs of the Defence...
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Canada and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Sep 10, 2025 · The Canadian Armed Forces are among the most engaged, agile, deployable and responsive armed forces within NATO, and Canada is proud to have ...
[77]
Canada and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Historical sheet
Mar 7, 2024 · Canada's army, navy and air force have taken part in NATO exercises as part of Operation Reassurance in places such as Poland, Latvia, Romania ...
[78]
Operation REASSURANCE - Canada.ca
Canadian Armed Forces support to NATO's assurance and deterrence measures to promote security and stability in Central and Eastern Europe.
[79]
Canada Restores Historic Identities of the Royal Canadian Navy, the ...
Dec 14, 2016 · On February 1, 1968, the government of the day amended the National Defence Act to unify the Canadian Forces. In that process, the identities of ...
[80]
Canada's military is getting a new name — again - National Post
Mar 12, 2013 · The Harper government is now quietly working to remind Canadians their soldiers carry guns by doing away with the Chretien-era “Canadian Forces.”
[81]
Cardiff Postcode CF Postal Area
Postcode CF has post towns · Aberdare · Bargoed · Barry · Bridgend · Caerphilly · Cardiff · Cowbridge · Dinas Powys ...<|separator|>
[82]
CF Postcode Area for the Cardiff Region - Streetlist
The CF postcode area represents a group of 35 postal districts in the Cardiff area of the United Kingdom. The area has a population of 1,005,334 and covers an ...
[83]
The UK Postcode Format
The UK postcode consists of five to seven alphanumeric characters which was created by Royal Mail. A full postcode designates an area with multiple addresses ...Missing: CF | Show results with:CF
[84]
The History of UK Postcodes - Powered By PAF
It wasn't until 1959 that the Postmaster General, Ernest Marples, first trialled the 6-digit postal code of the type we know today, in Norwich.
[85]
The weird postcode system in Cardiff explained | Wales Online
Mar 3, 2019 · A Royal Mail spokesperson said: “Originally the 'CF' postcode area did include lower numbered postcodes. However for operational reasons it ...
[86]
CF - Cardiff 4 Digit Postcode District Map
Free Postcode Area and District maps of cardiff. Detailing all the districts of cardiff as free downloadable pdf files.
[87]
CF Postcode Area - Geostats
The CF Cardiff postcode area is located in the heart of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff, and is known for its rich cultural history, thriving arts scene, and ...
[88]
Center Fielder | Glossary - MLB.com
The center fielder is considered the "captain" of the outfield and typically will take precedence over a corner outfielder if the two are attempting to field ...
[89]
Baseball Basics: On the Field - MLB.com
Center field(er) - Center field is the leader of the outfield and is usually the fatest of the three outfielders. His territory overlaps the other fielders, ...
[90]
[PDF] Marlins Think Tank: Fifth Grade Writing Lesson Plan #1 - MLB.com
Not only is the center fielder responsible for covering the deepest part of the ball field, but he has to be fast enough to back up both the left and right ...
[91]
Ultimate Zone Rating (UZR) | Glossary - MLB.com
Ultimate Zone Rating (UZR). Definition. UZR quantifies a player's entire defensive performance by attempting to measure how many runs a defender saved.Missing: metric | Show results with:metric
[92]
Are We at Peak Center Field Defense? - FanGraphs Baseball
Jul 10, 2025 · If you look at center field defensive metrics for any one year, they should be right around zero more often than not. However high the bar is, ...
[93]
Willie Mays - Baseball Hall of Fame
He was a two-time NL MVP (1954 and 1965), a 24-time All-Star (he won the All-Star Game MVP in 1963 and 1968) and won 12 Gold Glove Awards in center field.
[94]
The Defensive Excellence of Willie Mays
Mays is the leader in games played as a center fielder (2,829) and putouts as both a center fielder (7,024) and outfielder (7,112) since 1901. He ranks seventh ...
[95]
The Rise and Fall of the Deadball Era
Fielders played bare-handed and errors were common. The result was a highly entertaining but inelegant game, with lots of errors and lots of runs, mostly ...
[96]
History - CF Montréal
History · PASSIONATE SINCE THE START · December 10, 1992 | Club Founding · October 15 | 1st Playoffs Championship · Regular Season Titles · Club relaunch · September ...Missing: rebranding | Show results with:rebranding
[97]
Club de Foot Montréal: Team unveils new name and brand identity
Jan 14, 2021 · The Montreal Impact unveiled a major identity change on Thursday, announcing a new name and brand image transformation. The club's name is now Club de Foot ...Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
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MLS' Montreal Impact change name to Club de Foot Montreal - ESPN
Jan 14, 2021 · The Montreal Impact announced their new branding on Thursday, shedding the Impact moniker it has had for the past 28 years across multiple leagues.Missing: rebranding | Show results with:rebranding
[99]
Montreal Impact Winning CONCACAF Wouldn't Have Altered MLS ...
Apr 30, 2015 · The Montreal Impact were minutes away from a historic CONCACAF Champions League title. However, Club America showed its dominance in the ...<|separator|>
[100]
CF Montreal win 2021 Canadian Championship 1:0 over Toronto at ...
Nov 21, 2021 · CF Montreal defeated Toronto FC 1:0 to win the 2021 Canadian Championship in front of 12,000 fans at Stade Saputo in Montreal, QC.
[101]
Three CF Montréal Academy players called up by Canada's U17 ...
Jan 29, 2025 · CF Montréal Academy players Owen Graham-Roache, Sergei Kozlovskiy and Aghilas Sadek have been selected by the Canadian U17 national team for the 2025 U17 ...Missing: success | Show results with:success
[102]
CF Montréal: Harnessing the city's vibrant soccer culture(s)
Sep 19, 2025 · Simone Saputo also emphasizes that the club works to help academy players who don't attain first-team contracts find professional opportunities ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[103]
CF Montreal announce rebuild in letter to fans | Reuters
Jul 23, 2025 · July 23 - CF Montreal released an open letter to fans Wednesday, acknowledging their underperformance and announcing a commitment to "rebuild" ...
[104]
https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/donadel-era-begins-cf-montr-185900714.html
[105]
5 Reasons to Join a Christian Fellowship - YMI
May 24, 2016 · 5 Reasons to Join a Christian Fellowship · 1. CF reminds us to keep meeting · 2. CF teaches us to accept each other in love · 3. CF is a place for ...<|separator|>
[106]
Harvard Law School Christian Fellowship - About
The vision of the Christian Fellowship is to foster campus community and build each other up in the Lord. We organize weekly large group meetings as well as ...
[107]
Christian Fellowship - University of La Verne College of Law
Christian Fellowship. Christian Fellowship (CF) is a student-run organization that exists to inspire, encourage, and equip law students who share an ...
[108]
Students - FES Singapore
FES works with students through campus-based fellowship groups, usually known as Christian Fellowship (CF), which are present in most of the public tertiary ...
[109]
Christian Fellowship | MBA - Harvard Business School
Christian Fellowship | MBA. ... Service Projects. Club Website. http://www.cf-hbsclub.com. Club Email Address.
[110]
New Barna Data: Young Adults Lead a Resurgence in Church ...
Sep 2, 2025 · The typical Gen Z churchgoer now attends 1.9 weekends per month, while Millennial churchgoers average 1.8 times—a steady upward shift since the ...Missing: Fellowship | Show results with:Fellowship
[111]
Modern flow chemistry – prospect and advantage - PMC
Jan 6, 2023 · Among the many advantages of performing organic reactions in continuous flow, enhanced heat-, mass- and photon transfer, an improved safety profile, broad ...
[112]
Flow Chemistry: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of ...
Nov 26, 2015 · Continuous flow synthetic methodologies can also be easily combined to other enabling technologies leading to an improved efficiency. (9) ...
[113]
Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active ... - NIH
Feb 10, 2022 · Continuous flow reactors have been used industrially for more than 100 years for the synthesis of bulk chemicals and most suited for the larger ...
[114]
Continuous Flow Technology as an Enabler for Innovative ...
Jun 14, 2022 · Carrying out reactions in continuous flow provides this through improved mass and heat transfer, which prevents local temperature hot spots ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[115]
Synthesis of Prilocaine Hydrochloride in Continuous Flow Systems
Aug 25, 2025 · Herein, we showcase how continuous flow technology enables the development of time-efficient, high-yielding synthetic routes for the ...
[116]
Continuous flow processing in the pharma industry
Oct 22, 2015 · Continuous flow processes have many distinct advantages over discontinuous batch production and therefore, in the last century, continuous ...
[117]
[PDF] Towards More Efficient, Greener Syntheses Through Flow Chemistry
One of the well-known benefits of continuous flow is the ability to safely heat a reaction mixture well beyond the boiling point, by regulating the pressure ...