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Drawing pin

A drawing pin, also known as a thumbtack in American English, is a small, sharp-pointed fastener consisting of a short length of wire bent into a pin shape with a broad, flat head, designed to be inserted into soft surfaces like cork or wood by applying pressure with the thumb, primarily for temporarily attaching lightweight papers, notices, or fabrics to boards or walls.^[1]^[2] The drawing pin's origins trace back to the early 20th century, with the modern flat-headed version credited to German clockmaker Johann Kirsten, who invented it between 1902 and 1903 in the town of Lychen to secure drawings on boards without damaging them.^[3] Earlier precursors, such as straight pins, existed since the 1500s for similar purposes, but Kirsten's design enabled mass production and widespread adoption for office and educational use.^[3] In the United States, a related but distinct "push pin" with a handled head was patented in 1900 by inventor Edwin Moore, who founded the Moore Push-Pin Company to manufacture it from steel wire and glass heads, though this evolved into variations overlapping with the drawing pin.^[4] Drawing pins are typically constructed from a single piece of wire with a flattened head. Variations include colored plastic heads for decorative purposes, magnetic versions for metal surfaces, or longer shafts for thicker materials. Widely used in offices, schools, and homes for pinning documents to corkboards, maps, or fabric displays, drawing pins offer a simple, reusable alternative to adhesives or staples, though they can leave small holes in surfaces and pose minor injury risks if mishandled.^[1] Their ubiquity in British English-speaking regions underscores the term's specificity to the flat-headed design, distinguishing it from handled push pins, which are easier to remove but less discreet.^[5] Despite digital alternatives like virtual notice boards, physical drawing pins remain essential in low-tech environments and crafts.

History

Early Invention and Development

The term "drawing pin" first appeared in print in 1812, as recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, marking its recognition as a specific tool for securing paper.^[6] This early form referred to straight pins used by draughtsmen, who required a reliable method to hold down technical drawings and maps on boards without causing damage or slippage during work. These straight pins allowed for insertion by hand and removal, distinguishing them from ordinary pins used for sewing or other purposes. Rudimentary drawing pins, in the form of straight wire pins typically made from iron or brass, were crafted by hand by small-scale metalworkers or blacksmiths. The production process involved cutting the wire to length and sharpening one end to a point. These methods were labor-intensive and localized, often performed in workshops serving architects, engineers, and cartographers in Britain and Europe, where precise technical illustration was becoming more common in the early 19th century.^[3] Initial adoption focused on professional applications in technical drawing and mapping, where the pins prevented paper from shifting under the weight of rulers or during inking. By the mid-19th century, these hand-made straight pins had become common in architects' drawing boxes, reflecting their practical value in an era of expanding engineering and cartographic projects, though the modern flat-headed design and mass production would emerge later.^[7]

Evolution to Modern Forms

The modern flat-headed drawing pin was invented in 1903 by German clockmaker Johann Kirsten in Lychen, who designed it with a broad, flat brass disc head attached to a short shaft for easier thumb insertion to secure drawings without damage.^[3] ^[8] Facing financial difficulties, Kirsten sold the rights to clockmaker Arthur Lindstedt (sometimes cited as Otto Lindstedt), who established mass production at a factory in Lychen, exporting thousands daily across Europe and enabling widespread adoption in offices and schools.^[3] Around the same time, British inventor Mick Clay is credited with an independent similar design for technical drawings.^[8] These developments built on 18th- and 19th-century precursors like straight pins and tacks, transforming the tool into a staple for securing documents, maps, and notices without damaging surfaces.^[8] A related advancement occurred in 1900 when Edwin Moore, a photographer from Newark, New Jersey, invented and patented the push pin—a variant with a rigid, handle-like head attached to a sharp steel point, allowing for simpler insertion and removal compared to traditional drawing pins.^[9] Moore founded the Moore Push-Pin Company that year with just $112.60 in capital, initially producing the pins from glass heads and steel shafts in a rented room; his first major order came from Eastman Kodak for $1,000 worth, signaling commercial viability.^[4] Production expanded rapidly in the early 20th century as demand surged in educational and professional settings, with the company incorporating in 1904 and launching national advertising campaigns.^[4] By the 1940s, innovations included the introduction of colored plastic heads made from styrene, offering decorative options that broadened applications in visual displays, bulletin boards, and artistic pinning while replacing fragile glass for greater durability.^[4]^[10]

Design and Components

Basic Structure

A drawing pin, also known as a thumbtack, consists of two primary components: a short, sharp shaft designed for penetration into surfaces like cork or wood, and a broad, flat head that allows for thumb pressure during insertion. The shaft is typically 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6 to 13 mm) in length, enabling sufficient depth for secure holding without excessive protrusion, while the head measures about 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter to distribute force evenly and prevent the pin from sinking too deeply.^[11]^[12] This configuration facilitates easy manual insertion and reliable fastening of lightweight materials such as paper or fabric to boards. The head's design incorporates variations to enhance grip and usability during application and removal. Common features include a smooth surface for straightforward pressing, a knurled edge for better traction in textured variants, or a slightly concave top to reduce thumb slippage and improve control.^[13] These elements ensure the head remains accessible and functional, allowing users to apply consistent pressure without tools. The shaft includes specialized features for effective performance, such as a tapered point that narrows to a fine tip for effortless initial penetration into soft surfaces, minimizing resistance and damage to the material. At the junction with the head, a bend or crimp secures the shaft firmly, providing structural stability to withstand pulling forces and prevent detachment under load. Evolving from early wire-based forms detailed in historical developments, this core anatomy supports the drawing pin's role as a simple yet effective fastening device.^[14]

Materials and Construction

The shaft of a drawing pin is traditionally crafted from low-carbon steel wire, selected for its ease in achieving a sharp point suitable for penetration while offering adequate tensile strength to resist bending under typical use, thereby balancing performance with economical production costs.^[15] This material's ductility also supports efficient forming processes, contributing to the pin's overall longevity in standard office or household environments. The head is commonly formed from the same steel and coated with nickel or zinc plating to provide corrosion resistance, preventing rust in humid conditions and extending the pin's service life without significantly increasing manufacturing expenses.^[16] In contemporary variations, the head incorporates plastic or polymer materials, such as high-impact polystyrene, which reduce weight for easier handling and eliminate electrical conductivity risks in certain applications, while enabling vibrant color options at a lower material cost compared to all-metal designs.^[17] These polymers maintain structural integrity under repeated pressure, enhancing durability for decorative or lightweight pinning tasks. Drawing pins are typically constructed by stamping the flat head from sheet metal, inserting the pre-sharpened steel wire shaft through a central hole, and securing it with a crimp or swage at the base to ensure a strong bond. This assembly method allows for efficient mass production, uniformity in dimensions, and minimal material waste while providing the necessary strength to prevent separation during use.^[3]

Types and Variations

Standard Thumbtacks

The standard thumbtack consists of a flat, round head formed from nickel-plated steel wire or with a plastic head, and a straight, sharp steel point for embedding into soft surfaces. This classic design allows for the temporary attachment of lightweight materials like paper or fabric to corkboards, bulletin boards, or walls without requiring tools. According to federal specifications under NSN 7510-00-272-6887, the head has a nominal diameter of 0.500 inches, while the pin measures 0.312 inches in length, ensuring ease of insertion by hand.^[18] These thumbtacks are sized for versatility in everyday applications, with common sizes featuring head diameters of about 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) and shaft lengths of 5/16 inch (8 mm). They are manufactured to precise tolerances for durability and are routinely distributed in bulk packs of 100 to 1,000 units, facilitating cost-effective stocking in offices, schools, and homes.^[11]^[19] One key advantage of standard thumbtacks is their low cost, typically under $0.01 per unit when purchased in bulk quantities of 200 or more. Their robust steel construction enables repeated use without deformation, extending their lifespan across multiple fastening tasks. Compared to staples, thumbtacks produce minimal surface damage, creating only small, discreet puncture holes that are easier to repair on boards or walls.^[20]^[19]^[21]

Push Pins and Specialty Variants

Push pins are a related but distinct type of fastener from the drawing pin, featuring a rigid handle that embeds a sharp steel point for enhanced usability. Invented in 1900 by Edwin Moore of Newark, New Jersey, the original design incorporated a tapered handle made from glass or another vitreous, non-corrosive material, with the pin embedded longitudinally to project from one end, allowing for firm one-handed gripping via a flange and easy insertion into surfaces like drying boards without slipping or staining.^[9] Modern iterations retain this core concept but utilize durable plastic or wooden handles to encase the steel tack, enabling straightforward one-handed application into soft materials such as cork or foam boards while minimizing hand fatigue.^[22] Map pins, a specialized variant, incorporate colored plastic heads—typically in shades like red, blue, yellow, green, and white—paired with elongated steel shafts for precise location marking on maps, charts, or planning boards. These heads are often spherical, measuring around 0.2 inches in diameter, which provides stability and visibility while the extended 0.5-inch shaft penetrates deeper into surfaces for secure placement without excessive protrusion. The color-coding facilitates quick identification of categories, such as routes, sites, or data points, in professional or educational settings.^[23] Clear and decorative variants address aesthetic and functional needs in creative applications, with transparent plastic heads that blend seamlessly into displays for "invisible" pinning in crafts, photo walls, or artwork. These designs, often with standard steel points, reduce visual obstruction while maintaining hold on cork or fabric. Magnetic versions further innovate by replacing the penetrating point with a strong neodymium magnet encased in plastic or metal, allowing attachment to ferrous surfaces like whiteboards or filing cabinets without damage or holes. Each such pin can typically secure up to 15-20 sheets of standard paper, offering a non-invasive alternative for temporary displays.^[24]

Manufacturing

Traditional Production Techniques

In the early 20th century, following Johann Kirsten's 1903 invention of the modern flat-headed drawing pin, initial production involved semi-manual processes adapted from nail and tack making. Artisans used foot-powered presses to form heads from wire, achieving rates of up to 100 pins per hour per operator.^[25] These methods marked a transition to greater consistency before full industrialization, with quality control relying on visual and tactile inspection, resulting in 10-20% waste from defects.^[26]

Modern Industrial Processes

Modern industrial processes for manufacturing drawing pins, which began scaling after the early 1900s inventions, emphasize automation for high-volume output. The process starts with steel wire drawing, where low-carbon steel rods are fed through progressive dies to reduce diameter to approximately 1.4 mm for the shaft. This cold-drawing enhances tensile strength and dimensional precision.^[27] The drawn wire is coiled and fed into automatic heading machines, which cut segments to length and form flat heads using reciprocating dies. Specialized machines for thumbtacks operate at rates of up to 250 pieces per minute.^[28] For variants like push pins, the metal shaft is assembled with a plastic head via injection molding, where thermoplastic is injected around the positioned tack to form a secure bond. This is followed by electroplating, typically with nickel, for corrosion resistance through electrolytic deposition.^[28]^[29] Final stages include automated sorting for defects, counting, and packaging using vibratory feeders and robotics. Global production of drawing pins and similar tacks reaches billions of units annually, with major facilities in China producing up to 250 assembled pieces per minute.^[28]^[30]

Uses and Applications

Primary Functions

Drawing pins, also known as thumbtacks, serve as essential tools for securing lightweight materials to soft surfaces in professional and academic environments. In offices and educational settings, they are commonly employed to attach notes, posters, memos, and other documents to bulletin boards, cork tiles, or fabric-covered walls, facilitating organization and quick visual access to information without the need for permanent fixtures.^[31] This application is particularly valued in classrooms for displaying student work or instructional aids and in workplaces for pinning schedules, announcements, or project updates, promoting efficient communication and collaboration.^[32] Beyond general display purposes, drawing pins play a key role in mapping and planning activities, where they mark specific points on wall maps or calendars to track events, locations, or progress visually. For instance, in educational contexts, teachers and students use colored map pins— a variant of drawing pins— to highlight geographical features, historical sites, or travel routes on large maps, enhancing spatial understanding and lesson engagement.^[31] Similarly, in office planning, they denote milestones on timelines or key areas on strategic maps, aiding in project management and decision-making processes.^[33] As temporary fasteners, drawing pins provide a non-adhesive method for holding lightweight fabrics, papers, or thin materials in place, making them ideal for short-term setups in exhibitions, classrooms, or collaborative spaces. Their broad, flat heads allow for easy insertion by thumb pressure into yielding surfaces like cork or foam, ensuring items remain fixed without causing significant damage or residue upon removal.^[34] This functionality supports dynamic environments where frequent adjustments are required, such as rearranging displays during school events or office presentations.^[32] The standard design's simplicity enhances its suitability for these routine tasks, as outlined in the design components.

Creative and Alternative Uses

In fine art, drawing pins serve as key components in sculptures and mixed-media works. Surrealist artist Man Ray's 1921 readymade The Gift (Le Cadeau) transforms an ordinary flatiron by gluing 14 brass tacks along its sole, subverting the tool's utilitarian purpose into a provocative commentary on domesticity and functionality; replicas of this piece are held in collections such as the Museum of Modern Art.^[35]^[36] Similarly, contemporary artist Duncan MacAskill constructs large-scale portraits using thousands of thumbtacks arranged on cork boards, applying pointillist techniques to build images from the varying colors and shadows of the pin heads, as seen in his recycled-material series exhibited in London galleries.^[37] Decoratively, colored drawing pins enhance vision boards by pinning motivational clippings, photographs, and notes to cork surfaces, allowing users to organize and visualize goals with vibrant accents. They also feature in event setups, where assorted hues secure party banners, thematic displays, and lightweight decorations to walls or boards, contributing to festive atmospheres without permanent fixtures.^[38]^[39]

Safety and Considerations

Potential Hazards

Drawing pins, also known as thumbtacks, pose several health risks primarily due to their sharp metal points and small size. The most common physical injury associated with drawing pins is puncture wounds, which occur when the sharp shaft penetrates the skin, such as during accidental steps or handling mishaps. These wounds can introduce bacteria into the body, leading to infections if not properly cleaned with soap and water immediately after injury. Puncture wounds from sharp objects like tacks increase the overall risk of infection, with symptoms including redness, swelling, and pus formation if untreated. Such injuries are particularly prevalent among children, who may step on dropped pins barefoot, resulting in foot punctures that affect about 4% with subsequent infections. To prevent these injuries, users should store drawing pins in secure containers, wear appropriate footwear in areas where they are used, and promptly clean any wounds while monitoring for signs of infection, seeking medical attention if redness spreads. Ingestion of drawing pins represents a significant choking and internal injury hazard, especially for toddlers and young children under five years old, who may mistake the small objects for toys. Sharp foreign bodies like thumbtacks can cause esophageal perforation, bleeding, or obstruction upon swallowing, leading to emergency interventions such as endoscopic removal. In the United States, foreign body ingestion accounts for frequent pediatric emergency department visits, with up to 75% of cases involving children and sharp objects posing higher morbidity risks due to potential tissue damage. Annual reports indicate thousands of such incidents, though specific data for thumbtacks is limited; however, case studies highlight the need for immediate radiographic evaluation and potential surgical retrieval to mitigate complications. Prevention involves keeping drawing pins out of reach of young children, educating caregivers on supervision, and disposing of loose pins promptly to avoid accidental ingestion. In workplace settings, some individuals may experience allergic contact dermatitis from nickel plating on metal components, manifesting as itchy rashes or eczema upon skin contact. To minimize these risks, workers should opt for nickel-free variants when possible and apply barrier creams or gloves for those with known metal sensitivities.

Environmental and Disposal Issues

The production of drawing pins, which typically feature steel shafts and plastic heads, relies on resource-intensive processes that contribute to environmental degradation. Steel manufacturing begins with iron ore mining, leading to habitat destruction, soil erosion, and water contamination, followed by energy-heavy smelting that emits significant carbon dioxide. Similarly, plastic components derive from petroleum extraction and refining, depleting non-renewable fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. While individual drawing pins have minimal impact, their mass production amplifies these cumulative effects on resource scarcity and climate change. Disposal of drawing pins presents ongoing challenges due to their durable, non-biodegradable materials. Metal shafts persist indefinitely in the environment, potentially contributing to pollution if not recycled. The combination of metal and plastic in a single small item hinders effective recycling, as separation requires specialized processing often unavailable for such minor waste; consequently, most end up in landfills, exacerbating space constraints and methane emissions from decomposing surrounding waste. To improve recovery, used pins can be collected in empty metal cans for submission to scrap metal facilities, though overall recycling rates for such items remain low globally. Efforts to address these issues include the promotion of sustainable alternatives that minimize waste and resource use. Reusable magnetic attachments, such as clips or sheets for boards, provide a durable substitute that avoids disposables altogether, as magnets are recyclable.

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