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Daegu Metro

The Daegu Metro is a system serving the South Korean city of and its surrounding metropolitan area, operated by the Daegu Metropolitan Transit Corporation. It comprises three main lines—two conventional subway lines and one automated monorail line—spanning a total route length of approximately 92.5 km with 94 stations, facilitating efficient urban mobility for commuters across the region's densely populated districts. Construction of the system began in 1992 as part of Daegu's urban development plans to alleviate and support in the region. Line 1, the inaugural route, partially opened on November 26, 1997, between Jincheon and Jungangno stations, with full initial operations extending to approximately 24.5 km and 27 stations by 1998; it has since been expanded multiple times, including a significant 8.9 km extension from Ansim to Hayang with three new stations that opened on December 21, 2024, bringing its current length to 37.1 km and 35 stations overall. Line 2, an elevated and underground route measuring 31.4 km with 29 stations, commenced service on October 18, 2005, from Munyang to Sawol, and was further extended by 3.4 km to on September 19, 2012. Line 3, known as the Skyrail, is a 24 km driverless line featuring 30 elevated stations, which opened on April 23, 2015, connecting KNU Medical Center in the northwest to Yongji in the southeast; constructed by with a focus on environmental efficiency and safety, it traverses key areas including the bustling Seomun Market. The system intersected at central hubs like Banwoldang Station, enhancing connectivity, though it gained tragic notoriety from the 2003 on Line 1, which killed 192 people and prompted nationwide safety reforms including mandatory and . Recent expansions include the Daegyeong Suburban Rail Line, a 61.9 km Korail-operated corridor using the Gyeongbu main line with seven stations, which opened on December 13, 2024, linking Gumi to via and achieving an average daily ridership of 28,000 passengers in its first month of operation. Future plans encompass further extensions, such as an additional 5 km segment on Line 1 to Geumho by 2030, underscoring Daegu Metro's ongoing role in integrating urban and regional transport networks.

Overview

System Description

The Daegu Metro is a comprehensive urban rail network serving , , and its metropolitan region, comprising heavy rail lines, a , and a service. As of 2025, Lines 1, 2, and 3 total 92.5 km in length with 94 stations, while the Daegyeong Line adds 61.9 km and 7 stations (with some overlaps at transfer points), encompassing a mix of underground, elevated, and at-grade infrastructure to facilitate efficient intra-city and regional travel. Recent extensions, including an 8.9 km addition to Line 1 opened on December 21, 2024, have further grown the system. Line 1 and Line 2 operate as standard heavy rail systems, while Line 3 utilizes an automated design for elevated service, and the Daegyeong Line provides connectivity using existing mainline tracks. This ridership underscores the network's role in alleviating in , a city of over 2.4 million residents, by offering reliable alternatives to . Integration with broader transport modes enhances accessibility, with key stations like Dongdaegu and providing seamless transfers to services, extensive bus networks, and lines in the Daegu-Gyeongbuk area. These connections support commuter flows across the metropolitan region, including links to nearby cities like Gumi and via the Daegyeong Line. A distinctive feature of the Daegu Metro is its diverse rail technologies: heavy rail for high-capacity urban routes on Lines 1 and 2, innovative operation on Line 3 for scenic elevated travel, and on the Daegyeong Line to extend reach into surrounding suburbs. The network first opened in 1997 and continues to evolve, with construction on Line 4 planned to begin in 2026 to further expand coverage.

Operators and Governance

The Daegu Metropolitan Transit Corporation (DTRO), a government-owned public corporation, serves as the primary operator of the Daegu Metro system, managing Lines 1, 2, and 3. Established on November 20, 1995, DTRO was formed to oversee the construction and operation of urban rail services in , initially focusing on the development of Line 1. As a public entity under the direct oversight of the Metropolitan Government, DTRO operates as a non-profit organization dedicated to providing efficient public transportation. The Daegyeong Line, a extension integrated into the broader Daegu Metro network, is operated separately by the Korea Railroad Corporation () under a metropolitan rail service agreement initiated in 2021 and leading to its full operational launch in December 2024. This arrangement reflects Korail's role as the national railway operator, handling the line's electric train services across 61.8 km connecting Gumi, , and . Governance of the Daegu Metro falls under the Daegu Metropolitan Government, which provides strategic direction, policy enforcement, and administrative supervision for DTRO's activities. Funding mechanisms combine local revenues with substantial national subsidies from the , including allocations in the 2025 national budget for rail maintenance and upgrades to ensure reliability and . DTRO's operations comply with South Korea's Urban Railroad Act, which regulates safety standards, facility management, and obligations for transit providers. This legal framework mandates adherence to national guidelines on construction, operation, and environmental impact, positioning DTRO as a key player in sustainable mobility without private sector involvement in core operations.

History

Planning and Early Development

The planning for the Daegu Metro originated in 1985, when a comprehensive study on Daegu City's transportation improvements identified subway construction as a primary solution to escalating urban mobility challenges driven by rapid industrialization and demographic expansion. , a key textile manufacturing hub during South Korea's economic boom, saw its population grow from approximately 1.8 million in the early to 2.5 million by the mid-1990s, intensifying road congestion and highlighting the need for efficient mass transit. Feasibility studies for the system commenced in 1989, drawing inspiration from the Metro's success in managing high-density urban flows, with emphasis on establishing north-south and east-west corridors to link the city's expanding industrial and residential zones. That year, City established a dedicated subway planning team to coordinate technical surveys and route evaluations, culminating in the formulation of a basic plan by 1991 that outlined the core structure. These efforts prioritized to alleviate traffic bottlenecks while integrating with existing bus and services. National government backing was secured through the Urban Railroad Act of 1990, which provided a legal framework for funding, construction standards, and project approvals for local urban rail initiatives like Daegu's. This legislation enabled central subsidies and coordinated investment, marking a shift toward decentralized yet nationally supported metro development across South Korea's growing metropolises. Early site selection for Line 1 involved debates over alignments to preserve cultural and historical areas, balancing engineering feasibility with urban heritage protection.

Construction and Initial Openings

Construction of Daegu Metro Line 1 commenced in December 1991, involving extensive tunneling through the city's surrounding mountainous terrain to navigate the challenging topography of the Daegu basin. The project was completed in phases due to the complex underground works and safety considerations following the April 28, 1995, at the Sangin-dong construction site that killed 101 people and delayed progress by over a year. The initial section of Line 1, spanning 10.3 km with 12 stations from Jincheon to Jungangno, opened on November 26, 1997, marking the launch of Daegu's metro system. This underground route connected key southwestern areas to the city center, providing essential relief to growing urban traffic demands. Subsequent extensions followed: the eastern segment to Ansim opened on May 2, 1998; an extension from Jincheon to Daegok on May 10, 2002; further westward to Seolhwa-Myeongok on September 8, 2016; and the latest 8.9 km extension from Ansim to Hayang-eup in Gyeongsan-si on December 21, 2024, bringing the total length to 37.1 km with 35 stations. Line 2 construction began in 1997, focusing on a circular route to complement Line 1's linear path through central . The initial 28 km segment with 26 stations from Munyang to Sawol opened on October 18, 2005, enhancing connectivity across northern and southern districts. The line reached its full operational length of 31.4 km with 29 stations upon the 3.4 km extension to University on September 19, 2012. Line 3, Daegu's system, addressed gaps in coverage for hilly northern and southeastern areas, with starting in June 2009 using elevated guideways to minimize ground disruption. The 23.9 km route with 30 stations from Chilgok·KNU Medical Center to Yongji opened fully on April 23, 2015, after phased testing, introducing South Korea's first urban for public transit. The Daegyeong Line, integrated as a commuter rail extension modeled after Seoul's metropolitan system, underwent construction from 2016 onward to link Daegu with surrounding cities. This 61.9 km double-track line with 7 stations opened on December 13, 2024, from Gumi to Gyeongsan via Daegu, operated by Korail with Hyundai Rotem trainsets running every 20 minutes.

Operational Lines

Line 1

Daegu Metro Line 1 serves as the primary north-south heavy rail corridor in the Daegu metropolitan area, extending 37.1 km from Seolhwa-Myeonggok in the southwest to Hayang in the east, and connecting key urban districts with 35 stations along its route. The line facilitates vital linkages to major transportation hubs, including a key interchange at Dongdaegu Station, where passengers can transfer to KTX high-speed rail services and other regional lines. Opened in 1997, it represents the system's foundational route, emphasizing efficient commuter flow from residential suburbs to central business areas. The route integrates seamlessly with the broader network at Banwoldang Station, allowing cross-platform transfers to Line 2 for east-west travel, which enhances overall system connectivity for daily commuters and visitors. Infrastructure consists of a combination of elevated and underground sections, with approximately 16 stations underground—primarily through the dense downtown core from Jincheon to Jungangno—and the remaining elevated to navigate efficiently. This design balances cost, integration, and operational reliability, supporting the line's role as a high-capacity artery. A significant recent development was the 8.9 km eastern extension opened on December 21, 2024, adding three new stations from the previous at Ansim to Hayang and improving connectivity to . This extension enhances regional access for educational and industrial areas, reducing travel times between and to under 60 minutes. Peak-hour service patterns provide frequent operations every 3-5 minutes, achieving an average speed of 35 km/h to accommodate high demand along the corridor.

Line 2

Line 2 is a 31.4 km circular heavy rail route forming an east-west loop in the Daegu Metro system, commencing and concluding at Munyang Station while traversing the . The line comprises 29 stations and is designated with a red color on official route maps for easy identification. Opened on October 18, 2005, it represents the second phase of Daegu's expansion, enhancing urban circulation by linking eastern suburbs like Munyang with western areas including Medical Center. Service on Line 2 follows a continuous circular , enabling bidirectional travel without fixed terminals, which supports efficient east-west mobility across the city. Trains operate at headways of 4 to 6 minutes during peak periods, resulting in a full loop travel time of about 50 minutes. This configuration prioritizes high-frequency service to accommodate commuter demand in densely populated districts. A key feature of Line 2 is its predominantly underground alignment through the , designed to minimize surface-level disruptions and integrate smoothly with the urban fabric. It provides critical transfer points, including Banwoldang Station for Line 1 and Cheongna Hill Station for Line 3, facilitating seamless multimodal journeys. Infrastructure enhancements, such as the 2023 signaling system upgrades implemented by the Transportation Corporation, have improved operational reliability and capacity on the line.

Line 3

Line 3 of the Daegu Metro is an elevated system spanning 23.9 km from Chilgok Medical Center in the northwest to Yongji in the southeast, connecting key university campuses, residential neighborhoods, and urban districts across the city. The route features 30 stations, providing seamless access to areas like and surrounding residential zones, while its fully elevated straddle-beam design offers passengers scenic views of Daegu's landscapes and cityscape. This innovative option, supplied by , utilizes a straddle-beam technology where vehicles ride atop a single concrete beam, enabling efficient navigation through densely populated areas with minimal ground disruption. The line operates as a fully automated, driverless system under standards, ensuring reliable service without human intervention in routine operations. Trains run at intervals of 5 to 7 minutes, with a top speed of 70 km/h and an average operational speed of 30 km/h, facilitating quick commutes for daily riders in university and residential corridors. Notable features include observatory-style seating for enhanced elevated views and mist-glass windows that provide privacy in residential sections by turning opaque when passing sensitive areas. These elements, combined with the system's electric propulsion, contribute to its profile, reducing emissions and noise compared to traditional rail options. Infrastructure for Line 3 includes 28 three-car trainsets, totaling 84 vehicles, each measuring 46.2 m in length with a for up to 265 passengers (expanding to 398 during peak hours). The , featuring a 1,050 kW power output, is designed for through lightweight construction and , helping lower overall operational demands. Local manufacturing of production models by Korean firms like Woojin Industrial Systems further optimized costs by integrating domestic components while maintaining Hitachi's core technology. The line opened on April 23, 2015, following construction that began in June 2009.

Daegyeong Line

The Daegyeong Line is a regional service operated by that integrates with the Daegu Metro network, extending northward to connect Gumi with over a distance of 61.9 km. As of 2025, the line serves seven stations, facilitating transfers to Daegu Metro Line 1 at Dongdaegu and Daegu stations, and thereby enhancing regional for commuters traveling between cities and 's urban core. The line opened for regular service on December 14, 2024, as part of South Korea's efforts to expand metropolitan rail integration. The line achieved an average daily ridership of 28,000 passengers in its first month of operation. Korail provides frequent operations on the Daegyeong Line, with up to 100 round trips per day from Monday to Friday, including the first departure from Dongdaegu Station at 05:25. These services connect directly to at Dongdaegu Station, supporting efficient regional travel for commuters. Buksam Station, adding to the network's accessibility in northern , is scheduled to open in 2025. The line employs two-car electric trains on its fully electrified 25 kV AC infrastructure, designed primarily to alleviate road congestion for inter-city workers and reduce travel times across the Gumi-Daegu-Gyeongsan corridor. End-to-end journeys take under 60 minutes, with fares starting at 1,500 KRW and transfer discounts available. The infrastructure combines surface-level and elevated sections to navigate the varied terrain between Gumi and , incorporating advanced signaling like the Korean Train Control System (KTCS-2) for safe operations at speeds up to 100 km/h. Aimed at promoting sustainable regional mobility, the line addresses high demand on non-metropolitan routes by offering reliable alternatives to buses and cars. Future developments include a planned 22.9 km extension northward from Gumi to Gimcheon along existing tracks, targeted for completion by 2030 under the national rail network plan.

Operations

Fares and Ticketing

The Daegu Metro operates on a flat fare system for journeys up to 30 km, with adult base fares set at 1,500 KRW when using a transit card and 1,700 KRW for single-use tokens. Youth fares are 850 KRW with a transit card or 1,700 KRW for tokens, while children pay 400 KRW with a card or 500 KRW for tokens. The Daegyeong Line operates on a distance-based fare system with a base fare of 1,500 KRW and a maximum of 2,800 KRW for the full route. Transfers between metro lines and integrated bus services are provided free of charge if completed within 30 minutes of the initial boarding. Ticketing relies on RF-based smart cards, such as the Cashbee card, which passengers can purchase and recharge at stations, convenience stores, or via ATMs. These cards facilitate contactless tapping at gates and support seamless integration with the broader network. As of 2025, mobile applications like those from Cardnet allow for digital purchases and top-ups of Cashbee balances, alongside support for contactless payments via smartphone wallets such as for eligible transit fares. The system offers policy-driven discounts, including free rides for seniors aged 65 and older upon presentation of identification. Students in youth categories receive reduced rates as outlined in the standard fare structure. Cashbee cards are interoperable with the system, enabling discounted regional travel across , Gyeongbuk province, and connected intercity services.

Rolling Stock

The of the Daegu Metro consists of dedicated train types for each line, designed to meet the operational requirements of their respective routes and technologies. Line 1 utilizes the Hanjin 1000-series, comprising 6-car metro trains manufactured by Heavy Industries. A total of 216 cars are in service, with a top operating speed of 80 km/h; these trains were introduced in 1997 and underwent refurbishments in 2020 to enhance reliability and passenger comfort. Line 2 employs the 2000-series, featuring 6-car sets built with stainless steel construction for improved durability and reduced maintenance. The fleet includes 180 cars, supporting the line's high-capacity demands since its opening. Line 3 operates the /Woojin 3000-series trains, which are automated 4-car sets with rubber-tired wheels for smoother and quieter performance. The system has 84 cars in total, enabling driverless operation across the elevated route. The Daegyeong Line uses nine 2-car Korail Class 392000 electric multiple unit trainsets. Overall fleet management encompasses more than 480 cars across the network.

Safety and Incidents

Major Accidents

One of the earliest major incidents in Daegu Metro's history occurred on April 28, 1995, during the construction of Line 1 in the Sangin-dong district. Workers accidentally damaged a city gas pipeline while excavating, leading to a methane gas leak that ignited upon contact with a spark from nearby subway construction equipment. The resulting explosion created a massive crater in a busy intersection during morning rush hour, killing 101 people—including 42 middle school students—and injuring 143 others, with the blast hurling metal plates and debris into surrounding buildings and vehicles. The most devastating operational accident took place on , 2003, involving an arson attack on a Line 1 . A 56-year-old man named Kim Dae-han, motivated by personal grievances following a , boarded 1079 near Banwoldang Station with containers of flammable liquid and set fire to himself and the carriage while the train was en route to Jungangno Station. The blaze rapidly spread due to the train's flammable interior materials, and a subsequent halted at the station, exacerbating the fire's reach through the tunnel; this resulted in 192 fatalities and 148 injuries, primarily from and burns among passengers trapped in the . Providing broader context, railway accidents across resulted in 137 casualties—68 deaths and 69 injuries—from 195 incidents between 2022 and 2024, with systems like Daegu Metro contributing through factors such as dense passenger loads and aging in metropolitan areas. Additionally, a total of 1,034 safety-related accidents involving buses and subways were reported nationwide in recent years, predominantly falls and minor collisions leading to delays rather than severe harm.

Safety Measures and Improvements

Following the 2003 Daegu subway fire, which highlighted critical vulnerabilities in and emergency response, the Daegu Metropolitan Transit Corporation implemented comprehensive reforms to enhance passenger protection. These included the mandatory replacement of interior train materials with flame-retardant substances to limit fire spread. Additionally, over 13,000 fire detectors were installed across the system's 91 stations to enable early detection of potential or other ignition sources. Enhanced surveillance through expanded CCTV networks was also prioritized, with installations in all train cars beginning in to monitor interiors and prevent incidents. Regular emergency drills were introduced nationwide for subway operators and staff, simulating fire scenarios to improve evacuation coordination and response times. Technological advancements further bolstered operational safety. Automatic train control (ATC) systems, which integrate automatic train protection and operation functions, have been deployed across Daegu Metro lines to maintain safe speeds, prevent collisions, and ensure precise stopping, with full implementation on Lines 1 and 2 supporting driver-assisted . Platform screen doors (PSDs) were retrofitted progressively, starting with high-risk stations on Line 2 such as Munyang, to prevent falls and contain during emergencies; by 2025, these half-height barriers cover a significant portion of underground platforms, aligning with national standards for urban rail safety. Public education initiatives have played a key role in fostering awareness. The Daegu Citizen Safety Theme Park, opened on December 29, 2008, offers interactive simulations of subway fires, evacuations, and other hazards, providing annual training programs that engage thousands of visitors, including school groups, in practical safety skills. Complementing this, national regulatory changes post-2003 mandated stricter protocols for subways, including advanced detection systems, which have contributed to fewer severe incidents through proactive monitoring and response improvements. In 2025, integration with the Emergency Ready mobile app delivers real-time alerts for transit-related risks, such as station evacuations, directly to users' devices.

Future Developments

Planned Extensions

The eastern extension of Line 1 will add 5 km from Hayang to Geumho in Yeongcheon, incorporating three new stations to enhance access to local industrial areas. Construction is scheduled to commence in 2026 and conclude in 2029, building on the recent opening of the preceding segment to Hayang, with an estimated cost of 205.2 billion KRW. A northward extension of the Daegyeong Line spanning 22.9 km from Gumi to Gimcheon along the Gyeongbu main line, introducing four new stations, has been designated as a regional railway project as of August 2024. However, the preliminary failed the standard B/C ratio in May 2025, and as of November 2025, an alternative analysis is underway with no confirmed timeline for construction or openings. Plans for extending Line 3 include a route to New Innovation City beyond Ansim, though feasibility studies remain pending as of 2025 with no specific timeline.

New Lines

Daegu Metro's expansion includes several proposed new lines as part of the city's urban rail development strategy. Line 4 is planned as a 12.6 km (AGT) line serving northwest , featuring 12 stations and utilizing steel-wheeled technology similar to Seoul's Ui Line. Construction is scheduled to commence in 2026 and complete by 2030, with the line starting at Suseong District Stadium and interchanging with existing lines at key points such as Beomeo and Dongdaegu stations. However, as of November 2025, the project faces political opposition, with calls for suspension pending further review during administrative audits. Line 5 is envisioned as a 36 km loop encircling the city, revised in June 2025 to incorporate sections for reduced noise and aesthetic impacts, with over 25 stations planned. Drawing on monorail technology akin to the existing Line 3, the line aims to enhance connectivity across Daegu's periphery and is targeted for operational start by 2032, with an estimated budget of 2.5 trillion KRW. Line 6, newly incorporated into the 2025 basic plan, proposes a 15 km southern route focused on low-emission trams, connecting areas like Gachang Spa Valley to Bank Station, with feasibility studies currently underway. This line, confirmed in June 2025, will primarily serve Suseong-gu and surrounding districts to support southern urban growth. These new lines form a core component of 's 2040 urban rail master plan, emphasizing sustainable and connected urban transport through integrated multimodal systems.

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    ### Summary of Daegu Metro Line 4 Information
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    Jun 23, 2025 · 수성구 주민을 중심으로 대구도시철도 6호선 건립이 추진 중입니다. 수성남부선 건설을 위한 추진위원회는 2호선 대구은행역과 달성군 가창면 스파 ...
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    ### Summary of Daegu Urban Rail Plans from "2040 Daegu Urban Master Plan (Draft)"