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Drain

Drain may refer to:

Objects and processes

Plumbing and sanitation

In plumbing, a drain is a pipe, channel, or fixture that conveys wastewater, sewage, or liquid waste away from plumbing fixtures such as sinks, toilets, bathtubs, showers, and floor drains to a building's sewer system, septic tank, or other disposal point. These systems are integral to sanitation, preventing water accumulation, blocking sewer gases, and reducing health risks from pathogens and odors. Drains typically form part of a larger network including horizontal branch lines, vertical stacks, and vents to maintain atmospheric pressure and facilitate gravity flow.^[1] A key component is the drain trap, a U-, J-, or S-shaped fitting that holds a water seal to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings while allowing wastewater to pass. The P-trap, resembling a sideways "P," is the most common type in modern installations due to its stability and resistance to siphoning. S-traps, which rely on a shorter seal, were historically used but are now prohibited in most building codes, including the International Plumbing Code and U.S. federal standards for manufactured housing, because negative pressure can siphon the water seal, allowing gases to escape and potentially causing backups or contamination. Regulations require traps to be installed as close as possible to the fixture outlet, with specific sizes based on fixture type (e.g., 1.25 inches for lavatories, 3 inches for toilets), and materials like PVC, ABS, or cast iron for durability.^[2]^[3]^[4] Residential plumbing drains connect to either municipal sewer systems or onsite wastewater treatment. In municipal setups, fixture drains join a building drain (horizontal pipe below the lowest fixture), which leads to a building sewer lateral connecting to the public sewer main for transport to a treatment plant. For homes without municipal access, drains feed into a septic tank via the building sewer, where solids settle and anaerobic bacteria break down organics; clarified effluent then flows to a drain field (leach field) of perforated pipes in gravel trenches for soil filtration and dispersal. Integration requires proper sizing, venting (e.g., via roof stacks), and cleanouts for maintenance to avoid cross-connections or overflows. As of 2025, EPA guidelines emphasize separating stormwater from sanitary drains to prevent combined sewer overflows.^[5]^[6]^[7] Common drain clogs result from accumulations of fats, oils, and grease (FOG); hair; soap residue; food particles; and non-degradable items like "flushable" wipes or hygiene products, which adhere to pipe walls and restrict flow, potentially causing backups, overflows, or septic failures. FOG solidifies in cooler pipes, forming blockages that account for a significant portion of municipal sewer issues. Prevention strategies include scraping plates before washing, using drain strainers, disposing of FOG in trash rather than pouring down drains, and avoiding flushing non-toilet paper items; for septics, regular pumping every 3–5 years is recommended. Solutions for clogs start with mechanical methods like plunging or hot water flushing, progress to chemical drain cleaners (used cautiously to avoid pipe corrosion), and include enzymatic treatments for organic buildup; persistent issues require professional intervention with drain snakes, hydro-jetting, or camera inspections.^[8]^[9]^[10] The development of plumbing drains spans millennia. Evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization around 4000–2500 BCE includes baked clay and straw pipes for drainage in urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro. The Minoans on Crete engineered terracotta pipe systems with flushing toilets circa 1700 BCE, using the island's slope for gravity flow. Ancient Romans advanced infrastructure with the Cloaca Maxima sewer (c. 600 BCE), aqueducts over 400 miles long, and lead pipes (fistulae) for distribution, though sanitation declined after the empire's fall. Medieval Europe saw rudimentary cesspits, but the 19th century's industrial revolution and cholera epidemics spurred reforms: Alexander Cummings patented the S-trap in 1775, Thomas Elkins introduced the P-trap in 1860, and public health acts in Britain and the U.S. mandated indoor plumbing, leading to modern pressurized and vented systems by the early 20th century.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Medical and surgical

A surgical drain is a tube or device inserted into a wound or body cavity during or after surgery to remove excess fluids such as blood, pus, serum, or lymph, thereby preventing accumulation that could delay healing or cause complications like seromas or hematomas.^[14]^[15] These drains are essential in postoperative care, as fluid buildup can increase pressure on tissues and promote bacterial growth.^[16] Surgical drains are broadly classified into passive and active types based on their mechanism of fluid removal. Passive drains, such as the Penrose drain, rely on gravity and capillary action without external suction; this flat, ribbon-like tube creates an open passage from the wound to the exterior, allowing fluids to drain naturally into a dressing.^[17] In contrast, active drains, like the Jackson-Pratt system, use negative pressure from a compressible bulb reservoir to actively suction fluids into a closed collection bag, reducing exposure to air and potential contaminants.^[18]^[15] These drains find wide application in various procedures to manage fluid accumulation. In mastectomy, for instance, closed suction drains such as Jackson-Pratt are commonly placed under the chest wall to evacuate serous fluid and blood, typically remaining in place for one to three weeks until output decreases.^[19] Abdominal surgeries, including colectomies or herni repairs, often employ drains to prevent abscess formation or ileus by removing peritoneal fluids.^[15] For abscess treatment, percutaneous or open drainage using tubes like Penrose facilitates pus evacuation, promoting resolution without widespread infection.^[20] However, risks associated with drains include infection due to bacterial entry at the insertion site, particularly if drainage duration exceeds expectations, and blockage from clots or debris, which can lead to hematoma formation, increased pain, or re-accumulation of fluids.^[21]^[22]^[23] Insertion of surgical drains occurs intraoperatively under sterile conditions, with the tube positioned in the surgical site or cavity and secured by sutures to maintain placement while connected to a reservoir if applicable.^[24] Removal is typically performed in a clinic when daily output falls below 30 mL, involving a simple outpatient procedure where the securing suture is cut and the drain gently pulled out, often followed by a pressure dressing to minimize bleeding.^[18]^[21] Nursing care protocols emphasize infection prevention and monitoring to ensure drain efficacy. Care involves performing hand hygiene before handling, inspecting the insertion site for redness or discharge, emptying closed-system reservoirs when half full to maintain suction, and measuring output volume and character (e.g., serous vs. bloody) at least every 8 hours.^[22]^[25] Patients are instructed to strip or milk the tubing if clogs are suspected, while avoiding kinking or dislodgement, and to report signs of complications like fever or excessive pain.^[17]^[26] The use of surgical drains traces back to the 19th century, with significant advancements tied to antiseptic practices introduced by Joseph Lister, who pioneered the application of carbolic acid to wounds and employed early rubber tubing and catgut for drainage to combat postoperative sepsis.^[27] Lister's methods, developed in the 1860s, marked a shift from rudimentary wicking materials to more effective systems, drastically reducing infection rates in surgical settings.^[28]

Civil engineering and environmental

In civil engineering, drainage refers to the systematic removal of excess water from land surfaces or subsurface layers, either through natural processes like gravity flow or artificial systems designed to mitigate water accumulation. This practice is essential for maintaining soil stability, preventing structural damage, and supporting infrastructure longevity in both rural and urban settings. Drainage systems are broadly categorized into surface and subsurface types. Surface drainage involves the collection and conveyance of water from the top layer of soil or pavement using open channels such as ditches, which are excavated parallel to the terrain, or swales, which are vegetated, shallow depressions that promote infiltration and slow runoff velocities. These systems effectively redirect surface water to prevent ponding and reduce hydrostatic pressure on foundations or roads. Subsurface drainage, on the other hand, targets groundwater or seepage below the surface; a common example is the French drain, consisting of a trench filled with gravel surrounding a perforated pipe that collects and transports water to a discharge point, thereby lowering the water table and stabilizing soil.^[29]^[30] Storm drains form a critical component of urban drainage infrastructure, engineered to capture and convey stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces like streets and parking lots to reduce flooding risks. These systems typically include inlets with grates—such as grate inlets placed in medians or ditches for direct surface interception, curb inlets embedded in sidewalks for gutter flow, and combination inlets that integrate both for higher efficiency—and connect via underground pipes to outfalls or, in older cities, combined sewer systems where stormwater merges with wastewater before treatment. Design considerations emphasize hydraulic capacity, inlet spacing based on rainfall intensity, and material durability to handle debris-laden flows.^[31]^[32] From an environmental perspective, effective drainage systems play a dual role in mitigation and potential harm. They aid erosion control by channeling water away from vulnerable slopes, stabilizing soil through reduced saturation; facilitate flood prevention by managing peak flows in developed areas, thereby protecting habitats and property; however, poorly designed urban runoff can exacerbate pollution, as stormwater picks up contaminants like oils, sediments, heavy metals, and nutrients from roads and lawns, delivering them to waterways and impairing aquatic ecosystems. Sustainable practices, such as incorporating permeable pavements or vegetated buffers, help minimize these impacts.^[33]^[34]^[35] Engineering standards for drainage design often rely on empirical formulas to predict flow behavior and ensure system performance. A foundational tool is Manning's equation for estimating average flow velocity in open channels:

V = \frac{1}{n} R^{2/3} S^{1/2}

Here, V represents the cross-sectional velocity (in meters per second or feet per second), n is Manning's roughness coefficient (a dimensionless value accounting for channel surface friction, typically 0.013–0.15 depending on material like concrete or natural earth), R is the hydraulic radius (cross-sectional area divided by wetted perimeter), and S is the channel bed slope. This equation guides channel sizing and lining selection to achieve non-erosive velocities (often 1–2 m/s) while accommodating design storm events, promoting safe and efficient water conveyance.^[36]^[37]

Electronics

In field-effect transistors (FETs), the drain serves as one of the three primary terminals—alongside the source and gate—through which current exits the conductive channel region between the source and drain.^[38] This terminal is essential for controlling electron or hole flow in unipolar devices, where the gate voltage modulates the channel's conductivity without direct current passing through the gate.^[38] In metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), the drain connects to a heavily doped n-type region in n-channel configurations, forming one end of the inversion layer channel induced by the gate.^[39] The drain-source voltage (V_DS) applied across this terminal regulates conduction, with positive V_DS in n-channel MOSFETs attracting carriers toward the drain to sustain current flow from source to drain.^[40] Within circuits, the drain contributes to power dissipation, calculated as the product of drain current (I_D) and V_DS, which generates heat that must be managed to prevent device failure.^[41] A key functional aspect is the drain current in the saturation regime, where the channel pinches off near the drain, limiting further increases in I_D despite higher V_DS; this is expressed by the equation

I_D = \frac{1}{2} \mu C_{ox} \left( \frac{W}{L} \right) (V_{GS} - V_{th})^2

Here, \mu denotes carrier mobility in the channel, C_{ox} is the oxide capacitance per unit area, W/L is the channel's aspect ratio influencing current density, V_{GS} is the gate-to-source voltage driving inversion, and V_{th} is the minimum voltage for channel formation.^[41] This quadratic dependence on overdrive voltage (V_{GS} - V_{th}) underscores the drain's role in efficient amplification and switching. MOSFET drains enable diverse applications, including linear amplifiers for signal boosting in audio and RF systems, high-speed switches in power converters with minimal on-resistance, and billions of transistors per chip in integrated circuits for computing.^[42] In nanoscale devices, however, drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) poses challenges, as elevated V_DS lowers the potential barrier at the source, reducing threshold voltage and elevating subthreshold leakage currents.^[43] The drain terminal's development traces to early FET concepts patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925, envisioning field-controlled conduction without the drawbacks of vacuum tubes.^[44] Practical FETs emerged in the 1950s at Bell Labs, evolving through MOSFET advancements in the 1960s to today's sub-5 nm nodes, where drain engineering via silicides and stressors optimizes performance in FinFETs and gate-all-around structures.^[44]

Arts and entertainment

Musical groups

Several musical groups have adopted the name "Drain" or variations thereof, spanning genres from noise rock to hardcore punk and alternative metal. These acts, often emerging from underground scenes, have contributed to experimental and aggressive subcultures in rock music. The noise rock band Drain formed in Austin, Texas, in 1991 as a side project of King Coffey, the drummer from the influential Butthole Surfers.^[45] The lineup featured Coffey on drums, David McCreath on guitar, and Owen McMahon on bass, blending raw noise rock with psychedelic, electronic, and techno elements through the use of samplers and drum machines.^[45] Their sound reflected the experimental ethos of the Austin scene and the Trance Syndicate label, which Coffey co-founded, influencing later noise and industrial acts by prioritizing sonic disruption over conventional structures.^[45] Key releases include the debut album Pick Up Heaven (1992) and Offspeed and In There (1996), the latter incorporating more programmed rhythms.^[45] The band appears to have disbanded in the late 1990s following their final recordings, with members pursuing other projects in the noise rock milieu.^[45] Drain STH, originally formed as Drain in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1993, was an all-female hard rock and alternative metal band that added "S.T.H." (for Stockholm) upon international release to distinguish themselves.^[46] Comprising Anna Kjellberg on guitar, Flavia Canel on bass, Maria Sjöholm on vocals, and Martina Axén on drums, the group drew from grunge and Alice in Chains-inspired heavy riffs, delivering groove-laden tracks with themes of angst and resilience.^[46] Their debut album Horror Wrestling (1996 in Europe, 1997 internationally) featured the hit single "Hysteria Shuffle," which showcased their rhythmic, sludgy sound and helped establish them as pioneers among all-female metal acts in the 1990s.^[47] The follow-up Freaks of Nature (1999) leaned into nu metal territories with heavier production.^[46] The band disbanded in 2000 amid a major label restructuring at Mercury Records that dropped them, compounded by Sjöholm's engagement to Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi and her relocation to England, which shifted group dynamics.^[46]^[48] Drain STH's influence persists in promoting women in heavy music, inspiring subsequent alternative metal and grunge revival bands through their unapologetic intensity and vocal harmonies.^[49] The American hardcore punk band Drain emerged from Santa Cruz, California's DIY scene in 2014, founded by drummer Tim Flegal with college friends.^[50] The current core lineup includes vocalist Sammy Ciaramitaro, guitarist Cody Chavez, and Flegal, evolving from earlier iterations to deliver thrash-infused hardcore with metal edges and high-energy mosh anthems.^[50] Albums like California Cursed (2020), released amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and Living Proof (2023) highlight their relentless pace and themes of perseverance, while their third full-length …Is Your Friend (November 7, 2025) on Epitaph Records expands their crossover appeal.^[50] Known for chaotic live performances that blend punk aggression with metal breakdowns, Drain has become a cornerstone of the modern California hardcore revival, influencing emerging acts by bridging DIY punk roots with festival-headlining accessibility and touring alongside diverse groups like Blink-182.^[50]^[51] The band remains active, with no disbandment, continuing to shape the genre's energetic, community-driven ethos.^[50]

Other

"Drain You" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, released as the eighth track on their 1991 album Nevermind.^[52] Written by frontman Kurt Cobain, the lyrics explore themes of a codependent and destructive romantic relationship, with lines like "It is now my duty to completely drain you" evoking intimacy mixed with parasitism.^[53] The track features aggressive guitar riffs and dynamic shifts typical of the band's grunge style, and it became a staple in their live performances, including at the 1992 Reading Festival.^[54] In video games, DrainSim is an upcoming simulation title developed for PC, set for release in March 2026, with a demo available since October 2025.^[55] Players take on the role of a plumber hero managing floods in a submerged city, using tools such as rakes, pumps, and submersible equipment to clear blockages and redirect water flow through realistic physics-based mechanics.^[55] The game emphasizes puzzle-like problem-solving in urban environments, highlighting the chaos of water dynamics and restoration efforts.^[56] Notable films titled or themed around "drain" include the 2006 Brazilian dark comedy Drained (original title: O Cheiro do Ralo), directed by Heitor Dhalia and based on a novel by Lourenço Mutarelli.^[57] The story centers on a pawnshop owner who manipulates desperate customers while becoming fixated on his shop's clogged drain and the posterior of a young waitress, blending perversity with social commentary on power imbalances.^[58] It premiered at film festivals, earning awards for best film and acting at events like the São Paulo International Film Festival.^[59] Another example is the 2013 psychological horror short The Drain, written and directed by Collin Blair.^[60] Running about nine minutes, it follows an isolated man named Steve who hears a mysterious voice emanating from his bathtub drain, leading to escalating tension and revelations about his loneliness.^[61] The film uses everyday bathroom elements to build unease and has been praised for its intimate, element-based horror storytelling.^[62] In literature, Down the Drain is a 2023 memoir by Julia Fox, published by Simon & Schuster.^[63] The book details Fox's tumultuous life from a troubled adolescence involving abuse and addiction to her rise as a fashion icon and actress, including her brief relationship with Kanye West, presented with raw honesty and humor.^[64] It received widespread acclaim for its candid exploration of fame, resilience, and personal growth, becoming a bestseller upon release.^[65]

Places

Drain, Oregon

Drain is a small city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States, located in the Umpqua Valley along Oregon Route 38. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 1,172 (estimated 1,201 as of 2025).^[66]^[67] The city sits at the confluence of Elk Creek and Pass Creek, both tributaries of the nearby Umpqua River, providing access to water-based recreation such as fishing and boating.^[68] The area was settled in 1847 by Warren Goodell, who received a 320-acre Donation Land Claim. Charles J. Drain purchased land in the area in 1861. Named after Drain, who donated 60 acres of land to the Oregon and California Railroad in 1871 for a nominal fee of one dollar, the townsite was platted in 1872.^[69] The arrival of the railroad in 1872 facilitated transportation and spurred economic development, particularly in the lumber industry, transforming Drain into a key hub for timber harvesting and milling in the Pacific Northwest.^[69] Drain's economy centers on agriculture and logging, leveraging the fertile Umpqua Valley soils for crop production and the surrounding forests for timber resources, a legacy of the railroad-era boom that positioned the area as a historic timber community.^[68] Demographically, the 2020 American Community Survey data indicates a predominantly White population at 84.6%, with 4.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.3% Hispanic or Latino, and smaller percentages for other groups.^[70] Notable features include the city's proximity to the Umpqua River, which supports outdoor activities like steelhead fishing and kayaking.^[71]

People

Other notable people

Dorothy Simpson Drain (1909–1996), known professionally as Dot Drain, was a pioneering Australian journalist and one of the country's first female war correspondents. Born on 16 August 1909 in Mount Morgan, Queensland, she began her career in 1932 at the Daily Mail in Brisbane before moving to other publications including the Telegraph, Sun, and notably the Australian Women's Weekly, where she served as news editor in 1958, assistant editor in 1970, and editor from 1972 to 1975.^[72] During World War II, Drain covered the aftermath in the Pacific theater, reporting from Japan in 1946 on the British Commonwealth Occupation Force and the war crimes trials, providing Australians with firsthand accounts of the devastation and recovery efforts.^[73] Her contributions extended to later conflicts, including the Malayan Emergency in 1950, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War in 1965, where she documented Australian involvement for the Weekly over nearly four decades. Drain also wrote the column "It Seems to Me" from 1947 to 1963, offering commentary on social and political issues, and conducted high-profile interviews such as one with Frank Sinatra in 1955. She retired in 1975 and died on 31 May 1996 in Doncaster, Melbourne, from heart disease. In 2024, her legacy was honored with a blue plaque in Rockhampton, Queensland, recognizing her trailblazing role in journalism at a time when women faced significant barriers.^[72]^[74] Charles Douglas Drain Sr. (1816–1894) was an American pioneer instrumental in the founding of Drain, Oregon. Born on 28 December 1816 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he migrated westward, settling in the Oregon Territory by the mid-19th century. In 1855, Drain was elected to the Oregon Territorial Council, and in 1858, he served in the Oregon State Senate during the transition to statehood. He acquired land in the Umpqua Valley in 1861 from settler Jesse Applegate, establishing a farm that became central to the area's development. In 1872, Drain sold 60 acres of his property to the Oregon and California Railroad for $1, facilitating the platting and naming of the townsite as Drain, which was incorporated in 1887 and grew as a key rail stop for timber and agriculture. He constructed a prominent brick mercantile building in 1883, further boosting local commerce. Drain died on 14 June 1894 in Douglas County, Oregon, and is buried in Drain Cemetery. His foundational role endures in the town's identity, with historical sites like his former home preserved as part of Oregon's pioneer heritage.^[69]^[75] Charles Duncan Drain (1913–1991), often known as Charlie Drain, was a Canadian politician and businessman from Alberta. Born on 24 January 1913 in San Francisco, California, he moved to Blairmore, Alberta, as a child and spent most of his life there. In 1936, he co-founded Drain Brothers Construction Ltd., which became a major local enterprise focused on infrastructure projects. Entering politics, Drain was elected as a Social Credit member to the Alberta Legislative Assembly in 1967, representing the riding of Pincher Creek-Crowsnest; he was re-elected in 1971 and served until 1975, contributing to debates on resource development and rural issues during both government and opposition periods. After leaving politics, he remained active in community affairs in the Crowsnest Pass region. Drain died on 27 January 1991 in Calgary, Alberta. His political tenure is remembered for advocating Alberta's economic interests in the resource sector, with archival collections preserving records of his business and public service up to the present day.^[76]^[77]

References

[1]
Drain Oregon Gateway to the Pacific - Drain Oregon
Drain Oregon is a historic northwest timber community first settled in 1847. The city was incorporated in 1888, and John Drain was the first mayor.
[2]
The History of Drain, Oregon
The first recorded settler in the area now known as Drain, was Warren Goodell. He arrived in 1847. In 1850 the Donation Land Claim Act was passed.
[3]
Drain History - Drain Oregon
The original townsite of Drain was settled in 1847 by Warren Goodell who received 320 acres as a Donation Land Grant from the U.S. government.
[4]
Drain - Travel Oregon
Drain is a historic timber community on Highway 38, known as the Gateway to the Pacific, named after founder Charles Drain.<|control11|><|separator|>
[5]
Chronology of Douglas County History
Drain Normal School opened. (Closed 1907.) May 1894, Oregon Soldier's Home dedicated at Roseburg. 1895 to 1930, Great prune era of Douglas County.
[6]
History | Drain Chamber
Drain Oregon is a historic northwest timber community first settled in 1847. The city was incorporated in 1888, and John Drain was the first mayor. Located 8 ...
[7]
[PDF] city of drain historical resources - Oregon Archaeological Services
The Queen Anne Style house built in 1893 for Charles D. Drain, Jr., is significant to Drain as the town's most imposing residence and its most visible link with ...
[8]
Home Page | Drain, OR
Home Page · Drain City Council Vacancy · Oregon Health Authority - Water Master Plan · Utility Rebates.Utilities · City Council · Contact Us · Community
[9]
Surgical Drains: Types, Removal & Complications - Cleveland Clinic
Surgical drains send body fluids from a surgical site (wound) outside your body. They prevent fluids from collecting in a wound, so you heal faster after ...Missing: passive active applications mastectomy abscess
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Suction Drains - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Feb 23, 2025 · Suction drains play a crucial role in postoperative care by removing excess fluids such as blood, serum, and lymph from surgical sites.
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Surgical Drains: Indications, Types, and Complications
The main indications for drain use include the need to eliminate dead space, remove existing fluid or gas, and prevent accumulation of fluid or gas.Missing: mastectomy | Show results with:mastectomy
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Drains: Everything You Need to Know - Nursing CE Central
A Penrose drain (also called a “straight” or “open” drain) is a flat, ribbon-like tube that creates a passage from a wound to the open air, which allows excess ...Missing: mastectomy | Show results with:mastectomy
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Mar 28, 2025 · Surgical drains consist of two parts: the drain itself, which is implanted in the body, and the reservoir, which holds the collected fluid.Missing: definition passive active insertion
[14]
Breast Surgery Drains Care & Management | University of Utah Health
Most drains are removed one to three weeks after surgery. If they stay in longer than three weeks, the risk of infection increases. Surgical Drain ...
[15]
Abscess Drainage | Risks - MedStar Health
If left untreated, abscesses can lead to long-term complications, including sepsis, which is a life-threatening infection in the bloodstream. What to expect?
[16]
Risk of infection is associated more with drain duration than daily ...
Dec 9, 2016 · However, prolonged drainage increases the risk of ascending infection. Although the volume often accepted for drain removal is ≤30 mL per day, ...
[17]
Surgical drains (non cardiac) - The Royal Children's Hospital
Surgical drains are tubes placed near surgical incisions in the post-operative patient, to remove pus, blood or other fluid, preventing it from accumulating in ...Missing: mastectomy abscess
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Method for Flushing Surgical Drains Using a Butterfly Needle
Jul 15, 2021 · Surgical drains placed during breast surgery can become blocked by clots or other debris, which may lead to infection of the prosthetic and ...Missing: applications | Show results with:applications<|separator|>
[19]
Your Surgical Drain | ACS - The American College of Surgeons
You may have a drain placed in the surgical site to remove excess fluid or blood. The drained fluid is collected into a container.
[20]
4.7 Drain Management and Removal – Clinical Procedures for Safer ...
Perform hand hygiene. · Check room for additional precautions. · Introduce yourself to patient. · Confirm patient ID using two patient identifiers (e.g., name and ...
[21]
Caring for Your Surgical Drains | Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
Wash your hands well in soapy water. · Open the plug on the reservoir without touching the inside of the plug. · Gently squeeze the reservoir to empty the fluid ...
[22]
Pioneers in infection control—Joseph Lister - ScienceDirect.com
Lister also pioneered the use of catgut and rubber tubing for wound drainage. His life can be split into five periods: 1844–1853, London: first period; 1853– ...Missing: 19th | Show results with:19th
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2. French Drain. A French drain is an underground drainage device. It consists of a perforated pipe surrounded by gravel and lined with sturdy landscape fabric.Missing: subsurface | Show results with:subsurface
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[PDF] Conservation Practice Standard Subsurface Drain (Code 606)
For computation of maximum allowable loads on subsurface drains of all materials, use the trench and bedding conditions specified and the compressive ...
[26]
Section 5: Storm Drain Inlets - Texas Department of Transportation
Water falls into the inlet through a grate instead of an opening in the curb. Designers use many variations of this inlet type, and the format of the grate ...
[27]
Combined Sewer Overflow Basics | US EPA
Oct 9, 2025 · In a combined sewer system, both wastewater and stormwater flow through the same pipes. In dry weather, all wastewater flows to a wastewater treatment plant.Missing: runoff grate
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Urbanization and Stormwater Runoff | US EPA
Jan 16, 2025 · Runoff can pick up and deposit harmful pollutants like trash, chemicals, and dirt/sediment into streams, lakes, and groundwater. Construction ...
[29]
Stormwater - NYSDEC
The stormwater runoff carries trash, bacteria, heavy metals, and other pollutants from the urban landscape. Higher flows resulting from heavy rains also can ...
[30]
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Oct 30, 2025 · This fact sheet discusses how to keep soil and other sediments from eroding and flowing offsite, which can fill storm drains, obstruct channels ...
[31]
[PDF] Guide for Selecting Manning's Roughness Coefficients for Natural ...
The procedures described in this report are limited to the selection of roughness coefficients for application to one- dimensional, open-channel flow. The ...
[32]
Manning's Roughness Coefficient Values
Manning's roughness coefficients are used to calculate flows using Manning's equation. Values from. American Society of Civil Engineers. (ASCE) 1992,.
[33]
Junction Field Effect Transistor or JFET Tutorial
The field effect transistor is a three terminal device that is constructed with no PN-junctions within the main current carrying path between the Drain and the ...
[34]
N-Channel MOSFET Basics: Theory, Operation and Practical ...
Sep 16, 2025 · Built on a p-type substrate, it contains two heavily doped n+ regions functioning as the drain terminal and source terminal. A thin layer of ...
[35]
The MOSFET and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Tutorial
MOSFETs are three terminal devices with a Gate, Drain and Source and both P-channel (PMOS) and N-channel (NMOS) MOSFETs are available.
[36]
[PDF] Lecture 8 - MOSFET(I) - MIT
| equals 0 at drain end. Value of drain saturation current: Then. Will talk more about saturation regime next time. VDSsat. = VGS. −VT. IDsat. = IDlin. (VDS.
[37]
Applications of MOSFET: How They Work and Where They Are Used
May 7, 2024 · One of the most common applications of MOSFETs is as switches in power electronics circuits. A MOSFET can switch on and off very fast, which ...
[38]
2.3 Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering - IuE
If a high drain voltage is applied, the barrier height can decrease, as indicated in Fig. 2.6, leading to an increased drain current.
[39]
Invention of the FET: Field Effect Transistor - Electronics Notes
The invention of the field effect transistor, FET was another major step forward in semiconductor history enabling advances in many areas including integrated ...
[40]
Drain
- **Formation Date**: 1991
[41]
Drain (3)
### Summary of Drain STH
[42]
https://www.electrical4u.com/applications-of-mosfet/
[43]
Former DRAIN STH Drummer Doesn't Rule Out Reunion
Feb 2, 2008 · What were the reasons? Martina: Well, one of the reasons was that our singer [Maria Sjöholm] decided to quit the band and the music business ...Missing: disbandment | Show results with:disbandment
[44]
Remembering DRAIN STH – Metal girl power - A View From Askew
Jun 28, 2019 · Drain (later Drain STH which stood for “Stockholm” or “STRAIGHT TO HELL”) were a metal/grunge band from Sweden who were active in the mid-late 90s.
[45]
DRAIN Bio - Epitaph Records
Drain -- frontman Sammy Ciaramitaro, guitarist Cody Chavez, and drummer Tim Flegal -- formed back in 2014 and cut their teeth in Santa Cruz's fertile DIY ...
[46]
How Drain Became Santa Cruz's Fastest-Rising Hardcore-Punk ...
May 23, 2023 · Drain is one of the fastest-rising bands in the world of hardcore punk music, and they're based right here in sunny surf city, Santa Cruz.<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
[XLS] Oregon's Population by Incorporated Place by County 1990-2020
Pop 1990 to 2020. A, B, C, D, E. 1, Population for Oregon's Counties and Incorporated Places, 1990-2020 ... Drain city, 1,078, 1,047, 1,151, 1,172. 93, Elkton ...
[48]
Drain, OR - Data USA
In 2023, Drain, OR had a population of 975 people with a median age of 50.4 and a median household income of $47,281. Between 2022 and 2023 the population ...
[49]
Drain Oregon | Attractions & Things To Do - Blogger Bill
The Umpqua River flows near Drain offering excellent fishing, kayaking, and other water recreation opportunities. Known for its steelhead and salmon runs, the ...
[50]
Community – Town of Draper
The population was 241 at the 2025 census. The unincorporated communities of Draper, Loretta, and Oxbo are located in the town. (Home of the famous Memorial ...
[51]
[PDF] Natural, Cultural & Agricultural Resources - Sawyer County
Jan 21, 2025 · Sawyer County is host to three sites registered with the Wisconsin National Register of. Historic Places. Organized by Ben Faast around 1918, ...
[52]
[PDF] Life in Our Township Draper, Wisconsin
Villages-Two, with post offices, Loretta and Draper, unincorporated, centrally located. Nationalities-Native American, Scandinavian and mixed descent. Education ...
[53]
Chippewa Flowage | Wisconsin DNR
The Chippewa Flowage, a 15,300-acre impoundment, is located in central Sawyer County, 15 miles east of Hayward. Dotted with about 200 undeveloped islands, it is ...Camping · Info · Maps · ConditionsMissing: Draper | Show results with:Draper
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvEL4pbR6S8
[55]
Dorothy Simpson (Dot) Drain - Australian Dictionary of Biography
War correspondent Dorothy Drain representing the Australian Women's Weekly, c.1962-1975. Australian War Memorial, 044130. Dorothy Simpson McGregor Drain (1909 ...
[56]
Dorothy Drain: Stories of Service - Anzac Portal - DVA
Dorothy Drain was one of the first Australian female war correspondents, reporting from several conflicts, including wars in both Korea and Vietnam.
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Dorothy Drain | Blue Plaques - Environment and Heritage
Dorothy Simpson McGregor Drain (1909–1996) was a trailblazer in Australian journalism, serving as one of the country's first female war correspondents. Dorothy ...
[58]
Charles Douglas Drain Sr. (1816-1894) - Memorials - Find a Grave
Charles Douglas Drain Sr. Birth: 28 Dec 1816. Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA. Death: 14 Jun 1894 (aged 77).
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Calgary Herald from Calgary, Alberta, Canada • 31 - Newspapers.com
Jan 30, 1991 · In 1936 Charles, with his associates, founded the company that is today known as Drain Brothers Construction Ltd. A political career began in ...Missing: politician | Show results with:politician
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Charlie Drain fonds - Archives
Charles Duncan "Charlie" Drain, 1913-1991, was born in San Francisco, California, USA, but spent virtually his entire life in Blairmore, Alberta.Missing: politician | Show results with:politician