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Bulk

Bulk refers to the aggregate size, mass, or volume of a substance or object, typically emphasizing something impressively large, heavy, or numerous, distinguishing it from smaller units or portions.^[1] In commercial and logistical contexts, bulk describes unpackaged goods transported in large quantities without individual packaging, such as loose cargo loaded directly into vessels, vehicles, or containers, often categorized as dry bulk (e.g., grains, coal) or liquid bulk (e.g., oil).^[2] This mode of handling facilitates efficient movement of homogeneous materials on a massive scale, commonly via specialized bulk carriers or tankers.^[3] In physics and materials science, bulk denotes the interior region of a material where properties are uniform and unaffected by surface or boundary effects, contrasting with nanoscale or surface-dominated behaviors.^[4] Bulk properties, such as density, elasticity, or conductivity, are macroscopic characteristics that remain consistent regardless of the sample's size, arising from the collective interactions of atoms or molecules in the material's volume.^[5] A key example is the bulk modulus, which quantifies a material's resistance to uniform compression, defined as the ratio of applied pressure to the resulting fractional volume change.^[6] These properties are fundamental in engineering applications, from structural design to fluid dynamics, where bulk behavior governs performance under stress or flow conditions.^[7]

Industry and Commerce

Bulk Cargo

Bulk cargo refers to unpackaged commodities transported in large quantities, typically loaded loose into the holds of specialized vessels without individual packaging or containers.^[3] This includes both dry and liquid materials shipped in bulk form to facilitate efficient movement of high-volume goods across global trade routes.^[8] Common examples encompass grains, coal, iron ore for dry bulk, and crude oil or liquid chemicals for liquid bulk, distinguishing it from containerized or break-bulk shipments that require packaging.^[9] Dry bulk cargo, the primary focus of this category, consists of solid, unpackaged materials such as iron ore, coal, and grains, which are poured or shoveled directly into ship holds.^[10] Liquid bulk, in contrast, involves fluids like petroleum products transported via pipelines or pumps, though its specialized handling is addressed separately.^[11] At ports, dry bulk is managed using mechanical systems including conveyor belts for continuous loading and unloading, grabs attached to cranes for scooping materials, and silos for temporary storage to prevent contamination or weathering.^[3] Major hubs like the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands and the Port of Singapore exemplify efficient bulk operations, processing millions of tons annually through integrated terminal infrastructure.^[12] Economically, bulk cargo underpins global supply chains, particularly in agriculture—where grains support food security and exports—and mining, enabling the distribution of raw materials like ore and coal essential for industrial production.^[13] In 2024, seaborne dry bulk trade alone surpassed 5.6 billion metric tons, highlighting its scale in international commerce and contribution to approximately 45% of global maritime freight volume.^[14]^[15] In 2025, the dry bulk market has faced challenges including waning demand from China and a 25% drop in earnings in the first half of the year.^[16] This transportation mode emerged prominently during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, as steamships revolutionized the efficient hauling of large commodity volumes, replacing slower sailing vessels and fueling expanded trade in coal and iron.^[17] Bulk carriers, designed specifically for these cargoes, further optimized this process by maximizing hold capacity for loose loads.^[3]

Bulk Carrier

A bulk carrier, also known as a bulker or dry bulker, is a specialized merchant vessel designed to transport large volumes of unpackaged dry bulk cargo, such as iron ore, coal, grain, and bauxite. These ships prioritize cargo capacity and efficiency, with designs optimized for loading and unloading homogeneous cargoes over long distances. Bulk carriers form a critical segment of the global maritime fleet, enabling the movement of essential raw materials that underpin industries like steelmaking and energy production.^[18] Bulk carriers are classified primarily by their deadweight tonnage (DWT), which determines their size, capacity, and suitability for specific trade routes and ports. Handysize vessels typically range from 10,000 to 35,000 DWT, offering versatility for smaller ports with drafts around 10 meters. Supramax carriers, an evolution of the Handymax class, measure 50,000 to 60,000 DWT and provide a balance between capacity and maneuverability. Panamax ships, sized at 60,000 to 80,000 DWT, are built to navigate the Panama Canal's locks, while Capesize vessels exceed 100,000 DWT and are restricted to deep-water routes due to their size, often requiring capes like the Cape of Good Hope.^[19] Key design features of bulk carriers emphasize structural simplicity and cargo efficiency. Most are constructed as single-deck ships with a longitudinally framed hull, double bottom for stability, and multiple watertight holds separated by bulkheads to prevent cargo shifting. Large, box-shaped hatches on the main deck allow unrestricted access for rapid loading and unloading, often via shore-based conveyors or grabs. Some specialized variants, like self-unloaders, incorporate onboard conveyor systems extending from the holds to discharge cargo directly onto port facilities without external equipment. Propulsion is typically provided by efficient, low-speed diesel engines, which power the vessel through a single-screw arrangement, with modern units incorporating waste heat recovery for reduced fuel use.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] Operationally, bulk carriers follow major global trade routes dictated by commodity flows, such as the transport of iron ore from Brazil's ports like Tubarão to China's steel mills in the Yangtze River delta, covering over 10,000 nautical miles. These voyages demand careful ballast management to maintain stability during empty return legs. Fuel consumption is substantial, with a typical Capesize vessel using around 40-50 tons of heavy fuel oil per day at sea, contributing to environmental concerns like CO2 emissions, which totaled approximately 1 billion tons annually from international shipping in 2018. To mitigate pollution, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) enforced a global sulfur emissions cap of 0.5% on marine fuels starting January 2020, compelling operators to adopt low-sulfur fuels or exhaust gas cleaning systems, thereby reducing SOx emissions by up to 77% compared to pre-regulation levels.^[24]^[25]^[26] The historical evolution of bulk carriers traces back to the mid-19th century, when the first specialized vessel, the sailing ship John Bowes, was launched in 1852 to carry coal efficiently from British mines. Early designs adapted wooden sailing barges for bulk trades, but the shift to iron hulls and steam propulsion in the late 1800s enabled larger capacities amid rising industrial demand. Diesel engines emerged around 1911, revolutionizing reliability and range, while post-World War II innovations like welded steel construction and ore-oil carriers further scaled up sizes. Modern Supramax vessels represent a recent development, introduced in the 2000s as geared ships with capacities up to 60,000 DWT, bridging the gap between Handysize and Panamax for flexible operations. Safety has been shaped by incidents like the 1980 loss of the MV Derbyshire, a 91,000 DWT ore-bulk-oil carrier that foundered in Typhoon Orchid with all 44 crew, prompting IMO amendments to load line conventions and enhanced hatch cover strength requirements.^[27]^[23]^[19]^[28] Economically, bulk carriers play a pivotal role in global supply chains, with the worldwide fleet comprising over 13,000 vessels as of 2024, totaling around 1 billion DWT in capacity. These ships handle the majority of dry bulk trade, which accounts for approximately 45% of total seaborne tonnage and supports non-containerized commodity flows essential for manufacturing and energy sectors. The sector's scale underscores its importance, as disruptions in bulk carrier operations can ripple through global markets, influencing prices for raw materials like iron ore.^[29]^[30]^[15]

Bulk Liquids

Bulk liquids encompass unpackaged liquid commodities transported in large volumes, including crude oil, refined petroleum products, chemicals, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). These cargoes are carried without individual containers or packaging, typically in integral tanks aboard specialized vessels, distinguishing them from dry bulk cargoes such as grains or ores that involve solid materials. This mode of transport facilitates efficient global distribution of energy and industrial resources but requires stringent handling to mitigate environmental risks.^[31] Vessels designed for bulk liquids are tailored to specific cargo types for safety and efficiency. Oil tankers, such as Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) with capacities up to 300,000 deadweight tons (DWT), dominate crude oil shipments due to their large-scale segregated tank systems. Chemical tankers incorporate specialized coated tanks—often epoxy or zinc-based linings—to resist corrosion from aggressive substances like acids or solvents. LNG carriers utilize advanced cryogenic systems, including membrane or spherical tanks insulated to maintain cargo at approximately -162°C, enabling the transport of natural gas in liquefied form.^[32]^[33]^[34] The transport process begins with loading via submerged pipelines or loading arms at dedicated terminals, where cargo is pumped directly into vessel tanks under controlled pressure to avoid vapor emissions or overflows. To ensure stability during voyages without full cargo loads, ballast water is taken on and later managed through treatment systems—such as filtration, UV irradiation, or chemical dosing—to prevent the discharge of invasive aquatic species that could cause ecological damage. Major routes, like those from Persian Gulf producers through the Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb Strait, and Suez Canal to European refineries, handle a significant portion of global flows but face vulnerabilities from chokepoints and weather.^[35]^[36]^[37] Safety protocols and international regulations are critical to minimizing pollution risks in bulk liquid transport. Following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, which released over 250,000 barrels into Alaskan waters, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 mandated double-hull constructions for new oil tankers, phased in globally by 2015 to create a void space that limits cargo release during groundings or collisions. The International Maritime Organization's MARPOL Convention, through Annex I (oil pollution) and Annex II (noxious liquid substances), enforces discharge limits, segregation of incompatible cargoes, and emergency response plans to protect marine environments.^[38]^[39] In 2023 and 2024, the bulk liquids market shipped nearly 2 billion tons (1.95 billion metric tons in 2024) of crude oil by sea, underscoring its scale in global energy supply, though volumes fluctuate with demand and supply dynamics. Geopolitical events, such as the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, introduced significant volatility by triggering Western sanctions on Russian exports, forcing longer reroutes around Africa and elevating freight rates by up to 50% on affected lanes.^[40]^[41]^[42]

Food and Nutrition

Bulk Fermentation

Bulk fermentation refers to the initial stage in bread dough production where the mixed ingredients rest as a single, undivided mass, allowing yeast and other microorganisms to develop flavor and strengthen the dough's structure through metabolic activity.^[43] This process occurs after initial mixing and gluten development but before dividing and shaping the dough, typically lasting 1 to 4 hours at temperatures between 20°C and 25°C (68°F to 77°F), depending on recipe specifics and environmental conditions.^[44] Key factors influencing bulk fermentation include dough hydration levels, which commonly range from 60% to 80%, and precise temperature control to optimize microbial activity without over-fermenting. Higher hydration doughs may require additional folds during this phase to build strength, while temperatures above 29°C (85°F) can accelerate fermentation excessively, leading to weak structure, and below 4°C (39°F) slows it unduly.^[44]^[45] Biologically, the primary agent is the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which ferments available sugars into carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ethanol, generating gas that leavens the dough and contributes to its aroma.^[46] Complementing this, lactic acid bacteria (such as Lactobacillus species) produce lactic acid and other organic acids, lowering the dough's pH and enhancing acidity, which supports flavor complexity and gluten conditioning.^[47]^[45] The benefits of bulk fermentation are significant for bread quality: it strengthens the gluten network for better gas retention and crumb structure, while generating flavor compounds like lactic acid that impart tangy notes absent in rushed processes. In contrast, no-time dough methods, which bypass this rest, result in breads with underdeveloped flavor and denser texture due to insufficient acid and enzyme activity.^[43]^[44] Historically, bulk fermentation has been integral to artisan baking since ancient times, with evidence of natural leavening processes in Egyptian bread production over 6,000 years ago, relying on wild yeasts and bacteria for fermentation. In modern industrial sourdough production, variations incorporate controlled bulk fermentation to scale traditional flavor development while ensuring consistency.^[48]^[44]

Bulking in Bodybuilding

Bulking in bodybuilding is a deliberate phase in which individuals create a caloric surplus to stimulate muscle hypertrophy and increase overall body mass. This approach involves consuming approximately 250-500 calories above daily maintenance requirements, providing the energy needed for enhanced muscle protein synthesis and recovery from resistance training.^[49]^[50] Key strategies during bulking emphasize a high-protein diet, typically 1.6-2.2 grams per kilogram of body weight daily, to support muscle repair and growth, alongside progressive resistance training sessions conducted 3-5 days per week focusing on compound lifts like squats and bench presses.^[51] Two primary methods are clean bulking, which prioritizes nutrient-dense whole foods to limit fat gain while achieving a modest surplus, and dirty bulking, which permits higher-calorie intake from processed or high-fat sources for faster weight gain but at the risk of greater fat accumulation.^[52] Sourcing calories affordably from bulk foods, such as large quantities of rice or oats, can facilitate meeting these elevated needs without excessive cost. Physiologically, the caloric surplus elevates insulin levels, which promote amino acid uptake and muscle protein synthesis by increasing blood flow and nutrient delivery to skeletal muscle.^[53] This phase generally lasts 3-6 months to allow measurable muscle gains before transitioning to a cutting phase for fat reduction.^[54] Potential risks include significant fat accumulation, particularly with dirty bulking approaches, which can exceed 20% body fat in some cases and complicate subsequent cutting efforts, as well as disruptions in hormone balance such as elevated cortisol from prolonged surpluses.^[51] Evidence from bodybuilding nutrition reviews highlights the need for monitoring body composition to mitigate these issues. Historically, bulking gained prominence in the 1970s through routines popularized by Arnold Schwarzenegger, who advocated high-volume training paired with substantial caloric intake to build his iconic physique during the sport's golden era.^[55] In modern practice, bodybuilders often use tracking apps like MacroFactor or RP Hypertrophy to log intake, adjust surpluses dynamically, and monitor progress toward hypertrophy goals.^[56]^[57]

Bulk Foods

Bulk foods consist of unpackaged dry goods such as grains, nuts, and spices sold by weight in retail environments, often in food cooperatives or specialty stores where customers use scoops or dispensers to measure portions into their own containers.^[58] This approach allows for customizable quantities, reducing overpurchase and appealing to shoppers seeking variety without commitment to fixed package sizes.^[59] The practice traces its roots to 19th-century general stores in rural America, where merchants sold loose items like flour, sugar, and dried beans from barrels and bins to serve farming communities efficiently.^[60] These early setups emphasized practicality and minimal packaging, a model revived in modern co-ops starting in the mid-20th century, such as the PCC Community Markets founded as a bulk buying club in 1953.^[59] Typical items available in bulk sections include rice, dried fruits, oats, lentils, and herbs, providing diverse options for everyday cooking and storage.^[61] Purchasing bulk foods offers cost savings, with studies showing average reductions of about 27% compared to smaller packaged versions across common grocery items.^[62] Environmentally, it cuts down on packaging waste by eliminating single-use plastics and excess materials, thereby lowering the carbon footprint associated with production and disposal.^[63] To maintain hygiene, bulk dispensers incorporate designs like gravity-fed spouts or enclosed lids that minimize direct hand contact with product, while stores provide sanitized scoops or tongs dedicated to each bin.^[64] Compliance with FDA regulations under Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) mandates clean conditions, regular sanitation of equipment, and protection against contaminants like pests or moisture to ensure food safety.^[65] The bulk foods sector has expanded since the 2010s, driven by the surge in zero-waste retail concepts that prioritize unpackaged sales to promote sustainability.^[66] The global zero-waste grocery market, a key subset, was valued at approximately USD 1.1 billion as of 2025, reflecting broader consumer shifts toward eco-friendly shopping amid rising environmental awareness.^[67] Bulk foods also serve as affordable protein sources in bulking diets, such as nuts and legumes bought in loose form.^[68]

Physics and Materials Science

Bulk Matter

Bulk matter in physics refers to the interior volume of a material where physical and chemical properties remain uniform and independent of surface influences, treating the substance as a homogeneous continuum rather than discrete particles. This concept applies across solids, liquids, and gases, where the scale is sufficiently large that boundary effects are negligible, allowing for the description of macroscopic behavior. Key thermodynamic properties, such as density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, characterize bulk matter, relying on the assumption of homogeneity central to continuum mechanics and statistical thermodynamics.^[4] In engineering applications, bulk matter approximations enable the modeling of large-scale structures, such as pipelines or structural beams, where material homogeneity simplifies stress and flow predictions; for instance, bulk water's density and viscosity contrast with elevated surface tension in droplets, highlighting the role of scale in fluid dynamics. However, these assumptions fail at the nanoscale, where high surface-to-volume ratios cause nanoparticles to exhibit altered electronic, optical, and mechanical properties compared to their bulk counterparts.

Bulk Modulus

The bulk modulus, denoted as K, is a material property that quantifies the resistance to uniform compression under hydrostatic pressure, defined as K = -V \left( \frac{\partial P}{\partial V} \right)_T, where V is the volume, P is the pressure, and the subscript T indicates constant temperature; the negative sign ensures K is positive since volume decreases (\partial V < 0) as pressure increases (\partial P > 0).^[69] This measure applies to isotropic materials and describes infinitesimal changes, assuming linear elasticity.^[70] The bulk modulus derives from an extension of Hooke's law to three-dimensional isotropic stress states, where uniform pressure p acts equally in all directions, causing volumetric strain \Delta V / V. For an isotropic material, the strain in each direction is \epsilon = \frac{p}{Y} (-1 + 2\sigma) (with Y as Young's modulus and \sigma as Poisson's ratio), and the total volumetric strain is \Delta V / V = 3\epsilon = -p / [K](/page/K), yielding K = \frac{Y}{3(1 - 2\sigma)}.^[69] This relation highlights how incompressibility emerges when \sigma \approx 0.5, making [K](/page/K) large, as the lateral expansions counteract axial compressions.^[70] The SI unit of the bulk modulus is the pascal (Pa), equivalent to N/m², reflecting its nature as stress per unit strain. Representative values illustrate the range: water has K \approx 2.2 GPa at room temperature, indicating moderate incompressibility suitable for hydraulic applications; steel exhibits K \approx 160 GPa, underscoring its high resistance to compression in structural engineering; and air (under adiabatic conditions at 1 atm) has K \approx 1.4 \times 10^5 Pa, showing high compressibility typical of gases.^[71]^[72]^[73] In geophysics, the bulk modulus is essential for modeling the equation of state in Earth's interior, such as estimating the incompressibility of the core and mantle rocks under high pressure via theories like Gassmann's for fluid-saturated porous media.^[74] In acoustics, it determines the speed of sound in a medium as c = \sqrt{K / \rho} (where \rho is density), influencing wave propagation in fluids and solids for applications like seismic imaging and sonar.^[73] The bulk modulus exhibits temperature dependence, generally decreasing as temperature rises due to increased atomic vibrations that soften the material, though the effect varies by substance.^[75] In materials like rubber, anomalies arise from its near-incompressibility (\sigma \approx 0.5, yielding very high [K](/page/K) \approx 2 GPa), where deviations from ideal elasticity under large strains can lead to nonlinear behavior, but volume changes remain minimal even at elevated temperatures.^[70]^[76]

People

Bulk as a Surname

The surname Bulk is of North German and Dutch origin, deriving from the Middle Low German word "bulk," which referred to a large sea fish or a substantial piece of land. It likely emerged as a nickname for individuals of stout build or for landowners possessing significant property.^[77]^[78] Historical records indicate that the surname first appeared in the medieval period within the Low Countries and northern Germany, aligning with the usage of Middle Low German during the 13th to 15th centuries. By the 19th century, migration patterns led to its presence in England and, particularly, the United States, where the earliest documented Bulk family was recorded in Kentucky in 1840.^[77] This transatlantic movement reflects broader emigration from Germanic regions during industrialization and economic shifts. Globally, the surname Bulk is relatively rare, borne by approximately 2,600 individuals as of recent demographic data, ranking it as the 180,255th most common surname worldwide. It remains concentrated in Germanic Europe, with notable incidences in Germany and the Netherlands, alongside smaller populations in the United States, where it ranks around the 90,000th most frequent surname.^[79]^[80] Variations of the surname include Bulke and Bülk, often reflecting regional spelling differences in Dutch and German contexts. Unlike some surnames with ties to nobility, Bulk lacks major aristocratic associations and is primarily linked to common occupational or descriptive origins. In modern times, it maintains low notability, serving mainly for genealogical and disambiguatory purposes.^[79]

Mike Waters (Wrestler)

Mike Waters, better known by his ring name Bulk, is an English professional wrestler born on July 18, 1978, in Norwich, Norfolk.^[81] Standing at 6 feet (1.83 m) and weighing approximately 520 pounds (236 kg), he earned his moniker from his massive, powerhouse physique, which became central to his "big man" wrestling style.^[81] Waters trained under Andre Baker at NWA UK Hammerlock and Sweet Saraya at the World Association of Wrestling (WAW), making his professional debut in July 1998.^[82] Primarily active on the British independent circuit, he has competed for over 25 years, embodying the enduring appeal of heavyweight performers in UK wrestling. Waters rose to prominence as one half of the tag team UK Pitbulls, partnering with his older brother Dave Waters (known as Big Dave). The duo debuted together in 1998 and quickly established themselves as a dominant force, holding 20 tag team championships across 11 countries, including multiple WAW Tag Team Championship reigns noted in 2008 alongside individual titles such as the WAW British Heavyweight Championship for Bulk. They also captured other accolades, including world tag team championships recognized in British promotions.^[83] The team wrestled against various independent outfits, amassing a reputation for hardcore matches and high-impact maneuvers like the Bulkishi Driver. In the 2000s, the UK Pitbulls toured internationally across Europe and the United States, competing in events that expanded their reach beyond the UK scene.^[84] A pivotal moment came in 2008 when Big Dave suffered a powerlifting injury, prompting a temporary hiatus for the team; Waters briefly retired but returned as a solo competitor and formed partnerships like The Unnatural Disasters with wrestler Karn.^[85] The brothers reunited in 2018 following Dave's rehabilitation, and the UK Pitbulls remain active on the circuit as of 2025, performing in events like Fightmare Norwich in 2019. Outside wrestling, Waters portrayed the X-Men villain Blob in the 2024 Marvel film Deadpool & Wolverine, leveraging his physique for the role.^[86] Details on Waters' personal life are limited, though he resides in Sheringham, Norfolk, and has kept a relatively private profile focused on his family and wrestling commitments. He has contributed to the wrestling community by training aspiring performers, including former student Jo FX, with whom he competed in one of his announced final matches in 2011 before a brief retirement consideration. As a hallmark of the "big man" archetype, Bulk's career underscores the physicality and longevity of tag team wrestling in Britain, influencing subsequent generations through his consistent presence in independent promotions and preservation of traditional heavyweight storytelling.^[87]

Fiction

Bulk and Skull

Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier and Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch are fictional characters introduced as bully sidekicks and comic relief in the children's television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuting in the premiere episode "Day of the Dumpster" on August 28, 1993.^[88] Portrayed by actors Paul Schrier as Bulk and Jason Narvy as Skull, the duo serves as inept antagonists to the teenage protagonists, often attempting to uncover the Rangers' identities through bungled schemes.^[89] Over the course of the franchise, Bulk and Skull's character arcs evolve significantly from one-dimensional bullies to more sympathetic figures. In early seasons, they provide slapstick humor as school troublemakers obsessed with fame and the Rangers. By Power Rangers Zeo (1996), they join the Angel Grove police force as junior officers, showing glimpses of responsibility, and later assist in community efforts, such as leading a resistance against invaders in the Power Rangers in Space (1998) finale.^[89]^[88] Their growth culminates in later appearances where Bulk mentors a young character in Power Rangers Samurai (2011–2012), transforming them into unlikely allies and helpers.^[88] The characters appear in 257 episodes across seven seasons of the original continuity, from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through Power Rangers in Space, making them the longest-running non-Ranger cast members.^[88] They also cameo in the 1995 feature film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, reprising their comedic antics amid the Rangers' battle against Ivan Ooze.^[89] Additional brief roles include Bulk's recurring presence in Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999) and a joint appearance in the Power Rangers Wild Force (2002) episode "Forever Red."^[88] Bulk and Skull embody the archetype of inept villains in children's media, contributing to the franchise's lighthearted tone through physical comedy and failed bravado, which has endeared them to fans as iconic comic relief.^[90] Their popularity persists, evidenced by fan-driven reunions of actors Schrier and Narvy at conventions, including Pasadena Comic Con in 2024 and Nostalgia Con in 2024.^[91] Following the main series run, Schrier continued in the franchise as a director for episodes of later Power Rangers seasons and pursued voice acting, including a role in Cartoon Network's Mighty Magiswords (2017).^[92] Narvy, after earning a Ph.D. in theater in 2010, became a theater professor and is currently (as of 2025) an assistant professor of acting, directing, and musical theatre at East Stroudsburg University in Pennsylvania, while occasionally reprising Skull for nostalgic events.^[92] The characters experienced 2020s revivals through references in the Netflix special Power Rangers: Once & Always (2023), where they are depicted as business partners in a food company.^[89]

The Amazing Bulk

The Amazing Bulk is a 2012 American independent superhero parody film that spoofs the origin story of The Incredible Hulk. The plot follows Henry "Hank" Howard, an ambitious young scientist working for the U.S. military, who develops an experimental serum intended to enhance muscle mass and extend human lifespan in hopes of impressing his superior, General Darwin, and winning the hand of Darwin's daughter, Hannah. After being mugged and fearing for his life, Hank injects himself with the serum, which catastrophically mutates him into a massive purple-skinned monster known as "The Amazing Bulk." In his rampaging state, he destroys parts of the city, evades capture by Detective Ray Garton, and ultimately battles the villainous Dr. Werner von Kantlove, a mad scientist plotting to destroy the moon with a doomsday device. The story culminates in a chaotic confrontation that parodies classic superhero tropes, emphasizing absurdity over heroism.^[93] Directed by Lewis Schoenbrun, the film was produced on a micro-budget of approximately $14,000 by Laybl Productions, relying heavily on green-screen compositing and low-quality CGI effects that resemble early 1990s video game graphics. Principal photography was completed in just 18 days, with much of the action filmed against chroma key backgrounds to simulate large-scale destruction and transformations. Jordan Lawson stars as Hank Howard and his monstrous alter ego, supported by Shevaun Kastl as Hannah Darwin, Randal Malone as Dr. von Kantlove, and Terence Lording as General Darwin. The screenplay, co-written by Schoenbrun and David Guy Levy, draws inspiration from bodybuilding culture through the serum's muscle-enhancing premise, satirizing the obsession with physical perfection in superhero narratives. With a runtime of 77 minutes, the film blends live-action with amateurish digital animation to create its intentionally over-the-top visual style.^[94]^[95] Released direct-to-video on April 17, 2012, by Wild Eye Releasing, The Amazing Bulk received overwhelmingly negative reviews for its poor acting, incoherent editing, nonsensical plot, and subpar visual effects, earning an IMDb user rating of 1.7 out of 10 based on over 4,500 votes. Critics and audiences alike lambasted it as an "abomination" and a "painful watch," highlighting the childish dialogue and lack of production polish. Despite this, it has garnered a niche cult following among fans of "so-bad-it's-good" cinema and mockbusters, praised for its unintentional comedy and campy humor that amplifies its parody elements. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 58% audience score from 189 ratings, reflecting appreciation for its absurd charm in bad movie communities.^[96]^[97] The film's themes center on satire of bodybuilding ideals and superhero conventions, poking fun at the pursuit of superhuman physique through the disastrous serum experiment while exaggerating Hulk-like rage and transformation sequences into purple absurdity. Its legacy lies in its status as a quintessential indie mockbuster, influencing discussions in low-budget parody filmmaking circles without significant broader impact. As of 2025, it remains available for streaming on platforms like Tubi, Amazon Prime Video, and Google Play, sustaining its appeal to enthusiasts of ironic superhero fare.^[98]^[99]

Bulk (2025 Film)

Bulk (stylised as BULK) is a 2025 British independent science fiction thriller film written, directed, and edited by Ben Wheatley.^[100] The film stars Sam Riley as journalist Cory Harlan, who is tasked with retrieving oligarch Anton Chambers (Mark Monero) after a catastrophic string theory experiment fragments reality into a multiverse of time loops and shifting dimensions.^[100] Alexandra Maria Lara co-stars as Aclima, a guide in the chaotic landscape, alongside Noah Taylor as Sessler and a voice cameo by Bill Nighy.^[100] Produced by Rook Films and Film4, it premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival's Midnight Madness strand on August 14, 2025, running 90 minutes.^[100]^[101] The plot centers on Harlan's unwilling entry into a looping nightmare within a seemingly ordinary suburban house that conceals higher-dimensional "bulk" spaces from string theory, where Chambers has evolved into a malevolent AI entity.^[102] Harlan must navigate paradoxes and illusions to locate the experiment's core and rescue the trapped scientist, blending conspiracy thriller elements with experimental sci-fi.^[100] Wheatley's script draws on influences like midcentury B-movies and Alphaville, emphasizing lo-fi paranoia over high-budget spectacle.^[100] Cinematographer Nick Gillespie captures the film's disorienting visuals, produced by Wheatley and Andy Starke.^[100] Filming occurred secretly in the UK during 2024, allowing Wheatley to return to his independent roots following larger projects.^[101] Critics praised Bulk for its mischievous energy and genre-blending wit, positioning it as a cult midnight movie rather than mainstream fare.^[100] Variety highlighted its "paranoid lo-fi thriller" style, noting Wheatley's fun in subverting expectations after Meg 2: The Trench.^[100] The BFI's Sight and Sound described it as a "thrilling experimental film about a failed experiment," commending its mercurial exploration of multiverse concepts and infinite quests.^[103] Audience reception has been mixed, with an IMDb rating of 5.1/10 from over 100 users and a Letterboxd average of 3.1/5, appreciating its delirious invention but critiquing narrative opacity.^[104] As an independent release, it aligns with its niche festival circuit distribution. Thematically, Bulk metaphorically engages physics concepts of the "bulk" as extra-dimensional space in string theory, paralleling modern anxieties about AI and reality fragmentation without delving into overt surveillance critiques.^[103] Wheatley's direction fuses noir undertones with tech horror, earning acclaim for taut tension in confined settings.^[105] Its significance lies in revitalizing Wheatley's cult reputation through innovative, low-budget storytelling that prioritizes conceptual play over resolution.^[100]

Places

Bulk, Lancashire

Bulk is a former township and civil parish located immediately north of the city centre of Lancaster in Lancashire, England, serving as a suburb within the modern Lancaster district. It lies approximately 2 miles northeast of Lancaster town and is bounded on the west and north by the River Lune, with coordinates around 54°04′N 2°47′W. The area covers about 1,158 acres (approximately 4.7 square kilometres), encompassing a mix of residential zones and green spaces today.^[106]^[107]^[108] Historically, Bulk was a medieval farming community within the ancient parish of Lancaster, part of the Lonsdale hundred south of the Sands. The placename was recorded as Bulke in 1346, with earlier forms appearing in documents from 1292, and it was locally pronounced as "Book." In the Domesday Book, the area included the hamlet of Newton, which had become obsolete by 1318, and it formed part of the Halton fee held by Earl Tostig in 1066 before passing through various lords, including Roger of Poitou, Lancaster Priory, and Syon Abbey. As a township, Bulk featured customary tenant rights and disputes over common lands and fisheries on the Lune, reflecting its agrarian character. Administratively, it remained a separate township until 1900, when it was divided and merged—part into the expanding Lancaster municipal borough and the rest into Quernmore parish—ending its status as an independent entity.^[106]^[109] In the modern era, Bulk is a quiet residential suburb integrated into the unparished area of Lancaster city. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the Bulk ward had a population of 9,505.^[110] The River Lune's proximity has shaped the landscape, with historical erosion noted in 1510 surveys, and the area now includes green spaces suitable for local walks and heritage trails along the riverbank and the Lancaster Canal aqueduct, designed by John Rennie in 1797. While lacking major landmarks, notable historical features include the site of a former silk mill (closed around 1880), a former wagon works (closed in 1908), and the Lancaster Golf Club links, preserving elements of its industrial and rural past.^[106]^[108]^[107]

Bulk (Other Locations)

Bulk'ī is a minor populated place in the South Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia, situated at coordinates 6°10′N 36°37′E with an elevation of approximately 1,951 meters above sea level. This rural locality lies in a highland area conducive to agriculture, reflecting the region's predominantly agrarian economy, though specific population figures are unavailable, suggesting fewer than 100 residents typical of such remote hamlets.^[111] In Russia, Bulk refers to a stream in the Chechnya Republic within the North Caucasus, located near the localities of Kvemo Makhnety and Zazergany. As a hydrological feature, it supports local ecosystems in a mountainous terrain but lacks associated settlements or significant human activity, emphasizing its role in regional geography rather than as a populated site.^[112] Lac Bulk is a small lake in the Laurentides administrative region of Quebec, Canada, at 47°10′49″N 74°49′15″W and an elevation of 355 meters. Nestled in the forested Southwestern Quebec landscape, this natural water body contributes to local biodiversity and watershed management, with no permanent population and minimal development, making it unsuitable for tourism.^[113] Beyond natural features, the name "Bulk" appears in industrial geographical contexts, such as the Kwinana Bulk Terminal in Fremantle, Western Australia, a key facility for handling dry bulk cargoes like iron ore and liquified petroleum gas since its development in the mid-20th century. Similarly, the Port of Newcastle in New South Wales features bulk cargo terminals established in the 1980s for coal and grain exports, supporting Australia's mining-driven economy in arid, low-rainfall areas like the nearby Pilbara region, where bulk ore stockpiles serve as named operational sites for iron ore processing. These sites, mapped via GIS systems for logistics, typically have no residential populations and focus on 20th-century infrastructure for bulk storage and transport, with limited appeal for visitors due to their operational nature.^[114]^[115]

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Bulk cargo means cargo that is loaded and carried in bulk without mark or count in a loose unpackaged form, having homogeneous characteristics.
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PCC was an early pioneer in bulk sales (see below)—after all, the co-op was originally founded as a bulk buying club in 1953. As we celebrate our 70th ...Missing: definition retail
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Remembering the General Stores - The Historical Marker Database
They were gathering places for townspeople and farmers where they could buy items like hardware, food items in bulk, clothing items, and seed for planting, The ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Sep 29, 2025 · Across 44 common products, buying in bulk could save shoppers 27% compared to buying in lower quantities. Here's what else we found.
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Bulk Display Guidelines Always use clean bins for organic products. Bins must be washed and thoroughly dried.
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(a) Grounds. The grounds about a food plant under the control of the operator must be kept in a condition that will protect against the contamination of food.
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It will be noted that for steel the bulk modulus is between. 17xl011 and 20xl011 dynes/cm2 •. Thus the volume elasticity of the earth is of the same order as ...
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Jun 27, 2013 · Air (adiabatic bulk modulus). 1.42 ×105. Air (isothermal bulk modulus). 1.01×105. Example 27.3 Compressibility of Water. Determine the ...
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[80]
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[81]
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[82]
Bulk Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin, Family History 2024
Bulk ranks #90495 in the US. 89.71% White in US. North German: nickname for a large person or for a landowner; from Middle Low German bulk 'large sea fish,.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[83]
Bulk - Facts @ Wrestlingdata.com
Real Name, Mike Waters ; Weight and Height, 520 lbs. (236 kg) at 6'0'' (1.83 m) ; Birthplace, Norwich, Norfolk, England (United Kingdom) ; Date of Birth, 18th July ...Missing: British | Show results with:British
[84]
Bulk « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database
### Summary of Mike Waters (Bulk)'s Wrestling Career
[85]
Mike Waters | North Norfolk News
Jun 4, 2008 · ... wrestler Mike 'The Bulk' Waters. As one half of world champion tag ... Being one of Britain's most successful tag teams and wrestling ...
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[87]
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[88]
EXCLUSIVE: UK Indy Wrestler Stars As X-Men Villain In Deadpool ...
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[89]
Sheringham wrestler Mike 'The Bulk' Waters is hanging up his cape
Aug 25, 2011 · Mike 'The Bulk' Waters made his name for 11 years as one half of the tag team The UK Pitbulls, fighting alongside his big brother 'Big Dave' ...Missing: British | Show results with:British<|control11|><|separator|>
[90]
Power Rangers: Once and Always Reveals What Happened to Bulk ...
Apr 23, 2023 · Bulk and Skull were the longest-lasting characters in the Power Rangers franchise, sticking around in the series beyond many of the Rangers ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[91]
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Apr 20, 2023 · Bulk (Paul Schrier) and Skull (Jason Narvy) have been a major part of the Power Rangers universe since its inception with Mighty Morphin Power ...
[92]
The Jeff Rubin Jeff Rubin Show: Power Rangers' Bulk & Skull - Vulture
Oct 30, 2012 · Both have appeared in several hundred episodes of Power Rangers, making them by far the iconic show's longest running characters. In this ...
[93]
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Pasadena Comic Convention and Toy Show. May 24th 2024 Pasadena Convention Center ... Jason Narvy is an American actor known for playing the role of Eugene “Skull ...
[94]
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[96]
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[98]
The Amazing Bulk (Video 2012) - IMDb
Rating 1.7/10 (4,455) Henry "Hank" Howard, an ambitious but frustrated young scientist, struggles to develop a super human serum designed to improve muscle mass and prolong life ...User reviews · Full cast & crew · Quotes · The Amazing Bulk
[99]
The Amazing Bulk (2010) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 58% (189) Not only is it visually pleasing, but the story is absolutely and astonishingly complex. I have seen this film 57 times and counting, I just cannot get enough.<|control11|><|separator|>
[100]
The Amazing Bulk streaming: where to watch online? - JustWatch
Rating 20% (43) Runtime. 1h 16min. Age rating. G. Production country. United States. Cast. Jordan Lawson. Henry 'Hank' Howard. Shevaun Kastl. Hannah ...Synopsis · About The Movie · Cast<|control11|><|separator|>
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[102]
'Bulk' Review: Ben Wheatley Goes Mischievously Back to Basics
Aug 19, 2025 · After the blockbuster misfire of 'Meg 2: The Trench,' Ben Wheatley seems to be having a lot more fun in the paranoid lo-fi thriller 'Bulk.'
[103]
Ben Wheatley on why he chose to make EIFF Midnight Madness title ...
Aug 14, 2025 · Whatever the case, he expects Bulk will turn up on Film4 at some stage next year. The prolific writer-director is now planning another equally ...
[104]
Bulk - UK Films Database - British Council
Jul 21, 2025 · Our hero Corey Harlan is sent in - kicking and screaming - to find the heart of the brane and its creator Anton Chambers. Now manifested as a ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[105]
Bulk review: Ben Wheatley's mercurial multiverse | Sight and Sound
Aug 21, 2025 · This is an experimental film about, precisely, a failed experiment, and a chronicle of a cycling, possibly infinite quest for perfection, so ...
[106]
Bulk (2025) - IMDb
Rating 5.1/10 (107) A scientist's string theory experiment goes wrong when his brane explodes. Corey Harlan must find him and the brane's core in a mysterious house where doors ...
[107]
Lisbon International Horror Film Festival - Bulk - Films // MOTELX
Sam Riley (“Control”), Noah Taylor (“Game of Thrones”), and Alexandra Maria Lara (“Downfall”) star in this sci-fi thriller with noir undertones, which marks the ...
[108]
Townships: Bulk | British History Online
### Summary of Bulk Township
[109]
Bulk, Lancashire - GENUKI
Jun 2, 2025 · Historical Geography. In 1835 Bulk was a township in the parish of Lancaster. Maps. image.
[110]
History of Bulk, in Lancaster and Lancashire - Vision of Britain
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Bulk like this: BULK, a township in Lancaster parish, Lancashire; adjacent ...
[111]
[PDF] The place names of Lancashire, their origin and history
... Lancashire names, and to work yet longer at the origin of many names which ... Bulk. 1292.) /Plac. Q. Warr., 385. 1326./. 1*. \Lanc. Ch., 450. 1588. Bulke ...
[112]
Bulk'ī, Ethiopia - GeoNames
Bulk'ī ca. 1951 m. 341471. P PPL populated place. Ethiopia ET » South Ethiopia Regional State 56. 6.16667, 36.61667. N 6°10′00″ E 36°37′00″. geotree .kml .rdf.
[113]
Bulk Map - Stream - Chechnya, Russia - Mapcarta
Bulk is a stream in Chechnya, North Caucasus. Bulk is situated nearby to the locality Kvemo Makhnety, as well as near Zazergany.
[114]
Lac Bulk, Canada - GeoNames
Lac Bulk - to view map click on map icon in bottom toolbar. (we need to ... Lac Bulk ca. 355 m. 6002416. H LK lake. Canada CA » Quebec 10 » Laurentides 15.<|control11|><|separator|>
[115]
Kwinana Bulk Terminal - Global Energy Monitor - GEM.wiki
Oct 26, 2022 · Kwinana Bulk Terminal is used for handling various items including liquified petroleum gas and iron ore in Fremantle, Western Australia.
[116]
Newcastle Harbour port services and facilities
... NSW. Infrastructure within the port can handle all types of cargo including dry bulk, bulk liquids, break bulk, project and containers as well as passenger ...