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Double-decker bus

A double-decker bus is a bus with two levels of seating, allowing passengers to sit on an upper deck or a lower deck.^[1] Originating in 19th-century Europe as horse-drawn omnibuses, double-decker buses evolved to meet growing urban transport demands, with London's first public bus service launching in 1829 using wooden, stagecoach-like vehicles that later incorporated double-deck designs for added capacity.^[2] The transition to motorized versions began in the early 20th century, exemplified by the London General Omnibus Company's B-type bus introduced in 1910, which standardized the double-decker format with an enclosed lower deck and open upper seating for 34 passengers.^[2] This design proved efficient for commuter routes, and by 1904, services like the Vanguard Omnibus Company's double-deck route from London to Brighton highlighted their potential for longer-distance travel.^[3] In the mid-20th century, the Routemaster bus, launched in 1954 by London Transport, became an enduring icon with its innovative features, including a lightweight aluminum body, power steering, automatic transmission, and an open rear platform for quick boarding, enabling it to serve routes for decades longer than many contemporaries.^[2] Double-decker buses typically feature a low-frame chassis for height management under urban infrastructure constraints, internal stairwells connecting decks, and capacities ranging from 60 to over 100 passengers, optimizing road space in congested cities.^[4] Modern iterations incorporate advanced technologies such as hybrid or zero-emission engines, as seen in Transport for London's introduction of the world's first hybrid double-decker in 2007 and subsequent electric models; by 2024, manufacturers like GreenPower introduced the first electric double-decker buses in North America, furthering the shift to zero-emission public transport.^[5]^[6] Today, double-decker buses remain a staple of public transit worldwide, particularly in the United Kingdom where they symbolize efficient mass mobility, as well as in high-density regions like Hong Kong and Singapore for both commuter and open-top tourist services.^[4] Their two-level structure provides superior passenger throughput compared to single-deck alternatives in space-limited environments, though they require careful route planning to navigate height restrictions like bridges and tunnels.^[4]

History

Origins and early development

The origins of the double-decker bus trace back to horse-drawn omnibuses in 19th-century Europe, where the need for greater passenger capacity in growing urban centers drove innovation. In Paris, the first double-decker omnibuses, known as impériales, appeared in 1853, featuring an open upper deck primarily for male passengers to accommodate cheaper fares while maximizing seating on busy routes.^[7] These vehicles, pulled by teams of horses, offered up to twice the capacity of single-deck models, addressing overcrowding on the city's expanding public transport network.^[8] In London, the double-decker concept evolved from earlier single-deck omnibuses introduced by George Shillibeer in 1829, which marked the start of organized horse bus services but lacked a second level.^[9] By the mid-1800s, double-decker horse buses became widespread, with companies like the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) adopting wooden-bodied designs that allowed for an upper deck seating 20 or more passengers, significantly outpacing single-deck horse cars in efficiency.^[9] Key innovations included open-top upper decks to navigate London's variable weather without excessive weight, and lightweight wooden construction to ease the load on horses and rudimentary roads.^[10] The transition to motorization began around 1904 in the UK, with firms introducing the first motorized double-deckers using chassis from Milnes-Daimler; the LGOC followed in 1905 with De Dion models, replacing horse power with petrol engines for routes in London.^[11]^[12] These early models retained wooden bodies and open tops but faced significant challenges, including excessive weight that damaged uneven road surfaces, unreliable engines prone to breakdowns, and stringent regulatory hurdles like speed limits of 12 mph and licensing requirements under the Locomotives on Highways Act.^[13] By 1910, the LGOC's B-type bus refined this design, offering enclosed lower decks and seating for 34 passengers, proving its versatility even in wartime as over 900 units served for troop transport during World War I.

20th-century expansion

During the interwar period, double-decker buses underwent significant technological advancements, particularly with the transition to diesel engines in the 1930s, which improved efficiency and range compared to earlier petrol models.^[14] In the United Kingdom, the AEC Regent chassis emerged as a key example, with early diesel variants entering service as early as 1934, such as the batch of ten units delivered to Cardiff for urban routes.^[14] This shift facilitated broader adoption across British cities, while expansion into British Empire territories also accelerated; for instance, the first double-decker buses appeared in Kolkata, India, in 1926 under the Calcutta Tramways Company, marking an early export of the design to colonial urban networks.^[15] The onset of World War II profoundly influenced double-decker bus operations, repurposing them for critical civilian and military needs. In London, buses played a pivotal role in the mass evacuation known as Operation Pied Piper, transporting over 500,000 people—primarily schoolchildren—to rural areas and railheads in the four days leading up to the war's declaration on September 3, 1939.^[16] Wartime shortages prompted adaptations, including the production of simplified "utility" double-deckers with standardized components to conserve materials; Guy Motors became the primary UK manufacturer of such chassis from 1940 until late 1942, when Daimler joined to meet military transport demands.^[17] Post-war recovery spurred a boom in double-decker bus development and deployment. The AEC Routemaster, introduced as a prototype in 1954 and entering full production in 1958, exemplified innovative design with its lightweight aluminum body and open rear platform, leading to 2,876 units built by 1968 for London Transport alone.^[18] These buses also supported global expansion, with exports of AEC models—including early Routemasters—reaching Australia and New Zealand in the late 1950s and 1960s, where they bolstered growing suburban fleets in cities like Sydney and Auckland.^[19]^[20] By the 1960s, standardization efforts focused on rear-engine layouts to enhance passenger flow and reduce noise, with the Daimler Fleetline chassis debuting in 1961 as a direct response to competitors like the Leyland Atlantean.^[21] This model, later rebranded as the Leyland Fleetline around 1975, became a staple for UK operators, contributing to peak production levels in the 1970s, reflecting the height of diesel-powered urban transport dominance.^[21]

Contemporary developments

In the 21st century, double-decker buses have undergone a marked transition toward electric and hybrid powertrains to address urban air quality and sustainability challenges. BYD introduced the world's first pure electric double-decker bus in 2015, designed for deployment in London.^[22] This innovation spurred further development, including UK trials of the Optare Metrodecker EV starting in 2017 in York, which achieved a range exceeding 150 miles (240 km) on a single charge, demonstrating viability for park-and-ride services.^[23] By 2022, advanced models like the Jewel E, a collaboration between Equipmake and Beulas, entered service trials with Go-Ahead London, offering up to 250 miles (402 km) of range through efficient battery and thermal management systems.^[24] Advancements in smart technology integration have optimized operations and passenger experience. Internet of Things (IoT) systems now provide real-time monitoring of vehicle diagnostics, fuel efficiency, and passenger loads, as seen in fleet management solutions tailored for double-decker buses to enable predictive maintenance and route adjustments.^[25] Autonomous prototypes are emerging, with Volvo Buses and Nanyang Technological University testing full-size electric autonomous buses in Singapore since 2019, laying groundwork for scalable driverless double-decker applications in dense urban settings.^[26] Global production trends reflect Asia's dominance, particularly China's, where manufacturers like BYD and Yutong hold a leading position in electric bus output, exporting models that captured significant international market segments by 2024.^[27] The COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022 accelerated adaptations, with operators implementing contactless payment systems and rear-door boarding on double-deckers to reduce physical interactions, as mandated in cities like London to curb virus transmission.^[28] Future developments emphasize alternative zero-emission technologies, including hydrogen fuel cells. Pilots such as the Optare Metrodecker H2, launched in 2020, deliver ranges of 320–400 km (200–250 miles) for extended urban operations without relying on overhead charging infrastructure.^[29] In London, Transport for London targets a fully zero-emission bus fleet by 2030, with over 2,000 such vehicles already in service by mid-2025, including a growing share of electric and hydrogen double-deckers to meet ambitious decarbonization goals; as of November 2025, this fleet exceeds 2,500 vehicles.^[30]^[31]

Design and engineering

Structural components

Double-decker buses typically employ a separate chassis design, where the chassis frame is built independently and the body is mounted onto it, allowing for flexibility in body customization by different manufacturers. For instance, the Volvo B5TL utilizes a ladder-frame chassis configuration, which supports the two-axle low-floor structure essential for urban operations.^[32] In contrast, integral chassis designs integrate the body and frame into a single monocoque unit, reducing overall weight and improving rigidity, though they are less common in double-decker applications due to the complexity of the two-level build.^[33] Modern chassis materials often incorporate high-strength steel for durability and aluminum alloys for targeted weight savings, with aluminum enabling up to 40% reduction in component weights compared to traditional steel while maintaining structural integrity.^[34] Since the 2010s, these material advancements have contributed to overall vehicle lightening, exemplified by the Volvo B5TL's 1,000 kg reduction through optimized steel and aluminum usage.^[32]^[35] The body construction of a double-decker bus features a rigid two-level framework, with the upper deck supported by vertical pillars and cross-members to accommodate passenger loads on both levels. Stairwells are strategically placed to facilitate vertical circulation, commonly positioned at the front for quick access in urban settings, at the rear to maximize lower-deck seating, or midway for balanced weight distribution and improved flow.^[36] The roof structure is engineered for enhanced rollover protection, complying with ECE Regulation No. 66, which requires the superstructure to maintain the integrity of the occupant compartment during a simulated rollover test using a tilt-table procedure until loss of stability, without collapse into the survival space.^[37] This regulation applies specifically to the upper deck's cantrail and waistrail, tested via a tilt-table procedure to simulate rollover scenarios.^[38] Standard dimensions for double-decker buses include an overall height of approximately 4.2 meters to maximize capacity while navigating infrastructure like bridges and tunnels, though low-floor variants reduce this to 4.1 meters for improved accessibility without sacrificing headroom.^[39] Aerodynamic enhancements, such as sloped or fairing roofs, are integrated into the body design to minimize air resistance; computational fluid dynamics studies have shown these features can reduce drag by up to 16%, enhancing fuel efficiency in highway operations.^[40] Weight distribution is optimized for stability through rear-mounted engine placement, which lowers the center of gravity compared to front-engine layouts, with curb weights typically 12-13 tonnes and gross vehicle weights up to 18 tonnes depending on configuration and materials.^[39]^[41] This positioning helps counteract the elevated mass of the upper deck, promoting better handling and rollover resistance.^[42]

Propulsion and power systems

Double-decker buses traditionally employ diesel engines mounted at the rear to achieve optimal weight distribution and improve handling stability on urban routes. A common example is the Cummins ISB6.7 engine, which delivers power outputs from 250 to 310 horsepower and is widely used in bus chassis for its reliability and compliance with emission standards like Euro 6.^[43] These engines are typically paired with automatic transmissions, such as the ZF Ecolife 6-speed series, which provide smooth shifting and efficiency in stop-start traffic conditions. In response to environmental regulations and urban emission goals, electric and hybrid propulsion systems have gained prominence in double-decker designs. Lithium-ion battery packs, often using nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) chemistry, range from 300 to 600 kWh capacity to support full-day operations; for instance, the Alexander Dennis Enviro400EV incorporates a 472 kWh pack for extended range.^[44] Electric motors in these vehicles can reach up to 350 kW, enabling adequate performance for heavy loads, while regenerative braking systems recover approximately 20-30% of kinetic energy during deceleration, extending operational range in city environments.^[45] Hybrid variants combine diesel engines with electric assist for improved fuel economy. Alternative fuels like compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen fuel cells offer further zero- or low-emission options. CNG-powered double-deckers, such as Scania's city bus chassis, utilize dedicated gas engines for reduced particulate emissions in high-density areas.^[46] Hydrogen models include the Wrightbus StreetDeck Hydroliner, launched in 2018 with 2023 updates featuring a Ballard FCmove fuel cell module and 26.9 kg hydrogen storage, achieving a range of about 300 km per fill.^[47] Electric double-deckers demonstrate efficiencies around 1.4-1.5 km/kWh in real-world testing, as seen in the BYD model with its Blade Battery technology.^[48] Performance specifications for double-decker buses prioritize safety and passenger comfort over outright speed, with top speeds electronically limited to 80-100 km/h. Under full load, acceleration from 0 to 50 km/h typically requires 20-25 seconds, reflecting the vehicle's mass of up to 18 tonnes and design focus on gradual power delivery.^[49]

Interior layout and accessibility

The interior of a double-decker bus is designed to maximize passenger capacity while providing comfort and functionality across both decks. Seating configurations typically feature 40 to 60 seats on the upper deck and 20 to 40 on the lower deck, varying by model and regional standards; for instance, the Van Hool TDX25E offers 51 seats upstairs and 18 downstairs.^[50] Seats are commonly arranged in transverse layouts with pairs of benches perpendicular to the direction of travel, promoting efficient space use, though longitudinal benches along the sides are employed in some urban models to facilitate greater standing room during peak hours.^[51] In high-demand scenarios, such as rush hour on commuter routes, operators permit standing passengers, effectively boosting total occupancy beyond seated limits to handle overcrowding.^[52] Accessibility has become a core focus in modern double-decker bus design, with low-floor chassis introduced in the 1990s to comply with regulations like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). These vehicles incorporate hydraulic kneeling systems and deployable ramps at entry doors, enabling level boarding without steps and accommodating wheelchairs or mobility aids.^[53] Most models provide 2 to 4 dedicated wheelchair securement spaces on the lower deck, secured with tie-down systems and facing forward or rearward for safety, as seen in the Alexander Dennis Enviro500 with its flat-floor interior and two such positions.^[54] Additionally, audio-visual announcement systems deliver automated stop and route information, audible via onboard speakers and visible on digital displays, fulfilling ADA requirements for equitable service to passengers with visual or hearing impairments.^[55] Passenger amenities enhance the travel experience, particularly on longer routes or tourist services. Dual-zone air conditioning maintains comfortable temperatures separately for each deck, a standard feature in contemporary models to address varying occupancy and sunlight exposure.^[56] Wi-Fi connectivity is available in over 60% of new North American buses as of 2023, with USB charging ports increasingly common in modern models.^[57] The upper deck's elevated positioning offers panoramic views, making it ideal for sightseeing, while some modern variants feature flexible interior designs to optimize capacity for peak loads by allowing additional standing passengers without compromising safety.^[58]

Operational advantages and challenges

Capacity and efficiency benefits

Double-decker buses offer significant capacity advantages over single-deck models, typically accommodating 70 to 100 passengers compared to 40 to 60 in standard single-deck buses of similar length, enabling them to transport 1.5 to 2 times more passengers per vehicle.^[4]^[59] This increased throughput allows transit operators to reduce the number of vehicles needed on dense urban routes, minimizing the number of vehicles needed and associated operational demands like driver staffing.^[60] In terms of efficiency, double-decker buses achieve lower emissions per passenger than private cars; for instance, a full diesel double-decker emits approximately 20-30 grams of CO2 per kilometer per passenger, compared to around 120 grams for a single-occupant car.^[61] Electric variants further enhance this by reaching energy efficiencies of about 0.67 kWh per kilometer, allowing ranges up to 620 kilometers on a single charge while carrying high loads.^[62] Recent models, such as the Alexander Dennis Enviro400EV, have achieved 97% charging efficiency as of 2024.^[63] Economically, these buses deliver cost savings of 20-40% per passenger-kilometer in high-demand environments through reduced fuel and maintenance expenses relative to running multiple smaller vehicles.^[64] In cities like London, widespread use of double-deckers supports route optimization, contributing to overall traffic reductions in congested zones by replacing numerous private vehicles with fewer high-capacity units. For urban integration, double-decker buses excel in bus rapid transit (BRT) systems, where their capacity supports passenger throughputs exceeding 10,000 per hour per lane, enhancing system-wide efficiency without expanding road infrastructure.^[65]^[66] This design, with its vertical stacking of seating, maximizes passenger volume in constrained spaces, as detailed in engineering overviews.^[4]

Safety and maintenance issues

Double-decker buses exhibit stability concerns primarily due to their elevated center of gravity, which heightens the risk of rollover compared to single-deck buses, particularly during high-speed maneuvers or on uneven roads.^[67]^[68] High-deck configurations, including double-deckers, contribute to this vulnerability by shifting mass upward, as evidenced in analyses of freeway crashes where such vehicles showed increased susceptibility to severe overturning.^[69] To mitigate this, electronic stability control (ESC) systems have become mandatory for heavy vehicles, including buses, in regions like the United States since 2015 under NHTSA regulations, helping to prevent skids and rollovers by automatically applying brakes and adjusting engine power.^[70] Maintenance requirements for double-decker buses are more demanding than for single-deck models owing to their structural complexity, such as dual-level heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and reinforced chassis to support the additional height and weight.^[71] Annual maintenance costs are estimated to be 20-30% higher, driven by the need for specialized facilities, trained technicians, and components like advanced braking systems tailored to the vehicle's mass distribution.^[71] The greater overall weight also accelerates tire wear, with studies indicating elevated tire loads that necessitate more frequent inspections and replacements to avoid failures, often occurring sooner than on lighter single-deck buses due to increased stress on axles and pavement interaction.^[72]^[73] Regulatory standards address these challenges through rigorous crash testing and safety features. In the United States, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 227 mandates rollover structural integrity testing for buses over 10,000 pounds GVWR, including double-deckers, requiring the roof and sidewalls to withstand deformation without intruding into occupant survival space during simulated crashes.^[42] Fire suppression systems are required in the European Union under UNECE Regulation 107 for new double-deck buses since 2018, targeting engine compartments to rapidly detect and extinguish fires in enclosed, multi-level environments.^[74] Additionally, driver training programs emphasize height awareness, mandating knowledge of vehicle dimensions and route clearances to prevent collisions with overhead obstacles, as outlined in commercial driver guidelines from transport authorities.^[75]^[76] Health factors for passengers include potential air quality issues in enclosed upper decks, where particulate matter exposure can vary from the lower deck due to ventilation patterns and proximity to traffic emissions, potentially exacerbating respiratory concerns during prolonged travel.^[77] Vibration effects are more pronounced for bus drivers, as whole-body exposure to road-induced oscillations contributes to increased fatigue and discomfort.^[78]^[79] These factors underscore the need for ergonomic seating and enhanced suspension in double-decker designs to minimize long-term health impacts.

Usage in Europe

United Kingdom

Double-decker buses have dominated London's public transport system since the early 20th century, with the London General Omnibus Company's B-type model introduced in 1910 marking a standardization that made them the predominant vehicle type for the city's routes.^[2] This design's efficiency in carrying passengers on narrow streets solidified their role, leading to widespread adoption across the UK, particularly in urban areas where space constraints favored the two-level configuration over longer single-deck alternatives. By the mid-20th century, double-deckers accounted for the majority of the fleet operated by London Transport, a trend that persisted due to their capacity advantages in high-density travel. The AEC Routemaster, launched in 1954, became an enduring symbol of British bus design, with its rear open platform and innovative engineering influencing generations of vehicles. Production ceased in 1968 after building 2,876 units, many of which were preserved for heritage purposes, forming a significant preserved fleet that supports cultural and educational initiatives across the UK.^[2] These preserved Routemasters continue to operate on special services, maintaining the vehicle's legacy as a pinnacle of mid-20th-century engineering. As of March 2025, Transport for London (TfL) manages a fleet of 8,797 buses, with approximately 80% (around 7,000) being double-deckers to maximize passenger capacity on congested routes.^[80] ^[81] The New Routemaster, introduced in 2012 as a modern successor to the original, features a hybrid diesel-electric powertrain from its inception and numbers 996 units in TfL's fleet, comprising a key portion of the 3,776 hybrid buses operational as of March 2025.^[81] These vehicles emphasize accessibility with three doors and low-floor design, aligning with contemporary urban mobility needs. Iconic routes like the 11, operational since 1906, highlight the double-decker's cultural significance, traversing landmarks such as the Bank of England, St. Paul's Cathedral, Trafalgar Square, and the Houses of Parliament, offering passengers panoramic views from the upper deck.^[82] The standardization of red livery began in 1907 when the London General Omnibus Company adopted it for visibility and branding, becoming uniform across the fleet by 1933 following nationalization under London Passenger Transport Board.^[83] This crimson hue has since defined the vehicles globally. Heritage double-deckers, including restored Routemasters, support tourism through dedicated services like sightseeing tours and afternoon tea experiences, operated by organizations such as the London Bus Museum and private fleets, attracting visitors to explore historic routes.^[84] Recent trends focus on sustainability, with TfL achieving over 2,000 zero-emission buses in service by June 2025, including a growing number of electric double-deckers as part of a target to convert 85% of the double-deck fleet to hybrid, electric, or hydrogen by year's end.^[30] ^[85] The sector supports thousands of jobs in facilities like those of Wrightbus and Alexander Dennis, advancing green technologies and exports.^[86]

Continental Europe

In Germany, double-decker buses have been a staple of urban and regional public transport since the 1960s, with Berlin's BVG operator deploying over 400 units historically, including MAN Lion's City DD models for high-capacity routes. Recent fleet expansions include 200 Alexander Dennis Enviro500 double-deckers delivered between 2020 and 2022 to enhance capacity on busy corridors, accommodating up to 128 passengers per vehicle. In Hamburg, initial tests of double-decker buses in regular service began in 2025, complementing the city's predominantly articulated bus fleet, while Essen's BRT system incorporates double-decker units for efficient operations along dedicated lanes like the Wittenbergstrasse corridor.^[87]^[88]^[89] France primarily employs double-decker buses for tourism rather than routine public transit, with Paris featuring open-top models from operators like Tootbus and Big Bus Tours since the early 2010s, providing hop-on hop-off services covering landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and Louvre. These vehicles, often electric since 2017 under RATP Dev's Open Tour subsidiary, carry up to 80 passengers and support multilingual audio guides for over 50 stops. In Normandy, open-top double-deckers facilitate seasonal tourism along coastal routes, such as tours from Le Havre to Honfleur, emphasizing scenic views of historic sites like Mont-Saint-Michel. Public transport trials, including Irisbus (now Iveco) models, occurred historically in the 1960s but have not scaled to regular urban service due to infrastructure constraints like low bridges.^[90] The Netherlands utilizes double-decker buses mainly for regional and interurban services, with operators like Qbuzz deploying Van Hool models on routes such as Groningen to Emmen since 2018, offering capacities of around 80 seats to connect low-density areas. Amsterdam's GVB fleet focuses on electric articulated buses without double-deckers, but a 2024 push toward low-emission vehicles includes hybrid integrations across the network, aligning with national goals for zero-emission public transport by 2025. In Sweden and Finland, Volvo 9700 double-decker buses, adapted for harsh winters with enhanced heating and all-wheel options, serve commuter routes; for instance, Keolis ordered 31 units for Gothenburg in 2024, while OnniBus operates them nationwide in Finland for long-distance travel with up to 96 passengers. Spain and Italy rely on double-deckers for urban tourism and select regional lines, with Barcelona's Bus Turístic using open-top models for 40+ stops since the 1980s and Rome employing around 20-30 units for Vatican-area routes; urban public fleets in both countries number under 300 combined, prioritizing single-deck electrics. In Eastern Europe, Poland and the Czech Republic maintain smaller fleets of about 100 units total, often modernized remnants of Soviet-era designs like Ikarus models; Ostrava introduced two new double-deckers in 2020 for Line 88, marking the Czech Republic's first urban deployment.^[91]^[92]^[93] EU emissions regulations, under the Clean Vehicles Directive, mandate that 25% of new public buses be low- or zero-emission by 2025, accelerating hybrid adoption in double-decker fleets to meet CO2 targets of 15% reduction for heavy-duty vehicles. In the Benelux region, cross-border services like FlixBus routes between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg increasingly feature hybrid double-deckers, supporting seamless travel across 10+ cities with capacities exceeding 80 passengers per vehicle.^[94]^[95]

Usage in Asia

East Asia

Mainland China serves as the global manufacturing hub for double-decker buses, with leading producers like Yutong and BYD driving high-volume output of electric models to meet urban transit demands. Yutong, a dominant player, sold 46,918 buses in 2024, including advanced battery-electric double-deckers such as the U12DD, which entered series production in 2025 and features enhanced energy efficiency for city operations.^[96]^[97] BYD, another leading producer in electric buses, complements this with exports contributing to China's role in supplying over 15,000 new energy buses annually.^[98]^[99] In major cities, double-deckers enhance fleet efficiency amid dense populations; Beijing operates 33 Yinlong electric double-deckers on route 10 since 2025, part of a broader electric bus transition where over 84% of new energy buses were pure electric by 2022.^[100]^[101] Shanghai similarly deploys them on tourist lines within its thousands of electric buses rolled out since 2014, supporting all-electric mandates in public fleets.^[101] Hong Kong has utilized double-decker buses since 1949, when Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB) introduced 20 Daimler models as the territory's first, adapting them for its steep, hilly terrain to maximize passenger flow on congested routes.^[102] KMB now maintains one of the world's largest double-decker fleets, with 3,895 licensed air-conditioned buses—predominantly double-deckers—serving over 450 routes and carrying 2.57 million passengers daily.^[103] These vehicles, often hybrid or electric, constitute the majority of KMB's operations, emphasizing their iconic status in navigating Hong Kong's vertical urban landscape.^[104] In Japan, double-decker buses are primarily limited to tourism and inter-city services in areas like Tokyo and Yokohama, where open-top models such as the SKY BUS provide panoramic views of landmarks without widespread commuter use.^[105] Hino Motors contributes through its Blue Ribbon series chassis, supporting charter and highway coaches designed for reliability in seismic zones, though double-deckers remain niche due to infrastructure constraints and earthquake considerations.^[106] Over 120 documented examples highlight their role in guided tours, focusing on comfort for short-haul sightseeing rather than mass transit.^[107] Elsewhere in East Asia, adoption varies by market maturity. Taiwan employs a small fleet of eight double-decker buses in Taipei for hop-on-hop-off sightseeing since 2016, aiding tourism without integration into bus rapid transit systems.^[108] South Korea operates over 100 double-deckers nationwide, including hybrids and electrics in Seoul; a 2015 pilot introduced 20 units for commuter routes to Gyeonggi Province, with 50 additional electric models deployed in 2024 to boost capacity on metropolitan lines.^[109]^[110] In North Korea, double-deckers are rare and mostly confined to Pyongyang, featuring locally produced Mallima models from 2020 with combustion engines for 70 passengers, alongside modernized imported Chinese units introduced in yellow livery by 2022 to support public transport amid resource limits.^[111]^[112] Emerging trends in East Asia emphasize electrification and connectivity to handle urban density, with double-deckers accommodating up to 126 passengers for efficient crowd management.^[113] In China, 5G-enabled smart buses in cities like Guangzhou optimize scheduling and capacity by 10% as of 2024, paving the way for automated double-decker integrations in high-volume corridors.^[114]

South and Southeast Asia

In India, double-decker buses have been a staple of urban public transport, particularly in densely populated cities like Mumbai, where the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) undertaking operated nearly 900 such vehicles at their peak in the 1990s to enhance capacity on busy routes.^[115] These buses, often manufactured by Tata Motors, were introduced in modern configurations during the 1990s to support emerging Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRTS) and address overcrowding in commuter networks.^[116] In Pune, similar Tata-model double-deckers form part of the Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML) fleet, prioritizing affordability for high-volume routes in emerging economies. In Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, double-decker buses are used primarily for intercity travel to maximize passenger loads amid chaotic traffic conditions, with recent additions in urban areas. These vehicles adapt to congested urban environments by offering elevated upper decks for better visibility and airflow, though maintenance challenges persist due to variable road quality.^[117]^[118]^[119] Singapore maintains one of the largest double-decker fleets in the region, exceeding 1,000 vehicles, with models from Volvo and Scania dominating operations; approximately 90% are air-conditioned to suit the tropical climate and enhance commuter comfort on extensive public bus networks.^[120] In Malaysia, double-deckers are more tourism-oriented, with Kuala Lumpur's Hop-On Hop-Off service utilizing open-top models on dedicated routes covering landmarks like the Petronas Towers, providing affordable sightseeing options for visitors.^[121] Across Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, double-decker deployments range from 200 to 500 units per country, often as open-top variants for tourist circuits in cities like Jakarta, Manila, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City.^[122] In Vietnam, Hanoi introduced pilot electric double-decker buses in 2023 for sightseeing, aiming to reduce emissions while promoting eco-friendly tourism in historic districts.^[123] Operational challenges in South and Southeast Asia include adaptations for monsoon seasons, such as reinforced waterproofing and elevated chassis to navigate flooding, alongside integration into informal transport sectors where unregulated operators use double-deckers for flexible, low-cost services despite safety risks.^[124] These factors underscore the buses' role in affordable mobility for population-dense regions, though they require ongoing infrastructure support.

West Asia

In the United Arab Emirates, double-decker buses are prominently used in Dubai for both public transport and tourism, with the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) recently ordering 76 Volvo double-decker buses in 2025 to enhance capacity on high-density routes.^[125] These vehicles, each accommodating up to 98 passengers, support urban mobility in areas like malls and airports, while luxury air-conditioned variants from operators like Big Bus Company facilitate sightseeing tours in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.^[126] In Abu Dhabi, innovative models include a hydrogen-powered double-decker introduced in 2024 as part of the emirate's green fleet initiatives.^[127] Israel's adoption of double-decker buses dates back to 1985, when Egged Transportation introduced its first such vehicle for intercity services connecting major cities like Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.^[128] Egged, Israel's largest bus operator with a total fleet exceeding 2,900 vehicles, has historically deployed double-deckers on secure routes between urban centers, including post-2000 expansions for enhanced passenger capacity amid security considerations. In Jerusalem, double-decker buses serve tourist operations with 15 stops covering sites like the Old City and Yad Vashem, providing narrated tours since their debut in 2023.^[129] In Iraq, double-decker buses play a key role in pilgrimage transport, particularly for the annual Arbaeen procession to Karbala, where the Ministry of Transportation deploys fleets including over 650 red buses—both single- and double-decker—for shuttling millions of visitors.^[130] Historical deployments, such as 300 double-deckers in 2016, underscore their efficiency for mass movement between holy sites and border points.^[131] Kuwait's Citybus operates double-decker buses alongside single-deckers on regular urban and inter-area routes, such as those linking Salmiya to Shuwaikh, to serve residential and commercial zones.^[132] In Iran, double-decker usage remains limited, with no widespread local assembly by manufacturers like Saipa, which focuses primarily on cars and trucks rather than bus production. Regional trends emphasize adaptations for extreme heat, with double-decker buses equipped with advanced air-conditioning systems capable of maintaining interior comfort from ambient temperatures exceeding 50°C, as demonstrated in Middle Eastern trials where cabins cool from 53.6°C to 23.6°C rapidly.^[133] In the UAE, there is a notable shift toward electric and alternative-fuel double-deckers, aligning with national net-zero emissions goals by 2050 and Dubai's Urban Plan 2040, which includes integrating 40 electric buses into the fleet by 2026 as part of broader sustainable transport targets.^[134]

Usage in the Americas

North America

In the United States, double-decker buses are predominantly utilized for tourism, serving as a key feature of hop-on hop-off sightseeing operations in major urban centers. Companies such as Big Bus Tours deploy these vehicles in cities including New York, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Las Vegas, Chicago, and Los Angeles, offering panoramic views and flexible itineraries for visitors exploring landmarks like the Golden Gate Bridge and the National Mall.^[135] This sector accounts for the majority of double-decker deployments, with fleets numbering in the hundreds across operators to accommodate growing tourist demand. In August 2025, Alexander Dennis opened North America's only double-decker bus manufacturing facility in North Las Vegas, Nevada, partnering with the Regional Transportation Commission to produce Buy America-compliant vehicles.^[136] Efforts to incorporate double-deckers into regular public transit have been limited; for instance, New York City conducted trials in 2008 using a prototype on select routes, but the initiative was discontinued due to issues with infrastructure compatibility and passenger flow.^[137] In Canada, double-decker buses support both sightseeing and limited transit applications, particularly in western provinces. Vancouver and Victoria feature prominent hop-on hop-off tours operated by entities like Gray Line and Big Bus Tours, where open-top models provide narrated excursions through scenic areas such as Stanley Park and the Inner Harbour.^[138] These services often utilize imported vehicles, though domestic manufacturers like Motor Coach Industries have supplied adaptable chassis for regional fleets. In eastern Canada, Toronto's GO Transit employs double-decker buses for airport shuttle services to Pearson International Airport, enhancing capacity on high-volume routes with vehicles accommodating up to 80 passengers. Overall, sightseeing operations in these cities involve more than 200 units, blending tourism appeal with practical transport needs. Mexico represents a notable exception in North America for double-decker integration into mass transit, with Mexico City's Metrobús system incorporating over 90 Alexander Dennis Enviro500 units on Line 7 since 2017. These double-decker, low-emission buses, imported from the United Kingdom, carry up to 130 passengers each and were selected to boost capacity on the bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor amid urban congestion challenges.^[139] In Panama, double-decker buses facilitate tourist excursions, including routes that traverse the Panama Canal Zone and connect to historic sites in Panama City, operated by providers like City Sightseeing for immersive, open-air experiences.^[140] The adoption of double-decker buses in North America faces regulatory constraints, including federal and state height limits of 13 feet 6 inches, which necessitate custom designs to navigate low bridges and urban overpasses, often limiting routes in older infrastructure-heavy areas. Despite these barriers, tourism-focused hop-on hop-off services have expanded since 2010, driven by rising visitor numbers and experiential travel trends, achieving approximately 10% annual growth through 2025 in key markets.^[58] This contrasts with articulated buses, which dominate high-capacity urban transit due to greater flexibility in constrained environments.

South America

In Brazil, double-decker buses are predominantly used for intercity travel, with Marcopolo's Paradiso G8 and G7 models serving popular routes such as São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, offering enhanced passenger capacity and luxury features for medium-distance journeys.^[141]^[142] These coaches, often built on Volvo chassis, have become a staple in the country's coach fleet, emphasizing comfort with multi-axle designs up to 15 meters long and 4.2 meters tall.^[143] In Argentina, double-decker buses operate in urban and intercity settings, particularly in Buenos Aires, where they facilitate commuter and tourist transport on key routes, often utilizing Volvo B8L or similar chassis for improved efficiency and turning radius.^[144]^[145] In Chile, Santiago's public transport system integrates double-decker buses into its RED Movilidad network, with a focus on high-capacity operations; notably, in 2023, BYD delivered the first electric double-decker buses in Latin America—10 units of the B12C01 model—to Metbus for Route 519, with an additional 10 units incorporated in September 2025, each offering 70 seats and a 280 km range after a 2-hour charge.^[146]^[147]^[148] These vehicles, 12 meters long with 360-degree camera systems and driver fatigue detection, support Santiago's push toward zero-emission fleets, totaling over 2,000 electric buses by 2024.^[148] For tourism, open-top double-decker buses provide hop-on-hop-off services in Santiago, covering landmarks like Cerro San Cristóbal.^[149] Across other South American nations, double-decker buses see limited but targeted use on challenging terrains. In Ecuador, interprovincial operators employ modern double-decker coaches for routes through the Andes, providing greater capacity for scenic and remote travel.^[150] Peru, Bolivia, and Uruguay feature smaller fleets primarily for intercity connections navigating Andean passes, though specific models and numbers vary by operator.^[151] Emerging trends in South America include adaptations for sustainability amid economic pressures. In Brazil, biodiesel blends like B100 have been tested on high-capacity buses, reducing emissions by up to 30% CO and 25% opacity, influencing double-decker coach designs for biofuel compatibility.^[152] Chile's hybrid and electric pilots, such as the 2023 BYD deployments expanding to additional units by 2024, reflect a regional shift despite 2020s economic volatility, which has strained fleet maintenance but spurred investments in efficient models totaling over US$4.3 billion for electric transitions.^[153]^[154]

Usage in Africa and Oceania

Africa

In South Africa, double-decker buses have historical use dating back to the mid-20th century, with operators like Golden Arrow Bus Services integrating them into fleets for urban transit, particularly in Cape Town. Golden Arrow, one of the country's largest operators, has a total fleet exceeding 1,200 vehicles—many now electrified for sustainability—and continues to support post-apartheid public transport reforms aimed at inclusivity and efficiency.^[155]^[156]^[157] In Egypt, double-decker buses were introduced in Cairo in 2018 for public transport and tourism, with an initial fleet of about 40 vehicles, many assembled locally, featuring air-conditioned upper decks and capacities up to 71 passengers. These operate on routes combining transit with sightseeing of landmarks like the Pyramids and the Nile Corniche.^[158]^[159]^[160] In Nigeria, trials of electric buses began in Lagos in 2023 as part of a broader push toward sustainable urban mobility, with initial deployments testing battery-electric models on major highways to reduce emissions in the densely populated metropolis.^[161]^[162] Double-decker bus operations across Africa face challenges, including gaps in road infrastructure such as potholes and narrow paths, which restrict routes and increase risks. Post-COVID tourism recovery has strained fleets, prompting operators to diversify into local commuter services.^[163]^[164]

Oceania

In Australia, double-decker buses were first introduced in the 1930s, with early models featuring imported Leyland chassis bodied locally in Sydney, marking the adoption of UK-inspired designs for urban and suburban transport.^[165] Today, they play a prominent role in major cities like Sydney and Melbourne, particularly for airport links and tourist services. Operators such as SkyBus deploy Bustech CDi double-decker models on express routes from Melbourne Airport to the city center and, since September 2025, from Sydney Airport, enhancing capacity for high-volume passenger flows with up to 96 seats per vehicle.^[166]^[167]^[168] These buses, often in iconic red livery, support suburban connectivity in lower-density areas by offering efficient, high-capacity alternatives to single-deck vehicles on longer routes. In New Zealand, double-decker buses are widely used in Auckland and Wellington for public transport and scenic tourism. Auckland Transport introduced 26 electric double-decker buses in April 2025 as part of its Western Express service, part of a broader fleet of 44 electric buses, accommodating up to 100 passengers each on frequent suburban runs.^[169]^[170] Wellington features electric double-deckers operational since 2018, including models from local builder Designline, serving urban routes and contributing to the region's all-electric bus initiatives.^[171]^[172] In the South Island, double-deckers facilitate scenic tours, such as those operated by Kiwi Experience on hop-on hop-off passes through areas like Queenstown and Milford Sound, providing elevated views for tourists navigating dispersed landscapes.^[173] Oceania's double-decker operations adhere to right-hand drive standards, aligning with regional driving conventions and facilitating imports from compatible manufacturers. Green initiatives are prominent, with New Zealand mandating zero-emission bus purchases from 2025 onward, leading to rapid electrification of fleets, while Australia advances hybrid and electric transitions, including SkyBus's planned fully electric double-deckers by 2027.^[174] These adaptations suit low urban densities by emphasizing longer-distance suburban services and tourism over high-frequency inner-city use, reducing reliance on extensive rail networks in spread-out populations. Double-decker buses significantly bolster Oceania's tourism economy, with services like SkyBus and Kiwi Experience generating substantial revenue through airport transfers and guided tours; for instance, Australia's bus-based tourist operations contribute to the sector's annual economic impact exceeding AUD 40 billion overall, though specific double-decker segments support millions in visitor spending on scenic and transit experiences.^[167]

Triple-decker buses

Triple-decker buses represent an uncommon extension of multi-level public transport vehicles, featuring three passenger decks to maximize capacity in constrained urban or shuttle environments. These designs emerged primarily as experimental solutions to overcrowding but have seen limited adoption due to practical constraints. Early prototypes appeared in the early 20th century, with one notable example being the 1932 Lancia Autoalveare triple-decker bus introduced in Italy for service between Rome and Tivoli. This vehicle accommodated up to 88 passengers across three levels, though the top deck was a compact rear section to mitigate height issues.^[175] In the United States during the 1950s, the General American Aerocoach Corporation produced a three-level coach with a similar partial top deck at the rear, intended for intercity travel but remaining a one-off design due to operational challenges.^[176] These historical efforts in Europe and North America highlighted the potential for increased seating but underscored viability issues related to infrastructure compatibility. In more recent years, triple-decker configurations have appeared in modified forms, particularly in Asia. A prominent example is the Yutong Master Discovery Coach, assembled in Pakistan from Chinese kits and customized into a triple-decker luxury vehicle around 2024 for tourism and VIP transport. This 18-meter-long bus features over 150 seats across three levels, optimized for airport shuttles and scenic routes in regions without low overhead obstacles.^[177] Such adaptations build on standard double-decker platforms but add a third level for specialized, high-capacity needs. The design of triple-decker buses involves significant trade-offs, primarily stemming from their extreme height, often exceeding 5 meters, which restricts operations to routes free of low bridges, overpasses, or tree canopies. Stability poses another critical challenge, as the elevated center of gravity increases rollover risk during turns or on uneven roads, necessitating reinforced chassis and careful weight distribution.^[178] These factors limit their deployment to controlled environments like dedicated shuttle paths or flat terrains, where passenger safety can be prioritized over broad urban integration. As of 2025, triple-decker buses remain exceedingly rare globally, with only a handful of operational or experimental units documented, mostly as custom modifications rather than mass-produced models. Their niche role continues to emphasize capacity gains in specific contexts, though broader adoption is hindered by the same infrastructural and safety barriers that curtailed earlier prototypes.^[178]

Open-top and specialized variants

Open-top double-decker buses feature a roofless upper deck to provide panoramic views for passengers, making them a staple for sightseeing tours in urban environments. These designs typically accommodate 60 to 80 passengers, with the open upper level offering unobstructed sightseeing while the enclosed lower deck provides shelter and accessibility. A prominent example is the global fleet operated by Big Bus Tours, which includes hundreds of open-top double-decker buses deployed across major cities for hop-on hop-off services.^[179] To address variable weather conditions, many open-top variants incorporate protective features such as retractable roofs or translucent panels that can be deployed during rain or cold weather. For instance, sightseeing buses in Paris are equipped with retractable roofs on the upper level, ensuring comfort without compromising the open-air experience. Similarly, some converted Routemaster models feature retractable roof patios for enhanced versatility in outdoor events.^[180]^[181] Specialized double-decker variants extend beyond standard tourism to include party buses and airport shuttles, each tailored for specific functions. Party buses often integrate entertainment amenities like premium sound systems, LED mood lighting, and plush seating to create a mobile venue for celebrations, with double-decker models providing multi-level spaces for up to 80 passengers. Airport shuttle versions prioritize practicality, featuring expanded lower-level luggage compartments capable of holding up to 85 suitcases for large groups, which supports efficient transfers at international hubs.^[182]^[183] Recent adaptations highlight sustainability and preservation efforts in these variants. In Europe, electric open-top double-deckers have emerged as eco-friendly options, with Big Bus Tours in London repowering diesel sightseeing buses to battery-electric propulsion starting in 2024, building on 2023 advancements in zero-emission technology for urban tours. Heritage conversions, particularly of iconic Routemaster buses, involve retrofitting vintage models for open-top sightseeing, as seen in London's former Route 15 heritage service, which operated restored 1960s vehicles between key landmarks like Trafalgar Square and Tower Hill until 2021.^[184]^[185] These open-top and specialized double-deckers represent a growing niche within the broader double-decker market, primarily concentrated in tourist-heavy cities like London, Paris, and New York, where they serve leisure and event purposes rather than routine commuting.^[71]

Comparisons with other bus types

Articulated buses

Articulated buses, also known as bendy buses, feature a flexible design consisting of two or more rigid sections connected by a pivoting joint, allowing for lengths typically ranging from 18 to 20 meters.^[186]^[59] This configuration enables a passenger capacity of approximately 120 to 170 people, depending on seating and standing arrangements, which is comparable to many double-decker buses that offer around 120 passengers in total.^[186]^[187] The joint provides enhanced flexibility during turns, with a typical turning radius of about 12 to 13 meters, similar to that of a standard 12-meter rigid bus, making articulated buses suitable for urban routes with moderate curvature.^[188] In contrast, double-decker buses maintain a more compact footprint of around 12 meters in length but utilize vertical space with two levels, which can pose challenges in areas with height restrictions such as low bridges or tunnels.^[59] While both vehicle types achieve similar overall throughput in high-demand corridors, articulated buses excel in scenarios requiring adaptation to height-limited infrastructure, as their single-deck (or occasionally double-deck) structure avoids the overhead clearance issues common to double-deckers.^[187] Double-deckers, however, provide greater efficiency in utilizing vertical space, potentially offering up to 20% more seating capacity per unit of road length in environments without height constraints, thereby reducing the number of vehicles needed for equivalent service levels.^[59] This vertical optimization is particularly advantageous in dense urban settings where lateral expansion is limited. Articulated buses dominate fleets in many continental European cities, where they comprise a significant portion of public transport vehicles; for instance, in Vienna, approximately 60% of the bus fleet consists of articulated models to handle high passenger volumes on trunk routes.^[189] In Berlin, the operator BVG has increasingly adopted articulated buses, with recent orders emphasizing their role in expanding electric fleet capacity for efficient mass transit.^[190] Double-deckers remain the preferred choice in the United Kingdom and parts of Asia, such as Hong Kong and Singapore, due to their shorter length, which facilitates navigation of narrower streets and historic urban layouts while maximizing capacity without extending road occupancy.^[59] The trade-offs between the two designs highlight articulated buses' superior maneuverability in confined urban spaces owing to the articulation joint, which allows smoother navigation around obstacles compared to the rigid structure of double-deckers.^[191] However, this joint introduces maintenance challenges, including higher operational costs and risks of mechanical issues such as pivot failures, which require specialized repairs and can lead to downtime if not addressed proactively.^[192]^[193] Double-deckers, by contrast, generally incur lower maintenance demands related to structural flexibility but may face elevated costs for upper-deck access and stability systems.^[192]

Single-deck buses

Single-deck buses typically measure around 12 meters in length, with a passenger capacity of 40 to 60 people, and a height of approximately 3.5 meters, allowing them to navigate routes without height restrictions such as low bridges or overpasses.^[194]^[195]^[59] Compared to double-decker buses, single-deck models offer advantages in operational suitability, including easier clearance under low infrastructure like bridges due to their reduced height of about 3.5 meters versus the 4.2 meters typical for double-deckers.^[195] They also achieve faster acceleration, reaching 0-50 km/h in approximately 14-15 seconds when fully laden, benefiting from lower weight and a more compact design.^[196] Additionally, single-deck buses are cheaper to acquire, costing 20-30% less than equivalent double-decker models—for instance, around £350,000 versus £500,000 for electric variants.^[197]^[71] Double-decker buses, however, demonstrate superiority in performance for high-density urban environments by providing higher passenger density, accommodating up to 50% more passengers within the same road footprint—typically 80-100 versus 40-60 for single-deckers—thus optimizing space in congested areas.^[71]^[59] Globally, single-deck buses hold about 65% of the market share as of 2024, reflecting their versatility for most routes, while double-deckers account for a smaller share; however, hybrid variants in both categories are rising in adoption to meet emissions standards and improve efficiency.^[198]^[199]

Safety incidents

Bridge collisions

Double-decker buses, with their typical height of 4.3 to 4.4 meters, are prone to collisions with low bridges, particularly on secondary roads like A-roads in the UK, where such infrastructure is common. In the UK, buses and coaches, including many double-deckers, are involved in about 50 bridge strikes per year, representing a small but notable portion of the 1,532 total vehicle strikes reported in 2023/24, down 20% from 1,937 in 2018/19.^[200] Globally, incidents exceed 100 per year, though comprehensive data is limited due to varying reporting standards; the issue is most prevalent in regions with dense double-decker usage, such as Europe and parts of Asia. Primary causes include driver deviation from planned routes (often due to traffic or shortcuts), inattention to height restriction signage and physical warnings like dangling chains, and occasional errors from personal GPS devices not calibrated for commercial vehicle heights—accounting for up to 40% of cases in some analyses.^[200]^[201]^[202] Notable incidents underscore the risks, such as the July 2025 crash in Salford, England, where a double-decker bus ignored height warnings and struck a low canal bridge, shearing off the roof and injuring 20 passengers, including three seriously; the driver was arrested for careless driving. In contrast, the June 2025 collision near Norwood Junction in south London involved an empty training double-decker hitting a railway bridge, removing the roof but resulting in no injuries or fatalities. Modern records show a decline due to better vehicle design and awareness.^[203]^[204] Prevention efforts have focused on technology and infrastructure since the early 2010s. Height sensors and GPS-integrated low bridge alert systems, which provide in-cab warnings based on geofencing and vehicle profiles, became standard in UK fleets around 2010 and have reduced bus strikes by approximately 30% in adopting operators. For example, Stagecoach rolled out such systems across 4,000 double-decker buses by 2022, using mapping data for over 3,750 low bridges in the UK and Ireland. Complementary measures include route planning apps that filter paths by vehicle height and EU-wide infrastructure upgrades, such as raising or signing low bridges, which have further lowered incidence rates on major networks.^[205]^[206]^[207] These collisions impose significant economic and human costs, with average expenses around £13,000 per incident (as of 2020) including vehicle repairs, infrastructure fixes, and rail delay compensations contributing to a national total of £23 million annually (as of 2023/24). Injuries can occur from debris or sudden stops, ranging from minor cuts to serious trauma as seen in the Salford event; no fatalities have been directly linked to recent UK bus strikes, but the potential for derailments remains a concern for railway-adjacent bridges.^[208]^[209]^[210]^[211]

Other notable accidents

Double-decker buses, due to their elevated center of gravity, are particularly susceptible to rollover incidents, especially when navigating sharp curves at high speeds. A prominent example occurred on February 10, 2018, in Hong Kong's Tai Po district, where a double-decker bus carrying racecourse spectators overturned on a steep, curving road, resulting in 19 fatalities and nearly 50 injuries; investigators attributed the crash to excessive speed and loss of control on the bend.^[212] Stability analyses indicate that the high deck configuration increases rollover risk compared to single-deck buses during cornering maneuvers, as the vehicle's higher moment of inertia amplifies lateral forces.^[67] Fire incidents involving double-decker buses have highlighted vulnerabilities in both traditional diesel and emerging electric models, though statistical data shows diesel-powered vehicles posed greater risks prior to enhanced safety standards around 2010. In May 2022, an electric double-decker bus in London's Potters Bar depot experienced a battery thermal runaway due to a manufacturing fault, leading to a fire that caused no injuries but prompted Transport for London to recall 90 similar vehicles for inspection.^[213] Studies estimate fire rates for diesel buses 6-8 times higher than for electric buses per 10,000 vehicles annually.^[214] Beyond rollovers and fires, severe collisions have underscored maintenance and driver factors in double-decker accidents. On December 18, 2019, a Kowloon Motor Bus double-decker on Hong Kong's Fanling Highway veered off the road and struck a tree, killing six passengers and injuring 39; the crash was linked to the driver's dangerous operation, including possible brake system issues under investigation.^[215] Globally, double-decker buses have higher rollover risks than passenger cars due to their design, though overall safety compares favorably to single-deck buses in urban settings when accounting for operational demands.^[67] In response to such incidents, regulatory improvements have focused on fire prevention and detection. The European Union's updates to UNECE Regulation 107 require automatic fire suppression systems in engine compartments for new coaches from July 2019 and for buses from September 2021, along with enhanced detection alarms to facilitate rapid evacuation.^[216] These measures, informed by post-accident analyses, aim to reduce fire-related risks in compliant fleets.^[216]

Cultural and symbolic role

In popular culture

Double-decker buses have been prominently featured in film and television, often symbolizing urban adventure or chaos in British and international settings. In the 2004 film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the magical Knight Bus—a triple-decker vehicle that shrinks to navigate tight spaces—is constructed from parts of three vintage London double-decker buses, evoking the iconic Routemaster design to blend everyday transport with wizarding whimsy.^[217] Similarly, in The Mummy Returns (2001), a high-speed chase sequence unfolds on a London double-decker bus, where protagonists battle undead soldiers atop the vehicle as it hurtles through city streets, highlighting its role as a precarious stage for action.^[218] In literature, double-decker buses appear as symbols of exploration and camaraderie in travelogues recounting epic journeys. Richard King's 2007 book Band on the Bus: Around the World in a Double-Decker details a 1969 expedition by nine friends who drove a modified London double-decker bus named "Hairy Pillock" across continents, covering thousands of miles from Europe to Asia and back, capturing the vehicle's transformation into a mobile home for global adventure.^[219] Another account, from a 1979–1983 trip documented in Around the World in a Double Decker Bus, describes a similar overland voyage starting in London, emphasizing the bus's practicality and cultural encounters along routes through the Middle East and beyond.^[220] Double-decker buses have inspired music and advertising campaigns that celebrate their cultural allure. The 1957 song "Transport of Delight" by Michael Flanders and Donald Swann, popularized in the 1960s through live performances and recordings, humorously extols the life of a London bus driver on a double-decker, with lyrics like "Heigh-ho! I'm a toff and I'm a bus driver too" capturing the vehicle's rhythmic charm and daily heroism.^[221] In advertising, Coca-Cola's 2012 London Olympics "Happy Bus" campaign wrapped four red double-decker buses in festive branding, using them as mobile promotional vehicles to tour the city and engage fans with interactive displays during the event.^[222] In modern media, double-decker buses continue to appear in interactive formats and online humor. The 2020 video game Watch Dogs: Legion, set in a dystopian London, features the MatarHorn TQ500, a futuristic double-decker bus modeled after the Routemaster, which players can drive through the city's boroughs as part of missions involving recruitment and exploration.^[223] On social media, memes frequently mock double-decker bus bridge collisions, compiling viral videos and images of real incidents where the vehicles' height leads to roof-shearing mishaps, often captioned with ironic quips about "low clearance" fails to underscore their design quirks.^[224]

Iconic examples and heritage

The AEC Routemaster, launched in 1954 by London Transport and manufactured by Associated Equipment Company (AEC) in collaboration with Park Royal Vehicles, stands as one of the most emblematic double-decker buses worldwide.^[225] This front-engined model featured an innovative lightweight aluminum body, a 9.6-liter AEC engine producing 115 horsepower, and an open rear platform for efficient passenger boarding, seating up to 64 passengers across two decks.^[225] Over 2,876 units were produced until 1968, serving London's routes until their general withdrawal in 2005 due to accessibility concerns, though they continue on heritage routes 9 and 15 operated by Stagecoach London.^[226] The Routemaster's distinctive red livery and design have made it a symbol of British urban transport, frequently featured in films and tourism promotions. Preceding the Routemaster, the RT-type double-decker, designed in 1939 by London Transport and entering mass production in 1947, represented a pinnacle of pre-war engineering with over 7,000 units built by various firms including AEC and Leyland.^[227] Powered by a 9.6-liter diesel engine and seating 56-64 passengers, the RT served for up to 40 years across London and beyond, embodying the standardization that supported the city's expanding postwar network.^[227] Its robust chassis and reversible body design allowed adaptability for different routes, contributing to its enduring legacy in British bus history.^[2] Outside the UK, the "Queen Mary" double-deckers of New York's Fifth Avenue Coach Company epitomize American adoption of the format from 1936 to 1953.^[228] Built by Yellow Coach as rear-engine models in the 720/735 series, these streamlined buses seated 72 passengers and featured art deco styling with curved lines and chrome accents, operating exclusively on Fifth Avenue to cater to shoppers and tourists.^[229] The fleet of about 160 vehicles was discontinued amid competition from subways and private cars, but preserved examples highlight their role in elevating bus travel to a luxurious experience in early 20th-century Manhattan.^[228] In Berlin, double-decker buses trace their heritage to 1925, when the Allgemeine Berliner Omnibus AG introduced integrated upper-deck models, marking a century of continuous use by 2025.^[230] Postwar, the Berlin Transport Company (BVG) expanded the fleet, with models like the 13.7-meter tri-axle MAN double-deckers becoming staples on tourist lines such as 100 and 200.^[231] Preservation efforts by groups like Traditionsbus Berlin, founded in 1987, maintain a fleet of over 20 historic vehicles for public rides and events, underscoring the format's integration into the city's transport identity since horse-drawn omnibuses in 1846.^[232] Hong Kong's double-decker buses, predominantly operated by Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB), form the world's largest fleet, with over 4,000 units in service as of recent reports, comprising more than 90% of the company's operations.^[233] Iconic models include the Volvo Olympian and Dennis Trident, adapted for the city's dense routes since the 1970s, offering elevated views of skyscrapers and harbors that enhance their cultural status.^[233] While not as singularly emblematic as London's Routemaster, their ubiquity—carrying millions daily—cements them as a hallmark of Asian megacity mobility.^[234] Heritage preservation of double-decker buses occurs through dedicated museums and operational fleets worldwide. The London Bus Museum at Brooklands houses over 100 restored vehicles, including Routemasters and RTs, with running days on historic routes to demonstrate their mechanical legacy.^[84] Similarly, the New York Transit Museum preserves Fifth Avenue examples like the 1936 Yellow Coach 735, showcasing them in educational exhibits on urban transit evolution.^[229] In the UK, the Oxford Bus Museum focuses on regional double-deckers, restoring models from the 1930s onward for public demonstrations, while Barry's transport collection recently acquired a 1949 Crossley for static display.^[235]^[236] These efforts ensure the engineering innovations—such as lightweight bodies and efficient deck layouts—remain accessible, fostering appreciation for double-deckers' role in sustainable mass transit history.^[84]

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Equipmake and Beulas partner with London's largest bus operator ...
Nov 11, 2021 · Go-Ahead London, the largest bus operator in the UK capital, will begin service trials of Jewel E double decker electric buses in 2022.
[27]
Launched Fleet Management Solution for Double Decker Buses
Jul 20, 2024 · Solution Offers: Real-time GPS Tracking & Monitoring: Dispatchers gain real-time visibility into the location and movement of each double-decker ...
[28]
World's first full size autonomous electric bus | Volvo Buses
Mar 5, 2019 · The single-deck Volvo Electric bus is 12 metres long and has a full capacity close to 80 passengers. This is a key milestone in NTU and Volvo's development ...Missing: self- | Show results with:self-
[29]
Yutong: the Chinese leader on worldwide expansion (as electric ...
Jan 2, 2025 · Yutong year 2019, 58,000 buses sold. 58,688 buses sold and a market share of 37.1 % on the Chinese market, that saw a decrease of 11 % in 2019.Yutong U12, Addressed At... · Yutong Ready For Bergen... · Yutong Year 2019, 58,000...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
London buses to resume front door boarding as TfL introduce new ...
May 29, 2020 · Double-decker buses will be able to carry 20 customers while single-decker buses can carry between six and 10 customers. Drivers will have ...
[31]
Optare launches H2 fuel cell double-decker bus - electrive.com
Apr 29, 2020 · The Metrodecker H2 is based on Optare's BEV platform, seats more than 90 passengers and, according to the manufacturer, has a range of between ...
[32]
London hits a new green milestone as more than 2000 zero ... - TfL
There are now more than 2,000 zero-emission buses on the capital's streets helping to improve the city's air quality and reducing its carbon ...
[33]
Extensive development paves way for Volvo's new Euro 6 B5TL ...
Oct 2, 2013 · The new B5TL has a 1000kg weight saving, 95 passenger capacity, a 5.1L Euro 6 engine, reduced maintenance, and improved fuel saving.
[34]
[PDF] Integral Construction - National Bus Trader
One obvious advantage of platform-type construction over web frame construction is that platform construction starts as two or more pieces which can be worked ...<|separator|>
[35]
Automotive Aluminum Offers Greater Weight Reduction Potential ...
Using aluminum in key automotive components can safely reduce vehicle weight by as much as 40 percent, compared to only 11 percent for high-strength steel, ...Missing: double- decker bus 2010s
[36]
[PDF] Light weighting as a means of improving Heavy Duty Vehicles ...
Light-weighting opportunities therefore exist in the form of material changes to Advanced Higher Strength Steel (enabling gauge/thickness reduction), aluminium ...
[37]
IAA premiere: the fascinating Setra S 531 DT double-decker bus
While the rear stairs are always located aft of door two, operators are free to choose the position of the front stairs. A popular choice in tourist ...
[38]
[PDF] ECE Regulation No. 66 - UNECE
In the rollover test the cantrail (in the case of a double deck coach, the cantrail of the upper deck) hits the ground first. 2.33. "Waistrail" means the ...Missing: protection | Show results with:protection
[39]
Strength analysis of bus superstructure according to Regulation No ...
Aug 9, 2025 · The article presents the modelling of a bus superstructure and its strength analysis and evaluates the requirements of Regulation No. 66 using the finite ...
[40]
12M Double Decker City Bus Factory - Ankaiglobal.com
Lower center of gravity, better stability Best riding comfort，Best convenience for maintenance. Main Parameters. Dimensions(mm), 11320×2550×4200. Seats, Upper44 ...
[41]
Carbuss Reduces Drag & Improves Bus Aerodynamics - SimScale
Using cloud-based CFD simulation with SimScale, Carbuss reduced drag for the design of their new commercial bus by 16%. Read now!
[42]
New Bus for London - vehicle weight
The unladen weight of New Routemasters entering service is 12.4 tonnes and the gross vehicle weight, as for all double-deck buses, is a maximum of 18.0 tonnes.
[43]
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Bus Rollover Structural ...
Dec 29, 2021 · ... double-decker bus above the vehicle's center of gravity might suggest that the double-decker bus should be subject to the ECE R.66 requirements.
[44]
ISB6.7 for Euro Truck & Bus - Cummins
The ISB exceptionally quiet and smooth for a diesel of this size, with noise even further reduced from Euro 5 to Euro 6. It is available up to 310ps for trucks ...
[45]
Alexander Dennis unveils next-generation electric buses offering ...
Nov 1, 2023 · A future-proof battery system has been developed in partnership with Impact Clean Power Technology. Using NMC lithium-ion cells, it delivers a ...
[46]
Regenerative Braking Control Strategy to Improve Braking Energy ...
30-day returnsApr 12, 2020 · This study proposes a control strategy to improve the energy recovery during the regenerative braking process of a pure electric bus and to ...Missing: double- decker
[47]
THE INTERNATIONAL REPORT - BUSRide
Apr 1, 2016 · Scania recently unveiled a double-decker city bus chassis fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG). I recall very old photographs from the World War II showing ...Missing: propulsion | Show results with:propulsion
[48]
Wrightbus debuts world's first fuel-cell double-deck bus
Oct 31, 2018 · The system delivers a 200-mile (322km) operating range, and a 265-mile (426km) extended storage option is also available. Refueling the bus ...Missing: specs | Show results with:specs
[49]
BYD Launches Electric Double-Decker Bus, Can Travel 640 Km
May 28, 2024 · This BYD electric double-decker bus is claimed to be efficient in energy consumption with a record of 1.4 km per kWh using a battery capacity ...
[50]
[PDF] the Influence of Double-Decker Bus Acceleration on Passenger ...
For a truly inclusive and accessible bus system, the acceleration limit should be set to 1.0 m/s2, while at accelerations of 1.5 m/s2, only the majority of ...
[51]
All Electric Double Deck Coach Van Hool TDX25E - ABC Companies
ENERGY RECOVERY. Electrical Retarder W/Energy Recuperation. CCS-1 DC Fast Charger Port/Integrated Thermal Sensor. Regenerative Braking System – Seico Brake ...
[52]
[PDF] double decker bus - Global Sources
Chassis: Double-decker buses often use a low-frame chassis design to allow for a taller upper deck. Many are based on heavy-duty truck chassis. •. Suspension ...
[53]
Double Decker FAQ - Spokane Transit Authority
Articulated (artics) buses have been effective, but Routes 6 and 66 often experience standing-room-only conditions during peak hours, even on the artics. Double ...
[54]
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility Guidelines for ...
Dec 14, 2016 · Most low floor buses also have a “kneeling” feature that ... ramps as the default specification for large low floor buses. See ...
[55]
Enviro500 - Alexander Dennis
Access is unbeatable with wide opening doors and an obstruction-free, flat floor interior which provides two wheelchair spaces. Reaching the upper deck is ...
[56]
Are fixed route transit providers required to provide audible stop ...
Section 37.167(b), the minimum requirement for fixed route stop announcements by a transit provider is that stops be announced (by personnel or a recording ...
[57]
Coaches & the Rise of Double Decker Coach Buses | WrightBus
May 12, 2025 · Luxury & Comfort – Many modern double-decker coaches come with air conditioning, WiFi, reclining seats, and onboard restrooms for a premium ...Missing: USB | Show results with:USB
[58]
Bus Industry Statistics Statistics: ZipDo Education Reports 2025
May 30, 2025 · The percentage of buses equipped with Wi-Fi services onboard has increased to over 60% in North America, enhancing passenger experience; The ...
[59]
Factors Influencing Bus System Efficiency / Vehicle Size and Type
Full-sized single-deck buses can carry between 60 and 120 passengers including those standing. Double deck buses. Double deck buses, normally about 9 and 12 ...
[60]
[PDF] Double-Decker Buses on Commuter Express Routes - OmniRide
The 81-seat double-decker bus costs about $1 million. The 57-passenger MCI ... o Having a larger capacity bus results in savings by needing less bus operators.
[61]
Benefits of public transport | Net Zero Nation
Replacing car journeys with public transport can help reduce CO2 emissions by 42% if using the bus and 73% if travelling by train.
[62]
Next-generation Alexander Dennis Enviro400EV is driving value ...
Feb 26, 2024 · Next-generation Alexander Dennis Enviro400EV is driving value through efficiency with benchmark 0.67kWh/km energy consumption.
[63]
Double-decker Bus Market Size, Share, Growth | CAGR of 3.6%
Manufacturers and operators are adding features like Wi-Fi connectivity, charging stations, advanced air conditioning, and improved seating designs. These ...<|separator|>
[64]
[PDF] Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) - ACEA
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems have gained popularity worldwide as a cost-effective alternative to far more expen- sive urban rail investments.<|separator|>
[65]
[PDF] TCRP Report 90 – Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 1
tively designed and delineated and provide sufficient passenger capacity, multiple doors, ... Some double-deck buses operate in Leeds, and Houston's BRT service ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
Assessing factors causing severe injuries in crashes of high-deck ...
This paper examines the effects of risk factors contributing to severe crashes associated with high-deck buses used for long-distance driving on freeways.
[67]
European safety gap? | Busworld Europe 2025
Jun 25, 2024 · Due to their higher center of gravity, double-deckers tend to be somewhat more prone to this fatal behaviour. The structure of the frame and ...
[68]
Assessing factors causing severe injuries in crashes of high-deck ...
Aug 6, 2025 · High-deck buses, which have a higher center of gravity and travel at high speeds, increase the risk of serious crashes and casualties when ...
[69]
The NHTSA Issues Final Rule to Add New Federal Motor Vehicle ...
NHTSA-2015-0056) a Final Rule to add a new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 136, Electronic Stability Control Systems (ESC) for Heavy Vehicles. ESC ...
[70]
Double Decker Bus Market Size, Share & Growth Report [2024-2034]
### Maintenance Costs and Complexity: Double-Decker vs. Single-Deck Buses
[71]
[PDF] Safety Study of Double-Decker Motorcoaches with Rear Luggage ...
This final report documents the tests and inspections performed as part of the project entitled. “Safety Study of Double-Decker Motorcoaches with Rear ...Missing: strength | Show results with:strength
[72]
USDOT Issues Advisory Bulletin Reminding Motorcoach Companies ...
Aug 1, 2019 · Under specific circumstances motorcoaches utilizing the double deck design may be susceptible to exceeding the tire weight limit when loaded ...
[73]
Mandatory Fire Suppression Systems in Buses and Coaches
Oct 7, 2020 · As of July 11, 2018, it is mandatory to install fire suppression systems in buses and coaches for new vehicle types of single-deck, double-deck, rigid or ...
[74]
Overhead Clearances | Bus, Truck & RV Drivers - Smart Drive Test
May 4, 2016 · Driver's must know the height of their vehicle to safely get under overhead obstructions. Maximum height is 4.15m in Canada & 13'6" in the ...
[75]
Height & Low Clearances | Caltrans - CA.gov
Loads cannot exceed 14 feet (14'3" for double-deck buses). Vehicles over 13'6" are limited to safe highways. Low clearances are 14' or less, measured from the ...
[76]
Determining a Commuters' Exposure to Particle and Noise Pollution ...
Oct 6, 2021 · This study evaluates a passenger's exposure to particles and noise on Singapore's double-decker buses when choosing to travel on the upper or lower deck.
[77]
The Consequences of Mechanical Vibration Exposure on the Lower ...
Moreover, it was reported that vibration-induced muscle fatigue has a conditioning effect, resulting in increased susceptibility of the spine to injury. Bovenzi ...
[78]
[PDF] Comparison of whole-body vibration exposures in buses - CDC Stacks
Oct 7, 2014 · WBV exposures across the different test conditions comparing seats and buses. Unless otherwise noted, all values are presented as mean ^ one ...
[79]
Bus fleet data & audits - Transport for London
This year's fleet size of 8,797 buses represents an increase of 23 buses in comparison to last year's fleet total of 8,776. The number of vehicles in the ...
[80]
[PDF] BUS FLEET AUDIT 31 March 2025 - London - TfL
Mar 31, 2025 · 1,951 Electric buses, 1 NRM retrofitted to Electric, 20 Hydrogen and 3,776 Hybrid buses (including 996 new. Routemasters). All vehicles in the ...Missing: preserved | Show results with:preserved<|separator|>
[81]
Historic RT buses return to London
Oct 28, 2014 · Route 11 is one of London's most famous bus routes, passing the Bank of England, St Paul's Cathedral, Fleet Street, Strand, Trafalgar Square, ...
[82]
Why Are London Buses Red? | Londonist
Sep 6, 2016 · In 1907, the London General Omnibus Company rouged-up its entire fleet in an effort to stand out from the competition. The LGOC soon became the ...
[83]
London Bus Museum - Cobham Hall - Brooklands
Here you will discover the largest collection of working historic London buses in the world, a priceless heritage representing more than 150 years of public ...
[84]
Zero Emission Bus Target - Greater London Authority
... double deck bus fleet are Hybrid, Electric or Hydrogen. Transport for London is on track to increase this to 85 percent by the end of 2025. This is subject ...<|separator|>
[85]
Half a billion-pound investment in electric buses secured ahead of ...
Oct 8, 2024 · On top of directly supporting 500 manufacturing jobs, the £500 million investment for Wrightbus will also support an additional 2,000 jobs ...
[86]
BVG Berlin presents first two Enviro500 double-deckers from ...
Oct 21, 2020 · Changes in the BVG fleet. BVG operates a total of more than 1400 double-decker and single-decker buses of various designs, of which about 1300 ...
[87]
Alexander Dennis begins volume deliveries of Berlin's next ...
Jan 4, 2022 · ... BVG”) of Berlin at the start of volume deliveries which will take the German capital's fleet of ADL double deckers to 200. BVG signed a ...
[88]
Essen - Global BRTData
Find here detailed information about BRT, BHLS and bus corridors of Essen ... Fleet, double-decker buses · Average age, double-decker buses · Propulsion ...
[89]
Big Bus Tours Paris
Starting from €27.20 Rating 4.0 (3,149) The Big Bus Tour is a hop-on, hop-off service with open-top buses, pre-recorded commentary, and a route with stops near all must-see Paris landmarks.
[90]
Double decker coaches now in use in the Netherlands on long ...
May 25, 2018 · Qbuzz are running double deck Van Hool TX Astromegas on the Groningen to Emmen route, with single deck Mercedes coaches also still on the route.
[91]
GVB Amsterdam takes the first step with battery-electric buses in the ...
Apr 3, 2020 · The deal signed in December 2018 between the carrier and VDL Bus & Coach consists of no less than 31 electric buses, 9 12-meter and 22 articulated ones.
[92]
New order for 31 Volvo 9700 double deckers
Jun 4, 2024 · Public transport operator Keolis has ordered 31 Volvo 9700 double decker buses to be delivered to Gothenburg, Sweden, by the summer of 2025.
[93]
Quarter of new public buses to be 'clean' in 2025 | T&E
At least a quarter of new buses bought by local authorities and public companies will need to be clean vehicles by 2025, EU lawmakers decided last week.
[94]
Our European Bus & Train Services → FlixBus
With our bus journeys you can choose from France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia and many more countries!Missing: double- decker continental Finland Spain
[95]
Yutong Bus 2024 Annual Report: Full-Year Revenue Reaches RMB ...
The report shows the company sold 46,918 buses throughout the year, up 28.48% year-on-year, achieving annual revenue of RMB 37.218 billion with ...
[96]
Yutong releases upgrade to the U12DD electric double decker
May 14, 2025 · It offers space for up to 120 passengers and boasts a long range of up to 670 kilometres thanks to its 621 kWh battery. The EU-compliant dual- ...
[97]
Top Companies in Electric Bus Market - BYD ... - MarketsandMarkets
Sep 19, 2025 · The electric bus market is projected to grow from USD 23.80 billion in 2025 to USD 59.60 billion by 2032 at a CAGR of 14.0%.
[98]
Chinese manufacturers export over 15000 electric buses
Jan 22, 2025 · Behind BYD, Yutong Bus with 2,700 vehicles and Higer Bus with 1,897 units took second and third place in the export statistics. Yutong was ...<|separator|>
[99]
Yinlong Electric Double Decker Buses Start Operation in Beijing 25 ...
Apr 23, 2025 · A total number of 33 units brand new Yinlong electric double-deckers were officially put into operation on bus route No.10.
[100]
How China's buses shaped the world's EV revolution - BBC
Dec 6, 2023 · In 2022, around 84% of the new energy bus fleet was pure electric. ... Beijing and Shanghai – all have moderate weather and are relatively flat.
[101]
The Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Ltd – Timeline
Jan 26, 2021 · Marking a milestone for a more environment-friendly fleet, KMB introduced Hong Kong's first double-deck bus powered by a Euro VI hybrid engine, ...
[102]
Fact Sheet on Transport
Sep 11, 2025 · With a fleet of 3 895 licensed air-conditioned buses, mostly double-deckers, KMB's network carries an average of about 2.57 million passengers ...
[103]
Hong Kong's KMB orders another 72 Alexander Dennis Enviro500 ...
Dec 20, 2021 · KMB is the largest franchised bus operator in Hong Kong, operating on over 400 routes with a fleet of around 4,000 buses, including more than ...Missing: size percentage
[104]
Experience a “360° Tokyo Panorama” on a Double-Decker Open Bus!
SKY BUS will guide you to the main Tokyo landmarks. You can enjoy a variety of scenic views of Tokyo, including nature and skyscrapers.
[105]
Hino Blue Ribbon Bus: Japan's Popular Full-Size City
Oct 7, 2025 · The Hino Blue Ribbon represents the ideal balance between capacity, comfort, and durability. Built to handle heavy city traffic, it continues to ...Missing: double- decker earthquake
[106]
Category:Double-decker buses in Japan - Wikimedia Commons
Jul 11, 2022 · Media in category "Double-decker buses in Japan". The following 121 files are in this category, out of 121 total.<|separator|>
[107]
Taipei unveils the design of double-decker tourist bus
Jun 19, 2016 · The Taipei City Government on Friday unveiled the design of a fleet of eight double-decker buses that are to hit the roads by the end of ...
[108]
Milestone achieved: over 100 double-decker buses for Korea
Nov 6, 2019 · In Korea, there are now over 100 double-decker buses based on an MAN chassis in operation – to widespread acclaim from passengers.
[109]
Gyeonggi-do to Introduce 50 Double-Decker Buses on 16 Routes ...
Mar 6, 2024 · Gyeonggi Province will introduce 50 eco-friendly large-capacity double-decker electric buses this year on 16 metropolitan bus routes between ...
[110]
MALLIMA DOUBLE DECKER 2020 | chinesecars
MALLIMA DOUBLE DECKER 2020. Made in 2020, by the Pyongyang Trolleybus Works, Pyongyang. Double decker bus, combustion engine, 70 passengers. Photo North ...
[111]
North Korea introduces peculiar new double-decker bus in anti-taxi ...
Dec 22, 2022 · Pyongyang has introduced new bright yellow double-decker commuter buses as part of ongoing efforts to “normalize” public transportation despite material ...
[112]
Bus World 2025: CRRC EV Debuts Two All-Electric Buses ...
Oct 6, 2025 · The ED12 all-electric double-decker transit bus carries up to 126 passengers and delivers up to 560 km of urban range per charge under ESORT ...
[113]
Guangzhou 5G Smart Transportation City
With 5G smart bus solution, the time needed to schedule bus lines is reduced from a week to a day and bus capacity is increased by about 10% without additional ...
[114]
Commuters, come back: Mumbai's iconic BEST double decker bus ...
Feb 6, 2022 · The double deckers gained immense popularity over the decades, and BEST's double decker fleet grew to nearly 900 in the 1990s. Yet, from ...
[115]
Mumbai's iconic double-decker buses all set for comeback in electric ...
Aug 29, 2022 · According to officials, BEST had the highest number of double decker buses in 1990, before the figures started dipping post 1995. By 2006, the ...Missing: fleet | Show results with:fleet
[116]
[PDF] REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA ... - ESCAP
ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development centre for the United Nations in Asia and ...<|separator|>
[117]
40 successful years of Volvo Bus in Singapore
Feb 25, 2020 · Volvo Bus introduced first air-conditioned buses, double-deckers, the longest bus in Asia, and the first low-floor and CNG buses in Singapore.Missing: Scania | Show results with:Scania
[118]
KL Hop-On Hop-Off Official Website
The ONLY OPEN TOP Double Deck bus in Kuala Lumpur, with the lively guide and the helpful ground crew to assist you during the tour. KL Hop On Hop Off also ...
[119]
THE 15 BEST Vietnam Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tours (with Prices)
Discover Hanoi and all the city has to offer on our iconic red double-decker hop-on hop-off bus tour. Our open top tour will give you the ...Missing: Indonesia Philippines Thailand fleet electric
[120]
Ha Noi to run double-decker tourist buses
Last year, the Prime Minister gave the go-ahead to Ha Noi, HCM City and five other areas to pilot double-decker bus for tourism activities within five years.Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
[121]
[PDF] Informal Transport in the Developing World - UN-Habitat
Rapid motorization and inadequate urban transport planning and management have lead to intolerable levels of traffic, congestion, air pollution and lost ...
[122]
Volvo Buses secures landmark order for 76 double-deckers with ...
Jul 3, 2025 · With this order, RTA's Volvo fleet will expand to 592 buses, further reinforcing Volvo Buses' and FAMCOs' commitment as a trusted partner for ...
[123]
Middle East - Buses Worldwide
Emirates Express E6116 a Mercedes-Benz with Ghabbour bodywork photographed at Gold Souq Bus Station in Dubai. ... double-decker working for The Big Bus Co in ...
[124]
First Hydrogen double decker bus joins Abu Dhabi Mobility new fleet ...
Dec 28, 2024 · EGME together with Wisdom Motor completed the full supply of all 3 buses: city, regional and double decker hydrogen buses. …more. 161 ...Missing: Dubai Mercedes- Benz
[125]
Our history
Linking Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Our first regular line connects Israel's two ... 1985. Stepping up. Our first double-decker bus begins service - a creative ...
[126]
Egged (company) - Wikipedia
Egged provides about 35% of Israel's public transport services, employs about 6,500 workers and operates a fleet of 2,950 buses. Egged buses transport about ...Missing: double decker size
[127]
Double-decker tourist buses to debut in Jerusalem
Jun 19, 2023 · The bus will have 15 stops across the city, including the Old City, Israel Museum, Knesset, Yad Vashem and the Mahane Yehuda market.Missing: Egged Aviv 2000 adoption
[128]
Transportation Ministry: Multi-Axis Plan for Arbaeen Pilgrimage
Jul 18, 2025 · He explained “Each year, the ministry allocates a fleet of over 650 red buses, single and double-decker, in addition to more than 200 blue buses ...
[129]
Iraq prepares for biggest Shia-Muslim Arbaeen gathering in history
Nov 16, 2016 · "We sent 300 double-decker buses and 100 single-floor buses to transport visitors into the city and 500 large trucks to take visitors out ...
[130]
Regular service - Citybus
Aug 23, 2021 · CityBus provides public transportation services in the major residential and commercial areas in Kuwait for your comfort through single and double decker buses.
[131]
Saipa Diesel - Wikipedia
SAIPA Diesel Company, originally branded Iran Kaveh, is an Iranian-based manufacturer of trucks and trailers.
[132]
Yutong Bus Completes Extreme Heat Challenge in Saudi Arabia ...
Sep 19, 2024 · Starting with an interior temperature of 53.6°C, the bus's advanced climate control system rapidly cooled the cabin to a comfortable 23.6°Cin ...Missing: East 50
[133]
RTA announces AED1.1 billion deal for new buses with low carbon ...
Jul 21, 2024 · The contract also includes 76 double-decker buses from Volvo and 70 articulated buses from Isuzu Anadolu to serve high-density urban areas ...
[134]
Big Bus Tours: Sightseeing Bus Tours | Hop-On Hop-Off
The largest operator of open-top sightseeing bus tours, we're on a mission to be the #1 experience in every major city around the world.New York · Washington DC · Miami · San Francisco
[135]
Double-Decker Bus Gets a Trial Run - The New York Times
Sep 8, 2008 · New York City Transit officials unveiled a new behemoth double-decker bus today that will cruise city streets in a 30-day trial run.Missing: 2000s | Show results with:2000s
[136]
Hop On Hop off Sightseeing | GrayLine Victoria
Explore Victoria at your own pace with our flexible tours. Hop on our iconic Double Decker buses, enjoy a comfortable motor coach tour to Butchart Gardens.Hop-On Hop-Off CitySights · Book Tickets · Explore Tours · Butchart Gardens TourMissing: Industries | Show results with:Industries
[137]
Alexander Dennis maintains Mexico City's double deck buses in 5 ...
Aug 8, 2019 · It has signed a comprehensive contract to provide maintenance services for the fleet of 90 Enviro500 used on Mexico City's bus rapid transit network, Metrobús.
[138]
Ready to discover Panama? - City Sightseeing Panamá
This double-decker bus tour will take you through the most emblematic places of the city, offering you a breathtaking panoramic view.Missing: Zone | Show results with:Zone
[139]
Marcopolo's G8 motivates the increase in orders for Double-Deck ...
Apr 6, 2022 · Marcopolo's G8 motivates the increase in orders for Double-Deck buses in Brazil ... “For medium-distance trips, such as São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro ...
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https://citysightseeingpty.com/en/
[141]
Bus Stop Classics: Marcopolo Paradiso 1800 DD G7 - One Big Bus
Aug 18, 2024 · It's largest and most luxurious coach is the Paradiso 1800 DD G7. It's 15 meters (49 ft) long, 2.6 meters (8.5 ft) wide, and 4.2 meters (13.7 ft) tall.
[142]
Volvo B8L Double Decker
With the Volvo B8L double decker you get increased power, lower weight, more torque, tighter turning circle and enhanced departure angle.
[143]
Double Decker Bus in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Pinterest
Jan 16, 2019 · Experience the charm of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as a double decker bus drives down the road. Discover the beauty of this vibrant city in ...Missing: chassis | Show results with:chassis
[144]
BYD has delivered in Chile the first electric double-decker buses in ...
Aug 30, 2023 · BYD has delivered in Chile the first double-decker electric buses headed to the RED Mobility system. These are 10 BYD B12C01 buses.
[145]
Ten new double-decker electric buses added to the Red Movilidad ...
Ten new double-decker electric buses have been added to Santiago's Red Movilidad system. Metbus will operate these 10 buses on Route 519 of ...
[146]
RED Movilidad incorporates 10 new electric double-decker buses ...
Sep 30, 2025 · They are equipped with 20 security cameras, which achieve a 360° vision, and an unprecedented fatigue detection sensor for drivers. Tuesday, ...
[147]
Tourist bus around Santiago for a day - Viator
Rating 4.5 (1,672) Hop on or hop off your distinctive red double-decker bus at 12 different stops scattered throughout the city of Santiago. Use the intriguing commentary and ...
[148]
TRAVEL BY BUS IN ECUADOR - Wanderbus Ecuador
Jan 29, 2025 · Some interprovincial transportation companies in Ecuador offer modern and comfortable vehicles for travel, including double-decker buses, ...
[149]
On the Buses – Ecuador and Peru - Andy's World Journeys
Apr 6, 2017 · I didn't take a long distance bus is Brazil so it's all about Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. ... Some do many routes, others are more ...
[150]
BSBIOS provides B100 to the largest bus in the world - Be8
B100 guaranteed the reduction of 25% in opacity (smoke) and 30% in the emission of CO to the ambient. The new model of the bi-articulated bus, ...
[151]
BYD'S First Double-Decker Electric Buses Arrive in Chile, The Only ...
Aug 22, 2023 · These are 10 BYD B12C01 buses, with a design thinking to have greater autonomy. It charges from 0 to 100% in a maximum of 2 hours and has a range of 280 ...
[152]
Latin America leads global electric bus transition - Cities Today
Oct 14, 2025 · Latin America is leading the global move to clean mobility, investing over US$4.3 billion to replace diesel buses with electric, ...
[153]
Buses in South Africa-Golden Arrow - Bus-Planet
Golden Arrow currently operates over 1,000 buses during rush hour. The fleet has been thoroughly modernized and standardized since 2000, with over 800 MAN buses ...
[154]
GABS Museum - Golden Arrow
The Cape Electric Tramways Company Limited acquires SA's first double-decker bus. ... Forever altering Cape Town's street scene. late 1940s. Daimler double-decker.
[155]
Double decker buses operate in Cairo for first time - YouTube
Mar 25, 2018 · (20 Mar 2018) LEADIN: Double decker buses are operating in Cairo for the first time ever. Two experimental routes were launched on 17 March.
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https://www.gabs.co.za/Museum.aspx
[157]
Mombasa acquires luxury sightseeing double-decker bus
Jun 29, 2020 · "In the tours, we visit over 25 of the best tourist attractions that Mombasa has to offer aboard our luxurious double-decker buses," read a post ...Missing: safaris | Show results with:safaris
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Yutong to provide 12,000 e-buses in Lagos, Nigeria, in cooperation ...
May 2, 2023 · The partnership aims to deploy 12,000 electric buses and install the necessary infrastructure to support them on Nigerian roads within the next ...
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Infrastructure challenges are affecting our tourism industry
Nov 22, 2024 · The poor condition of many roads, including dangerous potholes and an ongoing lack of maintenance, affects both tourist safety and accessibility ...
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[PDF] Improving Urban Mobility Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Although COVID-19 infections have spread more slowly than expected in Africa, prevention measures have compounded the complex challenges faced by urban mobility ...
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First Sydney Double Decker Bus production. - - Bus Australia
Jul 12, 2011 · New build AEC double-decker bus, filmed in 1936 at Waddington Body Works, Camperdown, Sydney. Interestingly this clip also shows the first ...
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Airport bus | Kinetic
The iconic Australian built red double decker SkyBus is the pride of the fleet, with a 37% increase in passenger capacity and the same fuel usage as standard ...
[163]
New fleet of electric buses begin service in west Auckland, set new ...
The new buses, including 26 double-deckers, will run every ten minutes on AT's WX1 Western Express frequent service from Westgate to the city centre.
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First electric double-decker busses in the world in New Zealand
This project was to be the first all-electric bus fleet to start operating in New Zealand and the very first all-electric double-decker bus fleet in the world.Missing: size Auckland Designline
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Kiwi Experience: New Zealands Best Bus Tour Experience
Award-winning guided Hop-On-Hop-Off bus passes and Small Group Tours that take you to the heart of New Zealand.Travel New Zealand · New Zealand Destinations · South Island Travel Guide · Blog
[166]
[PDF] Tourism satellite account: 2019 | MBIE
Key provisional estimates for the year ended March 2019: • Total tourism expenditure was $40.9 billion, an increase of 4.0 percent ($1.6 billion) from.
[167]
This notorious transport service is now operating from Sydney Airport
Oct 3, 2025 · Melbourne's SkyBus service now has a fleet of 40 Sydney Airport buses to help with transporting passengers.Missing: size Bustech
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https://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news/ground-support/skybus-wins-five-year-ground-transportation-contract-at-sydney-airport.html
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https://at.govt.nz/about-us/news-events/media-centre/2025-media-releases/new-fleet-of-electric-buses-begin-service-in-west-auckland-set-new-benchmark-for-australasia
[170]
Bus Stop Classics: Yutong Master Discovery Coach - World's Only ...
Oct 26, 2024 · This is a Yutong Master Discovery Coach, made in China but in this case assembled in Pakistan via knock-down kit. It is then modified by the travel operator, ...Missing: 2017 | Show results with:2017
[171]
Triple-Decker Buses' Brief Moment in Transport History
Apr 26, 2023 · The vehicles struggled with weight distribution and stability, making them difficult to maneuver and prone to tipping over. Additionally, the ...Missing: offs | Show results with:offs
[172]
About Big Bus Tours
Inspiring the spirit of adventure in over 25 cities, across four continents. Beginning with a fleet of three, today hundreds of buses and guides are helping ...
[173]
Paris Illuminations Tour by double-decker bus - Foxity
In winter or in case of rain, all our buses are equipped with a retractable translucent roof and heating on the upper level... so you can discover Paris at ...
[174]
Double the Food Fun! Extremely rare converted Routemaster Bus ...
Feb 25, 2021 · Double Decker – Double the Food Fun! Extremely rare converted Routemaster Bus with Retractable Roof Patio.
[175]
Find a party bus in NYC with TVs, hammocks or BYOB - Time Out
Jan 26, 2017 · ... double-decker, these are our favorite party buses in the city. ... lights, booming sound systems and restrooms on buses for 30 passengers or more.
[176]
Double Decker Coach Hire (85-Seater) - OMC Global
The 85-seater double-decker coach has premium leather seats, air conditioning, multi-cabin charging, and is ideal for large groups, with up to 85 suitcases.<|separator|>
[177]
Big Bus Tours electric repower project doubles to 20 vehicles
Jan 10, 2024 · Big Bus Tours has doubled in size a contract with Equipmake for the repower to battery-electric of diesel open-top double-deckers in its London fleet.
[178]
Routemaster Heritage Bus 15 - Frommers
Rating 1/3 · Review by Frommer's StaffRoute 15 is a red, open-backed Routemaster bus running every 15 minutes, linking Tower Hill, Monument, St. Paul's, Trafalgar Square and Regent Street. It costs ...
[179]
Fleet, articulated buses - Global BRTData
An articulated bus is typically an 18 m-long bus, with three doors, one pivoting joint in the bus body, three axles and a capacity of approximately 170 ...
[180]
[PDF] l Ip - World Bank Documents and Reports
conventional single-decker and double-decker buses; the private sector ... fleet of 2,102 large, single-decker buses, with an overall fleet utilization ...
[181]
[PDF] Articulated Deck Zero Emission Bus (M) BP4 Specification v4.8
Mar 15, 2024 · 6.4 Maximum wall to wall turning circle diameter. (mm). 25,000 ADR 43 ... Design Review will be conducted to determine if the Bus complies with ...
[182]
[PDF] Research Results Digest 71
Vienna is the only European city operating pro- pane buses. Of the system's approximately 500 buses,. 150 are articulated buses. The majority of the bus fleet.
[183]
BVG Berlin towards 2030: 25 per cent more buses in the future full ...
Jul 13, 2020 · «Yes, that is correct: 90 single-decker buses and 17 articulated buses will be delivered, in addition to the 31 single-decker e-buses we already ...
[184]
[PDF] SUBJECT: Articulated Bus Feasibility Analysis FROM
Apr 22, 2019 · The joint allows the bus to provide a turning radius that is similar to, or better than, a standard 40-foot bus.Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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[PDF] Articulated bus report - ROSA P
... traded off with the cost savings that can often be achieved. Careful ... maintenance experience to date, and the costs and benefits of articulated bus utilization.
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[PDF] Advanced Generation Fuel Cell Bus Development Final Report
Sep 20, 2022 · Some bolts in the articulation joint failed; failure analysis showed that they were not torqued properly. Additional testing was done to ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[187]
[XLS] Categories - GOV.UK
Single deck midi bus. Length up to 12 m long. Up to 40 seats. 8, Bus, Diesel, 15-18 t, Single deck bus. Length 12 m or longer. Over 40 seats. All double deck ...
[188]
[PDF] BUS INSPECTION GUIDELINES - PUSPAKOM
Apr 14, 2022 · Specification. Overall Length. • ≤ 12200 mm. Overall Width. • ≤ 2500 mm. Overall Height. • Single Deck. : ≤ 3900 mm. • Double Deck : ≤ 4200 mm.<|separator|>
[189]
State Transit bus acceleration - - Bus Australia
May 4, 2010 · For a fully laden 12.5m rigid bus they are the following: 0 to 20 km/h in 3.0 seconds 0 to 50 km/h in 14.0 seconds 0 to 60 km/h in 19.0 seconds
[190]
Norwich's £500k electric buses 'will improve city's air quality' - BBC
Oct 30, 2023 · Each double decker bus costs just under £500,000 each with a single decker costing £350,000 each. Piers Marlow, managing director of First ...
[191]
Global Bus Market Size, Share & Industry Forecast to 2033
Single Deck; Double Deck. Single-deck buses hold a leading 65% market share in 2024, fueled by their widespread use in city and suburban public transportation.
[192]
Hybrid Buses: The Future of Sustainable Double Decker ... - Wrightbus
Nov 17, 2024 · 1. Reduced Emissions: Hybrid buses, including double decker models, emit fewer greenhouse gases and pollutants than their conventional diesel ...Missing: per | Show results with:per
[193]
Coach and bus can fix bridge strike issue, Senior TC says
Aug 19, 2025 · Network Rail reported 1,532 bridge strikes in the year to 31 March 2024. Although only 40-50 of these per year involve a coach or bus, with ...
[194]
Preventing low bridge collisions - FleetPoint
Sep 10, 2024 · Causes of bridge strikes include drivers going off the line of route, taking a shortcut or taking a double-deck vehicle on a single-deck route.
[195]
Stagecoach rolling out new GPS alert technology designed to ...
Aug 12, 2021 · Data published by Network Rail shows that there were 1714 railway bridge strikes across the UK in the 2019-20 financial year. Most of these ...
[196]
Bus driver arrested over Eccles bridge crash which hurt 20 people
Jul 22, 2025 · The driver of a double-decker bus that crashed into a canal bridge, injuring 20 people, has been arrested.<|separator|>
[197]
Bus driver hits rail bridge near Norwood Junction - BBC
Jun 5, 2025 · The double-decker, which had no passengers on board, hit the structure just after midday, causing disruption for rail users and motorists. The ...
[198]
1st UK Bus Operator Deploys Low Bridge Alert Technology
Most of these incidents involve heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), with between 40 and 50 a year related to buses. As well as the potential for serious injuries, ...Missing: statistics per
[199]
Stagecoach becomes first UK bus operator to complete a national ...
Jul 11, 2022 · The bus operator is the first in the UK to roll out new low bridge detection functionality across its nationwide fleet of double decker buses.
[200]
Exploring the importance of Low Bridge Detection Systems (LBDS)
The Low Bridge Detection System is a revolutionary solution, designed and manufactured in the UK to reduce the risk of collisions with bridges.
[201]
[PDF] Bridge Strikes - Risks, Consequences and Costs 2020 - Network Rail
of Double Decker. Trailer. Page 14. /. Number of Strikes by Hour of the Day. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900. 1000. Nu mb er o f S trike s. Hour ...
[202]
Stagecoach becomes first UK bus operator to invest in national roll ...
Jan 13, 2021 · On average, a single bridge strike costs more than £6,000 and in 2019-20 these incidents resulted in more than 7,800 hours of delays for rail ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[203]
Salford: Changes considered after bus crashes into bridge - BBC
Jul 23, 2025 · Transport bosses are looking at changing routes and adding more warning signs after a double decker bus crashed into a bridge.Missing: GPS errors inattention
[204]
Hong Kong bus overturns killing 18 - BBC
Feb 10, 2018 · A double-decker bus has crashed in Hong Kong killing 18 people and injuring nearly 50, officials say. The bus was carrying spectators and ...
[205]
Transport for London recalls 90 double decker e-buses after fire in ...
May 24, 2022 · Transport for London has recalled 90 electric buses after a fire involved one of them on Sunday. The precautionary measure has been decided while the company ...
[206]
5 Reasons Why Electric Buses Are Safer from Fire
Jul 8, 2025 · Electric buses are safer due to no flammable fuels, and are 6-8 times less likely to catch fire than ICE vehicles, with 0.9-1.2 fires per 10, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[207]
Death toll from Hong Kong bus crash rises to 6 | English.news.cn
Dec 19, 2019 · A double-decker bus owned by the Kowloon Motor Bus Company crashed into a tree at 4:18 p.m. local time on Fanling Highway in Sheung Shui area.
[208]
Fire safety for busses - König Konzept
Since January 1, 2019, all new tourist buses and double-deckers throughout the European Union must have a permanently mounted extinguishing system in the engine ...
[209]
https://media.stagecoachgroup.com/news/stagecoach-becomes-first-uk-bus-operator-to-invest-in-national-roll-out-of-new-bridge-alert-technology
[210]
How was the Knight Bus in the movie adaptation of Harry Potter and ...
Dec 1, 2020 · It was a real model, built in the baclot of the movie studio, the bus was created from pieces of three vintage London Double-deckers.Missing: Routemaster | Show results with:Routemaster<|separator|>
[211]
The Mummy Returns (3/11) Movie CLIP - Double-Decker ... - YouTube
Jun 16, 2011 · ... Mummy (1999). Legionnaire Rick O'Connell Brendan Fraser has ... The Mummy Returns (3/11) Movie CLIP - Double-Decker Bus? (2001) HD.
[212]
Band on the Bus: Around the World in a Double-Decker - Amazon.com
30-day returnsWhen nine friends set out from England in 1969 to travel the world in a double-decker bus called 'Hairy Pillock', little did they know that they would ...
[213]
Books – Bus Travel - Double Decker Adventures
Around The World In A Double Decker Bus 1979 – 1983. Chad went into the small travel agency in London to deliver a letter. To his surprise, he came out as ...
[214]
Transport of Delight | The Belated Writer - WordPress.com
Jul 7, 2015 · Back in the 1950s, comedy duo Flanders and Swann wrote a song called Transport of Delight, a cynical but affectionate tribute to the London bus.
[215]
2012 Olympic Coca-Cola HAPPY BUS Promo Cars - MAR Online
Oct 19, 2018 · The “Happy Bus” promotion consisted of 4 identical London Double-Decker buses (design A, B, C, and D), moulded in dark red ABC resin, and set apart by four ...
[216]
TQ500 | Watch Dogs Wiki - Fandom
The MatarHorn TQ500 is a double-decker bus featured in Watch Dogs: Legion. The TQ500 is a futuristic take on the Wrightbus New Routemaster, retaining key ...
[217]
30 Sad Pics Of Trucks And Buses That Tried To Fit Under A Bridge ...
Dec 16, 2020 · A large number of trucks, buses, and RVs have collided with the overpass at high speed, tearing off roof fixtures, and at times shearing off the trucks' roofs.
[218]
Collections close up: Routemaster bus, 1963 | London Transport ...
Short history of a vehicle: Routemaster bus, 1963 ... It is a standard 64-seat Routemaster with a 9.6 litre AEC engine and bodywork by Park Royal Vehicles.
[219]
Routemaster: an enduring London love affair - Home - BBC News
May 17, 2010 · Built by AEC ... In December 2005 the Routemaster was finally withdrawn from general service but it is still used on two heritage routes in London ...
[220]
Collections close up: RT type bus, 1954 | London Transport Museum
The RT type bus was London's largest standardized fleet, introduced in 1939, with 7,000 produced, and served for 40 years. RT4712 entered service in 1954.
[221]
Catching a Fifth Avenue double-decker bus ride into the past - Hagerty
Jan 22, 2021 · New York City still has occasional trials of double deckers, most recently under British-born Andy Byford, who was president of New York City ...Missing: discontinued | Show results with:discontinued
[222]
About the Vehicles - Bus Festival 2025 - New York Transit Museum
The 1200-series buses were among the last front-engine double-deck buses built by Yellow Coach. In 1936, the Fifth Avenue Coach Company introduced a new rear- ...
[223]
100 Years Of Berlin Double-Decker Buses - truckinfocus.com
Mar 22, 2025 · The history of double-decker buses in the 50s and 60s in Berlin · Even before the actual double-deckers, ABOAG passengers could sit on top.
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DVD A salute to Berlin's double-deck tradition - Buses Magazine
€5.90Feb 16, 2017 · A potted history in motion of double-deck operation from the first horse-drawn omnibuses in 1847 to the current signature 13.7m tri-axle MANs.
[225]
About Traditionsbus Berlin in brief
It was in 1987 when three bus enthusiasts bought an old Berlin double deck bus. ... Since 1st April 2000 one bus out of our heritage fleet of PSV-licensed ...
[226]
The best public transport in Hong Kong: from double-decker ferries ...
May 17, 2018 · For the number 6 bus will take you from urban confusion in the heart of Central to stunning sea and sand in about 20 minutes. Grab a seat right ...<|separator|>
[227]
The Only 3 Hong Kong Double-Decker Bus Rides Worth Taking
Aug 7, 2025 · Forget the tram. These 3 Hong Kong double-decker bus rides give you skyline views, local flavor, and an unforgettable front-row seat to the ...
[228]
Explore & Visit Oxford Bus Museum
We specialise in collecting, restoring and running buses and coaches that spent most of their working lives in Oxford city or serving the public of Oxfordshire.
[229]
Barry's transport collection gains vintage double-decker bus
Mar 16, 2024 · The new acquisition, a 75-year-old Crossley double-decker bus, previously sat in storage at the National Museum of Wales for about 40 years.<|control11|><|separator|>