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Deflection yoke

A deflection yoke is an electromagnetic assembly of coils positioned around the neck of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) that generates orthogonal magnetic fields to deflect the electron beam across the phosphor screen, enabling the scanning necessary for image formation in devices such as televisions and monitors.^[1]^[2] The yoke typically consists of two pairs of coils: vertical deflection coils wound around a ferromagnetic core and horizontal deflection coils fitted inside that core, allowing for precise control of beam position through varying currents that produce magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam path.^[3] These fields exert a Lorentz force on the moving electrons, causing deflection proportional to the field strength and beam velocity, with the deflection angle governed by equations such as the path radius r = \frac{3.38 \times 10^{-6} V}{B_m}, where V is the accelerating voltage and B_m is the magnetic flux density.^[2] In CRT manufacturing, the deflection yoke is assembled with the electron gun at the rear of the tube envelope before evacuation and sealing, ensuring alignment for optimal image quality.^[4] Magnetic deflection via the yoke became the standard for consumer CRTs like television picture tubes due to its ability to handle high-energy electron beams over large screen areas with reduced distortion compared to electrostatic methods, which are more suitable for high-speed applications like oscilloscopes.^[1] This design facilitated raster scanning in video displays, where horizontal deflection operates at higher frequencies (e.g., 15.75 kHz for NTSC) than vertical (60 Hz), minimizing issues like pincushion distortion through yoke geometry and current waveforms.^[2]^[3]

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

A deflection yoke is an electromagnetic device comprising pairs of coils that function as a magnetic lens to direct and scan an electron beam horizontally and vertically across the screen of a cathode ray tube (CRT) to form visual images.^[5]^[6] Its primary purpose is to enable raster scanning in devices such as televisions and computer monitors by generating precisely controlled magnetic fields that steer the electron beam in a systematic pattern across the display surface.^[6]^[5] This scanning process allows for the sequential illumination of screen areas to reproduce video signals as coherent pictures. The yoke positions the electron beam to strike phosphor-coated areas on the inner surface of the CRT screen, causing those phosphors to emit light and create illuminated pixels that collectively form the image.^[5] This deflection relies on the interaction of the magnetic field with the moving electrons in the beam.^[5] It is typically placed around the neck of the CRT at the junction between the narrow neck and the widening funnel sections to effectively influence the beam emerging from the electron gun.^[6]

Basic Operating Principles

The deflection of the electron beam in a cathode ray tube (CRT) is primarily governed by the magnetic component of the Lorentz force, which acts on charged particles moving through a magnetic field. The force is given by \vec{F} = q (\vec{v} \times \vec{B}), where q is the electron charge (q = -e, with e \approx 1.6 \times 10^{-19} C), \vec{v} is the electron velocity vector, and \vec{B} is the magnetic field vector produced by the deflection coils; the electric field term is absent in this context (\vec{E} = 0).^[7]^[8] This cross-product results in a force perpendicular to both \vec{v} and \vec{B}, deflecting the beam's path in a circular arc without altering its speed, only its direction. The magnetic field \vec{B} is generated by passing time-varying currents through the coils of the deflection yoke, creating a spatially uniform field across the beam path near the tube's neck. As the current varies—typically sinusoidally—the field strength and direction change over time, continuously adjusting the beam's trajectory to scan the screen. The deflection sensitivity, or the angular displacement per unit field strength, depends on the electron's velocity magnitude (|\vec{v}|) and charge, with higher speeds reducing sensitivity since the force scales linearly with v but the beam's momentum (proportional to v) resists changes in direction. The radius of curvature of the beam path is given by r = \frac{3.38 \times 10^{-6} V}{B_m} meters, where V is the accelerating voltage in volts and B_m is the magnetic flux density in tesla.^[2] In typical CRTs, electrons are accelerated by anode voltages of 20–30 kV, reaching velocities of about 10–30% the speed of light (c \approx 3 \times 10^8 m/s), which balances high-speed imaging with practical deflection control.^[9]^[10] To produce a two-dimensional raster scan, orthogonal magnetic fields are applied: horizontal deflection via coils operating at higher frequencies (typically 15–64 kHz, matching line scan rates in video standards) and vertical deflection at lower frequencies (50–60 Hz, corresponding to frame rates). These perpendicular fields allow independent control of the beam's horizontal and vertical motions, sweeping it across the screen in a systematic pattern without interference.

Design and Construction

Core Components

The deflection yoke assembly is a ring- or cone-shaped structure designed to encircle the neck of a cathode ray tube (CRT), positioning the coils precisely around the electron beam path to enable controlled deflection.^[11] This overall configuration ensures the magnetic fields generated by the coils interact effectively with the beam while maintaining structural integrity during operation.^[11] The primary components include a pair of horizontal deflection coils, responsible for left-right motion of the electron beam, and a pair of vertical deflection coils, handling up-down motion. These coils are typically saddle-shaped, with intermediate sections parallel to the CRT axis and end sections of varying diameters to form an open window for field distribution.^[11] The supporting frame, often referred to as a bobbin or separator, provides insulation and mechanical support; it is usually constructed from plastic and adopts a circular cone shape that widens toward the CRT funnel, facilitating secure coil mounting and alignment.^[12]^[11] A ferrite core encases the coils, concentrating the magnetic flux to enhance field strength within the CRT neck and minimize external leakage, thereby improving deflection efficiency and reducing interference. This core is typically molded from high-permeability magnetic material, such as ferrite powder bound with resin, achieving high permeability, typically greater than 1000 (often 1500–2500 for Mn-Zn ferrite variants), to optimize flux guidance.^[13]^[14] Balance coils, or auxiliary windings, are integrated into the assembly to correct magnetic field distortions, ensuring uniform deflection across the screen by adjusting inductance and compensating for asymmetries in the primary coils.^[12] These are often wound continuously with the horizontal coils using litz or solid wire on a dedicated bobbin section, allowing fine-tuning of field balance without compromising overall geometry.^[12] The coils are wound in orthogonal geometries—horizontal pairs aligned vertically and vertical pairs aligned horizontally—to minimize crosstalk between the respective magnetic fields.^[11]

Coil Configurations

Deflection yokes typically employ a saddle-toroidal configuration, where horizontal deflection coils are wound in a saddle shape—open-ended and positioned closer to the CRT neck for easier manufacturing and linear field distribution—while vertical deflection coils use a semi-toroidal, closed-loop design to achieve better magnetic field uniformity across the screen.^[15]^[16] This hybrid approach balances manufacturability with performance, as saddle windings allow for simpler automated production without a full enclosing core, whereas toroidal windings minimize field distortions in the slower vertical scan.^[17] Winding specifications differ significantly between horizontal and vertical coils to accommodate their respective scanning frequencies. Horizontal coils, operating at higher frequencies (typically 15–64 kHz), feature fewer turns and lower inductance—often around 0.13–0.3 mH—to enable rapid current changes for fast beam scanning without excessive voltage requirements.^[18]^[19] In contrast, vertical coils, scanning at lower frequencies (50–120 Hz), use more turns and higher inductance—typically 5 mH or greater—to limit peak currents and reduce power dissipation during the slower deflection cycle.^[18]^[20] These design choices ensure efficient energy use and maintain consistent deflection amplitudes despite the frequency disparity. Optimization techniques for deflection yokes often address distortions like pincushion effects, particularly in flat-screen CRTs, through asymmetric windings and auxiliary shunts. Asymmetric windings in the vertical coils introduce deliberate field imbalances to counteract inward curvature at screen edges, adjusting the magnetic field shape for rectangular rasters.^[21] Auxiliary shunts, such as asymmetric magnetic shunts placed near the yoke's minor axis, further refine field uniformity by redirecting flux lines and reducing diagonal symmetric defects without altering core geometry.^[22] These methods, integrated during winding, enable precise corrections tailored to tube geometry, improving overall display linearity. Coil materials prioritize conductivity and magnetic efficiency, with copper or aluminum wire commonly used for the windings to minimize resistive losses during high-current operation.^[23] The core is typically constructed from ferrite materials, selected for their high permeability (μ > 1000, often 1500–2500 for Mn-Zn variants) and low hysteresis losses, which enhance field strength while suppressing eddy currents and heat generation.^[13]^[14] This combination supports reliable performance in compact yokes, with ferrite's properties ensuring minimal energy dissipation across the deflection cycle.^[24]

Historical Development

Invention and Early Adoption

The theoretical foundations of the deflection yoke trace back to Hendrik Lorentz's 1892 electron theory, which described charged particles in matter as capable of being influenced by electromagnetic fields, laying the groundwork for magnetic deflection of electron beams.^[25] This was bolstered by J.J. Thomson's 1897 discovery of the electron, confirming the existence of discrete charged particles that could be manipulated magnetically.^[26] Practical magnetic deflection emerged shortly thereafter with Karl Ferdinand Braun's 1897 cathode-ray tube, which employed external magnetic coils to steer the electron beam across a phosphor screen, though these early setups lacked the integrated yoke design.^[27] In the 1920s and 1930s, pioneers like Vladimir Zworykin advanced the concept toward practical magnetic deflection systems for cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), conceptualizing coil assemblies to precisely control beam scanning in both camera and display applications.^[28] Zworykin, working at RCA, developed early deflection yoke designs for the iconoscope—a key television camera tube—around 1939, enabling electronic beam scanning of imaged scenes.^[29] These yokes consisted of paired coils generating orthogonal magnetic fields for horizontal and vertical deflection, marking a milestone in RCA's push toward electronic television.^[30] By the 1940s, they saw widespread use in radar displays during World War II, with RCA systems employing mechanically rotated yokes on long-persistence CRTs to map echoes on screens.^[31] Post-war, in the late 1940s and 1950s, magnetic yokes became standard in commercial televisions, supplanting bulkier electrostatic systems and enabling larger screens up to 21 inches by integrating into kinescope receivers.^[27] Initial challenges in these early monochromatic CRTs included non-uniform magnetic fields causing beam distortion and pincushion effects, which distorted scan lines and reduced image clarity.^[32] These were addressed through basic paired coil configurations that improved field symmetry, allowing reliable deflection over the tube's faceplate.^[33]

Technological Advancements

In the 1960s and 1970s, deflection yoke designs advanced significantly to support the transition to color CRTs, incorporating ferrite cores for enhanced magnetic efficiency and reduced energy loss during beam deflection. TDK's ferrite materials, widely adopted in yoke cores, enabled more compact and performant toroidal coils that minimized noise and improved overall system efficiency in consumer television sets.^[34] Concurrently, the development of self-convergent deflection units addressed challenges in three-gun shadow-mask tubes; for instance, RCA introduced such units in 1972 for 90° deflection angles, while Philips followed in 1974 for 110° angles, using magnetic pole pieces to provide dynamic convergence corrections that maintained beam alignment across the screen.^[27] During the 1980s and 1990s, optimizations for high-resolution computer monitors focused on minimizing geometric distortions through computer-aided design (CAD) techniques, which simulated magnetic fields to predict and reduce issues like pincushion distortion and east-west convergence errors. These methods, employing finite difference and integral equation algorithms, allowed designers to refine coil winding patterns and evaluate aberration sensitivity, expediting the creation of yokes tailored for sharper raster patterns in professional displays.^[35] Material innovations complemented these efforts, with a shift to lighter aluminum windings and precision magnetic shunts in yokes for flat-panel (or "real-flat") CRTs, enabling better field shaping for wider deflection angles and reduced power consumption; for example, Toshiba's Rectangular Cone deflection unit cut energy use by approximately 25% in mini-neck tubes.^[27] Further efficiency gains came from integrating deflection units with flyback transformers, particularly in advanced coil configurations like double saddle or mussel shells, which optimized power delivery for horizontal and vertical deflection in slim-profile CRTs—such as Philips' 125° designs introduced around 2003.^[27] However, by the 2000s, the rise of LCD and LED displays rendered deflection yokes obsolete for mainstream applications, as CRT production peaked at around 270 million units annually circa 2000 before sharply declining due to the superior slimness, energy efficiency, and image quality of flat-panel alternatives; refinements in yoke technology extended CRT viability in budget segments until approximately 2010.^[27]

Applications

In Display Technologies

The deflection yoke plays a central role in cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions by enabling precise horizontal and vertical scanning of the electron beam to form raster images across the screen. Positioned around the neck of the CRT, the yoke's coils generate controlled magnetic fields that sweep the beam from left to right during each horizontal line and from top to bottom across multiple lines, creating a uniform grid of illuminated phosphors that compose the visible picture.^[36] This raster scanning process relies on synchronized current ramps in the horizontal and vertical coils to ensure linear beam movement, with corrective components like S-capacitors maintaining geometric accuracy for distortion-free images.^[36] Late-model CRT televisions, particularly those compatible with high-definition standards, incorporated optimized deflection yokes to support resolutions up to 1080i, delivering enhanced detail in broadcast and consumer video applications.^[37] In computer monitors, deflection yokes are engineered for higher operating frequencies to handle the demands of digital display standards such as VGA (640x480 at 60 Hz) and SVGA (800x600), often achieving refresh rates up to 100 Hz for smoother motion and reduced flicker in graphical interfaces. These yokes facilitate rapid horizontal scan rates, reaching up to 120 kHz in high-resolution models, allowing compatibility with progressive scan modes and multi-sync capabilities for varied input signals. Specialized variants featured anti-glare surface treatments on the CRT faceplate to minimize reflections in office and professional environments, while larger-screen designs (up to 21 inches) used reinforced yokes to maintain focus and convergence across extended viewing areas.^[38] Deflection yokes also found application in video projectors and arcade machines, where customized configurations supported both vector and raster graphics to create dynamic, immersive displays prevalent in gaming from the 1970s through the 1990s. In vector-based systems, such as those in Atari arcade titles like Asteroids, the yoke enabled direct X-Y beam deflection to draw sharp lines and shapes without a full raster fill, optimizing for low-latency wireframe visuals in real-time gameplay.^[39] Raster-equipped arcade cabinets and early projectors employed standard yokes for pixel-based imagery, adapting scan rates to match game clocks (typically 30-60 Hz) and projection optics for scaled, high-contrast outputs in entertainment venues. Performance characteristics of deflection yokes in these display systems include deflection angles of 110 to 120 degrees, which allow for compact CRT designs with wide effective viewing fields while minimizing edge distortions.^[40] The associated drive circuits, responsible for energizing the coils, typically consume 10 to 50 W, balancing power efficiency with the demands of high-current beam control in horizontal and vertical deflection stages.^[41]

In Scientific Instruments

In scientific instruments, deflection yokes have been employed for precise electron beam control in environments requiring high accuracy and minimal distortion, such as oscilloscopes. While most oscilloscopes utilize electrostatic deflection for its linearity and speed, some specialized high-voltage oscilloscopes employ magnetic deflection yokes to handle higher accelerating voltages without insulation breakdown risks associated with electrostatic methods, supporting applications in advanced waveform analysis.^[42] In electron microscopes and particle accelerators, custom deflection yokes facilitate fine beam steering essential for high-resolution imaging and experimentation. For instance, magnetic deflection yokes positioned near the final lens pole piece allow precise angular deflection of the electron beam, enabling detailed aberration measurements and sample scanning with field strengths typically tuned below 1 mT to prevent image distortion.^[43]^[44] In particle accelerators, integrated magnet systems functioning as deflection yokes guide charged particle beams through acceleration tubes, providing uniform fields for trajectory correction in compact electrostatic designs.^[45] Early applications in medical and industrial settings included deflection yokes for beam positioning in X-ray tubes and radar systems from the 1940s to 1980s. In X-ray imaging equipment, such as camera systems, yokes ensured accurate electron beam alignment for consistent radiation output in diagnostic procedures.^[46] Similarly, wartime radar indicators used mechanically rotated magnetic deflection yokes on cathode ray tubes to produce circular scans for target detection, with persistent screens enhancing visibility in operational environments.^[31] These legacy uses persist in calibration equipment for verifying beam deflection in research and testing setups. Specialized adaptations, such as low-inductance deflection yokes, support high-speed scanning in vector displays for scientific plotting and data visualization. These yokes, optimized for rapid random positioning, minimize response times in instruments requiring dynamic beam tracing, such as graphical output devices in laboratory simulations.^[47]

References

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May 25, 2010 · A deflection yoke is a series of windings mounted outside the CRT, at the neck, that creates two magnetic fields to control the beam’s ...Missing: function | Show results with:function
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Figure 5-19 shows the deflection yoke used in one of Tektronix's monitors. The horizontal deflection coils are wound around the core. The vertical deflection ...
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