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Demodicosis

Demodicosis, also known as demodectic mange, is a parasitic skin disease caused by the excessive proliferation of Demodex mites, microscopic arachnids that normally inhabit the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of mammals such as dogs and humans.^[1]^[2] In affected individuals, the condition arises when the host's immune system fails to regulate mite populations, leading to inflammation, hair loss, and secondary infections, with severity ranging from localized patches to widespread dermatological issues.^[3]^[1] In humans, demodicosis primarily involves two species—Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis—which reside in facial hair follicles and sebaceous glands, respectively, and is often asymptomatic in healthy adults where mite density remains low.^[2] The disease manifests more frequently in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or on immunosuppressive therapy, presenting with symptoms like facial redness, itching, scaling, pustules, and ocular irritation including blepharitis.^[3]^[2] It is associated with conditions such as rosacea and pityriasis folliculorum, where mite overgrowth triggers inflammatory responses potentially exacerbated by bacterial co-infections.^[3] In dogs, demodicosis is a common ectoparasitic disorder caused mainly by Demodex canis and Demodex injai, transmitted from mother to puppies shortly after birth, though it is not contagious between unrelated animals.^[1] It predominantly affects young dogs under 18 months or those with genetic predispositions and weakened immunity, resulting in non-pruritic alopecia, crusting, and folliculitis that can generalize if untreated, often complicated by bacterial pyoderma.^[1] Breeds like Shar-Peis and English Bulldogs are particularly susceptible due to hereditary immune defects.^[1] Diagnosis typically involves skin scrapings or biopsies to confirm elevated mite counts, while treatment focuses on acaricidal therapies—such as topical or oral ivermectin, milbemycin, or fluralaner in dogs, or tea tree oil-based lotions and lotilaner ophthalmic solution (XDEMVY, approved 2023) in humans—combined with addressing underlying immunosuppression and secondary infections.^[1]^[2]^[4] Prognosis is generally favorable with early intervention, though recurrence is possible in predisposed hosts.^[3]^[1]

Introduction

Definition and Overview

Demodicosis is a dermatological condition resulting from the abnormal overproliferation of Demodex mites, obligate parasites that reside in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of mammalian hosts.^[5] These cigar-shaped mites typically feed on sebum and cellular debris within these structures, maintaining a commensal relationship in low numbers but leading to pathology when their populations surge due to factors like immune dysregulation or environmental changes.^[6] The disease manifests primarily as a form of follicular mange, distinguishing it from other parasitic dermatoses such as sarcoptic mange, where mites burrow into the epidermal layers causing intense pruritus and contagious spread, whereas Demodex species remain confined to pilosebaceous units without direct contagion between hosts.^[7] Demodex mites exhibit strict host specificity, with distinct species adapted to particular mammals. In humans, Demodex folliculorum (longer form inhabiting hair follicles) and D. brevis (shorter form in sebaceous glands) predominate, particularly on the face and upper body.^[8] In dogs, D. canis is the primary species, while cats harbor D. cati (follicular) and D. gatoi (surface-dwelling).^[9] This specificity underscores the zoonotic limitations of the infestation, as cross-species transmission is rare and typically ineffective outside of immunosuppressed conditions.^[10] Globally, demodicosis remains often asymptomatic when mite densities are low, reflecting the mites' role as normal skin flora in up to 100% of adults for human species.^[3] Pathogenicity emerges when densities exceed 5 mites per cm², triggering inflammatory responses and clinical disease, a threshold established through standardized skin surface biopsies in dermatological assessments.^[11] This density-dependent progression highlights demodicosis as an opportunistic condition rather than a primary infection.

Historical Background

The discovery of Demodex mites traces back to the early 19th century, when German anatomist Jakob Henle first observed microscopic mites residing in human hair follicles in 1841, though his findings were not extensively documented at the time. A year later, in 1842, German physician Gustav Simon provided a detailed description of Demodex folliculorum from human skin samples, marking the initial formal recognition of the species. In 1843, British zoologist Richard Owen coined the genus name Demodex, derived from Greek terms meaning "fat" and "woodworm," to classify these follicle-inhabiting parasites, solidifying their identification as a distinct group of mites associated with mammalian skin.^[12]^[13] Early veterinary descriptions followed soon after, with Demodex canis—the primary species affecting dogs—first formally described by Franz Leydig in 1859 based on specimens from canine hair follicles, highlighting the mite's role in skin conditions across species.^[14] By the mid-20th century, clinicians began linking Demodex overpopulation to human facial disorders, particularly rosacea, though the causal relationship remained debated.^[15] These observations laid the groundwork for understanding demodicosis as a condition involving mite proliferation rather than mere commensalism. The terminology evolved alongside growing recognition of the disease's manifestations. In veterinary medicine, the condition in animals, especially dogs, became known as "demodectic mange" by the early 20th century, with widespread use in literature by the 1930s to describe the inflammatory skin disease caused by Demodex mites. For humans, the term "demodicosis" gained prominence post-2000, reflecting a shift toward classifying mite-related dermatoses as distinct entities, often mimicking or exacerbating conditions like rosacea or blepharitis, rather than incidental findings.^[8]^[16] Key milestones in modern understanding include a 2014 study by Thoemmes et al., which used molecular methods to demonstrate near-ubiquitous Demodex presence in adults over 18 years old, with prevalence approaching 100% in sampled populations, underscoring the mites' commensal nature in healthy individuals. More recently, a 2025 meta-analysis by Maleki et al. synthesized global data to estimate an overall human infestation rate of approximately 35%, varying by region and detection method, and emphasized the need for standardized diagnostics to differentiate asymptomatic carriage from pathogenic overgrowth. These findings highlight the historical progression from incidental discovery to evidence-based insights into Demodex ecology and disease association.^[17]^[18]

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Causative Agents

Demodicosis is caused by mites of the genus Demodex, which are obligate ectoparasites residing in the pilosebaceous units of mammals. These mites measure 0.1–0.4 mm in length, featuring elongated, worm-like bodies covered by a thin cuticle, four pairs of stumpy legs positioned anteriorly, and a long opisthosoma divided into striated annuli. Their mouthparts, consisting of chelicerae adapted for piercing, enable them to feed on follicular contents such as sebum, epithelial cells, and keratin.^[3]^[19]^[20] In humans, two primary species are responsible: Demodex folliculorum, which inhabits hair follicles and has a longer body (0.3–0.4 mm), and Demodex brevis, which dwells in sebaceous glands and possesses a shorter, stubbier form (0.15–0.2 mm). These mites are typically commensal but can proliferate to cause disease. Transmission occurs vertically from mother to infant through close contact shortly after birth, with colonization rates increasing with age due to sebum production.^[3]^[21]^[12] In dogs, the predominant species is Demodex canis, a follicular inhabitant similar in morphology to human species, while Demodex injai is rarer and longer (0.33–0.37 mm), residing in sebaceous glands. Transmission is primarily vertical from dam to puppies via direct skin contact in the neonatal period, with horizontal spread being uncommon due to strong host specificity. In cats, Demodex cati occupies hair follicles and is non-contagious, mirroring the elongated form of D. canis, whereas Demodex gatoi is a shorter, superficial mite in the stratum corneum that spreads contagiously through direct contact between cats.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[9]^[25]^[26] Other species include Demodex bovis in cattle, which inhabits hair follicles with a body length of approximately 0.2 mm, and Demodex phylloides in pigs, an elongated mite (0.175–0.265 mm) also residing in follicles. Transmission in these hosts follows the vertical pattern from mother to offspring during nursing, with no evidence of zoonotic transfer between species owing to the mites' high host specificity.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]

Risk Factors and Pathophysiology

Demodicosis arises in hosts with underlying immune dysregulation, where genetic predispositions or acquired factors impair the control of Demodex mite populations. In dogs, heritable factors contribute to juvenile-onset generalized demodicosis, with short-haired breeds showing increased susceptibility due to potential defects in T-cell mediated immunity.^[32] Acquired immunosuppression, such as from chemotherapy or concurrent illnesses like malnutrition and cancer, further elevates risk by suppressing cellular immune responses, allowing mite proliferation beyond normal commensal levels.^[33] In humans, similar immune compromise from conditions like HIV or organ transplantation heightens vulnerability, while in cats, underlying diseases such as feline leukemia virus infection can predispose to infestation.^[33]^[34] The pathophysiology involves mite overpopulation leading to mechanical and inflammatory damage in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Demodex mites feed on sebum, cellular debris, and follicular contents using pre-oral stylets, causing epithelial erosion, follicular distension, and rupture, which initiates localized inflammation.^[35] Bacterial co-infections exacerbate this process; for instance, Bacillus oleronius, harbored within mite guts, acts as a co-pathogen by stimulating neutrophil activation and proinflammatory responses, often synergizing with skin bacteria like Cutibacterium acnes to amplify tissue damage.^[36] Mites evade robust immune detection through low antigenicity, tolerating innate responses via Toll-like receptor-2 recognition of their chitin while suppressing adaptive immunity.^[37] In humans, pathogenicity typically manifests when mite density exceeds 5 mites per cm² of skin surface, triggering excessive cytokine release such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which promote chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling.^[11] This threshold correlates with immune dysregulation, including T-cell exhaustion characterized by reduced interleukin-2 production and elevated interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β, impairing mite clearance.^[37] In dogs, this leads to secondary bacterial infections and alopecia, while genetic short hair coats may facilitate easier mite access to follicles.^[35] Species-specific variations influence disease mechanisms. In cats, Demodex gatoi, residing superficially in the stratum corneum, induces direct irritation and intense pruritus through mechanical disruption and allergic responses, often resulting in contagious dermatosis without requiring high densities.^[38] In humans, Demodex infestation links to rosacea via an overactive innate immune response, where mite antigens provoke cathelicidin production and toll-like receptor activation, sustaining vascular and inflammatory changes.^[39]

Epidemiology

In Humans

Demodex mites are highly prevalent in the human population, with infestation rates increasing with age. They are rarely found in infants and children, with prevalence around 12% in those aged 3-14 years, rising to 84% by age 60 and nearly 100% in individuals over 70 years.^[40]^[41]^[42] In healthy adults, mite densities typically remain low (less than 5 mites/cm²) and asymptomatic, with global meta-analyses estimating overall infestation prevalence at approximately 41%.^[43] Clinical demodicosis, however, is uncommon in immunocompetent individuals, occurring at rates below 1% in the general population, and is often underdiagnosed. It manifests more frequently in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS (prevalence up to 50% in advanced cases), organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy, or individuals with hematological malignancies.^[33]^[44] Demodicosis is strongly associated with rosacea, where mite densities exceed pathogenic thresholds in 70-100% of patients, and with ocular conditions like blepharitis. Studies in dermatological settings report Demodex detection in 10-55% of patients with compatible symptoms, though population-based disease incidence remains low.^[45] Risk factors include advanced age, immunosuppression, and possibly environmental factors like humidity, with higher rates observed in tropical regions as of 2024.^[11]

In Animals

Demodicosis in animals primarily affects veterinary species such as dogs, cats, and livestock, with prevalence patterns influenced by age, genetics, immunosuppression, and environmental factors, differing from the rarer, often opportunistic occurrences in humans. In dogs, the condition is more common in juvenile cases, with reported period prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 0.58% in dogs under 2 years of age in primary care settings.^[46] Higher rates, up to 10-26% in young pups under 1 year, have been observed in specific populations like stray or shelter dogs, where immature immune systems contribute to proliferation of Demodex mites.^[47]^[48] Certain breeds exhibit elevated genetic risk for demodicosis due to inherited immune deficiencies or skin fold conformations that promote mite overgrowth. Breeds such as the Shar-Pei and English Bulldog are predisposed, with odds ratios indicating significantly higher incidence compared to crossbred dogs.^[49]^[50] In cats, demodicosis remains rare overall, with prevalence below 1% in general populations, typically manifesting as a secondary condition in immunocompromised individuals, such as those coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV).^[26]^[9] However, outbreaks caused by the contagious Demodex gatoi can reach up to 20% in affected catteries or shelter groups, particularly among stray cats, highlighting transmission risks in dense housing.^[51]^[52] In other species, demodicosis occurs sporadically, with limited epidemiological data. In cattle, prevalence ranges from 5-20% in herds, often affecting calves under 3 years due to direct transmission from dams, though clinical disease is milder in temperate regions.^[53] Pigs experience infrequent cases, primarily in young or stressed individuals, while wildlife reports are anecdotal, such as higher rates in captive exotic species like giant pandas, where up to 30% infestation has been noted in breeding centers, though large-scale studies are lacking for most exotics.^[54] In veterinary practice, demodicosis incidence is elevated in shelter environments, reaching 20-21% among stray or street animals due to stress and poor nutrition.^[47]^[51] Seasonal peaks occur in humid, warm climates, where environmental conditions favor mite survival and exacerbate outbreaks.^[55]

Clinical Features

In Humans

Demodicosis in humans typically presents with dermatological and ocular manifestations due to overproliferation of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis mites, often in immunocompromised individuals. Common skin signs include facial pruritus, erythema, dryness, follicular scaling, and papulopustular lesions resembling rosacea or acne, without telangiectasia or comedones in some cases.^[3] Seborrheic dermatitis-like eruptions or superficial vesicles may occur, particularly on the face, eyelids, and scalp, with mite densities exceeding 5 mites/cm² considered pathogenic.^[3] Ocular involvement, known as demodex blepharitis, features cylindrical dandruff at eyelash bases, eyelid erythema, telangiectasia, itching, and madarosis (eyelash loss) due to follicular inflammation.^[3] Associated conditions include rosacea, pityriasis folliculorum, and androgenetic alopecia, where mite-induced inflammation exacerbates symptoms.^[3] Symptoms are often asymptomatic in healthy adults but intensify with immunosuppression, leading to potential secondary bacterial infections.

In Dogs

Canine demodicosis, primarily caused by Demodex canis, manifests in two forms: localized and generalized, predominantly affecting young dogs with immature or compromised immune systems. Localized demodicosis involves 1–5 small, circumscribed areas of alopecia, scaling, and mild erythema, typically on the face, forelegs, or paws, with little to no pruritus; about 90% of cases resolve spontaneously within 1–3 months.^[7] Generalized demodicosis presents with widespread, non-pruritic alopecia, hyperpigmentation, comedones, follicular casts, and crusting, often progressing to secondary bacterial pyoderma with pustules, draining tracts, and peripheral lymphadenopathy.^[7] Affected areas include the trunk, legs, and head; systemic signs such as lethargy, fever, and anorexia may occur in severe cases with deep folliculitis. Breeds like Shar-Peis and Bulldogs show heightened susceptibility due to genetic factors.^[7]

In Cats

Feline demodicosis is less common than in dogs and involves Demodex cati (follicular form) or Demodex gatoi (superficial, contagious form), often linked to underlying diseases like feline leukemia virus or diabetes. Clinical signs vary but commonly include patchy alopecia, scaling, crusting, and erythema, particularly on the head, neck, and trunk.^[56] D. cati infestations may present with localized hair loss around the eyelids and ears, sometimes with ceruminous otitis (excessive earwax), and minimal pruritus.^[56] In contrast, D. gatoi causes more diffuse miliary dermatitis, papules, erosions, and moderate to severe itching, especially in young or multi-cat households.^[56] Generalized cases can involve fluid-filled vesicles and systemic illness if secondary infections develop.

In Other Species

In cattle, bovine demodicosis typically causes subclinical or mild nodular dermatitis with follicular papules, alopecia, and thickened skin, primarily on the withers, neck, back, and flanks; pruritus is absent, but secondary staphylococcal infections may lead to ulcers and fistulae in severe cases.^[57] Young dairy cattle are most affected during winter, with lesions often resolving spontaneously but potentially damaging hides. Porcine demodicosis, rare in domestic pigs but more prevalent in wild boars, features non-pruritic, erythematous papules, plaques, nodules, and alopecia around the eyes, snout, ears, ventral neck, and thighs.^[58] Lesions contain caseous material and may impair vision if periocular, though general health remains unaffected without secondary complications.^[28] In other species like wildlife (e.g., giant pandas) or exotic animals, presentations mirror domestic counterparts with focal alopecia, nodules, and inflammation, often exacerbated by stress or immunosuppression, but detailed signs vary by host.^[59]

Diagnosis

General Methods

The primary diagnostic method for demodicosis involves skin scrapings to detect Demodex mites or their eggs. Deep skin scrapings, which target the follicular level by scraping until capillary oozing occurs, are preferred for identifying follicular species like Demodex canis in dogs or Demodex folliculorum in humans, while superficial scrapings suffice for surface-dwelling mites such as Demodex gatoi in cats.^[60]^[61] In cats, acetate tape impressions—where adhesive tape is pressed firmly against squeezed skin lesions—provide a non-invasive alternative for superficial sampling, often yielding higher detection rates for D. gatoi compared to scrapings.^[62] Scraped material is placed on a slide with mineral oil and examined under light microscopy at 10-40x magnification; the test is positive if adult mites, larvae, nymphs, or eggs are observed.^[26]^[63] Skin biopsy serves as a confirmatory technique when scrapings are inconclusive, particularly in cases of atypical presentations. Histopathological examination of biopsy samples reveals Demodex mites within hair follicles or sebaceous glands, accompanied by perifollicular inflammation characterized by lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, often with neutrophils and eosinophils.^[64] This method also highlights associated secondary changes, such as follicular dilation and granulomatous reactions, aiding in distinguishing demodicosis from other dermatoses.^[65] Quantification of mite density is essential for establishing a definitive diagnosis in humans, with a threshold of greater than 5 mites per cm² considered indicative of pathogenic infestation using standardized skin surface biopsy; lower densities may represent commensal colonization rather than disease.^[66] In animals, the presence of any mites in skin scrapings or other samples is typically diagnostic. In ambiguous cases, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting Demodex DNA from skin samples enhance sensitivity, enabling detection even when mites are scarce or morphologically ambiguous, and facilitating species identification.^[67]^[68] Differential diagnosis requires excluding mimics such as scabies or allergic dermatitis, which may present with similar pruritus and alopecia. A therapeutic trial with topical or systemic acaricides, followed by clinical improvement and mite reduction, supports demodicosis when direct detection is challenging, though it should not replace parasitological confirmation.^[69]

Species-Specific Considerations

In humans, epiluminescence dermoscopy, also known as dermoscopy, is utilized to visualize follicular casts and mite tails, providing a non-invasive initial assessment for demodicosis without the need for tissue disruption. This technique aids in identifying perifollicular scales and vascular patterns associated with mite proliferation, enhancing diagnostic accuracy in facial lesions. The standardized skin surface biopsy (SSSB) remains the preferred confirmatory method, involving the application of cyanoacrylate glue to the skin surface to capture mites from hair follicles and infundibula, which is favored over traditional skin scrapings to minimize scarring risks in cosmetically sensitive areas.^[66] SSSB quantifies mite density (>5 mites/cm² indicating infestation) and is particularly valuable for serial monitoring due to its reproducibility and low patient discomfort.^[70] In dogs, diagnosis of demodicosis emphasizes multiple deep skin scrapings performed at the periphery of lesional edges to maximize mite detection, as mites congregate in active follicular sites.^[71] These scrapings, using a dull scalpel blade and mineral oil, penetrate to the level of hair bulbs and should sample 4-6 sites across affected areas like the face, trunk, and limbs to account for patchy distribution.^[72] For suspected genetic forms, particularly in breeds like Siberian Huskies, zinc responsiveness testing involves therapeutic trials with zinc supplementation to differentiate from or identify concurrent zinc-responsive dermatosis, which can mimic or exacerbate demodicosis.^[73] Limitations include false negatives in early or localized cases, necessitating adjunctive trichograms if scrapings are inconclusive.^[74] In cats, diagnostic approaches for Demodex gatoi infestations prioritize non-invasive hair plucking from pruritic, alopecic areas, as this short-bodied mite resides superficially in the stratum corneum and is often missed by deep scrapings.^[75] Tape preparations, involving adhesive tape impressions on lesional skin followed by microscopic examination, are equally effective for detecting mites and eggs in scaly debris, offering a quick, painless alternative suitable for multi-cat households.^[71] If otic involvement is suspected, such as with ear margin crusting, endoscopy or otoscopy of the ear canal facilitates targeted cytology to identify mites in cerumen, addressing the challenge of D. gatoi transmission via grooming.^[72] These methods are limited by the mite's superficial habitat, requiring multiple samples to overcome low yield in asymptomatic carriers. In other species, such as livestock, herd-level sampling for demodicosis involves systematic skin scrapings from sentinel animals in affected groups to assess prevalence and guide quarantine, as individual diagnosis via deep scrapings may underestimate outbreaks in cattle or sheep.^[76] This approach accounts for communal housing facilitating transmission but faces challenges in large-scale implementation due to animal handling logistics. In wildlife, diagnostic sampling is constrained by ethical considerations, including minimizing stress to protected species like foxes or rodents, often relying on non-lethal tape impressions or opportunistic necropsies rather than invasive scrapings to avoid population impacts.^[77] These limitations highlight the challenges in direct mite confirmation without compromising animal welfare.

Treatment

In Humans

Treatment of demodicosis in humans primarily involves topical antiparasitic agents, with ivermectin 1% cream applied once daily for 12 to 16 weeks demonstrating significant efficacy in reducing mean mite density by approximately 70 mites/cm², as evidenced by a 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials involving 180 participants.^[78] This regimen leads to an 80% decrease in Demodex-positive rates (defined as ≥5 mites/cm²) and is well-tolerated, with only mild localized adverse events reported and no systemic side effects observed.^[78] Alternative topical options, such as metronidazole 0.75-2% gel applied twice daily, have shown moderate improvement in clinical symptoms for cases associated with blepharitis or rosacea, though evidence is limited to smaller observational studies without consistent mite eradication rates.^[44] Tea tree oil-based formulations, often diluted to 5-50% in eyelid cleansers, exhibit in vitro acaricidal activity against Demodex mites but carry risks of ocular irritation and lack robust clinical trial support for long-term efficacy in humans.^[79] For severe or refractory cases, oral ivermectin at a dose of 200 mcg/kg administered weekly has been utilized, particularly when topical therapies fail to control systemic involvement or high mite burdens, with studies reporting normalization of mite density in 75% of patients after weekly doses for up to 8 weeks.^[80] This approach is contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic risks, as ivermectin crosses the placenta and lacks sufficient safety data in this population.^[81] A topical combination of ivermectin 0.1% and metronidazole 1% gel has achieved Demodex eradication in 96.6% of patients with associated blepharitis.^[82] Adjunctive measures are essential to support mite eradication and prevent recurrence, including daily eyelid hygiene with warm compresses applied for 5-10 minutes to alleviate blepharitis symptoms and facilitate debris removal from lash follicles.^[83] Concurrent management of underlying comorbidities, such as rosacea, through avoidance of triggers like spicy foods or alcohol, further improves treatment response by reducing inflammation that exacerbates mite proliferation.^[44] Monitoring treatment progress involves repeating standardized skin surface biopsy (SSSB) or eyelash epilation at 4-week intervals to assess mite density, with adjustments to therapy if densities remain above 5 mites/cm².^[84] Overall cure rates, defined as sustained mite eradication and symptom resolution, range from 60-90% with high compliance to combined topical and hygiene regimens, though repopulation can occur within 12 weeks post-treatment without ongoing maintenance.^[85]

In Dogs

Demodicosis in dogs is classified as localized or generalized, with treatment approaches differing based on the form and severity. Localized demodicosis, affecting limited areas such as the face or paws, typically requires minimal intervention as approximately 90% of cases resolve spontaneously without systemic medications.^[86] Observation is often sufficient, but for persistent lesions, topical therapies like lime-sulfur dips (2-8% solution applied weekly) can be used to accelerate resolution and prevent progression.^[7] Generalized demodicosis, involving widespread skin lesions, demands more aggressive systemic therapy to achieve cure rates of around 90%. According to the 2020 World Association for Veterinary Dermatology guidelines, isoxazolines such as afoxolaner (≥2.5 mg/kg orally monthly) are recommended as first-line treatment due to their high efficacy, safety profile, and convenience.^[87] Alternative oral macrocyclic lactones include ivermectin (0.3-0.6 mg/kg daily, titrated incrementally) or milbemycin oxime (1-2 mg/kg daily or weekly, depending on formulation), both effective in resolving most cases but requiring caution in breeds with MDR1 gene mutations (e.g., Collies), where toxicity risks like ataxia or neurological signs increase.^[87] Certain breeds, such as Shar-Peis and English Bulldogs, face higher recurrence risks post-treatment, as noted in epidemiological data.^[87] Adjunctive measures are essential for managing secondary bacterial infections common in generalized cases. Systemic antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin or amoxicillin-clavulanate at standard doses for 3-4 weeks) target deep pyoderma, while weekly amitraz dips (0.025-0.05% solution) provide additional miticidal support but necessitate monitoring for toxicity signs like sedation, hypotension, or bradycardia, particularly in small dogs.^[87] Treatment duration typically spans 3-6 months, with monthly clinical and deep skin scraping evaluations to assess progress. Cure is confirmed by two consecutive negative scrapings, followed by continuation of therapy for an additional 4-8 weeks; post-treatment monitoring for at least 12 months is advised to detect relapses early.^[87]

In Cats

Treatment of demodicosis in cats varies depending on the Demodex species involved, with D. cati typically requiring systemic therapy similar to that used in dogs, while D. gatoi demands measures to control contagion due to its transmissibility among cats.^[88]^[34] For D. cati infestations, oral or topical ivermectin at dosages of 0.2–0.4 mg/kg is commonly administered, often daily or every other day until resolution.^[89]^[90] In contrast, D. gatoi requires isolation of affected cats to prevent spread to in-contact animals, along with weekly lime-sulfur dips at a 2% concentration for 4–6 weeks; fipronil sprays or spot-on formulations can be applied to household cats to mitigate contagion.^[91]^[92]^[88] Adjunctive measures include addressing underlying immunosuppressive conditions, such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, and thorough environmental decontamination to reduce reinfestation risk, particularly in multi-cat households.^[88]^[93] Prolonged therapy yields an approximately 80% cure rate, with monthly rechecks using acetate tape tests to monitor mite clearance until two consecutive negatives are achieved.^[55]^[94]

In Other Species

In livestock such as cattle and pigs, demodicosis is managed primarily with injectable macrocyclic lactones like ivermectin at a dose of 200 mcg/kg as a single subcutaneous administration, which targets the Demodex mites effectively in affected animals.^[57]^[95] This approach is often combined with herd-level strategies, including rotational grazing to reduce mite transmission and environmental contamination, particularly in intensive farming systems where outbreaks can spread rapidly.^[96] For pigs, doramectin or ivermectin premixes incorporated into feed (e.g., 450 g/tonne daily for 7 days) have shown success in resolving clinical signs in fattening herds.^[28] In exotic and wildlife species, treatment options are constrained by conservation priorities and the risks associated with systemic drugs, often favoring topical applications or supportive measures over aggressive interventions. For instance, in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) affected by Demodex spp., treatment with ivermectin is typically effective, often via injection, with supportive care including improved nutrition and isolation to minimize stress in this endangered species.^[97] Similar limitations apply to other wildlife, where environmental factors and limited access hinder comprehensive treatment, emphasizing preventive quarantine in zoological settings. Supportive therapies play a key role across species, incorporating antibiotics (e.g., streptopenicillin for secondary bacterial infections) and nutritional supplementation to bolster immune recovery and promote hair regrowth, with clinical resolution observed in 2–3 months in responsive cases.^[76] Overall efficacy in livestock varies, with ivermectin achieving approximately 70–90% cure rates in treated herds when combined with hygiene measures, though resistant strains may necessitate alternatives.^[96] Emerging options for resistant demodicosis in ruminants include pour-on moxidectin (0.5 mg/kg), which provides prolonged activity against mites and is approved for use in dairy cattle, offering a viable alternative to ivermectin in cases of poor response.^[57] This formulation extends protection for up to 28 days, aiding in herd-wide control without frequent reapplication.^[98]

Prevention and Prognosis

Prevention Strategies

Prevention of demodicosis focuses on maintaining host immunity and hygiene to minimize mite overpopulation, as the mites are normal skin flora but proliferate under certain conditions. In humans, regular skin hygiene is essential, including washing the face twice daily with a gentle cleanser to remove excess oil and dead skin cells that feed the mites.^[2] Avoiding shared cosmetics and personal items reduces potential transfer of mites between individuals, particularly in close-contact settings.^[99] In veterinary medicine, strategies emphasize genetic and health management in susceptible species. For dogs, breed selection plays a key role; breeders should avoid using animals or their relatives with a history of generalized demodicosis, as the condition has a hereditary component linked to immune dysfunction.^[90] Quarantining newly introduced animals in shelters or multi-pet environments allows for health assessments to detect early signs, though demodicosis itself is not highly contagious.^[100] For cats, preventing immunosuppression through routine vaccinations against feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is crucial, as these infections can predispose to mite proliferation.^[88] Maintaining overall health via balanced nutrition and stress reduction further supports immune function to keep mite populations in check. Environmental measures in communal settings like shelters and farms include regular cleaning of bedding and housing to reduce secondary bacterial infections that exacerbate demodicosis, even though mites do not survive long off-hosts.^[101] In farm environments, controlling humidity and moisture levels to maintain dry conditions can limit mite activity in species like cattle.^[90] Public health education is vital to dispel misconceptions, emphasizing that demodicosis is not contagious from animals to humans or between healthy individuals, thereby reducing stigma and unnecessary isolation of affected pets or people.^[99] For other species, such as cattle and horses, prevention involves routine grooming, dry housing, and monitoring for early signs in herds, with genetic selection where hereditary factors are known.^[90]

Prognosis

In humans, the prognosis for demodicosis is generally excellent when treated early, with most cases achieving complete resolution through topical or oral acaricidal therapies such as ivermectin, which has demonstrated success rates of up to 87.5% in reducing mite density and alleviating symptoms.^[102] However, cases associated with underlying rosacea may become chronic, potentially leading to scarring due to persistent follicular inflammation if not managed promptly.^[3] For dogs, juvenile-onset demodicosis carries a favorable prognosis, with 70-90% of generalized cases achieving cure through combined miticidal and supportive treatments, particularly when initiated before widespread involvement.^[103] In contrast, adult-onset cases have a higher recurrence rate of around 20% if underlying immunosuppressive conditions remain untreated, often requiring lifelong monitoring to prevent relapses.^[104] In cats, prognosis for Demodex cati infestations is good, with approximately 80% resolution following targeted therapy and management of any concurrent diseases, though outcomes depend on early intervention.^[38] For D. gatoi, success is also high with miticidal dips, but reinfection is common in multi-cat environments without comprehensive treatment of all contacts, leading to persistent pruritus.^[88] Severe cases in animals can lead to complications such as secondary bacterial sepsis from disrupted skin barriers, exacerbating systemic illness and significantly impacting quality of life through chronic pain and discomfort, though demodicosis itself is rarely fatal.^[1]^[105] In other species like cattle, prognosis is favorable with early topical treatment, though generalized cases may require systemic therapy and can lead to economic losses in herds if untreated.^[90]

References

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Demodectic Mange in Dogs - VCA Animal Hospitals
No, demodectic mange is not contagious to other animals or humans. Demodex mites are transmitted to puppies from their mother during the first few days of life.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
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Demodex (Face Mites): Folliculorum, Brevis & Treatment
Apr 19, 2022 · Demodex is a type of mite that lives in human hair follicles, usually on your face. Almost everyone has these mites, but they usually don't cause any problems.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[3]
Human Demodex Mite: The Versatile Mite of Dermatological ... - NIH
Human demodicosis is caused by the clinical manifestation of otherwise asymptomatic infestation of humans by two species of Demodex mite, i.e., D. folliculorum ...Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[4]
Demodex: The worst enemies are the ones that used to be friends
Demodicosis is a multifactorial disease, it is not only the abnormal proliferation of Demodex mites, but also changes in skin microenvironment and host ...Missing: overproliferation | Show results with:overproliferation
[5]
Demodex - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
2.3 Demodicosis. Demodex mites are burrowing follicle mites feeding on sebum which produced by the sebaceous glands in hair follicles. Approximately 60 Demodex ...Missing: overproliferation | Show results with:overproliferation
[6]
Mite Infestation (Mange, Acariasis, Scabies) in Dogs - Dog Owners
There are 2 clinical forms of canine demodicosis: localized (limited to a small area) and generalized (found on the entire body). Localized demodicosis is ...Missing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
[7]
Demodex Folliculorum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Two species, Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis, parasitize humans and are commonly called follicle mites. Both species are most often obtained from the face, ...
[8]
Demodex cati - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Demodex canis and Demodex cati are considered normal commensal fauna ubiquitous on dogs and cats, respectively, live in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
[9]
Detection, Prevalence and Phylogenetic Relationships of Demodex ...
Nov 1, 2016 · ... D. gatoi (host: cat) and D. brevis (host: human) were sister taxa (boostrap value >70%); 3) D. cati (host: cat) and D. canis clade (host: dog) ...
[10]
Demodex Mite Density Determinations by Standardized Skin ...
Mar 24, 2017 · Demodex mite densities can be measured in different ways and the presence of >5 mites per cm2 is required for a diagnosis of demodicosis.
[11]
Raising awareness of Demodex mites: a neglected cause of skin ...
Demodex mites are obligate parasites with a specific preference for human skin [26]. They primarily target sebaceous glands and hair follicles, particularly on ...Missing: overproliferation | Show results with:overproliferation
[12]
The Ecology of Your Face: Demodex, Rosacea and You
Demodex, a microscopic mite that is a normal inhabitant of human facial skin, was long considered a potential culprit in rosacea flare-ups.
[13]
Demodex canis - Learn About Parasites
Demodex mites are common in the hair follicles and sometimes sebaceous glands of the skin of dogs around the world.
[14]
Demodex and rosacea: Is there a relationship? - PMC - NIH
There is a strong association between a higher concentration of the Demodex mite and the clinical diagnosis of rosacea. The role of this parasite in the ...
[15]
Human demodicosis: revisit and a proposed classification
Jan 28, 2014 · Here, we propose to classify human demodicosis into a primary form and a secondary form, which is associated mainly with immunosuppression.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[16]
Ubiquity and Diversity of Human-Associated Demodex Mites
Based on the observation of visually identifiable mite specimens within our samples, the prevalence of mites in adults was 14% (n = 253), in line with previous ...
[17]
Global prevalence of Human Demodex Mite: A systematic review ...
Jun 11, 2025 · The global pooled prevalence of human Demodex mites was approximately 35% (based on available studies), with the highest prevalence observed in the South-East ...Missing: rate | Show results with:rate
[18]
Epidemiological survey of two morphotypes of Demodex folliculorum ...
Sep 28, 2024 · Demodex species from humans are tiny mites (0.1–0.5 mm) with elongated appearance, four pairs of stumpy legs, and a long opisthosoma with ...
[19]
Characterization of Demodex musculi Infestation, Associated ...
The most common mode of transmission of Demodex mites is by direct contact, typically from dam to offspring.
[20]
Human Follicular Mites: Ectoparasites Becoming Symbionts - PMC
With this vertical transmission in humans, the mites no longer need to be freely contagious. The isolation of Demodex lineages has also been seen on a larger ...
[21]
First Morphological and Molecular Identification of Demodex injai in ...
Mar 5, 2023 · This paper describes the first case of infestation with D. injai in a golden jackal in Romania. An emaciated golden jackal female body found in Timiș County, ...
[22]
Natural transmission of Demodex canis in dogs - PubMed
Natural transmission of Demodex canis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1966 May 1;148(9):1043-5. Authors. J H Greve, S M Gaafar. PMID: 5949148.
[23]
In vitro toxicity of combination of amitraz and carvacrol on Demodex ...
Mites are transmitted from the dam to the puppies a few days after birth by direct skin contact (Ravera et al., 2013).
[24]
Demodex gatoi -associated contagious pruritic dermatosis in cats
Multiple skin scrapings from both cats revealed demodectic mites morphologically typical of D. gatoi. The cats were treated with repeated ivermectin ...
[25]
Demodicosis in two Holstein young calves - PMC - NIH
Demodex bovis is usually considered to be transmitted from the dam to calf in the first weeks of life through nursing. The two affected calves were born in two ...
[26]
Demodicosis in a Kunekune pig and molecular characterisation of ...
Jan 24, 2024 · Demodex phylloides is an elongated mite that reaches a body length of 175–265 µm and lives and reproduces in the hair follicles of pigs [1, 5].
[27]
Demodex phylloides infection in swine reared in a peri-urban family ...
Oct 30, 2016 · The parasite is transmitted from mother to offspring in the first days after birth, and it is believed that in natural conditions the ...
[28]
A dog related Demodex spp. infestation in a student - PubMed
This demodicosis case, thought to originate from a dog, is a rare condition because of Demodex mites are known to be highly host specific and not a zoonotic ...
[29]
Microscopic Menaces: The Impact of Mites on Human Health - PMC
Mar 26, 2024 · Demodex mites are worm-like arthropods covered by a chitin exoskeleton. The mouth has chelicerae with claws and an oral needle for taking in ...2. Predominant Mite Species · 2.4. Demodex Mites · 3. Studies Of Mites At The...<|separator|>
[30]
Estimation of the prevalence and determination of risk factors ...
Demodicosis is prevalent in dogs having a dermatological problem. Short-haired, poor health conditions, and outdoor-managed dogs are significant risk factors ...
[31]
Demodicosis among immunocompromised patients: a review - PMC
Nov 9, 2022 · Demodicosis seems to be correlated with immunosuppression, but it requires more study in the future.Missing: dysregulation | Show results with:dysregulation
[32]
Feline Demodex | VCA Animal Hospitals
gatoi frequently causes severe itching, inflammation of the skin, and crusts along the trunk and limbs. In some cases, cats may develop ulcers on the lips or ...
[33]
Immunology and pathogenesis of canine demodicosis - Ferrer - 2014
Jun 9, 2014 · Disease mechanisms in canine demodicosis · Erosion of epithelium by pre-oral stylets and mouthparts · Mechanical dilatation and rupture of hair ...Immunology of canine... · Genetics of juvenile... · Disease mechanisms in...Missing: mechanisms | Show results with:mechanisms
[34]
Quantitative Analysis of the Bacteria in Blepharitis With Demodex ...
Jul 30, 2018 · Because Demodex is the most common obligate ectoparasite in humans, with 80% present on skin (Vollmer, 1996) and 45.65% on eyelashes (Table 1) ...
[35]
Immunology and pathogenesis of canine demodicosis - PubMed
Jun 9, 2014 · Toll-like receptor-2 of keratinocytes has been demonstrated to recognize mite chitin and to elicit an innate immune response. The subsequent ...
[36]
Feline demodicosis: A consideration in the itchy or overgrooming cat
Practical relevance In cats, three species of demodex mites have been identified as causes of demodicosis, which may manifest as pruritus, ...
[37]
The Pathogenic Role of Demodex Mites in Rosacea - PubMed Central
Oct 23, 2020 · A superficial [SSSB1] Demodex density greater than 5 D/cm2 OR a deep [SSSB2] Demodex density greater than 10 D/cm2 enabled confirmation of a ...Missing: threshold | Show results with:threshold
[38]
(PDF) Efficacy of topical Ivermectin in controlling human Demodex ...
Oct 22, 2025 · Efficacy of topical Ivermectin in controlling human Demodex infestation: Evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis. October 2025.
[39]
Raising awareness of Demodex mites: a neglected cause of skin ...
May 3, 2025 · Notably, facial demodicosis frequently mimics other dermatological conditions like rosacea and folliculitis, leading to misdiagnosis [5, 6].
[40]
Comparison of in vitro Killing Effect of Thai Herbal Essential Oils ...
Thai herbal essential oils have the potential to be an adjuvant or alternative therapy against Demodex mites.Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence
[41]
Evaluating the Efficacy of Oral Ivermectin on Clinical Symptoms and ...
Nov 19, 2024 · Oral ivermectin effectively improves clinical symptoms and normalizes Dds in patients with demodicosis. Patients with higher Dds require a longer treatment ...Missing: 2023-2025 | Show results with:2023-2025
[42]
Stromectol (ivermectin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse ...
15-24 kg: 3 mg PO once, 25-35 kg: 6 mg PO once, 36-50 kg: 9 mg PO once, 51-65 kg: 12 mg PO once, 66-79 kgMissing: demodicosis | Show results with:demodicosis
[43]
Efficacy of Topical Ivermectin 1% in the Treatment of Demodex ...
In a previous study, 6 mg of ivermectin taken orally twice daily at 2-week intervals reduced the average number of Demodex mites in chronic Demodex blepharitis.Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
[44]
Demodex blepharitis: clinical perspectives - PMC - NIH
While therapy for traditional blepharitis includes warm compresses and antibiotic/steroid combinations, these therapies do not eradicate Demodex, often causing ...
[45]
Diverse clinical presentations of demodicosis: A clinicodermoscopic ...
Jul 9, 2025 · Daily or twice-daily application of permethrin significantly reduces Demodex density with minimal irritation. In addition, benzyl benzoate and ...
[46]
Efficacy of topical Ivermectin in controlling human Demodex infestation
A 16-week treatment course significantly decreases mite burden and improves clinical outcomes with minimal adverse events. However, the potential for mite ...Missing: cure | Show results with:cure
[47]
Juvenile‐onset and adult‐onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK
INTRODUCTION. Demodicosis is a relatively common skin disease in dogs that occurs when the normally harmless and commensal Demodex spp. mites in hair follicles ...
[48]
Canine Demodicosis in Rupandehi Nepal's Street Dogs: Prevalence ...
Mar 3, 2025 · The current research revealed the incidence of canine demodicosis caused by D. canis with 21% positivity among street dogs of Rupandehi, Nepal.
[49]
[PDF] The prevalence and risk factors of canine demodicosis
The highest prevalence was reported in puppies (<1 year) (26.4%; 284/ 1076) and dogs aged 1-3 years (9.5%; 87/918).
[50]
Demodex canis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Purebred dogs are at increased risk of generalized demodicosis. Breeds reportedly predisposed include the Shar Pei, English Bulldog, Alaskan Malamute, and a ...
[51]
Juvenile‐onset and adult‐onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK ...
Oct 4, 2019 · Six breeds showed increased odds of demodicosis compared with crossbred dogs: Chinese shar-pei, shih-tzu, West Highland white terrier, pug, ...
[52]
Demodex spp. - Companion Animal Parasite Council
Mar 13, 2019 · Overview of Life Cycle Stages, Disease Prevalence, Host Associations and Transmission Between Hosts, Site of Infestation, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
Prevalence of Demodex gatoi in shelter and feral cats in a ...
Aug 24, 2022 · The total prevalence per population was higher for the stray cats (20%) than the feral (8%) and owner-surrendered (6.67%) cats. Only one of the ...
[54]
Prevalence of Demodex gatoi in shelter and feral cats in a ... - PubMed
Aug 24, 2022 · Four of 50 feral cats (8%) were positive for D. gatoi. Of the shelter cats, four of 20 stray cats (20%) and two of 30 owner-surrendered cats ( ...Missing: FIV FeLV
[55]
Demodex bovis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Transmission also occurs through contacts with contaminated environmental materials or fomites. Occurrence: rare, mainly cattle. Microscopic examination of ...Missing: morphology | Show results with:morphology
[56]
Parasites of the Giant Panda: A Risk Factor in the Conservation of a ...
Feb 16, 2018 · Presently, baylisascariasis is considered the most harmful parasitic disease of the giant panda (Feng et al., 1985; Zhang et al., 2015). Thus, B ...
[57]
[PDF] Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats
Dogs with demodicosis due to D. canis also can exhibit pruritus, especially when secondary infection is present. Demodex injai occurs more often in terrier ...
[58]
Localized Demodectic Mange in Dogs - Veterinary Partner - VIN
Aug 26, 2024 · While there are still assorted theories about dog-to-dog transmission of Demodex mites. Mites cannot be transmitted to humans or to cats.Missing: factors | Show results with:factors
[59]
Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats - Mueller
Jan 19, 2020 · Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis.Abstract · Demodex species in the dog... · Clinical signs in dogs · Treatment
[60]
Demodectic Mange in Cats (Demodex Mites) - PetMD
Nov 23, 2021 · Demodicosis, or demodectic mange, is an inflammatory skin disease in cats that can cause itching, excessive ear debris, headshaking, sores, and hair loss.
[61]
Successful treatment of non-pruritus, excessive hair shedding ... - NIH
May 14, 2024 · Demodex gatoi, a short-bodied mite that lives in the superficial skin in the stratum corneum, seems to be the most common demodicosis in cats.
[62]
Mange in Dogs and Cats - Integumentary System
The pathogenesis of demodicosis is complex and not completely understood; evidence of hereditary predisposition for generalized disease is strong.Missing: factors | Show results with:factors<|separator|>
[63]
Feline demodicosis: prevalence, diagnostics, treatment - DVM360
May 1, 2010 · Infection with D. gatoi is often pruritic, resulting in alopecia from excessive grooming in the areas a cat can reach, such as the limbs, flanks ...
[64]
Taking the Bite Out of Feline Mites | Today's Veterinary Nurse
Mar 1, 2016 · Ivermectin: 300 mcg/kg SC every 2 weeks for 1 or 2 treatments, or applied topically (0.5 mL/ear) for 1 or 2 treatments4; Imidacloprid (10%) and ...
[65]
Effectiveness of a fluralaner spot-on formulation in a case of feline ...
Jan 27, 2022 · Treatment for feline demodicosis can be ineffective and ... The most common underlying systemic conditions are infection with FIV and FeLV ...
[66]
Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats - inFOCUS
Apr 22, 2020 · Treatment for generalised demodicosis should be monitored clinically and microscopically every month until the second negative scraping, with ...
[67]
Mange in Cattle - Integumentary System - Merck Veterinary Manual
Doramectin, eprinomectin, and ivermectin are compounds approved for use against sarcoptic mange mites in cattle at the labeled injectable and pour-on dosages.
[68]
[PDF] Therapeutic management of demodicosis in a cross- bred cow
Jan 19, 2021 · The cow was treated with Ivermectin, topical Amitraz, and supportive therapy, including Intavita-H and Strepto penicillin, leading to ...
[69]
Demodectic mange in fattening pigs in São Paulo, Brazil
Adjustment of the rations was adopted, and the treatment of animals with ivermectin premix (450 g/tonne of food) daily orally for a further 7 days was ...
[70]
[PDF] GIANT PANDA MEDICINE MADE EASY - CABI Digital Library
Infection with Demodex sp mites have been reported in giant pandas, and most commonly presents with peri- ocular alopecia and as previously noted disease can ...
[71]
Clinical management of demodicosis in Ongole cattle - PMC - NIH
Transmission usually occurs by direct contact from the dam to her offspring during nursing in the neonatal period and never between host animals of different ...
[72]
Antiparasitic Drugs for Integumentary Disease in Animals
In cattle, 0.2 mg/kg is administered as a single subcutaneous injection for Psoroptes and lice. In horses, ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg, PO, repeated as necessary as ...Isoxazolines For... · Ivermectin For Integumentary... · Moxidectin For Integumentary...
[73]
Canine and feline demodicosis - DVM360
Aug 1, 2008 · Lime sulfur dips are the safest option and have been used at 1.6% to 2% every five to seven days for four to six or more weeks in cats infested ...
[74]
Skin scraping, impression or a trichogram? A guide to the ... - Laboklin
May 18, 2021 · Deep skin scrapings are used to diagnose demodicosis. With a scalpel blade or even a sharp spoon and paraffin oil for moistening, the skin ...Missing: threshold | Show results with:threshold<|control11|><|separator|>
[75]
Comparison of acetate tape impression with squeezing versus skin ...
Sep 19, 2012 · Demodex canis was detected in 100% of acetate tape impressions obtained after skin squeezing and in 90% of deep skin scrapings. There was a ...Missing: test | Show results with:test
[76]
Analysis of Methods of the Demodex Mites Diagnosis - EMJ
Fourteen patients (46.7%) had >5 mites per 1 cm2, which makes it possible to diagnose demodicosis. The Demodex mites were detected in all patients by CLSM.Missing: threshold cm2 PCR
[77]
Demodicosis: a clinicopathological study - PubMed
Overall, the histopathology was characterized by: (1) dense perivascular and perifollicular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, often with abundant neutrophils and ...
[78]
Demodex - Pathology Outlines
Jan 24, 2023 · Biopsy shows hyphae and spores in inflamed follicular infundibula. Eosinophilic folliculitis (Cutis 2021;107:E40):. Pruritic facial papules ...
[79]
Demodex Mite Density Determinations by Standardized Skin ...
Demodex mite densities can be measured in different ways and the presence of >5 mites per cm2 is required for a diagnosis of demodicosis. Two methods are ...Missing: threshold PCR
[80]
Development of a real-time PCR to detect Demodex canis DNA in ...
Sep 24, 2010 · The present study reports the development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Demodex canis DNA on different tissue samples.
[81]
Detection of demodex mites in papulopustular rosacea using ...
Jul 23, 2024 · In this case-control study, we compared the sensitivity of PCR and microscopic examination in diagnosing a Demodex infestation.
[82]
Successful treatment of ivermectin refractory demodicosis with ...
There are no standardized therapeutic regimens of ivermectin for demodicosis; the effective dosage reported in the literature is a single oral dose of 200 μg/kg ...
[83]
Revisiting standardized skin surface biopsy to demonstrate ...
Jan 13, 2022 · Demodex is a spindle-shaped and transparent mite that populates the pilosebaceous follicles. It was first discovered by Henle in 1841.
[84]
Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats - PubMed
Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis.
[85]
Dermatology Diagnostics: Skin Scrapes, Hair Plucks, and More
In a single direction, scrape the skin fold, pinna, or paw with firm and ... Hair with Demodex canis mites at the proximal shaft, 100× magnification.
[86]
Zinc-responsive dermatosis in dogs: 41 cases and literature review
Forty-one cases of zinc-responsive dermatosis in the dog are described. The Siberian husky was the predominant breed affected.
[87]
Relative sensitivity of hair pluckings and exudate microscopy for the ...
This study was designed to compare the sensitivity of deep skin scraping, hair plucking, and exudate microscopy for the diagnosis of canine demodicosis.
[88]
Diagnosing and treating feline demodicosis
Apr 10, 2019 · Lime sulphur 2 percent dips should be applied weekly for four to eight weeks; Isoxazolines (fluralaner, sarolaner; as with D. gatoi); Amitraz ...
[89]
Wildlife parasitology: sample collection and processing, diagnostic ...
Mar 13, 2024 · Access to samples of wild carnivores may be challenging as some species are protected and endangered, and others are elusive and prefer to stay ...Missing: demodicosis | Show results with:demodicosis
[90]
Demodex mites: Large and neglected group of wild animals
Jan 27, 2023 · Beyond the implications for animal advocacy movement strategy, Demodex mites may also have implications for the ethics of personal lifestyles.
[91]
Demodex, demodicosis - DermNet
Dec 28, 2016 · Demodicosis results in non-specific symptoms and signs on facial skin. ... One treatment is to scrub the lashes and lash roots with baby shampoo, ...Missing: definition authoritative sources
[92]
Demodex spp. Infestation in a breast-cancer patient: A case report
Due to the itchy redness on her cheeks and forehead, we had performed an examination for demodex before chemotherapy; and we have identified 20 mites/cm2 on her ...
[93]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8801658/
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Demodectic Mange in Dogs - PetMD
Mar 8, 2022 · Demodex is most often transmitted from mother to puppy while suckling milk because of the pup's immature immune system. Exposure of a normal, ...
[95]
Significance of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in ... - MDPI
Key pathophysiological factors include hyperseborrhea, altered keratinization, Cutibacterium acnes infection, and inflammation. Demodex mites can induce ...
[96]
[PDF] Diagnosis and therapeutic management of juvenile onset ...
Prognosis is good for juvenile onset generalized Demodicosis with cure rate of 70-80% whereas adult onset demodicosis has poor prognosis if underlying cause ...
[97]
Demodectic Mange in Dogs
### Prognosis for Demodicosis in Dogs
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Adult onset canine generalised demodicosis - Veterinary Practice
Apr 1, 2017 · Age of onset is after three years and frequently older than this · Care needs to be taken with dogs presenting at around the three-yearMissing: prognosis | Show results with:prognosis