Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Digital on-screen graphic

A digital on-screen graphic (DOG), also known as a or network , is a semi-transparent, persistent visual overlay—typically a station logo or identifier—placed in a corner of the screen during broadcasts to reinforce branding and aid viewer recognition. These graphics are generated using character generators () or advanced software, allowing for integration into live video feeds without disrupting the primary . In regions like , the term "" is commonly used interchangeably, originating from the Chyron Corporation's early captioning equipment that became genericized for on-screen text and graphics. The evolution of DOGs traces back to the 1970s, when technological advancements enabled more sophisticated on-screen elements in television production. In 1972, , Inc. introduced the first real-time character generator, revolutionizing the insertion of text and simple graphics, such as lower-thirds captions, into live broadcasts. Persistent bugs emerged prominently with the rise of in the late , initially appearing intermittently (e.g., every 15 minutes for 5 seconds) to identify channels amid increased competition, before becoming constant overlays for stronger branding. By the , digital workstations like those from Quantel and allowed for more intricate, animated designs, coinciding with the shift toward and formats. DOGs serve multiple functions beyond identification. They are strategically positioned—often in the top-left corner—to avoid interference with or key action, and their opacity is calibrated for subtlety; research indicates that while about 59% of viewers do not notice them spontaneously, 60% appreciate them as a quick channel cue. Usage varies by region and channel type: for instance, as of 2011, the employed on its digital channels (e.g., and Four) but not on flagship channels like , reflecting established viewer familiarity. Despite their ubiquity, occasionally spark debate over screen clutter, with 11% of audiences finding them distracting.

Fundamentals

Definition

A digital on-screen graphic (DOG), also known as a , bug, or bug, is a small, persistent logo or identifier overlaid on a portion of the video content during television broadcasts to indicate the channel or source. The term derives from "digitally originated graphic," reflecting its generation through digital means rather than analog methods. The core purpose of a DOG is to enable viewers to quickly recognize the broadcasting channel amid numerous options, without substantially interfering with the primary visual experience. It functions as a subtle , remaining visible for the duration of programs to reinforce brand identity. DOGs are typically positioned in a screen corner, such as the top-left to avoid overlap with or the bottom-right, and are scaled to occupy a minimal area for reduced . Common visual traits include semi-transparency for blending with the underlying and occasional integration of supplementary elements like channel version indicators or text. This distinguishes DOGs from transient on-screen elements, such as captions or news tickers, which appear briefly for specific informational needs.

History

The development of digital on-screen graphics began in the with technological advancements in television production. In 1972, , Inc. introduced the first real-time character generator, enabling the insertion of text and simple graphics into live broadcasts. Early logo bugs appeared intermittently on cable networks and local TV stations in the and , often displayed for 5 to 10 seconds every 15 minutes to identify channels. Persistent DOGs emerged in the late amid the growth of , where networks began overlaying constant logos to reinforce branding during 24-hour programming. adopted an on-screen bug in the late , leveraging early digital tools for visibility. In , private broadcasters adopted persistent logos in the late to deter , with public networks following with intermittent overlays by the decade's end. The marked widespread expansion of DOGs during the broader shift to infrastructure. , which launched in 1981 with a parody ident, positioned its logo persistently in screen corners throughout the to combat channel confusion in expanding cable lineups. The incorporated persistent idents evolving into DOGs for channels like starting in the late , emphasizing subtle branding without overwhelming content. New entrants, such as UK's in 1997, launched with prominent DOGs, influencing global standards as digital switchovers accelerated. In the , DOGs integrated deeply with high-definition , requiring redesigns to avoid cropping in formats. Their adoption surged from 2005 to 2010, driven by channel proliferation—U.S. households averaged over 100 options—and DVR proliferation, which enabled easy signal capture and redistribution, prompting networks to use DOGs for deterrence and viewer retention. By the , DOGs adapted to and UHD resolutions for sharper visibility in advanced displays, while IP-based streaming introduced related measures like invisible forensic watermarks. The 2020s cord-cutting wave, reducing U.S. pay TV subscribers by approximately 18 million since 2020, has sustained DOG reliance in remaining broadcast and cable services to maintain identity amid hybrid viewing. Pivotal milestones include the U.S. FCC's June 12, 2009, mandate ending analog broadcasts, which standardized and facilitated seamless DOG overlays nationwide. The 2016 Rio Olympics exemplified global DOG diversity, as broadcasters like and overlaid national logos alongside universal event graphics, highlighting cultural adaptations in international coverage.

Design and Technical Aspects

Design Principles

Digital on-screen graphics () are designed with aesthetic guidelines that prioritize and subtlety to ensure they integrate seamlessly into broadcast content without overpowering the primary visuals. High-contrast colors are recommended to enhance across varying conditions and screen types. Semi-transparency allows to blend with underlying footage while remaining identifiable, as bolder or fully opaque designs can appear intrusive. Functional elements in DOGs often include dynamic features to provide additional utility, such as real-time time displays or indicators for closed captions, which update without disrupting the viewing flow. These elements must be scalable to accommodate different broadcast resolutions, from standard definition (SD) at to (HD) at and up to ultra-high definition (UHDTV) at 8K (4320p), ensuring consistent visibility through vector-based or resolution-independent design. Placement is critical for functionality, adhering to areas defined by standards—typically 5% inset from screen edges—to avoid issues on consumer displays. User impact considerations focus on minimizing while maintaining brand recognition, with DOGs positioned in peripheral areas like the top-left or bottom-right corners to steer clear of central zones. Research indicates that while DOGs aid quick identification for about 60% of viewers, around 40% perceive them as distracting, particularly on busy or fast-moving content, underscoring the need for non-intrusive designs. Psychological studies on broadcast elements highlight that subtle, static DOGs reduce compared to animated ones, preserving narrative immersion. Best practices emphasize simplicity and compliance with regional broadcast standards to optimize effectiveness. In the U.S., designs align with ATSC guidelines for safe titling areas, while European implementations follow and EBU recommendations for compatibility, including the 16:9 graphics safe area to prevent cropping. A representative example is ESPN's score-integrated DOG, introduced in the and refined over decades, which positions real-time game data in corner using high-contrast, semi-transparent to informational value with visual subtlety, avoiding interference with play .

Implementation Methods

Digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) are typically implemented through overlay techniques that integrate static or dynamic elements onto live video feeds during production or transmission. Alpha blending, which uses an alpha channel to control per-pixel opacity for seamless layering, is fundamental to this process. These techniques are employed in video compositing software like , which supports real-time alpha blending for broadcast graphics rendering. Broadcast automation systems facilitate real-time DOG insertion by automating the generation, positioning, and synchronization of graphics with incoming video signals. Software platforms from vendors like Imagine Communications, including their Pixel Power solutions acquired for live production and , enable scalable insertion of DOGs in both on-premises and cloud-based workflows. Hardware components, such as GPU-accelerated render engines, ensure low-latency processing; for instance, NVIDIA's integration with broadcast systems like Grass Valley's software-defined media production leverages GPU capabilities to handle high-resolution graphics overlays without introducing delays. Integration with broadcast standards and protocols ensures DOGs are embedded efficiently in digital streams. Graphics are often created in file formats supporting transparency, such as , which utilizes an alpha to define opacity levels per pixel, allowing non-rectangular or semi-transparent DOGs to composite cleanly onto video. In digital TV, composited DOGs are incorporated into or MPEG-4 streams, where the video encoder treats the overlaid graphic as part of the final frame payload. Subtitle embedding standards like CEA-608 (for analog compatibility) and CEA-708 (for HD and digital TV) can coexist with DOGs, using separate data channels in the stream to avoid interference during transmission. Implementation challenges include maintaining synchronization to prevent artifacts like judder or misalignment, particularly when overlaying at 30 fps (common in regions) onto 60 fps feeds or vice versa. Solutions involve synchronizers that align incoming video signals to a reference clock, ensuring insertion occurs at the correct timing without dropping or duplicating frames. In IP-based , correction is critical due to network variability; the (SRT) protocol, developed post-2017, addresses , , and bandwidth fluctuations by adding and retransmission buffers, enabling reliable delivery of composited streams over public IP networks.

Broadcasting Applications

Television Usage

Digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) serve essential functions in professional television , including immediate identification during live events to help viewers navigate multichannel environments, reinforcement across 24/7 programming schedules to maintain network visibility, and acting as a visible for efforts by embedding identifiable that traces unauthorized content distribution. In news contexts, CNN's iconic red logo has appeared persistently since the network's 1984 logo redesign, providing constant source attribution amid breaking coverage. broadcasts integrate DOGs with score bugs, which overlay real-time game data like scores and timers in a corner position to enhance viewer engagement without dominating the . Entertainment programming employs static DOG overlays to subtly assert brand identity during films and series. Regulatory frameworks in certain regions mandate DOG usage to ensure clear channel identification. The evolution of DOGs in television has progressed from static images to animated variants during the high-definition (HD) era of the 2000s, leveraging improved resolution and aspect ratios to incorporate subtle motion for greater visual appeal and integration with dynamic content like weather maps or news tickers. In streaming adaptations, platforms like Hulu introduced persistent corner icons to mirror traditional TV branding while accommodating on-demand viewing. Research indicates that consistent implementation boosts viewer channel recognition, with a 2011 BBC study finding that 60% of respondents viewed them as helpful for quick identification amid expanding digital channel options, though 17% reported them as intrusive. These , often positioned in the top-left corner to avoid subtitle , branding with minimal disruption, contributing to higher audience retention in fragmented broadcasting landscapes.

Radio and Amateur Applications

In online streaming radio platforms, visual identifiers such as persistent station are commonly overlaid on accompanying video or static visuals to enhance during audio playback, a practice that gained prominence with the rise of apps in the . For instance, visual radio automation systems integrate graphical overlays including , tickers, and animations synchronized with audio broadcasts, allowing radio stations to content across TV or web platforms without altering core audio workflows. These overlays function similarly to digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) in television, providing continuous in hybrid audio-visual environments. In , particularly through (SSTV) modes, operators frequently incorporate simple graphics like call signs into transmitted images, serving as visual identifiers in low-bandwidth video feeds. SSTV, which transmits static images over voice-frequency channels, evolved significantly in the post-1990s era with the development of digital modes such as the PD series in the late 1990s, enabling higher-quality image transfer via personal computers and soundcards. The (ARRL) has documented these advancements, noting SSTV's role in global image exchange since the 1993 standardization of compatible hardware and software interfaces. Amateur operators use dedicated software to generate and overlay minimalist graphics on SSTV images, ensuring compatibility with narrowband transmissions. Tools like MMSSTV allow users to apply templates that superimpose text, such as call signs, and basic lines onto pictures before encoding them for transmission, facilitating easy identification of the sending station. Similarly, Ham Radio Deluxe integrates SSTV functionality, including MMSSTV's engine, to handle image preparation and transmission alongside other digital modes. These applications emphasize simple designs due to SSTV's inherent bandwidth constraints, typically limited to 3 kHz channels, which necessitate low-resolution images (e.g., 320x240 pixels) to avoid signal degradation over ionospheric paths. Legal restrictions further shape DOG-like applications in , prohibiting any commercial branding or pecuniary interests under FCC Part 97 rules. Specifically, 47 CFR § 97.113 bans transmissions for hire, material compensation, or on behalf of entities with financial stakes, ensuring amateur activities remain non-commercial and focused on experimentation. This precludes the use of corporate logos or overlays, restricting to personal identifiers like call signs. The adoption of (SDR) in the spurred growth in real-time DOG insertion for amateur video links, making SSTV more accessible. Affordable SDR receivers, such as the RTL-SDR dongle introduced around 2013, enable straightforward reception and decoding of SSTV signals with overlaid call signs, often capturing images from sources like the . Recent examples include SSTV transmissions from the ISS in November 2025 to commemorate 25 years of amateur radio operations on the station. This integration allows operators to process and add graphics dynamically during low-bandwidth transmissions, expanding SSTV's use in experimental video feeds across HF and VHF bands.

Variations and Integrations

Digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) often integrate sponsorship and advertising elements to enhance commercial value in broadcasts, such as by incorporating brand tags alongside the channel logo, like "Brought to you by [Sponsor]" variants that appear persistently or intermittently during programming. These sponsored DOGs function as subtle overlays, promoting products or services without disrupting the main content, and can include temporary ad elements during commercial breaks, such as dynamic sponsor logos that replace or augment the standard channel bug. In sports broadcasting, for instance, sponsor integrations in score bugs or corner graphics provide continuous visibility, serving as a form of running advertisement to satisfy network partners. The practice of embedding sponsorships in DOGs emerged prominently in the alongside the rise of pay-TV and cable models, where networks sought additional revenue streams beyond traditional commercials. Persistent logo bugs were introduced by cable networks in the and later evolved to include sponsored elements in the mid-, with affiliates overlaying customizable promotions over syndicated content in the late 1990s and 2000s. In major sports events, including the NFL's , networks such as and have integrated sponsor elements into graphics since the mid- to meet partnership obligations, as seen in early score bug implementations during the and NFL broadcasts. Mechanically, sponsored rely on for dynamic swapping, where broadcast systems replace the default channel graphic with a sponsor version during specific segments, such as infomercials or blocks, using software like API-driven overlays for seamless transitions. This enables revenue models tied to uplift, as persistent sponsor graphics contribute to overall ad inventory value; for example, integrated promotions in formats have been linked to increased in digital and linear ecosystems, though specific uplifts vary by market. Such mechanics are particularly effective in live sports, where insertion tools allow for customized sponsor visibility without manual intervention. Regulatory frameworks govern these integrations to ensure transparency, with the U.S. (FCC) sponsorship identification rules (47 CFR § 73.1212) requiring clear disclosures for any paid promotions, including embedded advertising in on-screen elements, to prevent undisclosed commercial influences. These rules address ethical concerns, such as subtle in DOGs that could mislead viewers by blurring content and ads, applying to both broadcast TV and cable. Non-compliance risks fines, emphasizing the need for visible cues like text overlays in sponsored graphics. In modern trends, programmatic insertion has extended sponsor DOGs to over-the-top (OTT) platforms, enabling targeted, automated ad overlays in streaming feeds, as seen in partnerships like Roku's integrations with demand platforms for real-time bidding on premium inventory since 2020. By 2025, advancements in AI and connected TV (CTV) have enabled more personalized sponsor DOG variants on platforms like Hulu and YouTube TV, further boosting targeted ad revenue in streaming. This allows for viewer-specific sponsor variants in OTT content, boosting personalization and revenue in ad-supported streaming, while maintaining compatibility with linear TV usage for hybrid broadcasts.

Specialized Formats

Score bugs represent a dynamic variant of digital on-screen graphics () specifically designed for sports broadcasts, displaying real-time scores, timers, player statistics, and other game data in a compact format typically positioned in the of the screen. Unlike static that serve primarily as persistent station identifiers, score bugs update continuously to reflect live events, ensuring viewers remain informed without obstructing the action. This format debuted in the United States during the coverage on , marking the first widespread use of such persistent, updating overlays in sports television. Fox Sports integrated a similar score bug into its broadcasts starting in August 1994, known as the "Fox Box," which combined team logos, scores, and clock displays in the upper-left corner before evolving to lower-third placements. News tickers extend the functionality of DOGs in , functioning as horizontal or vertical scrolling bands that deliver headlines, stock updates, or weather alerts alongside the network logo. Often integrated into graphics—the lower-third overlays used in —these elements maintain visibility while providing supplementary . , for instance, employs chyrons featuring the network logo with accompanying tickers during live reports, allowing seamless delivery of urgent updates without disrupting the primary video feed. Horizontal formats dominate for broad readability across standard screens, whereas vertical tickers appear on side panels in multi-source setups to accommodate diverse content flows. Rating and content warning DOGs incorporate parental advisory icons to inform viewers of age-appropriate content, typically displayed in the upper-left corner at the program's start and after commercial breaks. Established under the system developed by the (MPAA) and broadcasters, these icons—such as TV-14 for moderate violence or suggestive dialogue—have been mandatory since the system's revision in 1997 to enhance via technology. Integration with (EPG) data ensures these ratings are embedded in scheduling , enabling automated filtering on smart TVs and set-top boxes for consistent . In genre-specific adaptations, gaming streams on platforms like utilize overlay s that embed channel persistently amid gameplay footage, viewer chats, and donation alerts to reinforce identity. These overlays often feature stylized logos in corners or edges, adapting the traditional to interactive digital environments where static persistence aids audience retention during long sessions. Weather graphics, meanwhile, incorporate persistent station IDs within radar maps, temperature overlays, and forecast visuals to maintain broadcaster affiliation amid dynamic meteorological . Such integrations ensure remains visible through layered animations, as seen in local TV weather segments where the station logo accompanies evolving storm tracks or precipitation models. Technically, specialized formats like score bugs demand higher update rates to synchronize with fast-paced content, often targeting 60Hz refresh rates in sports broadcasts to minimize and ensure legible real-time updates on standard-definition and high-definition displays. This frequency aligns with typical broadcast frame rates, allowing graphics systems to refresh scores and timers fluidly during high-action sequences, such as in or games.

Hobbyist and Community Uses

Amateur DOG Creation

Amateurs create digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) primarily for on platforms like and , where custom overlays help establish a unique visual identity and engage viewers during live streams. Educational initiatives in classes also encourage DOG design to teach graphic principles and basics. Additionally, hobbyists contribute to open-source projects, such as repositories developing generative graphics tools for video applications since the mid-2010s, fostering community-driven innovation in accessible broadcast elements. Free software tools democratize DOG creation for non-professionals. , an open-source image editor, enables detailed logo sketching and editing with support for layers and transparency, making it ideal for beginners designing static graphics. , released in 2012, allows users to import these designs as overlays directly into streaming setups, supporting real-time positioning and animation without advanced hardware. For hardware-based approaches, boards facilitate DIY generators, such as those producing test patterns or generative visuals for video output via . No-code platforms like further lower barriers, offering drag-and-drop templates for on-screen elements tailored to video contexts. The creation process typically begins with conceptual sketching of simple logos or icons in tools like , focusing on scalability and minimalism to ensure visibility on screens. Designers then incorporate alpha channels for transparency, allowing the graphic to blend seamlessly with video backgrounds—exported formats like preserve this opacity for compatibility. These files are imported into as image sources, where positioning, scaling, and basic animations (e.g., fade-ins) are applied before testing in a preview . Reputable tutorials, such as those from resources, guide users through these steps, emphasizing file optimization to avoid performance issues in live environments. Challenges in amateur DOG creation include navigating legal risks, particularly when designs inadvertently mimic professional network logos, which may lead to disputes. Accessibility remains a hurdle for complete novices, as traditional tools like require learning curves in layer management and export settings, though integrations with user-friendly apps like mitigate this by providing pre-built elements and automated transparency handling. In community settings, custom DOGs enhance amateur film festivals by providing consistent branding during screenings. These applications highlight how hobbyist-created graphics support collaborative projects without relying on commercial software.

Live Implementations

In hobbyist live streaming, digital on-screen graphics (DOGs) are commonly implemented using Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) plugins to create dynamic overlays for platforms like Twitch and YouTube, enabling real-time elements such as viewer counters that update automatically during broadcasts. These plugins, including those integrated with Stream Deck hardware, allow streamers to display persistent logos alongside interactive data like audience metrics, a practice that gained traction around 2018 with the rise of accessible streaming tools. For instance, OWN3D Pro and similar extensions facilitate the addition of animated DOGs that respond to live events, enhancing viewer engagement without requiring professional equipment. Experimental setups among hobbyists often involve DIY broadcast rigs that incorporate microcontrollers like for timed DOG insertion into video feeds. The Video Experimenter shield for enables overlaying text and simple graphics onto analog video signals, allowing enthusiasts to superimpose custom logos or timestamps during live captures from webcams or drones at events. Such rigs have been adapted for integration with mobile devices, where processes sensor data—such as GPS coordinates—and inserts it as on-screen elements in real time, supporting applications like event coverage or remote broadcasts. These low-cost solutions, often under $50 in components, democratize live for non-professionals. Community examples highlight the practical deployment of live DOGs in settings. Similarly, hobbyist video podcasts frequently use or Ecamm Live to maintain persistent logos as overlays during streams, providing visual consistency akin to traditional TV bugs while discussing topics like or . In (ATV) communities, setups like the GB3JV live stream employ DOGs to denote transmission sources, fostering a professional appearance in shared broadcasts among radio enthusiasts. A primary technical hurdle in these implementations is managing in networks, where delays must stay below 100 milliseconds to ensure seamless synchronization with live video; tools like OBS's low-latency modes and wired Ethernet help mitigate buffering issues common in Wi-Fi setups. Open-source scripts, such as those using with , automate insertion by processing video frames in real time, enabling hobbyists to script dynamic updates like countdown timers without . Trends in hobbyist live DOGs have accelerated post-2020 with networks, which provide the bandwidth for mobile setups to deliver high-quality overlays during on-the-go streams, reducing reliance on stationary rigs. This has enabled viral cases, such as 2023 annular solar eclipse videos by amateurs, where DIY viewing methods and recordings captured widespread attention on social platforms.

References

  1. [1]
    About the BBC: Digital On-Screen Graphics - research findings
    Apr 1, 2011 · The identifier, called a Digital On-Screen Graphic (DOG), is normally at the top left-hand part of the picture to avoid clashing with subtitles ...
  2. [2]
    Chapter 1 – Television Studio Environment - MCB 4100 OER - CUNY
    ... graphics. In North America, digital on-screen graphics are often referred to as “chyrons,” a term which has become genericized but originally referred to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  3. [3]
    Fifty Years of TV Graphics | Communication Arts
    Fifty Years of TV Graphics. On-screen graphics have come a long way since the first color TV sets in the 1960s.
  4. [4]
    Dictionary of Media and Communications
    ... digitally originated graphic [abbre- viated as Dog] small logo used to identify a television channel, shown typically in one corner of the screen.
  5. [5]
    digital on-screen graphic - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
    (television) a type of small logo placed in a corner of the television screen to identify a television channel. Synonyms. DOG, digitally originated graphic, bug ...Missing: broadcasting | Show results with:broadcasting
  6. [6]
    Where to Place Your Logo Bug on Video Ads - Filmkraft
    Master logo bug watermark placement on video ads for platforms like YouTube, LinkedIn, and TikTok ... For traditional branded television broadcasts, logo ...
  7. [7]
    CNN On Screen Bugs - Russel Wiki - Fandom
    CNN On Screen Bugs · January 2, 1988-January 4, 1998 · January 5, 1998-January 3, 1999 · January 4, 1999-January 14, 2001 · January 15, 2001-January 13, 2002 ...
  8. [8]
    Digital on-screen graphic | Sportscasting Wiki - Fandom
    Nov 20, 2011 · A watermark-like station logo that many television broadcasters overlay over a portion of the screen-area of their programs to identify the channel.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  9. [9]
    MTV/On-Screen Watermarks - Logopedia - Fandom
    MTV: Music Television. 1981–2010. On-screen bug logo, used for MTV Europe.
  10. [10]
    BBC Two - Audiovisual Identity Database
    Oct 5, 2025 · Beginning in June 2000, the 'BBC TWO' DOG's colour was changed to black in order to be visible on the lighter background.
  11. [11]
    Graphic design on UK terrestrial television and the effects of multi ...
    Jun 1, 2002 · Channel 5, 1997. As a sign of things to come, Channel 5 controversially launched with a DOG (Digital on-screen graphic) – the channels logo ...
  12. [12]
    Tickers and bugs: Has TV gotten way too graphic? - Nexttv
    Dec 2, 2001 · Others say Canada's City TV did it first. TV networks (cable first, then broadcast) started adding logos—known affectionately in the trade ...
  13. [13]
    How Does Netflix Protect its content from Piracy - Inkrypt Videos
    Mar 5, 2024 · If leaked, these watermarks trace piracy back to the source account—even in high-risk regions. This deters illegal sharing and aids legal action ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  14. [14]
    Forensic Watermarking for Video Protection in 2025 | VdoCipher
    Jun 3, 2025 · Forensic watermarking doesn't prevent piracy directly—it deters it by embedding unique, invisible markers into each video session. This enables ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
  15. [15]
    Digital Television - Federal Communications Commission
    Aug 9, 2016 · Since June 13, 2009, full-power television stations nationwide have been required to broadcast exclusively in a digital format. The switch from ...
  16. [16]
    NBC brings fresh local flair, hints of gold to Olympics branding
    Aug 10, 2016 · Take a look at NBC's branding, motion graphics and logo design for the 2016 Olympics in Rio, including its inspiration and symbolism.
  17. [17]
    Graphic design principles | TV Studio Production Class Notes
    Color palettes should be chosen carefully to ensure legibility, contrast, and adherence to branding guidelines. In TV graphics, color is used to ...Missing: transparency | Show results with:transparency
  18. [18]
    What are bugs and why do they matter to video professionals?
    In the early days of TV, networks used small on-screen logos to brand their channels and prevent piracy. This practice began in the 1950s, with pioneers like ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
  19. [19]
    None
    ### Summary of Guidelines on Safe Areas for On-Screen Graphics (Logos/Bugs) in TV Production
  20. [20]
    Viz Artist
    ### Summary of Implementation Methods for Digital On-Screen Graphics in Viz Artist
  21. [21]
    http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/png-1.2-pdg.html
  22. [22]
    Grass Valley: Broadcast Solutions & Media Production Technology
    Your trusted partner in broadcast innovation, offering seamless integration of hardware and software powering the world's leading media.
  23. [23]
    Software-Defined Media Production with Grass Valley - YouTube
    Jul 13, 2023 · Learn more about NVIDIA Solutions for Professional Broadcast: https://nvda.ws/3WJqd82.
  24. [24]
    PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification, Version 1.2
    Alpha channel. An alpha channel, representing transparency information on a per-pixel basis, can be included in grayscale and truecolor PNG images. An alpha ...
  25. [25]
    Importance of Frame Sync in Broadcast Media - Samim Group
    Aug 12, 2024 · Frame synchronization is the process of aligning the timing of various video and audio signals to a common reference.
  26. [26]
    SRT: Secure Reliable Transport Protocol - Haivision
    SRT is an open source video transport protocol and technology stack that optimizes video streaming performance across unpredictable networks.
  27. [27]
    Role of Digital Watermarking for Video Piracy Detection - Bytescare
    Aug 30, 2024 · A digital watermark for copyright protection is a marker or code embedded into digital media (like videos, images, or audio) to protect the ...
  28. [28]
    CNN Logo, symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand - Logos-world
    CNN Logo 1980-1984. The first logo appeared together with the TV channel. It took just under two days to create it because the CNN owners remembered about it ...Meaning And History · Cnn: Interesting Facts · Faq
  29. [29]
    What is a Score Bug? Definition and How to Create Your Own
    Jul 10, 2025 · A score bug is a persistent graphic overlay displayed on television broadcasts that shows real-time game information without obscuring the main video content.
  30. [30]
    Hulu, your logo is so distracting - by Derrick Clements - On My Radar
    Feb 19, 2021 · Unfortunately, throughout the entire film, there was a Hulu logo watermark on the bottom right corner. It never went away throughout the whole ...
  31. [31]
    Austria - Media Landscapes
    Austria's media policy is characterised by strong regulation with few self-regulatory elements. The strong market player ORF, governed by its council, dominates ...
  32. [32]
    The Evolution of Broadcast Graphics | Derek J Walker's Blog
    The origin of broadcast graphics, as is the case of many television technologies, came from film. Saul Bass (1920-1996) became the first significant motion ...Missing: bugs | Show results with:bugs
  33. [33]
    Visual Radio Automation Solutions - ENCO Systems
    Turn your radio station into a complete multimedia experience with automated camera switching, music video playout, and graphical overlays.
  34. [34]
    VJ PRO Visual radio Automation - Axel Technology
    Broadcast visually engaging radio shows with VJ PRO. Our visual radio software automates video mixing, graphics, and social media integration. Learn more.Missing: screen | Show results with:screen
  35. [35]
    Introducing Output Player Manual Mode - Visual Radio Assist
    May 28, 2023 · ... station-id logo overlays to tickertapes and music clip syncing. They were designed to remove the need for manual intervention in many cases ...
  36. [36]
    [PDF] Slow Scan Television (SSTV): Part 2—Morphosis - VA3ROM
    The PD SSTV modes were developed in the late 1990's by Paul Turner, G4IJE, and. Don Rotier, K0HEO (SK), hence the “PD” prefix, with approximate transmission ...
  37. [37]
    https://www.rtl-sdr.com/receiving-sstv-with-rtl-sdr/
  38. [38]
    Quick Start for MMSSTV Graphics - HamSoft
    With MMSSTV there are pictures and there are Templates. You use Templates to superimpose text, and simple lines on a picture.
  39. [39]
    Ham Radio Deluxe Software | Radio Amateur's Best Asset
    Ham Radio Deluxe is the World's Most Popular Ham Radio Software. Radio Amateur's Best Asset for Rig and Rotor Control, Logging, Digital Modes, Satellite.Downloads · What Is Ham (or Amateur... · HRD Rig Control · Support
  40. [40]
    Slow-scan television - Wikipedia
    Slow-scan television (SSTV) is a picture transmission method, used mainly by amateur radio operators, to transmit and receive static pictures via radio in ...
  41. [41]
    https://ltnglobal.com/blog/best-practices-for-feed-decorating-and-graphical-overlays-live-sports
  42. [42]
    Receiving SSTV with RTL-SDR
    Jun 14, 2013 · SSTV is a method ham radio enthusiasts use to send small images to one another. The images often contain their ham call sign overlaid on the ...Missing: insertion | Show results with:insertion
  43. [43]
    [PDF] Digital Slow-Scan Television - BruXy
    Slow-scan television (SSTV) has been around for about 45 years now and there's been significant evolution and development of the mode. Early in its.
  44. [44]
    On-Screen Graphics and Their Impact on Sports
    To appease sponsors, ABC and ESPN created a constant element on the screen that also functions as a running ad: a box in the upper left-hand corner, which ...<|separator|>
  45. [45]
    Best practices for feed decorating in live sports - LTN Global
    Jan 12, 2024 · Modern technology can dynamically insert customized ads into a live feed or digitally replace the logos and ads you see on the field or boards.
  46. [46]
    [PDF] The Use, Innovations, and Future of Snipes in the U.S. Television ...
    In the United Kingdom, a snipe is referred to as a DOG, which is an acronym for digital on-screen graphic or digital originated graphic (Helfand, 2005,.
  47. [47]
    Professional Sports Broadcast Graphics Solution - Pixelcom
    Sponsor Integration. Easily embed sponsor logos and promotional content into your graphics to boost visibility and generate additional revenue streams. API ...
  48. [48]
    [PDF] IAB internet advertising revenue report
    Revenue by pricing model, full year basis. ($ billions). Note: Totals may not equal 100% due to rounding. Source: IAB/PwC Internet Ad Revenue Report, FY 2018.
  49. [49]
    Sponsorship Identification Rules and Embedded Advertising
    Jul 24, 2008 · SUMMARY: In this document, the Commission seeks comment on proposed rule changes to make sponsorship identification disclosures more obvious ...Missing: graphics | Show results with:graphics
  50. [50]
    [PDF] FCC Embedded Advertising Filing Final _5_ - Writers Guild
    Sep 22, 2008 · The disclosure requirement should apply to all programming on broadcast television and origination cablecasting, including the reuse of feature ...
  51. [51]
    Roku and FreeWheel Announce New Programmatic Partnership
    Dec 12, 2024 · Roku premium inventory – including The Roku Channel – will be available to FreeWheel demand partners via a new, real-time bidding integration.
  52. [52]
    Programmatic Advertising and AdTech in OTT & CTV [Presentation]
    In this presentation, we look at how TV has evolved, the rise of streaming services, and the role of AdTech and programmatic advertising in OTT and CTV.Missing: sponsor DOGs
  53. [53]
    How the scorebug came to be 30 years ago during 1994 World Cup
    Jun 17, 2024 · Thus, the scorebug as it existed in America debuted on June 17, 1994, commensurate with the opening of the World Cup, as a subtle advertisement.
  54. [54]
    The Fox Scorebug Is A Watershed Moment for America (1994)
    Aug 27, 2025 · In 1994, the Fox network wrested the television rights for the National Football Conference from CBS. This was a major deal at the time, in part ...
  55. [55]
    NewsTicker™ - Data Management and Integration - Chyron
    NewsTicker offers robust management, control and automation of all branding and ticker content, whether third-party, manual, or viewer-generated.
  56. [56]
    Chyrons, Lower Thirds, Banners: What Are They? - NBCU Academy
    Feb 21, 2024 · Chyrons, or lower thirds, can be thought of as headlines accompanying an on-air news story. They can convey overall summaries of stories, explain key events.Missing: ticker | Show results with:ticker
  57. [57]
    [PDF] UNDERSTANDING THE TV RATINGS AND PARENTAL CONTROLS
    The Guidelines appear in the upper left corner of the TV screen at the beginning of TV shows, and often again after commercial breaks. THE V-CHIP AND PARENTAL ...
  58. [58]
    About Us - The TV Parental Guidelines
    August 1, 1997. NAB, NCTA and MPAA submitted the revised ratings system to the FCC for review. Under this revised system, television programming would continue ...
  59. [59]
    Electronic Programming Guide (EPG): What You Should About ...
    Rating 4.9 (37) Jan 22, 2024 · An Electronic Programming Guide (EPG) is an electronically generated menu system that provides users with a schedule for broadcast and on-demand content.
  60. [60]
    Twitch Overlays Store for Streamers: 100's of Templates
    4.5 19 · Free deliveryChoose the best Twitch overlays for your stream from our collection of professionally designed templates, animations & overlay packs.Missing: gaming | Show results with:gaming
  61. [61]
    Weather graphics | TV Tech - TVTechnology
    Jun 1, 2012 · In this traditional, dedicated model, the local TV station hires a meteorologist or weather team and invests in an end-to-end weather graphics ...
  62. [62]
    TV Refresh Rates Explained: 60Hz, 120Hz, and Beyond | PCMag
    Aug 29, 2022 · Here's everything you need to know about TV refresh rates for watching sports, playing games, and more.
  63. [63]
    If you're buying a TV for sports, check the refresh rate
    Sep 17, 2025 · Until recently, most TVs featured a 60 hertz (Hz) refresh rate, which means the screen updates 60 times per second. ... 60Hz TV will be just fine.
  64. [64]
    Free Online Twitch overlay maker and editor - Canva
    To add an overlay to your Twitch live streams, go to your preferred broadcasting software like OBS Studio or Streamlabs. Then, create a new Scene, select ...
  65. [65]
    Generative Graphics Tools for Raspberry Pi
    May 31, 2024 · In this post, we'll take a look at a couple of great software tools for creating real-time generative graphics with a Raspberry Pi.
  66. [66]
    GIMP - GNU Image Manipulation Program
    GIMP is a cross-platform image editor available for GNU/Linux, macOS, Windows and more operating systems. It is free software, you can change its source code ...Downloads · Community Tutorials · About GIMP · Bugs
  67. [67]
    Using the Raspberry Pi to generate analogue TV test patterns
    Mar 3, 2023 · More details about construction can be found at https://andydoz.blogspot.com/2023/02/pipatgen-raspberry-pi-television.html and the card image ...Missing: broadcast | Show results with:broadcast
  68. [68]
    A primer on alpha channels in video - Storyblocks
    In this tutorial, I'll walk you through the basics of understanding and using alpha channels in video editing. Knowing what an alpha channel is and how to ...
  69. [69]
    [PDF] enhancing copyright protection for amateur photographers ...
    Unprotected amateurs are thus increasingly denying public access to their works. A solution to this problem is possible: a business model that an amateur ...
  70. [70]
    25 Graphic Design Tips for Non-Designers and Beginners - Canva
    01. Limit your typefaces · 02. Don't be scared of scale · 03. Respect the space of other elements · 04. Use a small color scheme · 05. Create Clean, crisp and clear ...
  71. [71]
    PROOF Film Festival 2023 THE CANVA PITCH DECK SHOW AND ...
    Dec 21, 2023 · PROOF Film Festival 2023 Join us for a workshop in the Canva Design Summit! 5 selected festival filmmakers will present their Canva pitch ...Missing: amateur custom screen graphics
  72. [72]
    The power of using real-time overlays in OBS
    Apr 30, 2024 · Dynamic overlays allow you to react to your audience in real time. Respond to chat messages, host interactive polls, or change graphics based on ...
  73. [73]
    Stream Deck Plugins | Elgato Marketplace
    Key actions include: Viewers: Display your stream's concurrent viewer count. Numbers are shown in real time and update automatically. Chat Message: Post a ...Stream Deck Games · OBS Studio · OBS Tools · Sound Deck
  74. [74]
    7 Best OBS Plugins for Streaming in 2025 - Gumlet
    Sep 8, 2025 · With OWN3DPro, you can easily pick overlays in OBS Studio and add them to your stream. You can manage Twitch alerts, put in stream labels, and ...
  75. [75]
    Video Experimenter: Arduino shield that lets you ... - nootropic design
    The Video Experimenter shield is an Arduino shield that lets you do all kinds of experiments with video. Overlay text and graphics onto a video signal from ...
  76. [76]
    Video With Sensor Data Overlay Via Arduino Mega - Hackaday
    Nov 11, 2015 · [Flux Axiom] is using an Arduino Mega in his setup along with a cornucopia of sensors and all their data is being logged onto an SD card.
  77. [77]
    Live Streaming - Dayton Hamvention
    We will have official live coverage of the event on the Hamvention YouTube channel. We will also upload all of the forums to the YouTube channel after the event ...
  78. [78]
    Marshall Creates Podcast Overlays with Ecamm - YouTube
    Aug 4, 2022 · Marshall Fox is a graphic designer, creator, coach, and video pro. In this series from Ecamm, we'll show you how you can put your best foot ...Missing: persistent hobbyist
  79. [79]
    GB3JV - BATC Live Streaming
    A "lower third" graphic announces every access and a "k" graphic is displayed at the end of each transmission. A on-screen DOG (digital on-screen graphic) is ...
  80. [80]
    How to Reduce Latency or Lag in Gaming - Screenbeam
    Latency is measured in milliseconds, and indicates the quality of your connection within your network. Anything at 100ms or less is considered acceptable for ...Ping · Latency · LagMissing: streaming | Show results with:streaming<|separator|>
  81. [81]
    Live video streaming over network with OpenCV and ImageZMQ
    Apr 15, 2019 · In today's tutorial, you'll learn how to stream live video over a network with OpenCV. Specifically, you'll learn how to implement Python + OpenCV scripts.
  82. [82]
    How 5G Could Evolve Mobile Streaming and Video Delivery
    Learn how 5G mobile streaming could help service providers scale to meet the demands of consumers in the most cost-effective distribution options available.
  83. [83]
    Solar Eclipse: Videos Show People's DIY Methods to View the ...
    Oct 16, 2023 · Videos show the techniques people used to capture glimpses of the solar eclipse, filming stunning footage of the phenomenon.