Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Data Universal Numbering System

The Data Universal Numbering System (D-U-N-S Number), often abbreviated as DUNS, is a proprietary nine-digit identifier developed and managed by (D&B) to uniquely recognize entities worldwide. Introduced in 1963, it was originally designed as a seven-digit system to support numerical for and , evolving into its current nine-digit to accommodate global expansion. The system links each number to a 's "Live Business ," a comprehensive including operational details, assessments, and maintained in D&B's Data Cloud. Obtaining a D-U-N-S Number is free for most entities and involves submitting basic company through D&B's online tools, after which it serves as a foundational reference for over 500 million records globally. Historically, the D-U-N-S Number played a pivotal role in standardizing amid the rise of computerized record-keeping in the mid-20th century, enabling efficient tracking of corporate relationships, supply chains, and financial health. By the and , it became integral to international commerce, with adoption by governments, financial institutions, and corporations for and . In the United States, it was mandated for federal contracting and grant applications from the until April 4, 2022, when the U.S. government transitioned to the Unique Entity Identifier (UEI) issued via SAM.gov to streamline entity validation and reduce reliance on third-party systems. Despite this shift, the D-U-N-S Number continues to be widely used in the for building profiles, verifying trading partners, and facilitating loans or supplier agreements, as lenders and vendors often reference D&B's associated credit reports. Today, the system's relevance persists in global supply chain management, ESG (environmental, social, and governance) assessments, and cross-border transactions, where its unique identifiers help mitigate fraud and ensure accurate entity matching across databases. D&B maintains the D-U-N-S Number through ongoing data verification, allowing businesses to claim and update their profiles via the free D-U-N-S Manager tool, which supports over 500 million active numbers as of 2025. While criticisms have arisen regarding its proprietary nature and occasional inaccuracies in data linkage, it remains a cornerstone of business intelligence, underpinning tools like D&B's risk analytics and supplier risk management solutions.

History

Development and Introduction

Dun & Bradstreet traces its origins to 1841, when Lewis Tappan founded the Mercantile Agency in New York City to provide American merchants with reliable credit information on potential trading partners, marking the beginning of systematic commercial credit reporting in the United States. Over the subsequent decades, the agency expanded its network of correspondents and evolved into a comprehensive credit reporting service, with significant consolidation occurring in the 1930s through mergers such as the 1933 union of R.G. Dun & Company and J.M. Bradstreet & Sons, which formalized the company as Dun & Bradstreet and intensified its focus on standardized credit assessments amid the economic challenges of the Great Depression. This period highlighted the growing complexity of business transactions, creating a pressing need for unique identifiers to track entities accurately without reliance on inconsistent naming conventions or geographic limitations. In response to the postwar boom in international trade and the demands of data processing in an increasingly global economy, Dun & Bradstreet introduced the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) in 1963 as a proprietary tool for assigning unique numerical identifiers to businesses worldwide. The system was developed to streamline the identification of commercial entities in credit files, enabling efficient verification and risk assessment across borders without bias toward location, industry, or size. By providing a neutral, machine-readable code, DUNS addressed the inefficiencies of manual credit reporting, which had become cumbersome as trade volumes surged and multinational operations proliferated. The initial purpose of DUNS centered on enhancing Dun & Bradstreet's core functions of credit reporting and , allowing for precise linkage of data to specific entities and reducing errors in global transactions. Early adoption was predominantly among U.S. es in the 1960s and 1970s, where it facilitated domestic evaluations and , though its global reach remained limited during this foundational phase as the company gradually extended its database internationally. Over time, this system grew to encompass over 500 million records worldwide.

Key Milestones and Expansions

In the early and , significantly expanded the DUNS system's global reach through a series of acquisitions and the establishment of branches, enabling the assignment of unique identifiers to businesses across , , , and other regions. This period marked a strategic focus on growth, with the company opening dozens of overseas offices and integrating local data into the DUNS database to support cross-border commerce and assessment. A pivotal milestone occurred on , 2003, when the U.S. mandated the use of DUNS numbers for all applicants seeking federal grants or cooperative agreements, effectively replacing prior identification systems like the Contractor Establishment Code (CEC) used in the ACASS database and making DUNS the standard identifier for federal vendors. This policy integrated DUNS into the Central Contractor Registration (CCR) process, streamlining vendor identification and remaining in effect until 2022. Around December 2006, removed the modulo-10 from the DUNS numbering structure, expanding the system's capacity by approximately 800 million possible identifiers to accommodate growing demand. This change allowed for greater without altering the core nine-digit format, supporting the inclusion of more entities as business activity proliferated globally. On February 25, 2017, shifted its policy to provide free access to DUNS numbers for all businesses, eliminating previous fees associated with certain registration and services to broaden . Prior to this, while basic assignment was often free for federal purposes, expedited processing and enhanced data services incurred costs, limiting accessibility for some commercial users. In November 2022, announced that its Data Cloud had surpassed 500 million D-U-N-S Numbers, reflecting continued expansion. By the 2020s, the DUNS database encompassed over 500 million unique records worldwide (as of 2022), underscoring the system's from a U.S.-centric identifier to a comprehensive . The U.S. government's reliance on DUNS concluded on , 2022, when the General Services Administration transitioned federal entity identification to the Unique Entity ID (UEI) within the , ending the nearly two-decade mandate and promoting a non-proprietary . Despite this shift, DUNS remains widely used in commercial and international contexts.

Structure and Format

The Nine-Digit DUNS Number

The Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number is a unique nine-digit numeric code assigned to businesses to facilitate and data standardization. It is randomly generated by , with no embedded significance related to geography, , or organizational hierarchy, ensuring neutrality in its application across diverse entities. Originally, the ninth digit served as a mod-10 for error detection, calculated via a standard modulus 10 to validate the sequence's . This feature was discontinued in to increase the available inventory of identifiers without compromising . is maintained at the level of individual locations, preventing duplication even among related entities, and supporting over 600 million active assignments globally as of 2025. The format is simply nine consecutive digits, commonly displayed with optional hyphens for readability (e.g., 12-345-6789).

Extensions and Variations

The DUNS+4 extension appends a four-character alphanumeric to the standard nine-digit DUNS number, enabling the identification of specific payment locations or divisions within a entity, particularly for (EFT) purposes. For example, a full identifier might appear as 12-345-6789A123, where the distinguishes among multiple banking or operational sites under the same . This extension is assigned through processes, often in conjunction with government systems like the former (SAM), and is not available for all DUNS numbers, requiring (D&B) confirmation of the need for such granularity, such as in cases involving multi-site operations. In , the DUNS+4 facilitates precise financial transactions and by linking subsidiary payment details to the core identity, supporting detailed hierarchies where branches or divisions are tracked separately for and vendor evaluations. For instance, retailers and suppliers use it to route payments accurately in , reducing errors in international or multi-entity dealings. hierarchies are further enhanced through D&B's linkage of multiple DUNS numbers, where each physical —such as branches or divisions—receives a unique nine-digit identifier tied to the parent entity, allowing for comprehensive mapping of corporate structures without relying solely on extensions. Other variations include location-specific DUNS assignments, which provide distinct for different physical sites of the same to support targeted tracking. Legacy formats, used prior to approximately December 2006, incorporated a mod-10 as the ninth character for error detection in and transmission, a feature discontinued to expand the pool of available amid growing global business registrations. These pre-2006 numbers, while still valid where assigned, are now integrated into the random nine-digit structure without the .

Administration and Management

Role of Dun & Bradstreet

Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) has held proprietary ownership of the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) since its introduction in 1963, serving as the sole authority for assigning and managing the unique nine-digit identifiers for businesses worldwide. As the system's developer, D&B maintains a comprehensive global database that links DUNS numbers to detailed business profiles, ensuring data accuracy, consistency, and timeliness through ongoing verification from over 30,000 sources. This maintenance process involves regular updates to reflect changes in business entities, preventing duplication and supporting reliable identification across industries. D&B integrates the DUNS system seamlessly with its broader portfolio of business intelligence services, including credit reporting, risk assessment, and analytics, to provide clients with enhanced insights into commercial entities. By associating DUNS numbers with credit profiles and payment histories, D&B enables users to evaluate supplier reliability, manage supply chain risks, and facilitate informed in transactions. This integration underscores DUNS as a foundational element in D&B's ecosystem for commercial data services. Headquartered in , in the United States, D&B operates through a network of international subsidiaries and affiliates that extend DUNS and management to over 200 countries and territories. These support the of more than 500 million records, promoting cross-border consistency in . In line with efforts to broaden accessibility, D&B implemented policies such as the free provision of DUNS numbers and basic profile updates through its D-U-N-S Manager tool, particularly for small and non-public businesses, to encourage wider adoption and participation in the system.

Process for Obtaining and Maintaining a DUNS Number

Obtaining a D-U-N-S Number is a straightforward process managed by (D&B), available free of charge to businesses worldwide. For U.S. entities previously seeking federal contracting opportunities, the number could be requested through the (SAM.gov) as part of registration, though federal requirements have transitioned to the Unique Entity ID (UEI) since 2022. Businesses begin by searching D&B's D-U-N-S Number Lookup Tool to check if a number already exists; if not, they submit a request via the free D-U-N-S Manager tool on D&B's website. The application requires key details such as the legal business name, physical address (noting that separate locations receive distinct numbers), phone number, owner or CEO name, legal structure (e.g., corporation, sole proprietorship), year of establishment, primary , and estimated employee count. Processing times vary based on whether the is already in D&B's database. If prior data exists—such as from registrations, reports, or equivalents like the Companies House registration—issuance can occur immediately upon verification, often within 24-48 hours. For new entities without such records, standard processing takes up to 30 days, during which D&B verifies the submitted information, potentially contacting the applicant for confirmation. An expedited option is available for a , reducing the time to about 8 days. Once approved, the nine-digit D-U-N-S Number is emailed to the applicant and remains valid indefinitely, even if the changes or closes. Maintaining an accurate D-U-N-S Number is essential for its ongoing utility in credit monitoring, supplier networks, and . Businesses are responsible for annual updates to reflect changes in operations, such as address relocations, name alterations, or shifts in legal structure, using the free D-U-N-S Manager tool. D&B supports this by conducting periodic verifications of records to ensure , which may involve outreach to companies for confirmation. Failure to maintain current information can lead to outdated profiles affecting relationships or credit assessments. Common challenges in the process include longer delays for startups or new businesses lacking an established , as D&B relies on against existing commercial , potentially extending beyond the standard timeframe. Since around 2017, obtaining and basic maintenance of a D-U-N-S Number have been provided at no cost, eliminating previous fees for standard requests; however, services like expedited or detailed reports may incur charges. In D&B's administrative role, these procedures ensure the system's reliability while remaining accessible to entities of all sizes.

Usage and Applications

Government and Public Sector Adoption

In the United States, the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) became a mandatory identifier for entities seeking federal contracts and grants starting October 1, 2003, through integration into the and the Central Registration (CCR) system, which was later succeeded by the (SAM.gov). This requirement applied to all vendors, , and grant recipients doing business with the federal , facilitating the unique identification of entities for processes. The DUNS number enabled federal agencies to track contract awards, monitor compliance with regulations, and ensure accurate payment processing across over 80 government systems. Internationally, the DUNS system has been used in frameworks, including by the , where it is provided as an optional identifier for supplier management and vendor registration, particularly in US-funded projects. In the , DUNS numbers may be requested for verification in select funding and tender processes, supporting eligibility checks for grant applications and public contracts. These adoptions stem from the system's role in standardizing entity identification across borders, allowing international organizations to streamline supplier and award tracking. The primary benefits of DUNS adoption in and sectors include enhanced of vendor identification, which reduces the risk of by verifying legitimacy and prevents duplicate registrations. It also improves efficiency in payment processing and by providing a consistent, globally recognized identifier that integrates with databases, minimizing errors in financial transactions and reporting. Following the U.S. federal government's transition to the Unique Entity Identifier (UEI) on April 4, 2022, the DUNS number continues as a legacy identifier accepted for certain , transactions, and non-SAM.gov systems. As of 2025, it remains used in sectors like , including by USAID for some vendor verifications.

Commercial and Industry Applications

In commercial contexts, the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) plays a pivotal role in by enabling businesses to verify and track vendors efficiently. Major corporations such as Apple and require a DUNS number for certain partners, such as in developer programs and billing setups, to confirm business legitimacy and access associated credit profiles, streamlining partnership establishment and reducing risks. This integration facilitates global trade operations, where manufacturers use DUNS to assess partner reliability before committing to contracts or deliveries. As of 2025, over 90% of companies use DUNS for supplier verification. For and , DUNS is deeply embedded in Dun & Bradstreet's reporting services, serving as the foundational identifier for generating business credit scores and predictive risk indicators used in lending decisions. Financial institutions and suppliers leverage DUNS-linked reports to evaluate a company's payment history, , and overall creditworthiness, with scores categorized into risk levels from low (80-100) to high (0-49). This supports informed commercial lending by providing a standardized metric that integrates trade references and public data. The DUNS system has gained widespread recognition among industry associations and aligns with international standards for data interchange, including ISO/IEC 6523, under which it is registered with International Code Designator (ICD) 0060 for unique organization identification. Numerous global trade groups endorse DUNS for its role in enhancing B2B credibility and interoperability in electronic transactions. In and B2B directories, platforms like the DUNS Registered Global Directory require the number for verified listings, allowing businesses to showcase their profiles and attract partners through searchable, credible databases.

Global Recognition and Integration

International Standards and Adoption

The Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) received formal recognition under the ISO 6523 standard in 1984, which establishes a framework for unique organization identifiers to support computer-based data interchange across borders. Assigned the International Code Designator (ICD) 0060, the DUNS enables seamless integration into global systems by providing a consistent, nine-digit code for businesses and institutions, promoting in and financial reporting. This has been pivotal in reducing duplication and enhancing data accuracy in multinational transactions. Adoption by international bodies has further solidified the DUNS's role in global operations. The uses DUNS numbers for verifying business identities in grant programs and funding initiatives, ensuring verified business identities for EU-wide projects. Similarly, the uses DUNS registration for vendors participating in activities, facilitating transparent supplier selection and across its agencies. Through Dun & Bradstreet's extensive networks, DUNS numbers are assigned and utilized in over 250 countries and markets, supporting compliance with diverse regulatory environments and enabling businesses to engage in cross-border partnerships. Regional adaptations enhance the DUNS's utility in specific locales. In the , DUNS numbers may be used alongside (VAT) identifiers and the Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI) system for business verification in customs declarations and intra-EU trade compliance. In the region, the system is referenced in trade facilitation toolkits, such as those under the on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade, where DUNS serves as a reliable identifier for electronic transactions and verification. These localizations ensure the DUNS remains relevant amid varying legal and fiscal requirements. Since its inception as a U.S.-focused tool in 1963, the DUNS system has evolved into a cornerstone of global business identification, with maintaining records for over 600 million organizations across more than 250 markets as of 2024. This expansion reflects its transition from domestic credit reporting to a universal standard, driven by increasing demands for reliable entity resolution in international commerce.

Relation to Other Identification Systems

The Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) served as the primary identifier for entities registering in the U.S. (SAM.gov) until April 4, 2022, when it was replaced by the Unique Entity Identifier (UEI), a non-proprietary 12-character alphanumeric code issued directly by the federal government. While UEI now handles new registrations and federal contracting, DUNS remains mappable to UEI for legacy purposes, allowing entities with existing DUNS numbers to retrieve their corresponding UEI through SAM.gov without re-registering. DUNS complements the (LEI), a 20-character global standard developed post-2008 for identifying legal entities in financial transactions and regulatory reporting. Unlike DUNS, which focuses on broad business identification across industries, LEI emphasizes legal entity hierarchies and ownership structures for derivatives and securities markets; however, facilitates interoperability by linking DUNS to LEI records, enabling comprehensive entity resolution in financial data ecosystems. Similarly, DUNS integrates with standards, such as the (GLN), which identifies physical locations and trading partners in supply chains; this pairing supports end-to-end visibility in logistics, as seen in U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Global Business Identifier initiative that incorporates both DUNS and GLN for trade compliance. Interoperability between DUNS and national systems is enabled through ISO/IEC 6523-2, which defines a structured format for referencing organization identifiers via International Code Designators (ICD); DUNS holds ICD 0060, allowing it to be embedded in (EDI) messages for cross-border transactions. For instance, in the , DUNS numbers are automatically assigned to entities registered with , with mappings available via Dun & Bradstreet's lookup tools using the company's registration number, facilitating seamless integration with national registries. DUNS's primary advantage lies in its longevity since , providing a stable, globally recognized identifier with extensive historical data linkages across 600 million entities, which newer systems like UEI and lack in breadth. However, it faces disadvantages in regulatory specificity compared to 's focus on financial compliance under frameworks like Dodd-Frank or UEI's alignment with federal acquisition rules, potentially requiring additional mappings for specialized applications.

Transitions and Alternatives

Shift to Unique Entity ID in the United States

In 2021, the U.S. (GSA) announced the federal government's transition from the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) to a new Unique Entity Identifier (UEI) for entity identification in federal systems. This shift was mandated by Section 806 of the for Fiscal Year 2018 (Public Law 115-91), which required the development of a government-wide, non-proprietary UEI to replace the reliance on DUNS for federal awards and contracts. The implementation occurred on April 4, 2022, when SAM.gov and other Integrated Award Environment (IAE) systems fully adopted the UEI as the official identifier, ceasing use of the nine-digit DUNS number. The rationale for the transition centered on reducing dependency on a single proprietary vendor, , thereby enhancing efficiency and promoting competition in entity validation services. Prior to , obtaining a DUNS number incurred fees from , which the government sought to eliminate; although fees were waived starting in May 2017 following directives, the proprietary nature of the system persisted as a concern. By generating the UEI internally through SAM.gov—a 12-character alphanumeric —the government streamlined registration, validation, and processes, making it less burdensome for entities to engage with federal opportunities without third-party intermediaries. The transition process was designed for minimal disruption, with automatic UEI assignment for entities holding active or inactive registrations in SAM.gov as of June 2021, when over 2.5 million UEIs were pre-generated. Existing DUNS holders could view their assigned UEI directly in their SAM.gov profile without additional action, while new registrants received one automatically during the process; a brief period allowed dual use of DUNS and UEI for continuity until the full cutoff on April 4, 2022. SAM.gov underwent scheduled maintenance from April 1 to 3, 2022, to complete the switch. As of 2025, the DUNS number remains valid and in use for non-federal purposes within the , such as commercial credit reporting and transactions, as well as in contexts where it continues to serve as a global business identifier. The UEI, however, is now mandatory for all registrations, grants, and contracts, reflecting a lasting modernization of that prioritizes control and operational efficiency.

Emerging Global Alternatives

The (LEI) has emerged as a prominent global alternative to proprietary systems like DUNS, particularly in financial sectors. Established following endorsement in 2011 and overseen by the (ROC) formed in 2012, the LEI provides a standardized 20-character alphanumeric code under ISO 17442 for uniquely identifying legal entities involved in financial transactions. This open, non-proprietary system addresses "who is who" and "who owns whom" through a global database managed by the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF), promoting transparency and reducing entity resolution costs. As of November 2025, over 2.9 million active LEIs exist worldwide, reflecting more than a 100% increase since 2019 (when there were nearly 1.4 million), with mandates driving adoption: the requires LEIs for securities transactions under MiFID II, mandates them for all financial institution transactions since 2020, and requires them for large-value transactions above INR 500 million since 2022. The (IOSCO) supports the LEI through its role in the ROC, emphasizing its utility in regulatory reporting and cross-border payments via standards. Regionally, the European Unique Identifier (EUID) serves as a unified for cross-border within the . Integrated into the Business Registers Interconnection (BRIS) since 2017, the EUID assigns a unique alphanumeric code to companies and branches, enabling seamless access to registration data across member states via the European e-Justice Portal. This facilitates compliance with directives like the Anti-Money Laundering framework by standardizing entity verification without relying on national identifiers alone. In , the Unified Social Credit Code (USCC) functions as a comprehensive identifier for es and organizations. Introduced in 2015 and standardized as an 18-digit alphanumeric code, the USCC appears on licenses and serves as the primary identification number (TIN) for entities, integrating administrative, commercial, and data under the . By 2024, it covers all registered enterprises, supporting regulatory oversight in trade, taxation, and credit systems. The rise of these open-standard alternatives, such as the , signals a potential decline in DUNS dominance as governments and industries prioritize , cost-free identifiers for global transactions. However, DUNS persists in legacy and systems due to its established integrations. efforts are advancing through mappings between DUNS and alternatives; for instance, links D-U-N-S numbers to LEIs in entity resolution databases to enhance data accuracy across financial and commercial ecosystems. Similarly, initiatives align DUNS with GS1's (GLN), a 13-digit identifier for parties and locations in supply chains, enabling hybrid use in sectors like healthcare and where both systems coexist for . Comparisons between DUNS and LEI highlight the latter's advantages in ownership transparency and regulatory mandates, though mappings ensure transitional compatibility.

Criticisms and Challenges

Monopoly and Accessibility Issues

The proprietary nature of the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS), developed by (D&B) in 1963, has drawn significant criticism for establishing an exclusive in . D&B's sole authority to assign, manage, and license DUNS numbers has stifled competition by preventing other entities from offering alternative unique identifiers, particularly in where DUNS became mandatory under provisions. This control has been described as giving D&B an unfair advantage, as the system's widespread adoption by agencies creates a that reinforces D&B's dominance. Prior to 2017, accessibility issues were compounded by fees associated with DUNS services, despite basic assignment being free for federal contractors. Expedited processing to reduce the standard 30-business-day wait time cost $229, while obtaining a copy of one's DUNS file or making updates could incur charges up to $250, creating financial barriers especially for small businesses with limited resources. These costs were viewed as particularly onerous for small enterprises, potentially delaying their ability to bid on contracts or access credit. Furthermore, processing delays were more pronounced in underserved regions, such as rural or areas, where was slower due to incomplete records, and the opaque algorithms used by D&B for number assignment and entity linkage lacked transparency, raising concerns about consistency and fairness without public oversight. Amid mounting government pressures and monopoly critiques, basic DUNS assignment has remained free for all businesses, but expedited services continue to cost $229 as of 2025. This ongoing fee structure has sustained criticisms, with advocacy for fully open, non-proprietary systems to eliminate D&B's control.

Data Privacy and Accuracy Concerns

The linkage of the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) to Dun & Bradstreet's extensive business database has raised significant privacy risks, as it aggregates sensitive commercial information that can be vulnerable to breaches. In 2017, a misconfigured database exposed a 52 file containing over 33.6 million U.S. business records, including executive names, emails, phone numbers, and data tied to DUNS identifiers, potentially enabling targeted or for affected entities. This incident underscored how DUNS-linked , drawn from , self-submissions, and third-party sources, amplifies exposure for businesses relying on the system for and purposes. In the , DUNS operations have faced GDPR compliance challenges since the regulation's enactment in 2018, particularly around automated processing of business and for . A landmark 2025 CJEU ruling in Case C-203/22 found Austria in violation of GDPR Article 15 for failing to provide meaningful explanations of the logic behind automated decisions, which incorporated DUNS-linked data and affected contract eligibility. The court emphasized that data subjects must receive intelligible details on data usage and decision parameters, balancing this against protections, but national laws cannot categorically deny such access—highlighting persistent tensions in D&B's global data handling. Accuracy concerns in DUNS assignments stem primarily from reliance on self-reported and inputs from providers, which often lead to incomplete or erroneous records. investigations revealed that D&B reports frequently include incorrect payment experiences or basic details, such as multiple DUNS numbers assigned to the same entity or unverified , with over 50% of submitted experiences rejected due to verification failures. These inaccuracies, propagated through self-reported submissions and inconsistent supplier reporting, have triggered disputes that hinder small ' access to financing and contracts, as erroneous low scores or outdated information persist without prompt correction. Key controversies include U.S. regulatory actions against for systemic inaccuracies in DUNS-related reporting, disproportionately impacting small businesses. In a 2020 FTC complaint, D&B was charged with unfair practices for maintaining flawed processes that delayed error fixes, often requiring businesses to submit extensive documentation without guaranteed outcomes, leading to denied loans and lost opportunities. This culminated in a 2022 FTC order mandating reforms, including mandatory reinvestigation of disputes within set timelines and refunds for affected CreditBuilder users, after evidence showed the company's products failed to reliably build accurate credit profiles. A follow-up 2025 FTC settlement imposed a $5.7 million penalty for ongoing violations, including misleading small businesses about report accuracy and renewal benefits tied to DUNS data. To mitigate these issues, has implemented verification protocols, such as cross-checking self-reported data against public sources and trade tapes, while providing businesses with online portals to update DUNS-linked information and dispute inaccuracies. The 2022 FTC order further required D&B to delete unverified information and notify users of resolution outcomes, enhancing user rights to accurate records. However, these measures offer incomplete coverage for non-U.S. entities, where data sourcing varies by and global consistency remains challenging due to differing reporting standards.

References

  1. [1]
    About the D‑U‑N‑S Number - Dun & Bradstreet
    The Dun & Bradstreet D‐U‐N‐S Number is a unique nine-digit identifier for businesses that is associated with a business's Live Business Identity.Learn More · D-U-N-S ® Manager · Watch Now
  2. [2]
    Dun & Bradstreet Founded - This Month in Business History
    This system, the Data Universal Numbering System, was introduced in 1963 and began as a seven digit number system. According to a May 1963 New York Times ...
  3. [3]
    Get a D‑U‑N‑S Number - Dun & Bradstreet
    Obtaining a Dun & Bradstreet D‑U‑N‑S Number is simple and free. Short for Data Universal Numbering System, a D‑U‑N‑S Number is a unique nine-digit identifier ...Submit a Request for a... · Google Developer Get a... · Get Started
  4. [4]
    Learn About Our Company History - Dun & Bradstreet
    In 1963, the introduction of the Data Universal Numbering System – Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S® Number – to identify businesses numerically for data-processing ...
  5. [5]
    Dun & Bradstreet (D&B): What It Does, Funding, History, and Rating
    Data Universal Numbering System ... The DUNS system is composed of nine digits and is assigned to every business location in the D&B database. Each of the digits ...
  6. [6]
    Unique Entity Identifier update - GSA
    On April 4, 2022, the federal government stopped using the DUNS number to uniquely identify entities. Now, entities doing business with the federal ...
  7. [7]
    DUNS Number: What It Is and How to Get One - NerdWallet
    Oct 20, 2025 · A DUNS number can help establish business credit and may be required for certain state and local contracts, grants and loans.
  8. [8]
    How DUNS Number Changes Could Affect Your Business - Nav
    May 5, 2025 · Since 1962, Dun & Bradstreet has managed much of the system, including the DUNS program – an addition to the system brought about by regulation ...
  9. [9]
    Our History - Dun & Bradstreet India
    A Look Back to Our Start. In 1841, Lewis Tappan started a groundbreaking business in New York City to give American merchants reliable credit information.
  10. [10]
    https://www.1stformations.co.uk/blog/duns-number-everything-you-need-to-know/
  11. [11]
    The Dun & Bradstreet Corp. | Encyclopedia.com
    Growth and Acquisitions: 1930s to 1980s. In 1931 R.G. Dun acquired National Credit Office (NCO), a credit-reporting service. The firm then reorganized into a ...Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
  12. [12]
    The History of Dun & Bradstreet
    In 1963, the introduction of the Data Universal Numbering System – The D&B DUNS Number – used to identify businesses numerically for data-processing ...
  13. [13]
    What Is a DUNS Number? Business Identification Explained
    A DUNS number is often required for securing government contracts and engaging in international trade. ... Created by Dun & Bradstreet in 1963, this unique nine- ...
  14. [14]
    [PDF] The Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S® Number
    Established in 1963, Dun & Bradstreet's Data. Universal Numbering System, commonly known as the D-U-N-S Number, is a unique global business.Missing: history | Show results with:history
  15. [15]
    About / Interfax - D&B
    DUNS number was introduced in 1963. Today DUNS number is the only generally recognized unique business identifier. 4. Dun & Bradstreet always been on the edge ...
  16. [16]
    History of The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation - FundingUniverse
    Dun opened 41 overseas branches, scattered across Europe, South Africa, and Latin America. Growth and Acquisitions: 1930s-80s ... 1980s and into the 1990s. It ...
  17. [17]
    Dun & Bradstreet's Bid to Stay Ahead - The New York Times
    Feb 12, 1989 · In the 1970's and early 1980's, we gathered data, processed it and refined it. Now the critical technology is making it available to customers.' ...
  18. [18]
    NOT-OD-03-055: REQUIREMENT OF DUNS NUMBER
    Effective October 1, 2003, use of the Dun and Bradstreet (D&B) Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number will be required when applying for Federal grants ...Missing: ACASS | Show results with:ACASS
  19. [19]
    TEGL 11-03 Requirement of DUNS Number for Federal Grant ...
    Nov 3, 2003 · The DUNS number does not replace existing numbers, such as the Employer Identification Number, that are required by statute or regulation. The ...Missing: ACASS | Show results with:ACASS
  20. [20]
    Data Universal Numbering System - Wikipedia
    The Data Universal Numbering System, abbreviated as DUNS or DUNS, is a proprietary system developed and managed by Dun & Bradstreet (D&B)
  21. [21]
    D&B WorldBase Reaches 300M Companies - GZ Consulting
    Jun 11, 2018 · Dun & Bradstreet's WorldBase file reached 200 million records, but this week the file hit 300 million active and inactive company profiles.Missing: growth | Show results with:growth
  22. [22]
    NRPM: Standard Health Care Provider Identifier | ASPE
    May 6, 1998 · The D-U-N-S number is a nine- digit, non-indicative number assigned to each record in D&B's file. It uses a modulus 10 check digit in the ninth ...
  23. [23]
    Identifier System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    The DUNS number is a nine-digit random number written without punctuation. Until 2006, it had a MOD 10 check digit, but stopped this feature to increase the ...
  24. [24]
    Marketing Lists | D&B - Dun & Bradstreet Hong Kong
    ... D-U-N-S number · About the D&B D-U-N-S number · D-U-N-S Registered™. Marketing ... D&B owns the largest commercial database in the world with over 300 million ...
  25. [25]
    [PDF] ADC 1412 Replacement of Data Universal Numbering System ...
    Apr 13, 2022 · If the intent is to remove DUNS & DUNS 4, why are we keeping the ... 9 D-U-N-S+4 Number, Dun & Bradstreet with. Four Character Suffix.
  26. [26]
    What Is a DUNS Number? - SupplierWiki
    Mar 12, 2024 · Dun and Bradstreet don't issue DUNS+4 numbers. Instead, businesses can get one through the System for Award Management (SAM) website. How to ...
  27. [27]
    [PDF] Master Data: - Implementing Dun & Bradstreet Hierarchies and ...
    The D-U-N-S Number stays with a business throughout the duration of its life cycle, including name and address changes, changes in corporate structure and even ...
  28. [28]
    [DOC] Questions and Answers on Use of DUNS Numbers on NIH ...
    The DUNS number is site specific. Therefore, each distinct physical location of an entity such as branches, divisions and headquarters, may be assigned a DUNS ...
  29. [29]
    Unique Identification Codes for Federal Contractors: DUNS ...
    May 5, 2016 · The federal government has used DUNS since at least the early 1990s to meet its needs for an identification system and related services. Whereas ...
  30. [30]
    Learn More About Dun & Bradstreet
    **Summary of Key Milestones from https://www.dnb.com/about-us/company/history.html:**
  31. [31]
    D&B Global Data Coverage - Dun & Bradstreet Hong Kong
    The world's largest commercial database with over 500 million business records · Data collected from 30,000+ verified sources in over 200 countries, updated 5 ...
  32. [32]
    D‑U‑N‑S Number & Government - Dun & Bradstreet
    Though the D‑U‑N‑S Number is no longer required for bidding by the U.S. federal government, many other governments and companies around the world still use the ...Missing: 2003 | Show results with:2003
  33. [33]
    Request a Dun & Bradstreet D-U-N-S Number
    All registered businesses in the UK and Ireland are automatically issued a D‑U‑N‑S Number. There is no charge to obtain a Dun & Bradstreet D‑U‑N‑S Number ...
  34. [34]
    About the D‑U‑N‑S Profile Manager - Dun & Bradstreet
    Click the “Update My Company Information” button below, then fill out the form to search for your company. (Don't have a D‑U‑N‑S Number yet? Get a D‑U‑N‑S ...Missing: process | Show results with:process
  35. [35]
    Federal Acquisition Regulation; Central Contractor Registration
    Oct 1, 2003 · Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) Number (Oct 2003). (a) The offeror shall enter, in the block with its name and address on the cover ...
  36. [36]
    328078-2020 - Planning - TED
    Please note that, to register, you must have a valid DUNS number (as provided by Dun and Bradstreet) for the organisation which you are registering, who will be ...
  37. [37]
    Unique Entity ID Replaces DUNS Numbers in SAM.gov - Wiley Law
    Apr 6, 2022 · The US General Services Administration (GSA) has officially transitioned the System for Award Management (SAM.gov) to no longer use data universal numbering ...Missing: ACASS | Show results with:ACASS
  38. [38]
    Why large companies like Apple and Google ask for your D-U-N-S ...
    Jul 11, 2024 · At Google, the D-U-N-S Number can help expedite the verification process when signing up for monthly billing or their advertising program. While ...
  39. [39]
    7 Steps to get your D-U-N-S Number (Apple and Google) - ChipBot
    May 1, 2024 · Why do you need a D-U-N-S number? Apple and Google use it for business identification and verification when establishing partnerships, contracts ...
  40. [40]
    What is a DUNS Number? A Complete Guide from A to Z - ExtendMax
    Rating 5.0 (1) It consists of 9 digits and uniquely identifies a business entity worldwide in trade, finance, and supply chain operations. The DUNS number is globally ...<|separator|>
  41. [41]
    Business Credit Scores and Ratings - Dun & Bradstreet
    Scores are divided into three Risk Categories, with 0 to 49 indicating a high risk of late payment, 50 to 79 indicating a moderate risk, and 80 to 100 ...
  42. [42]
    D&B Credit | Viewing a Report | Risk Assessment - Dun & Bradstreet
    Dun & Bradstreet delivers an Overall Risk Assessment that uses the best available scores, ratings, and indices to provide an Overall Business Risk and what Dun ...
  43. [43]
    Bradstreet Rating explained - Altares - Dun
    The Dun & Bradstreet Rating has been recognised for many years as the leading predictive indicator for assessing business risks.
  44. [44]
    [PDF] ICD List - ISO/IEC 6523 Registration Authority
    Issuing Organization : Dun and Bradstreet Ltd, Holmers Farm Way, High ... agriculture, industry, trade, services, associations, authorities, public ...Missing: endorsing | Show results with:endorsing
  45. [45]
    DUNSRegistered Global Directory
    The D&B D-U-N-S Registered Seal helps companies market credibility, stand out, and get a worldwide recognized number, enhancing business exposure.About D&B · Menu · Contact us · Product<|control11|><|separator|>
  46. [46]
    [PDF] Cross-border Paperless Trade Toolkit
    This toolkit raises awareness of technical and legal tools for cross-border paperless trade, aiming to guide stakeholders in implementing such systems.
  47. [47]
    What is the Unique Entity Identifier (UEI), and how is it ... - FEMA
    Apr 4, 2024 · Effective April 4, 2022, the Federal Government transitioned from using the Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number, to a new, non ...
  48. [48]
    Legal Entity Identifier: What Else Do You Need to Know?
    Jun 23, 2011 · Having a status associated with the LEI allows users to monitor activities over time or limit the LEIs reviewed to those currently active.
  49. [49]
    [PDF] Deriving True Business Value from the Global LEI - Dun & Bradstreet
    In short, by establishing linkages from the LEI to other identifiers like Dun & Bradstreet's D-U-N-S Number, firms are creating comprehensive entity ...
  50. [50]
    Global Business Identifier: How to Obtain Identifier Factsheets
    Jun 21, 2023 · Volunteer participants from the trade industry will need to enroll their GBI identifier, which consists of the DUNS, GLN and LEI numbers, with US Customs and ...
  51. [51]
    Dun & Bradstreet D‑U‑N‑S® Number Lookup
    Find a UK or Ireland company's D‑U‑N‑S Number by entering its name and location. Country. Country, Ireland, United Kingdom. Post Town. Post Code.Request a Dun & Bradstreet... · Here · D&B Data Update · Contact Us
  52. [52]
    NOT-OD-21-170: Update - NIH Grants & Funding
    Aug 5, 2021 · The transition from DUNS to UEI is ongoing. By April 2022, the Federal government will stop using the DUNS number to uniquely identify entities ...
  53. [53]
    GSA Systems Switch to Unique Entity ID (SAM) on April 4, 2022
    Mar 16, 2022 · This means SAM.gov and other GSA systems will no longer use the DUNS number for identifying entities. All entities that do business with the ...
  54. [54]
    Identifying Organizations - the Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) - GLEIF
    Each LEI contains information about an entity's ownership structure. In this way, the LEI answers the questions of 'who is who' and 'who owns whom'. Simply put, ...Missing: IOSCO | Show results with:IOSCO
  55. [55]
    [PDF] Targeted Implementation Review on Principles for the Regulation ...
    Improvements are underway to achieve more internationally harmonized and standardized data, including the adoption of identifiers like Legal Entity Identifier ( ...
  56. [56]
    https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-21-170.html
  57. [57]
    Global Location Number (GLN) - GS1
    Global Location Number (GLN) can be used by companies to identify their locations, giving them complete flexibility to identify any type or level of location ...
  58. [58]
    [PDF] Envisioning Comprehensive Entity Identification for the U.S. Federal ...
    GLEIF makes available the Global LEI Index. This is the only global online source that provides open, standardized and high quality legal entity reference data.
  59. [59]
    [PDF] GAO-12-715R, Government Is Analyzing Alternatives for Contractor ...
    Jun 12, 2012 · prospective contractors were required to obtain DUNS numbers. In 2003, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued guidance that also ...
  60. [60]
    GSA explores replacement of DUNS number - FedScoop
    short for Data Universal Number System — Dun & Bradstreet's system allows the federal government to track its business ...Missing: free pressure
  61. [61]
    To fix federal procurement, dump the DUNS number - The Hill
    Dec 6, 2016 · In 2012, the Government Accountability Office found that D&B's monopoly has contributed to higher costs and “does not enable the public to fully ...
  62. [62]
    GSA RFI could topple DUNS monopoly - Federal Times
    Oct 25, 2017 · The General Services Administration issued a request for information on the future of entity identification and validation services that ...Missing: free initiative
  63. [63]
    Dun & Bradstreet Marketing Database Exposed - E-Commerce Times
    Mar 17, 2017 · A Dun & Bradstreet database, 52 GB in size and containing more than 33.6 million records with very specific details, has been exposed.
  64. [64]
    Wide Swath of Corporate America Exposed in D&B Leak
    Mar 15, 2017 · About 33 million records belonging to Dun & Bradstreet have been leaked, placing a large portion of the US corporate population at risk.
  65. [65]
    [PDF] PRESS RELEASE No 22/25 - CURIA
    Feb 27, 2025 · In the ensuing dispute, an Austrian court found, by final decision, that Dun & Bradstreet had infringed the General. Data Protection Regulation ...Missing: number concerns
  66. [66]
    [PDF] Dun & Bradstreet: Complaint - Federal Trade Commission
    Apr 20, 2020 · The Federal Trade Commission, having reason to believe that Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., a corporation, has violated the provisions of the Federal ...
  67. [67]
    Federal Trade Commission Finalizes Order Against Dun ...
    Apr 7, 2022 · The Commission alleged that Dun & Bradstreet failed to give these businesses a clear, consistent, and reliable process to get these errors fixed ...Missing: self- disputes
  68. [68]
    Dun & Bradstreet Agrees to Pay $5.7 Million to Resolve Alleged ...
    Sep 29, 2025 · Business credit report service provider Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) has agreed to a $5.7 million settlement with the Federal Trade Commission ...
  69. [69]
    [PDF] The Basics on Data Matching - Dun & Bradstreet
    The D-U-N-S Number is a proprietary, unique 9-digit identifier for businesses that allows us to track a business and its related data and connections throughout ...