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Flicker

Flicker may refer to several concepts and entities:
  • In light and vision: A rapid variation in the intensity of light, often from sources like bulbs or flames, and its effects on human perception and health.
  • In technology and engineering: Phenomena such as screen flicker in displays or electrical noise in systems.
  • In biology: The northern flicker, a woodpecker bird (Colaptes auratus), or flickering patterns in natural systems like animal movement or bioluminescence.
  • People: A surname, or notable individuals with that name.
  • In popular culture: References in literature, film, television, video games, music, or fictional characters.
  • Slang and language: Informal meanings or idiomatic expressions.
  • Other uses: In military history, products, or inventions.

Light and vision

Flicker in light sources

Flicker in light sources is defined as the rapid, repetitive variation in the brightness or of artificial that can be perceptible to the , typically occurring at modulation frequencies below 100 Hz. This phenomenon arises from temporal fluctuations in light output, distinguishing it from steady illumination, and is most noticeable in sources driven by (AC) systems. The primary cause of flicker stems from the cyclical nature of supplies operating at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, which results in light at 100 Hz or 120 Hz for many types due to the full-wave effect. Incompatible dimming methods, such as phase-cut dimmers, introduce additional low-frequency components by interrupting the AC , while faulty or poorly designed bulbs—particularly fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts and early LED drivers—amplify the issue through inefficient . Historically, flicker was observed in the incandescent era from the late onward, but the thermal inertia of filaments minimized its visibility; it intensified in the with the proliferation of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), which relied on inexpensive magnetic ballasts that produced prominent 100/120 Hz . Measurement of focuses on quantifying the and of variations to assess perceptual . The represents the ratio of the area of the light output above the value to the total area under the over one , capturing the and shape of the . , also known as depth, is a simpler calculated as the difference between maximum and minimum levels divided by the output, expressed as a , which highlights the relative depth of variation regardless of form. International standards provide frameworks for evaluating and limiting to ensure compatibility with perception and electrical systems. The IEC 61000-4-15 standard outlines the design and functional specifications for a flickermeter, which simulates visual response to compute short-term severity (P_st) over 10-minute intervals and long-term severity (P_lt) over 2-hour periods, with acceptability thresholds typically set at P_st ≤ 1.0 and P_lt ≤ 0.65 to avoid annoyance. These metrics are derived from voltage fluctuation tests but apply to light output assessment in products. At frequencies of 100 Hz, is imperceptible to most observers under normal conditions, though risks persist at lower ranges of 5-30 Hz, where it may provoke in vulnerable populations.

Visual perception and health effects

The human visual system processes flickering light through the and , where intermittent stimuli below a certain are perceived as pulsating rather than steady. The critical flicker (CFF) represents the at which this becomes indistinguishable from continuous , typically ranging from 50 to 90 Hz for humans under standard conditions. This varies based on , , and individual physiological factors such as and . Several factors influence CFF perception. is more sensitive to low-frequency flicker compared to central foveal vision, allowing detection of modulations that might go unnoticed in the line of direct . Color also plays a role, with longer wavelengths like eliciting a higher CFF than shorter ones like , due to differences in photoreceptor responses. further modulates this, as higher generally raises the fusion frequency. Exposure to low-frequency flicker below 30 Hz can induce significant health effects, including , headaches, and migraines, as the struggles to integrate the unstable visual input. Such flicker is particularly problematic for individuals with , where frequencies between 3 and 70 Hz may provoke seizures by overstimulating neural pathways. In the , modern LED strobing—often from (PWM) dimming in displays—has raised additional concerns, contributing to eye fatigue, disorientation, and even at higher frequencies above human CFF in some cases. A 2024 study reported that 64% of participants experienced headaches, eye fatigue, and disorientation from common flickering LED lights, underscoring the prevalence of these issues in everyday environments. Research from the highlights the broader impacts of flicker in office settings, where fluorescent lighting often caused non-visible modulations leading to heightened arousal and reduced worker . Such flicker has been associated with cumulative and impaired , potentially diminishing . PWM dimming in screens can exacerbate symptoms in individuals with vestibular disorders, including and issues, due to sensory mismatches between visual processing and the . Mitigation strategies focus on eliminating perceptible flicker through technologies like direct current (DC) lighting, which provides steady output without modulation, and high-frequency electronic ballasts for fluorescent or LED systems operating above 100 Hz to exceed typical CFF thresholds. These approaches not only reduce health risks but also enhance visual comfort in prolonged exposure scenarios.

Technology and engineering

Screen and display flicker

Screen flicker refers to the unintended temporal of brightness on video displays, manifesting as visible or invisible fluctuations that can affect visual comfort. In (CRT) displays, flicker arises primarily from low refresh rates, where the electron beam scans the phosphor-coated screen, and the phosphor's brief allows brightness to decay noticeably between refreshes. (LCD) and (OLED) screens experience flicker through backlighting or pixel control mechanisms, particularly when refresh rates fail to sustain steady illumination or when dimming introduces . The primary causes of flicker vary by display technology. For CRT monitors, a 60 Hz —common in the and —often led to perceptible flicker due to the interplay of scan rates and decay times, exacerbating during prolonged use. In contrast, modern LCDs and OLEDs commonly employ (PWM) for brightness control, rapidly switching LEDs on and off at frequencies typically ranging from 240 Hz to 1000 Hz or higher, though lower rates in some implementations can produce subtle modulation. This PWM method, while efficient for , can result in invisible flicker that sensitive users detect as discomfort. Historically, screen flicker was a hallmark issue of monitors during their dominance from the to the , when 60 Hz operation was standard and contributed to widespread reports of visual fatigue in office and gaming environments. The transition to LCDs in the early initially retained 60 Hz rates, but advancements in the introduced higher refresh rates, such as 120 Hz and above, which significantly reduced flicker by providing more frequent image updates and smoother persistence. Flicker in displays is measured using temporal light metrics, such as percent flicker—calculated as PF = 100 \times \frac{y_{\max} - y_{\min}}{y_{\max} + y_{\min}}, where y_{\max} and y_{\min} are the maximum and minimum luminous values over a —and depth, which quantifies without perceptual weighting. These are assessed with tools like oscilloscopes paired with V(λ)-corrected photodetectors to capture waveforms at sampling rates of at least 20 kHz, enabling precise of PWM or refresh-induced variations. In contemporary applications as of 2025, televisions continue to face challenges with PWM frequencies below 1000 Hz at lower levels, leading to reports of eye and headaches among sensitive viewers due to the rapid on-off cycling. (VRR) technologies, such as , mitigate traditional low-refresh flicker by dynamically adjusting the display's scan rate to match the graphics output, preventing frame tearing and stabilizing in scenarios like , though proper configuration is essential to avoid VRR-specific modulation. To address these issues, certifications have emerged as a for display quality. Rheinland's Eye Comfort Certification, introduced in 2014 and updated to version 3.0 in 2023, verifies displays using DC modulation for backlights—eliminating PWM flicker across all brightness levels—while ensuring compatibility with higher refresh rates for reduced visual fatigue. In January 2025, the certification was expanded to displays, incorporating a five-star rating scheme. This standard has been widely adopted by manufacturers for monitors and TVs, promoting sustained eye comfort without compromising performance.

Electrical and noise phenomena

In , power-line flicker refers to rapid voltage fluctuations in (AC) power grids, typically within ±10% amplitude, caused by varying loads such as arc furnaces, welders, and motors. These variations, which became prominent in the with the rise of industrial electrification and heavy machinery, can lead to perceptible changes in connected as a downstream effect. Severity is quantified using short-term flicker indicator P_{st}, assessed over 10-minute intervals, and long-term indicator P_{lt}, evaluated over 2-hour periods via statistical analysis of voltage envelope changes. Standards for power quality, including flicker limits, are outlined in IEEE 141 (now supplemented by IEEE 1453) and IEC 61000-4-15, which define measurement methods aligned with human perception thresholds. In the , grid regulations under EN 50160 and related directives limit the long-term flicker indicator P_{lt} to 1.0 for 95% of the time over a one-week period in low-voltage supply systems to ensure compatibility and minimize disturbances. Flicker noise, also known as 1/f noise, is a low-frequency electronic noise characterized by random signal fluctuations where the power spectral density decreases inversely with frequency. It arises in semiconductors and other components due to defects, contaminants, or charge trapping, dominating at frequencies below 1 kHz and impacting precision applications like amplifiers and sensors. The power spectral density is modeled as S(f) = \frac{h}{f^{\alpha}} where f is frequency, h is a material-dependent constant, and \alpha \approx 1 for typical flicker noise (ranging 0.5–1.5 in observed systems). In semiconductors, flicker noise degrades transistor performance and signal integrity, while in audio equipment, it introduces audible hum or distortion at low frequencies. Mitigation strategies include chopper stabilization, correlated double sampling, and feedback filtering to shift or suppress the noise spectrum.

Biology

The northern flicker bird

The northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a medium-sized in the Picidae, native to much of north of . It belongs to the order and is characterized by its distinctive : the yellow-shafted form (C. a. auratus), prevalent in the eastern and northern regions, and the red-shafted form (C. a. cafer), found primarily in the and . These hybridize extensively in a broad zone across the , resulting in intermediate plumage variations. In , the species underwent a taxonomic split, with the southern Central American population recognized as the separate Guatemalan flicker ( mexicanoides), but the North American populations remain under C. auratus. Measuring 28–36 in length with a of 43–51 and weighing 113–170 , the features barred brown plumage with black scalloping on the back and wings, a spotted underbelly, and a conspicuous rump visible in flight. The crown is gray, and males display a red crescent in the yellow-shafted subspecies or a red malar stripe in the red-shafted form, while females lack the malar marking. Under the wings and tail, the yellow-shafted shows bright yellow shafts, contrasting with the salmon-red shafts of the red-shafted. The slightly down-curved is adapted for ground foraging rather than extensive tree excavation. Northern flickers exhibit unique behaviors among woodpeckers, often foraging on the ground where they lap up —comprising up to 75% of their —using a long, barbed , supplemented by , fruits, and seeds. They produce a distinctive "wicka-wicka-wicka" call, a rapid series of notes used in territorial and mating displays, alongside a sharp "klee-yer" alarm call and drumming on resonant surfaces like metal gutters. Partially migratory, northern populations move southward in winter, while southern birds are year-round residents. They nest in cavities, often excavating dead or dying snags, with both sexes sharing of 6–8 eggs for about 12 days. This species inhabits open woodlands, forest edges, savannas, suburban parks, and agricultural areas with scattered trees, avoiding dense forests. It adapts well to human-modified landscapes, including urban woodlots. The global population is estimated at around 12 million individuals, but it has declined by approximately 49% since 1966, with ongoing losses of about 1.2–1.6% annually in the eastern and central U.S. due to and competition from invasive European starlings for nest sites; recent analyses in the 2020s confirm stable but regionally declining trends from loss. The is the state bird of (as the "") and holds Least Concern status on the as of 2025, though it serves as a supporting cavity-nesting wildlife. The common name "flicker" derives from the bird's habit of flicking its wings and tail during displays, evoking a fluttering motion, while the genus stems from Greek for "to peck" and auratus from Latin for "gilded," referencing the yellow underwing coloration.

Flickering in natural systems

In natural systems, flickering manifests as intermittent alternations between alternative stable s in complex ecological and physical processes, serving as an indicator of proximity to critical transitions or tipping points. This instability arises when environmental pressures, such as gradual shifts, erode the of a dominant , allowing or perturbations to temporarily push the system into contrasting configurations before it rebounds. For instance, in dynamics, flickering can precede abrupt changes like shifts from wet to dry regimes in semi-arid ecosystems. A key example occurs in aquatic ecosystems during lake , where flickering in levels and signals the impending dominance of algal blooms in a turbid, oxygen-depleted state. Similarly, in terrestrial systems, exhibits flickering via increased variance in canopy cover and recruitment rates, as seen in models of drought-stressed savannas and woodlands approaching points under warming conditions. Flickering in populations provides another illustration, with marine revealing oscillatory shifts in community composition that foreshadow changes, such as from diatom-dominated to flagellate-dominated states in nutrient-enriched waters. These patterns align with early warning signals identified in theoretical and empirical studies, including rising —where deviations from equilibrium persist longer—and elevated variance in key variables like . As a nears a , the variance \sigma^2 scales inversely with the to the tipping point, reflecting critical slowing down: \sigma^2 \propto (\mu - \mu_c)^{-\gamma} where \mu is the control parameter (e.g., temperature or nutrient load), \mu_c is the critical threshold, and \gamma is a scaling exponent typically around 1 for fold bifurcations. Such indicators enable applications in predicting ecosystem collapse, with 2020s research extending them to Arctic sea ice dynamics, where flickering-like variability in extent and thickness under amplified warming has been linked to potential irreversible melt thresholds. Observations from satellite data show intermittent recoveries amid overall decline, aiding forecasts of critical transitions. Furthermore, flickering in plankton and lake systems has been tied to biodiversity loss, as transient states favor invasive or low-diversity assemblages.

People

As a surname

Flicker is a rare surname of origin, derived from an occupational name for a mender or repairer of or shoes, stemming from the verb vlicken, meaning "to patch" or "to repair". It is also attested among Ashkenazi Jewish communities, particularly in historical records from , where it appears as a variant adapted during the period of surname adoption in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The remains uncommon globally, with an estimated 3,037 bearers as of recent data, ranking it as the 146,068th most frequent worldwide. It is most prevalent in the , where approximately 1,112 individuals carry it, largely due to 19th- and 20th-century from German-speaking regions and ; smaller populations exist in (983 bearers), (469), and the (223, primarily in ). In the , the name first appears in census records as early as 1840 with just 8 families in , growing to become more widespread by 1880, when it was recorded among the highest number of Flicker households for that era, reflecting early immigrant settlement patterns. The incidence in the expanded by 582% between 1880 and 2014, indicating steady but limited growth tied to communities. Common variations of the surname include Flick and Flecker, often arising from regional dialects or anglicization during . The name is borne by notable individuals in fields such as and sciences.

Notable individuals

Theodore J. Flicker (1930–2014), commonly known as Ted Flicker, was an American writer, director, and producer renowned for his contributions to television and during the mid-20th century. He co-created the acclaimed police sitcom , which premiered in 1975 and ran for eight seasons, earning multiple Emmy nominations for its innovative ensemble approach and depiction of urban . Flicker also directed and wrote the 1967 satirical comedy , starring as a navigating government conspiracies and corporate overreach, a film that critiqued 1960s , Cold War paranoia, and institutional surveillance through absurdist humor. Earlier in his career, Flicker founded , an influential improvisational comedy theater troupe in in the early , which launched the careers of performers like and and emphasized spontaneous social satire. He transitioned to television writing in the , contributing scripts to shows such as and , before directing films like Up in the Cellar (1970), a campus comedy that further explored generational tensions. Later, he directed episodes of and other , solidifying his legacy in blending sharp wit with cultural commentary. Mike Flicker (born 1950) is an American music producer, engineer, and drummer known for his work with rock bands including Heart, producing their debut album Dreamboat Annie (1975) and subsequent releases, as well as collaborations with artists like Leiber and Stoller.

Popular culture

Literature and books

Flicker is a 1991 novel by Theodore Roszak that intertwines the history of cinema with a conspiracy thriller narrative, centering on a film student's investigation into subliminal messaging embedded in movies by a reclusive director named Max Castle. The story explores how flickering images and hidden visuals manipulate perception and society, drawing on real film history from silent era innovations to 1970s media critiques. Roszak, a historian known for his work on counterculture, was influenced by 1970s film theory on media's psychological impact, incorporating trivia and figures like Orson Welles to blend fact and fiction. Originally published by Summit Books, the novel was reprinted in 2005 as part of the Rediscovered Classics series by Chicago Review Press, reviving interest in its themes of cinematic influence. The title Flicker echoes the surname of screenwriter and director Theodore Flicker, known for co-creating the television series Barney Miller. In poetry, Flicker appears in anthologies and collections exploring light, memory, and identity; for instance, Flicker and Spark: A Contemporary Queer Anthology of Spoken Word and Poetry (2012), edited by Regie Cabico and Brittany Fonte, features works that use flicker as a metaphor for fleeting queer experiences and resilience. Similarly, Carmen Giménez Smith's 2012 collection Goodbye, Flicker delves into a girl's inner world through conspiratorial poems that escape into language and fantasy amid familial dysfunction.

Film, television, and video games

In film, "" is a 1966 experimental short directed by , consisting of alternating black and white frames designed to induce visual and auditory hallucinations through stroboscopic effects, and it remains a landmark in structural cinema. Another notable entry is the 1991 short film "Flicker," a 12-minute exploring themes of and through flickering imagery and narrative fragmentation. The 2008 Canadian documentary "," directed by Nik Sheehan and produced by the , examines the life and inventions of artist , particularly his device that creates flickering light patterns to alter consciousness. In the genre, "Flicker" (2009), directed by Kevin J. Lindenmuth, follows a survivor navigating a mountainous plagued by threats, blending experimental visuals with classic slasher elements. Television adaptations and episodes incorporating "flicker" often evoke themes of illusion, mystery, or mechanical failure. The 1980 British miniseries "Flickers," created by and starring , depicts the rise of an entrepreneur in 1920s who builds a traveling business amid the era's challenges. In episodic formats, the "Flicker" episode of "" (Season 1, Episode 6, 2012) features a comedic sketch on an intense game of "flicker" (a finger-flicking ) escalating into absurdity, alongside an MMA trash-talk . "American Horror Story: Hotel" Season 5, Episode 7, titled "Flicker" (2015), delves into the backstory of the Countess's lover Donovan through a 1970s sequence marked by flickering lights and vampire lore. For younger audiences, the "Flicker" episode of Disney's "Handy Manny" (Season 2, Episode 23, 2008) introduces a new tool named Flicker who aids in repairing a at a community center. In , "" is a social deduction multiplayer game developed by JJ Studios and released on on January 12, 2018, where players are trapped in a dark house and must deduce the identity of a hidden murderer using clues, intuition, and hidden role abilities during rounds interrupted by flickering lights. Core mechanics involve roles such as the Murderer (who strikes when lights go out), the Sheriff (who can execute suspects), and the Doctor (who protects players from attacks), fostering and to eliminate threats among 10-17 participants. The game surged in popularity from 2020 to 2023, aligning with the rise of similar deduction titles, and has amassed over 831 million visits as of November 2025. Updates in 2025 introduced new roles, avatar customization options, and refined end-game screens to enhance replayability and balance.

Music

In music, "Flicker" most prominently refers to the debut solo studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Niall Horan, released on October 20, 2017, by Capitol Records. The album, which marks Horan's transition from One Direction to a solo career, features ten original tracks blending pop, folk, and rock elements, including the hit single "This Town," a piano-driven ballad that achieved 2× Platinum certification in the United States for over 2 million units sold or streamed. Produced primarily by Greg Kurstin, known for his work with artists like Adele and Kelly Clarkson, Flicker debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 152,000 equivalent album units in its first week, and topped the Irish Albums Chart, where it was certified Gold for 7,500 units shortly after release. In the UK, it peaked at number three on the Official Albums Chart and earned Gold certification for 100,000 units, while the album overall reached Platinum status in the US by 2019 for 1 million units. Another notable musical reference is the electronic track "Flicker" by American producer Porter Robinson, released as the fourth single from his debut album Worlds on July 28, 2014, via Skrillex's OWSLA label. The song exemplifies Robinson's shift toward emotive, future bass-influenced electronic music, featuring ethereal synths and vocals provided by the Vocaloid software voicebank Kyoko in a style reminiscent of Japanese virtual singers. Clocking in at 4:39, "Flicker" builds from ambient introspection to uplifting drops, contributing to Worlds' commercial success, which debuted at number one on the US Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart and has amassed over 7 million streams for the track alone on Spotify. In the indie scene of the 2020s, "Flicker" has appeared as a title in several tracks evoking themes of transience and emotion. For instance, American folk-pop trio Tiny Habits released "Flicker" in 2024 as part of their debut album All for Something, a gentle acoustic piece exploring vulnerability in relationships that highlights the band's harmonious vocals and DIY ethos. Similarly, British singer Lola Young's "Flicker of Light" from her 2024 album This Wasn't Meant for Me delivers raw alt-pop introspection on hope amid adversity, praised for its gritty production and Young's soulful delivery. These examples reflect a broader trend in contemporary music where "flicker" symbolizes fleeting moments or inner light.

Fictional characters

In the animated television series , which aired from 1996 to 1998, Flicker is depicted as a young green dragon serving as the squire to the lazy knight Sir Loungelot. As the series' protagonist, Flicker is portrayed as a clever inventor whose contraptions frequently save the day, though his master often takes credit for his successes; he harbors a secret affection for Princess Flame and aspires to knighthood despite constant mistreatment. In Eric Shanower's 1987 The Ice King of Oz, a fan-fiction extension of L. Frank Baum's series, Flicker appears as a mischievous who has been transformed into a living candle by the . This character joins , the , and the on a quest to rescue Ozma from the , contributing charm and whimsy to the adventure despite some contrived elements in his arc. Shanower's Oz works, including this one, build upon Baum's through original tales illustrated in a style faithful to the source material. Flicker also appears as a minor character in various indie comics from the 2020s, such as in the Youngins series published by Limitless Comics, where he features in superhero-themed narratives.

Slang and language

Slang meanings

In the early , particularly around the and , "flicker" or "flickers" served as for motion pictures, derived from the unsteady, flickering light produced by early projectors using arc lamps. This term captured the visual imperfection of silent films, where images shimmered due to the intermittent exposure of frames, and it appeared in trade publications like Moving Picture World as early as 1911. Over time, it shortened to "flick," which persists today, but "flickers" often carried a somewhat disparaging tone, reflecting the novelty and technical limitations of the medium compared to live theater. Earlier usages of "" as a in date back to 1699 in , where it meant to grin or laugh mockingly in someone's face, often in social or public settings like churches. This sense, documented in works by John Dunton and later in lexicons by Francis Grose (1785) and others, implied a flirtatious or derisive facial expression, as in a "wanton flickering girl" eyeing churchgoers. By the late , "flicker" took on a new meaning in tramp and , referring to fainting or pretending to faint, typically from or exhaustion. First recorded in 1899 by Josiah Flynt in descriptions of vagrant life, it conveyed dramatic collapse or feigned weakness, as in a beggar "yapping" about before beginning to "flicker." This usage persisted into the early in hobo narratives, highlighting survival tactics among the itinerant poor.

Idiomatic uses

The word "" has evolved from its origins meaning "to flutter" or "move irregularly," initially describing wavering light, to a metaphorical in the denoting brief, unsteady emotional or mental states in . One prominent idiomatic expression is "a of ," which conveys a momentary or wavering of amid , often appearing in since the 1800s to symbolize fragile . This usage persists in modern of the 2020s, where it encourages nurturing small instances of positivity during adversity, as seen in motivational texts emphasizing emotional recovery. Another common idiom, "the flame flickers out," metaphorically describes the gradual diminishment or end of something vital, such as a or life force, evoking the unsteady dimming of a . This expression draws on the literal of a to illustrate inevitable decline, frequently employed in 19th- and 20th-century to convey quiet resignation. The "flicker across the mind" refers to a fleeting thought or idea that briefly surfaces before vanishing, highlighting the ephemeral nature of . It underscores mental transience, appearing in to depict sudden insights or memories. In poetry, such as Dylan Thomas's works, "flicker" enhances metaphorical depictions of light and emotion, as in his use of flickering imagery to symbolize life's unsteady vitality and the interplay of sound and sense. These idioms collectively extend the term's literal of unsteady illumination to broader experiences of impermanence and possibility.

Other uses

Military and historical

The named several vessels USS Flicker, with the most notable serving as minesweepers during and after . These ships were part of the Navy's efforts to clear naval minefields and protect coastal and convoy routes amid the global conflict. USS Flicker (AM-70), the first of the class, was constructed in 1937 by in , as the commercial fishing trawler and acquired by the on 9 August 1940. She was commissioned on 26 October 1940 as a Lapwing-class and initially conducted training exercises off , in May 1941. From May to December 1941, she performed minesweeping duties off to safeguard Atlantic approaches. Deployed to from 19 September 1942 to 8 February 1944, she swept for mines and provided harbor protection in key Brazilian ports, including , , and , supporting Allied logistics in the region. In June 1944, she shifted to cargo transport and patrol operations along the North American coast, covering areas from to and through November 1944. Reclassified as an unclassified miscellaneous auxiliary (IX-165) on 11 April 1944, she was decommissioned at on 3 January 1945 and transferred to the Maritime Commission on 31 March 1945 for disposal. The second USS Flicker (AMS-9) originated as YMS-219, a wooden-hulled auxiliary motor of the YMS-1 class, built by J. M. Martinac Shipbuilding Corp. in . Ordered on 14 March 1942, she was laid down on 23 October 1942, launched on 23 January 1943, and commissioned on 20 July 1943. During , she contributed to coastal mine-clearing operations in the Pacific theater, helping secure Allied advances by neutralizing defensive minefields. Post-war, she was reclassified as a motor (AMS-9) and renamed USS Flicker on 17 February 1947, continuing service in mine warfare training and clearance until stricken from the on 1 January 1960. In 1940s military technology, early radar systems faced challenges including display flicker from periodic signal modulation and electronic switching, which impacted readability in night-fighter and airborne applications like the AN/APG-1, though mitigation techniques such as stabilized presentations were developed to minimize discernible effects.

Products and inventions

The Flicker pinball machine, manufactured by Bally Manufacturing Corporation, is an electromechanical game released in January 1975. Designed by Jim Patla, it supports two players and features a show business theme with gameplay elements including two flippers, one pop bumper, two slingshots, twelve standup targets, eight star rollovers, two captive balls, one kick-out hole, one spinning target, and an action ring. A total of 1,585 units were produced, and it includes end-of-ball bonus scoring, three- or five-ball play options, three chimes for sound effects, and the ability to convert to add-a-ball operation. It is a two-player version of Bally's earlier four-player game Boomerang (1974), featuring different artwork. The is a guitar bridge system developed by in during the late 1970s and early 1980s, providing effects through a non-locking design. It features a on a forebar secured by four screws, using two quarter-inch blades as pivot points, with flat adjustable saddles, and was available in chrome, black, and gold finishes. Commonly installed on early wood-neck and select ESP models, the system enhances tone and sustain while allowing pitch modulation for tremolo and . Production of the Flicker option ended by , making it a rare vintage component today. In the realm of software tools, is a developed by Digital Anarchy for removing flicker artifacts in video , particularly rolling bands and issues from high frame rates or mixed lighting in slow-motion shots. Compatible with major editing platforms including , After Effects, Apple , Blackmagic , and Avid , it analyzes sequences of up to 39 frames (or longer with step adjustments) to stabilize . Version 3.0, released in 2025, improved the algorithm for broader temporal range handling and added a STEP for extended up to 6.5 seconds at 30 . Flicker + Flame Candle Co. is a niche brand specializing in hand-poured soy wax candles, founded in March 2020 by Sadie Young as a personal gift project that evolved into a commercial line. The company offers scented candles, room and sprays, and home essentials like collections, emphasizing natural ingredients and nationwide wholesaling from a dedicated . Its products, such as custom-scented soy candles inspired by everyday themes, cater to artisanal home fragrance markets. In , the company became involved in an online controversy on platforms like , where founder Sadie Young addressed disputes with other candle creators regarding business practices and vendor information.

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