Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Decision Review System

The Decision Review System (DRS) is a technology-based protocol in that enables on-field umpires and players to challenge and verify contentious umpiring decisions, particularly regarding dismissals such as leg before wicket (LBW), caught behind, and , through referrals to a utilizing advanced video and tracking tools. Introduced to minimize and enhance the fairness of , the originated from earlier third-umpire referral systems using basic TV replays, but evolved into a comprehensive setup following trials in the 2008 Test series between and . The () began requiring its use in international matches from 2009 where technology was available, though adoption was gradual due to ongoing debates over cost, accuracy, and mandatory status. Over time, refinements have included protocol updates, such as the elimination of review top-ups after 80 overs in Tests in 2017 and the of in T20 Internationals that same year. More recent updates in June 2025 refined protocols for reviewing multiple simultaneous appeals in sequence and other decision alignments. At its core, the DRS operates via player-initiated or umpire-initiated reviews: a captain or batter signals disagreement with an on-field call within 15 seconds, prompting the third umpire to analyze footage and data before relaying a final verdict back to the field. Key technologies include for predicting ball trajectories in LBW scenarios, UltraEdge (an advanced snickometer using directional microphones) for detecting bat-pad contact via sound spikes, ultra-motion cameras for visual confirmation of edges or catches, and occasionally thermal imaging like for heat signatures, though the latter has been phased out in some competitions due to reliability concerns. Under ICC regulations, the number of unsuccessful player reviews is limited per —typically three in matches, two in One Day Internationals (ODIs), and two in (T20) matches—to prevent overuse, with reviews not lost if an umpire's call on marginal projections (where the ball clips the stumps but is inconclusive) upholds the original decision. Only dismissal decisions are reviewable by players, while umpires can consult the third freely for non-reviewable incidents like calls or run-outs; all protocols are detailed in competition-specific appendices to ensure consistency across global events.

History

Origins and Development

The Decision Review System (DRS) was conceived in the early 2000s by the as a response to growing concerns over high-profile umpiring errors that undermined the game's integrity. A pivotal catalyst was the , where controversial (lbw) decisions, such as those dismissing Australian captain and despite apparent inside edges off English bowlers, drew widespread criticism and calls for technological intervention. These incidents, officiated by umpires including , highlighted the limitations of human judgment in complex scenarios, prompting the to explore referral mechanisms to the third umpire using video evidence. Central to DRS's development was the ball-tracking technology, invented by British engineer Paul Hawkins in 2001 while working at Roke Manor Research. Initially designed for enhancing television broadcasts of by predicting ball trajectories, Hawk-Eye used multiple high-speed cameras to triangulate the ball's path and simulate its continuation toward the stumps. By 2006, the system had been refined for potential umpiring applications, building on its successful integration into coverage since its debut in a 2001 Test match between and . This adaptation laid the technological foundation for DRS, shifting from mere visualization to decision-making support. Early trials of referral systems began with the in , marking the first experimental use of technology in an international context. Umpires were allowed to consult the third umpire for lbw decisions using and slow-motion replays, though the trial revealed technical limitations and inconsistent application, leading to mixed feedback. These experiments helped refine protocols, emphasizing limited referrals to avoid disrupting game flow. Key milestones included the ICC's 2007 discussions on standardizing limited player reviews, culminating in a formal proposal for a structured system. This paved the way for the first official Test match implementation in July 2008 during the versus series in , where DRS was trialed with , sound-based , and video replays. The debut featured 11 successful reviews by and one by , though glitches like delayed graphics underscored ongoing development needs; Virender Sehwag's lbw dismissal became the first overturned via player review. Later enhancements, such as UltraEdge for , built on these foundations without altering core mechanics.

Implementation in Cricket Formats

The Decision Review System (DRS) debuted in Test cricket during the first Test match between and in in July 2008, marking the first official trial of the technology in international play. This initial implementation was limited to that three-match series, where it was used to review close decisions, including the first successful overturn of an on-field umpire's call involving Indian opener . Following positive feedback from the trial, the (ICC) gradually expanded DRS usage, mandating its application in all Test matches by June 2011 to standardize decision-making across the format. Adoption in One Day Internationals () began with its first use in January 2011 during England's tour of ODI series, initially as an optional tool subject to bilateral agreements between boards. The ICC formalized its role by mandating for the , where it was employed across all matches to ensure consistency in high-stakes encounters, with ball-tracking available universally and additional technologies like on a selective basis. For Internationals (T20Is), DRS rollout lagged behind, with the first implementation occurring in October 2017 during the ICC Women's World T20, though recommendations for its use in men's T20 series were discussed as early as 2011; further refinements in 2017 included its introduction in men's T20Is and the elimination of review top-ups after 80 overs in Tests. Variations in implementation arose due to financial and logistical differences among host boards, most notably the Board of Control for Cricket in (BCCI), which resisted in matches hosted in until November 2016, citing concerns over technology accuracy and costs exceeding $50,000 per day. In 2013, the shifted policy to place the onus on host boards for funding and deciding usage in bilateral series, aiming to promote wider adoption without universal mandates amid ongoing debates. This approach allowed flexibility, such as modified setups excluding certain technologies to reduce expenses. As of 2025, has been integrated into since the , where it was used for the first time across televised matches to enhance fairness in the format. In bilateral series, hybrid models—employing partial components like basic ball-tracking without full imaging—continue to be adopted for cost-saving purposes, particularly in non-ICC events where full implementation could strain smaller boards' budgets.

Technological Components

Ball-Tracking Systems

Ball-tracking systems form a of the Decision Review System () in , primarily enabling predictions of the ball's trajectory for (LBW) decisions and aiding in catch validations by modeling the ball's path. These technologies capture the ball's flight from release to potential impact, extrapolating post-bounce behavior using physical simulations of , , and seam movement influenced by conditions. The predominant system, , utilizes six high-speed cameras—typically operating at 100 frames per second—strategically placed around the field to triangulate the ball's position in throughout its journey. Developed by Hawk-Eye Innovations, it generates predictive trajectories by applying laws of physics to account for variables such as ball spin and environmental factors, producing immersive visualizations for umpires and broadcasters. The system claims an overall decision accuracy of 99%, with a mean positioning error of about 2.2 mm, allowing for precise determination of whether the ball would have hit the stumps. Alternative ball-tracking technologies include Virtual Eye, a camera-based system operated by Animation Research Limited, which employs similar multi-angle tracking and has been used in international broadcasts and some DRS implementations, particularly in and . Unlike radar-dependent systems explored in other sports, cricket's primary alternatives remain optical, with predictive algorithms calibrated to handle pitch degradation and atmospheric effects like humidity-induced swing. Prior to each match, these systems undergo rigorous calibration, involving operators tracking 20-30 practice deliveries to align cameras with the field dimensions and verify ball detection algorithms, achieving error margins below 5 mm at the point of predicted impact. This setup ensures reliability across varying conditions, such as grass type or levels affecting bounce. Since its approval in 2008, has evolved with integrations by 2023, enhancing real-time trajectory adjustments for dynamic factors like and , improving predictive fidelity in diverse global venues. These advancements build on foundational physics models, reducing human operator input while maintaining the system's core optical tracking.

Edge Detection Technologies

Edge detection technologies in the Decision Review System (DRS) are specialized tools designed to verify whether the cricket ball has made contact with the or pad, particularly for close calls such as behind or bat-pad decisions. These systems analyze audio, visual, and data to detect faint edges that may not be visible to the or audible to umpires. Primarily, they include sound-based methods like UltraEdge and imaging like , which work in tandem with other components to provide third umpires with objective evidence. Although trialed and used in some international series, is not a mandatory component of protocols as of 2025 and has been largely replaced by sound-based systems in major events. UltraEdge, also known as Real-Time Snicko or , is a prominent sound-based technology that combines audio analysis from stump with visual patterns to identify edges. It detects spikes in sound waves corresponding to ball contact, distinguishing them from ambient noise by synchronizing audio with high-speed video footage. Developed as an advancement over the original , Real-Time Snicko was introduced for official use around 2013, enabling near-real-time processing for faster reviews. The uses directional placed near the stumps to capture subtle vibrations, producing a graphical overlay that highlights potential contacts. Sound-based alternatives, including spike analysis from multiple , achieve accuracy rates of approximately 95% for audible snicks, making them reliable for confirming edges in most conditions. Hot Spot employs infrared thermal imaging to capture heat signatures generated by friction when the ball strikes the bat or pad, producing a visual "hot spot" on the equipment. This technology requires pairs of high-resolution infrared cameras positioned at strategic angles around the field to detect temperature changes as small as 0.01 degrees Celsius. While effective in dry environments, Hot Spot has faced reliability challenges in humid conditions, where sweat and moisture can create false positives or obscure genuine marks, leading to its phased out or reduced use in some venues by 2020. As a result, many international matches now prioritize sound-based systems over thermal imaging for consistency. Recent advancements have integrated enhanced AI filtering into UltraEdge to minimize false positives, particularly from non-contact sounds like clothing rubs or pad noises. Machine learning algorithms now process audio data to better isolate relevant spikes, improving decision accuracy in complex scenarios.

Review Process

Umpire Reviews

In the Decision Review System (DRS), reviews enable on-field s to consult the third for clarification on specific decisions without involvement, ensuring efficient resolution of uncertain calls. These reviews are used for certain scenarios, such as run-outs at the non-striker's end and boundary catches where the on-field umpires cannot definitively determine if the ball touched the ground or the . Discretionary referrals are permitted for close stumping decisions or other visual ambiguities, like whether a batter is or hit , allowing the third to examine replays for confirmation. The protocol for initiating an umpire review involves the on-field umpire signaling by crossing their arms to form a television screen shape, prompting immediate consultation with the third umpire. The third umpire then analyzes available footage from multiple camera angles, typically completing the review in 30 to 60 seconds, and relays the verdict via earpiece to the on-field umpires for announcement. This process prioritizes speed to minimize disruptions while relying on visual evidence alone, excluding technologies for non-visual assessments. The scope of these reviews is confined to objective visual verification, such as confirming contact with the ball or ground in . Prior to mid-2020, subjective judgments like front-foot were not technologically assisted in umpire reviews, leaving them to on-field assessment; however, from October 2020, the third umpire began checking validity for dismissals using side-on replays to enhance accuracy. Additionally, soft signals—preliminary "out" or "not out" judgments by on-field umpires for catch referrals—were required until June 2023, when the eliminated them to avoid influencing the third umpire's independent analysis based on clear evidence. A notable instance of umpire reviews occurred during the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup final between and , where consultations resolved critical decisions, including deflections near the rope that determined six versus five runs, contributing to the match's dramatic tie.

Player Reviews

In the Decision Review System (), player reviews allow the batting or fielding team to challenge an on-field 's decision regarding a dismissal. The initiates a review by signaling with a raised or forming a T-shape with their arms, which must occur within 15 seconds of the umpire's call to ensure timely challenges. This process applies specifically to potential dismissals such as (LBW), caught behind, or , enabling teams to seek clarification on contentious calls without disrupting the game's flow. Effective June 2025, for caught dismissals, if no bat contact is detected, the will also check for LBW if applicable; additionally, if the original decision stands solely due to an umpire's call (on impact or projection), the review is not considered unsuccessful and does not count toward the limit. Once signaled, the Third Umpire takes over, conducting a thorough analysis of the incident using all available technological aids, including ball-tracking for trajectory predictions and edge-detection systems like UltraEdge or Snicko for sound-based confirmations of contact. For incidents involving multiple possible dismissals (e.g., LBW followed by ), the third umpire reviews them in chronological order. The on-field umpires then view the graphical evidence on a monitor before announcing the final call. This structured assessment contrasts with umpire-initiated reviews, which are automatic for certain close calls and do not involve team input. Prior to 2023, the on-field umpire was required to provide a "soft signal" indicating their initial view (out or not out) when referring a caught dismissal to the Third Umpire, a practice intended to guide the process but criticized for introducing bias. The abolished the soft signal effective June 1, 2023, as part of updated protocols, aiming to eliminate subconscious influences and promote more objective technology-driven verdicts. This change has been credited with enhancing fairness in high-stakes matches, though it requires umpires to rely solely on video and audio evidence without preconceived notions. A notable early example of player reviews in action occurred during the July 2008 first Test between and at , where Sri Lankan batter became the first player dismissed via DRS (). Such incidents underscored the strategic value of player s, influencing teams to integrate DRS assessments into their tactical decision-making.

Decision Finalization

The third evaluates the review using available technologies and footage, overturning the on-field 's decision only if there is clear evidence that it was incorrect; if the evidence is inconclusive, the original on-field decision stands. Effective June 2025, if a decision remains unchanged solely due to an 's call in LBW projections or impact, the reviewing team retains the review. This criterion ensures that technology supports rather than overrides human judgment without definitive proof. Upon reaching a conclusion, the third communicates the outcome to the on-field umpires via using standardized phrases, such as "the original decision is correct" or "you can change your decision" to out or as applicable. The on-field then signals the final decision to the with the appropriate , while graphical visualizations of the —such as ball-tracking paths or edge waveforms—are displayed on the stadium's big screen for transparency to spectators. To maintain game flow, reviews are typically completed quickly, with guidelines introduced in playing conditions to minimize delays, such as shortening standard protocols when outcomes are quickly evident. Following finalization, no additional challenges can be initiated on the same , rendering the decision for that incident.

Rules and Protocols

Review Allocations

In Test matches, each team is allocated three unsuccessful reviews per . Successful reviews, where the on-field decision is overturned, do not count against this quota, allowing teams to retain their full allocation for subsequent challenges. This structure was updated in the era to three reviews, aiming to minimize errors amid challenges with umpire experience. In limited-overs formats, teams are permitted two unsuccessful reviews per innings in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and one unsuccessful review per innings in Internationals (T20Is). These allocations are typically per team rather than shared, though certain bilateral series or tournaments may adjust protocols for balance. The limit encourages judicious use, as reviews are often reserved for high-stakes dismissals like lbw or decisions. A failed review—where the third umpire upholds the on-field decision—results in the permanent loss of one from the team's quota for that . There is no provision for carry-over of unused or regained reviews to subsequent or the second of the , preventing accumulation and promoting match-long decision-making discipline. This consequence underscores the risk-reward dynamic of the system, as teams must weigh potential gains against quota depletion. While international matches follow these standardized limits, domestic competitions exhibit variations to suit logistical or financial constraints; for instance, the operates with two reviews per . The (ICC) formalized uniform protocols across formats in , eliminating prior inconsistencies like the 80-over top-up in Tests and mandating consistent allocations to ensure equity in global events.

Umpire's Call and Margins

The umpire's call is a protocol within the Decision Review System (DRS) specifically for (LBW) decisions, where ball-tracking indicates a marginal outcome such that the on-field umpire's original decision is upheld. This occurs if the projected path of the ball is predicted to hit any part of the stumps but the point of impact or is deemed marginal. The rule accounts for the predictive uncertainties in ball-tracking, preventing from overriding umpires in extremely close scenarios. For LBW reviews, the margins are visualized through ball-tracking graphics, which display the and ; the ball must be to hit more than 50% of the stumps to overturn a not-out decision definitively, with scenarios where the projection shows the ball clipping the stumps triggering the umpire's call if the original decision is not clearly wrong. These thresholds reflect the diameter of the (approximately 7.2 cm) and the technology's resolution limits. The 3D briefly reference ball-tracking visuals for clarity during broadcasts. In June 2025, the updated the zone to the precise outline of the stumps and bails to improve accuracy. The rationale for the 's call lies in balancing technological constraints with human expertise, as predictive models cannot guarantee absolute precision due to variables like ball spin and atmospheric conditions. It applies solely to LBW dismissals, excluding decisions or run-outs, to preserve umpire authority in subjective judgments while correcting egregious errors. Hawk-Eye's validated accuracy is within 5 mm for initial contact but widens for projections, justifying the buffer to avoid unjust overturns.

Usage and Impact

Statistical Overview

Since its introduction, the Decision Review System (DRS) has been employed in approximately 15% of dismissals across Test matches from 2010 to 2020, according to aggregated data from international fixtures. Success rates for overturns typically range between 26% and 35% overall, with batsmen achieving higher rates (around 34-37%) compared to bowling sides (20-22%), primarily due to the higher volume of close calls on dismissals like LBW. Usage varies by format, with longer games seeing more frequent reviews; pre-2020 data indicates roughly 25% of dismissals reviewed in ODIs versus about 10% in T20Is, reflecting the limited review allocations (one per in T20Is, two per in ODIs, versus three per in Tests with resets). This disparity underscores DRS's greater tactical role in endurance formats, where teams average 2-3 reviews per . The system's impact on match outcomes is evident in its correction of umpiring errors, with analyses showing an overall reduction of around 80% in contested decisions through technology-assisted reviews; for instance, CricViz data highlights improved accuracy from pre-DRS levels of 85-90% to over 98% in reviewed cases post-2010. In the , DRS overturns influenced key moments, contributing to altered momentum in a drawn series. Trends show an increase in successful LBW overturns following the 2021 ICC refinement to the wicket zone, which extended tracking to the top of the bails and raised the baseline overturn rate for non-umpire's call LBWs from 22% to 27%, enhancing precision in marginal projections. This adjustment has led to more consistent outcomes, with LBW dismissals rising to 16.6% of total wickets in the era from 14% pre-. In June 2025, the further refined protocols, updating the zone to the precise outline of the stumps and bails for greater accuracy in projections, and introducing secondary review processes for dismissals involving potential no-balls alongside caught behind or LBW decisions. These changes aim to further minimize ambiguities in decision-making across formats.

Reception and Controversies

The (DRS) has received widespread praise from the () for promoting fairness and significantly reducing umpiring errors in matches. assessments have highlighted how corrects a substantial portion of on-field mistakes, with one evaluation noting that it rectified four out of seven errors in a single Test match. Elite umpire has echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the system's role in minimizing human judgment lapses, as seen in endorsements of his decisions in high-stakes games. By 2025, adoption has become nearly universal across , with enhancements like upgrades for faster accuracy and expansions to cover no-balls and wides in leagues such as the IPL, though isolated exceptions persist in cost-constrained tournaments like the . Despite its benefits, has faced criticisms for technological glitches, particularly with the imaging system, which repeatedly failed to detect faint edges during the 2011 England tour of and the . In one notable instance, missed an edge from on multiple occasions, leading to ongoing debates about its reliability in humid or low-light conditions. Additionally, the high costs of implementation—estimated at $15,000–$16,000 per day or up to $60,000 per match—pose significant barriers for smaller cricket boards, limiting access in lower-profile series and prompting calls for subsidies to ensure equity. Key controversies have underscored these issues, including the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup semi-final between and , where Virat Kohli's LBW dismissal sparked outrage due to the ball-tracking projection clipping the bails by a under umpire's call, while a similar decision for England's earlier in the tournament was overturned, highlighting perceived inconsistencies in application. In 2024, debates intensified around integration into , with concerns raised about potential biases in machine learning algorithms that could favor certain playing styles or conditions, as explored in analyses of technology's role in decision-making. Studies have provided mixed but generally supportive insights into DRS's impact, with the Cricket Board's (ECB) 2022 DRS Regulations emphasizing the system's enhancement of confidence by requiring a "high degree of confidence" for overturning decisions, thereby reducing second-guessing on the field. Ongoing discussions advocate for full automation, proposing AI-driven systems to eliminate 's call ambiguities and human biases, as outlined in research on for third- decisions, though experts caution that a hybrid human-AI model remains more feasible in the near term.

References

  1. [1]
    Decision Review System (DRS) | About ICC Cricket
    Rules and Regulations ... The Decision Review System (DRS) is a technology-based process for assisting the match officials with their decision-making.
  2. [2]
    DRS in cricket: Rules, methods and how it works - Olympics.com
    Dec 27, 2023 · DRS in cricket is a technology-based system that helps players to request reviews of the on-field decisions made by umpires.
  3. [3]
    The Decision Review System: A timeline of events | ESPNcricinfo
    Jun 25, 2012 · June 2008. A decision is made to trial the DRS in the Test series between Sri Lanka and India starting in July 2008. July-August 2008
  4. [4]
    Decision Review System: Umpire DRS, Technology, Works, Cricket
    Apr 7, 2021 · It refers to the process to examine the decision given by the on-field umpire. The system enables to take the decision whether a batsman is out or not.
  5. [5]
    The Role of Technology in Cricket: From DRS to Hawk-Eye
    UltraEdge, also known as Snickometer, uses sound waves to detect the ball's contact with the bat, ensuring accurate caught-behind decisions.
  6. [6]
    What is Decision Review System in cricket and how does it work?
    Jan 31, 2024 · In Tests, teams are allowed three unsuccessful reviews per innings. In ODIs and T20s, it is two per innings.<|control11|><|separator|>
  7. [7]
    Umpires to get video help on lbw decisions | Cricket - The Guardian
    Sep 2, 2005 · The ICC has announced it intends to use the Super Series to trial the use of television evidence to help umpires in tough lbw decisions.
  8. [8]
    Hawk-Eye: From concept to game changer - BBC News
    Apr 12, 2013 · Originally an innovation for television coverage of cricket, Hawk-Eye has become a trusted tool for officials in cricket, tennis and now football.Missing: 2006 | Show results with:2006
  9. [9]
    First broadcast use of Hawk-Eye technology | Guinness World Records
    First developed by 26-year-old British mathematician Paul Dawkins in 1999, Hawk-Eye made its broadcast debut in 2001 during a cricket match between England and ...
  10. [10]
    Umpire review system not working - ESPNcricinfo
    Dec 6, 2009 · Nor can Hawk Eye be entirely trusted to steer the ... The UDRS was introduced in 2005 during the ICC's so-called Super Series in Australia.
  11. [11]
    On This Day, 2008: DRS makes debut in IND-SL Test - Sportstar
    Jul 23, 2019 · The Decision Review System was used for the first time in a Test between India and Sri Lanka in Colombo. India fell on the receiving end of the experiment.
  12. [12]
    How the ICC dragged umpiring into the 21st century - ESPN.com
    Sep 5, 2025 · In May 2011 the ICC cricket committee recommended that DRS be used in all Tests, and that it should also be employed in ODI and T20 series ...Missing: mandate | Show results with:mandate
  13. [13]
    Decision Review System (DRS) - LankaWeb
    Jan 17, 2024 · It was first used in One Day Internationals (ODI) in January 2011 during England's tour of Australia.
  14. [14]
    BBC Sport - Umpire review system agreed for 2011 Cricket World Cup
    Jul 1, 2010 · The International Cricket Council (ICC) has agreed in principle to use the umpire Decision Review System (DRS) at the 2011 World Cup.Missing: adoption mandatory
  15. [15]
    Decision Review System Set to Make India Debut in England Series
    Nov 7, 2016 · After years of resistance against the Decision Review System (DRS), the Indian cricket board has finally agreed to employ technology for the ...Missing: until | Show results with:until
  16. [16]
    ICC suggests DRS policy change, BCCI resists - ESPNcricinfo
    Jan 10, 2013 · This marks a major change from the current situation in which the approval of both teams is required for DRS to be put into place in a bilateral ...
  17. [17]
    How can women's cricket learn to use the DRS better? | ESPNcricinfo
    Mar 4, 2020 · Across 20 group-stage matches, the DRS success rate stands at 44%: of 32 reviews, 14 have been successful, while 18 have seen the original on- ...
  18. [18]
    BCCI's real case against the DRS: It's costly - Firstpost
    Feb 22, 2021 · It's rather hard to understand why the BCCI is truly opposed to the system. The fact that it cuts down on the blatantly incorrect decisions is ...
  19. [19]
    (PDF) Hawk Eye Technology Used In Cricket - ResearchGate
    Aug 6, 2025 · This paper aims to discuss the principal behind the Hawk Eye, multiple uses of it in the game of cricket, accuracy of the system, reliability of the system
  20. [20]
    [PDF] Hawk Eye Technology Used In Cricket - SAR Publication
    Apr 30, 2021 · With all these implementations the system has achieved 99% accuracy. This study analyzed data regarding the DRS decisions from year 2009 to ...
  21. [21]
    Hawk-Eye | A global leader in the live sports arena
    Hawk-Eye uses cutting-edge technology for precision tracking, immersive broadcast, and flawless officiating, covering 25 sports in 100+ countries.Latest News · About · Careers · Data
  22. [22]
    Hawk-Eye Accuracy and Believability in Cricket - KitPlus
    Hawk-Eye uses 6 high speed specialist vision processing cameras which are positioned around the ground and calibrated. In addition the system uses the two “Mat” ...
  23. [23]
    The science that shows Hawk-Eye isn't as accurate as it seems
    Jul 12, 2025 · Even Hawk-Eye Innovations, which developed the technology, admits that the system has a mean error rating of 2.2mm, which may not sound much, ...
  24. [24]
    Virtual Eye: Realtime 3D Sports Graphics
    Virtual Eye is quite possibly the biggest sports brand the average fan has never heard of. Our 3D graphics have been viewed by hundreds of millions.
  25. [25]
    Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hawk-Eye Technology
    Hawk-Eye technology is considered to be one of the most accurate ball-tracking technologies available in cricket. It uses a combination of multiple cameras and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  26. [26]
    https://www.virtualeye.com/
  27. [27]
    The Total Tech Makeover Of the ICC World Cup 2023 | Akaike Ai
    Nov 8, 2023 · The Total Tech Makeover Of the ICC World Cup 2023 · Decision Review System (DRS) · Smart Ball Technology · Hawk-eye Technology for LBW Assessments.
  28. [28]
    How Hawk-Eye's Latest Upgrades Are Changing DRS in 2025
    Jun 23, 2025 · As of 2025, Hawk-Eye has undergone significant upgrades, making the DRS faster, more accurate, and more player-friendly than ever before.Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
  29. [29]
    Men's ODI Match Appendix D Decision Review System (DRS) and ...
    Sep 29, 2017 · UltraEdge (HawkEye Innovations). 3.8.1.5. Approved heat-based edge detection technology: Hot Spot cameras (BBG Sports). 3.8.1.6. LED Wickets ...
  30. [30]
    Real Time Snicko could give DRS the edge - ESPNcricinfo
    Feb 6, 2013 · The Snickometer was Plaskett's brainchild back in 1999 and the product has been used by broadcasters in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and India ...
  31. [31]
    Real-time Snicko set for Ashes test - Phys.org
    Nov 19, 2013 · The real-time Snicko has been referred for independent testing by the ICC but it is unclear how much training the Ashes umpires have done with ...
  32. [32]
    An automated snick detection and classification scheme as a cricket ...
    The system achieves a classification rate of 98.3 percent for the self-collected data while presenting an accuracy of 85.7 percentage for the real cricket ...
  33. [33]
    DRS: Hot Spot should be removed, says Michael Vaughan - BBC
    Aug 10, 2013 · The controversial Hot Spot should be taken out of the decision review system, says former England captain Michael Vaughan.
  34. [34]
    Hot Spot inventor calls for official use of Snickometer in winter Ashes
    Jul 27, 2013 · "Snicko" is a tool used only for television but Brennan's English partner, Alan Plaskett, has developed what is called Real Time Snicko, an ...
  35. [35]
    Agreement on DRS after Hot Spot is made mandatory | ESPNcricinfo
    Jun 27, 2011 · The ICC's chief executives' committee has unanimously agreed to make a modified version of the Decision Review System (DRS) mandatory in all international ...
  36. [36]
    Data Science at Play: Unraveling the Impact of DRS in Cricket
    Nov 18, 2023 · Data-Driven Ball-Tracking: At the core of the DRS is a sophisticated ball-tracking system, powered by data science algorithms. Multiple high ...
  37. [37]
    [PDF] DRS REGULATIONS - England and Wales Cricket Board
    Mar 28, 2024 · 5. The 3rd umpire may initiate contact with the on-field umpire by two-way radio if TV coverage shows a boundary line infringement or incident ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  38. [38]
    Several changes made to ICC Playing Conditions
    Jun 27, 2025 · Changes in regard to the use of balls in ODIs, boundary catches, concussion replacements and Test match pace of play headline updated ICC Playing Conditions.
  39. [39]
    Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary ...
    Jul 14, 2019 · Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count · New Zealand 241 for 8 (Nicholls 55, Woakes 3-37) tied with England ...
  40. [40]
    Men's T20I Match Appendix D Decision Review System (DRS) and ...
    Oct 2, 2017 · 5. The third umpire may initiate contact with the on-field umpire by two-way radio if TV coverage shows a boundary line infringement or ...
  41. [41]
    MCC World Cricket committee renews calls to speed up play after ...
    Sep 2, 2022 · Time lost between overs – over ~ 20 minutes · DRS/Umpire reviews – ~ 4 minutes · Ball changes/checks – ~ 3 minutes · Equipment changes – ~ 2.5 ...
  42. [42]
    How many reviews in Test cricket: Have number of DRS reviews ...
    Jul 17, 2020 · In simple words, a team will have three reviews each while batting and bowling in the first innings of a Test match. As far as the white-ball ...
  43. [43]
    DRS to be used in men's T20 World Cup for the first time
    Oct 10, 2021 · ... each team will get a maximum of two reviews per innings. The governing body had confirmed in June last year an additional unsuccessful DRS ...
  44. [44]
    The new cricket rule changes coming into effect from September 28
    Sep 26, 2017 · They will have only two unsuccessful reviews for the entire innings. The DRS will now be used in T20 internationals as well - teams will have ...
  45. [45]
    Ashes 2013: ICC admits Jonathan Trott umpire mistake - BBC Sport
    Jul 16, 2013 · The ICC confirms third umpire Marais Erasmus incorrectly gave Jonathan Trott out lbw using DRS in the first Ashes Test.
  46. [46]
    Umpire's Call explained: Why is that not out? | cricket.com.au
    Mar 16, 2022 · According to the ICC, the ball must be more than 50 per cent out to be considered outside the line, so in this example, the decision would rule ...
  47. [47]
    Television killed the umpiring star - The Cricket Monthly
    The umpire's call has traditionally invited the scorn of a number of prominent players as well as commentators. The rule change is a victory for the view that ...
  48. [48]
    Umpire's call offers vital shade of grey - ESPNcricinfo
    Feb 20, 2024 · Stokes calls for DRS to scrap umpire's call · Story Image ... ICC recalibrating the wicket zone from the bottom of the bails to the top.
  49. [49]
    DRS: The story so far - Red Ball Data
    Dec 28, 2020 · DRS has seen batsmen overturn 35% of decisions, with 6% of wickets overturned. Review quality drops by day, and resetting reviews reduced ...
  50. [50]
    The art of the review - The Cricket Monthly
    In July 2008 a new Decision Review System was inaugurated in India's Test series in Sri Lanka. Opinions on that experiment depended on whom you talked to. Of ...
  51. [51]
    DRS: An analytical review - Cricbuzz.com
    There have been over 3300 reviews used across formats in this period. In September 2017, the ICC passed a new rule which introduced DRS to T20 Internationals as ...
  52. [52]
    Which team uses the DRS best? (It's an Asian side) - ESPNcricinfo
    Mar 28, 2020 · Pakistan have been the most successful in overturning umpires' verdict. They have managed to overturn 34.6% (36 out of 104) of reviews.
  53. [53]
    The Impact of DRS on Modern Cricket - CricPredictor
    Feb 7, 2025 · UltraEdge/Snickometer: Detects sound and movement ... With advancements in AI and machine learning, DRS is expected to become more precise.
  54. [54]
    LBW accounts for 16.61 pc dismissals in DRS era vis-à-vis 14.09 pc ...
    Sep 22, 2024 · It is worth mentioning that the total percentage of LBW dismissals during the pre-DRS era amounted to 14.09% in Test cricket. But that number ...
  55. [55]
    DRS still the right way forward despite recent controversy - Sport ...
    According to ICC assessment the umpires made seven errors during the first Test of which three were uncorrected decisions and four were corrected through DRS.
  56. [56]
    'I will never regret the decision' - Kumar Dharmasena - ESPNcricinfo
    Jul 21, 2019 · Besides, the ICC praised me for the decision I made at that time." Law 19.8 of the playing conditions states that the batsmen at the crease ...
  57. [57]
    DRS Expanded to Cover Height No-Balls and Off-Side Wides in ...
    May 4, 2025 · The inclusion of no-ball and wide reviews in IPL 2025 represents a major step forward for cricket's integration of real-time technology. By ...
  58. [58]
    'BCCI showed how HotSpot failed during Eng tour' | Cricket
    Oct 17, 2011 · In England, Hot Spot failed on more than one occasion, with Rahul Dravid falling victim three times. Another controversy erupted when former ...
  59. [59]
    ICC dismisses reports of investigation over Hot Spot
    Aug 7, 2013 · Later in the same match, England batsman Kevin Pietersen was also given out, caught behind, but again the Hotspot failed to pick anything up.
  60. [60]
    Other cricket boards too objected to DRS, say BCCI sources
    Jul 1, 2013 · According to the sources, the cost involved in the implementing the DRS is $ 15,000-16,000 per day and the broadcast right holders are not ...Missing: barriers smaller
  61. [61]
    DRS technology expensive, unreliable - Niranjan Shah | ESPNcricinfo
    Jun 25, 2011 · Every board is not making money out of Test matches and ODIs. The system requires about $60,000 per match," Shah told DNA. "Last year, about 65 ...
  62. [62]
    India vs New Zealand, World Cup 2019: Virat Kohli LBW out or not ...
    Jul 10, 2019 · Kohli consulted with KL Rahul on the non-striker's end and decided to go for a DRS review. The replays showed that the ball was just nicking the ...
  63. [63]
    ICC Cricket World Cup 2019: Angry Fans Slam Umpires For ...
    Jul 14, 2019 · ICC Cricket World Cup 2019: Angry Fans Slam Umpires For Inconsistencies In Virat Kohli, Jason Roy LBW Decisions. The ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 ...Missing: DRS | Show results with:DRS
  64. [64]
    Case Study: Cricket, Bias, and Decision Making - LinkedIn
    Dec 16, 2024 · This case study examines examples of biased decision-making in cricket, explores the role of technology, and provides recommendations for minimizing bias.
  65. [65]
    [PDF] DRS Regulations 2022 vF - England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB)
    Mar 10, 2022 · This Decision Review System (DRS) and 3rd Umpire Protocol includes a category of Umpire's Call, which shall be the conclusion reported where ...
  66. [66]
    Automated Third Umpire Decision Making in Cricket Using Machine ...
    Jul 29, 2025 · In cricket, automated run outs and no ball decision systems are framed with the help of two machine learning techniques SVM and CNN which will overcome the ...<|separator|>
  67. [67]
    https://mysterycricket.com/blogs/the-mystery-cricket-blog/could-ai-replace-human-umpires-in-cricket