Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

ECM

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, acellular network of macromolecules secreted by cells that forms the extracellular milieu in multicellular organisms, providing structural support, mechanical cues, and biochemical signals to regulate cellular behavior and tissue architecture.^[1]^[2] Primarily composed of fibrous proteins including collagens (which offer tensile strength) and elastins (which confer elasticity), along with proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins such as fibronectin and laminins, the ECM's composition varies by tissue type—for instance, dense collagen networks dominate in tendons, while hydrated proteoglycan-rich matrices prevail in cartilage.^[1]^[3]^[4] This macromolecular assembly not only maintains tissue integrity but also sequesters growth factors, modulates ion concentrations, and facilitates intercellular communication through integrin-mediated adhesions.^[5]^[1] The ECM exerts profound influence on physiological processes, including embryonic development, wound repair, and homeostasis, by directing cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis via biomechanical stiffness and ligand-binding properties; dysregulation of ECM remodeling—often mediated by enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases—underlies pathologies such as fibrosis, tumor invasion, and degenerative diseases.^[2]^[6]^[7] Its tissue-specific adaptability, evolving from simple structures in early metazoans to complex architectures in vertebrates, underscores its causal role in enabling multicellular complexity and functional specialization.^[8]^[3]

Business and Economics

Enterprise Content Management

Enterprise Content Management (ECM) encompasses the strategies, methods, and tools employed by organizations to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver content and documents pertinent to business processes.^[9] This includes unstructured data such as emails, reports, images, and web pages, distinguishing it from structured data handled by traditional databases.^[10] ECM systems facilitate the full lifecycle of content, from creation through archival, ensuring accessibility, security, and compliance with regulatory requirements.^[11] The concept of ECM emerged in the late 1990s as an evolution of document management systems, driven by the need to handle increasing volumes of digital content amid growing regulatory demands like Sarbanes-Oxley in 2002.^[12] By the early 2000s, organizations adopted ECM to integrate disparate content repositories, reducing silos and improving operational efficiency.^[13] The Association for Intelligent Information Management (AIIM), a key standards body, formalized ECM definitions around this period, emphasizing process-oriented content handling over mere storage.^[9] Core components of ECM include content capture (ingesting data from scanners, emails, or forms), storage and retrieval (using repositories with metadata indexing for quick search), workflow automation (routing content through approval processes), preservation (long-term archiving with versioning and audit trails), and delivery (secure distribution via portals or integrations).^[9] Modern ECM platforms often incorporate records management for retention policies and collaboration features for multi-user editing.^[14] Integration with enterprise applications like ERP or CRM systems enables contextual content access, minimizing manual handling.^[15] ECM delivers measurable benefits, including an 18% improvement in staff productivity and engagement by streamlining file searches and reducing manual tasks.^[16] It enhances compliance by automating retention and disposal, mitigating risks from data breaches or legal penalties, and cuts costs through centralized repositories that eliminate physical storage needs.^[17] Organizations report faster decision-making via real-time content access and improved collaboration across remote teams.^[18] Despite advantages, ECM implementations face challenges such as securing end-user adoption due to interface complexities, managing data migration from legacy systems, and controlling costs for scalable storage amid exponential content growth.^[19] Security vulnerabilities in hybrid environments and balancing accessibility with privacy regulations like GDPR pose ongoing hurdles.^[20] The global ECM market, valued at USD 39.46 billion in 2023, is projected to reach USD 102.01 billion by 2030, fueled by digital transformation and cloud adoption.^[21] Recent developments integrate artificial intelligence for automated classification and predictive analytics, alongside low-code platforms for customization without extensive IT involvement.^[22] Cloud-based ECM solutions dominate, offering scalability and remote access, while sustainability efforts focus on energy-efficient data centers.^[20] These trends address hybrid work demands, with ECM evolving toward intelligent content services platforms that embed governance into business applications.^[23]

Engine Control Unit in Automotive Economics

The engine control unit (ECU), a microprocessor-based device that regulates engine functions such as fuel injection, ignition timing, and air-fuel ratio, has significantly influenced automotive economics by enabling compliance with stringent emissions regulations while optimizing fuel consumption. Introduced in production vehicles during the 1970s to meet early U.S. Clean Air Act standards, ECUs replaced mechanical systems like carburetors with electronic fuel injection, yielding fuel efficiency gains of up to 15-20% in early implementations through precise control of combustion processes.^[24]^[25] This shift reduced long-term operational costs for vehicle owners by lowering fuel use and maintenance needs, while imposing upfront manufacturing expenses for automakers, estimated at under $100 per OEM ECU unit when scaled across high-volume production.^[26] In economic terms, the ECU market reflects broader industry trends toward electrification and advanced driver-assistance systems, with global valuations reaching $99.39 billion in 2022 and projected to grow at a 5.9% compound annual growth rate through 2030, driven by demands for reduced emissions and enhanced performance.^[27] Regulations such as Euro 6 and U.S. EPA Tier 3 standards necessitate ECU integration for real-time monitoring and adjustment, averting fines that could exceed millions per non-compliant model year for manufacturers, while delivering consumer savings through improved mileage—often 5-10% via ECU remapping for efficiency without hardware changes.^[28]^[29] However, ECU complexity contributes to higher repair costs, with replacement or reprogramming fees ranging from $200 to $1,500, elevating insurance premiums and aftermarket service economics in regions with aging vehicle fleets.^[30] ECUs also shape supply chain dynamics, with semiconductor shortages in 2021-2022 disrupting production and adding $210 billion in global automotive revenue losses, underscoring their centrality to just-in-time manufacturing models.^[31] Software development for ECUs, integral to over-the-air updates and predictive maintenance, accounts for $500-$900 per vehicle in costs as of 2020, projected to rise to $900-$1,500 by 2030 amid increasing code complexity for hybrid and autonomous features.^[31] These factors position ECUs as a high-margin segment for suppliers like Bosch and Continental, fostering vertical integration to mitigate risks, though dependency on specialized chips exposes the industry to geopolitical vulnerabilities in sourcing.^[32]

Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Method

The elliptic curve method (ECM) is a probabilistic algorithm for factoring composite integers, leveraging the group law on elliptic curves defined modulo the integer to be factored. Introduced by Hendrik Lenstra in his 1987 paper, the method generates random elliptic curves and computes scalar multiples of points on these curves, exploiting the fact that the order of the group over a prime factor field is likely to be smooth, leading to a detectable singularity modulo that prime.^[33] This approach yields a heuristic expected running time of approximately \exp(\sqrt{2 \log p \log \log p}) for finding a prime factor p, making it subexponential in the size of p but independent of the full number's magnitude.^[34] In outline, the algorithm proceeds by selecting parameters B_1 and B_2 (bounds for smoothness), choosing a random elliptic curve E: y^2 = x^3 + ax + b \pmod{n} (with discriminant nonzero modulo n) and a point P on it, then attempting to compute Q = [\!\!]P where k is the product of all primes up to B_1 raised to appropriate powers, followed by a search for primes between B_1 and B_2. Computations use projective coordinates to avoid inversions, but whenever an inversion modulo n fails (i.e., \gcd(d, n) > 1 for some denominator d), a nontrivial factor is obtained. Multiple curves are tried until success or bounds are exhausted.^[34] The method generalizes Pollard's p-1 algorithm by replacing fixed-order cyclic groups with variable-order elliptic curve groups, whose orders (by Hasse's theorem, roughly p+1 \pm 2\sqrt{p}) offer greater flexibility in smoothness probability.^[35] ECM excels over trial division or the quadratic sieve for numbers with prime factors of 20–60 digits, as its efficiency scales with the smallest factor rather than the composite's bit length; for instance, it routinely factors 50-digit factors where general methods like the number field sieve require vastly more resources for the full number.^[36] In practice, optimized implementations such as GMP-ECM achieve world records for such factors, with the largest reported ECM-discovered prime factor exceeding 80 digits as of 2023, though success probability demands extensive curve trials.^[37] Unlike deterministic methods, ECM's probabilistic nature requires tuning B_1 and B_2 based on empirical optimal curves per digit length, but it remains the preferred initial step in factoring large semiprimes or RSA challenges due to its balance of speed and low memory use.^[34]

Biology and Medicine

Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the non-cellular component of tissues and organs, forming a dynamic three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural scaffolding and biochemical cues to resident cells. Composed primarily of proteins and polysaccharides, the ECM encompasses approximately 300 core matrisome proteins, including collagens, proteoglycans, elastin, and glycoproteins such as fibronectin and laminins. This network not only imparts mechanical integrity—such as tensile strength from fibrillar collagens and elasticity from elastin—but also facilitates cell-matrix interactions via integrins and other receptors, influencing cellular behavior through physical and chemical signals.^[2]^[38]^[1] Collagens represent the most abundant ECM proteins, with 28 distinct types identified; fibrillar collagens (types I, II, and III) assemble into rope-like fibers that confer tensile resistance, comprising up to 30% of total protein in some tissues like skin and bone. Proteoglycans, such as decorin and aggrecan, consist of core proteins substituted with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that bind water molecules, enabling hydration and compressive resilience, as seen in cartilage where aggrecan aggregates with hyaluronan provide load-bearing capacity. Non-collagenous glycoproteins like fibronectin mediate cell adhesion by binding integrins, while basement membrane-specific components, including laminin and type IV collagen, form sheet-like structures that anchor epithelial cells and regulate filtration in organs like the kidney. Elastin fibers, cross-linked with fibrillin, allow reversible deformation, essential for the recoil properties of lungs and arteries.^[3]^[2]^[4] The ECM exerts regulatory functions beyond structural support, orchestrating cell signaling and tissue homeostasis through mechanotransduction—where matrix stiffness modulates gene expression via pathways like YAP/TAZ—and by sequestering growth factors such as TGF-β, which are released upon matrix remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In development and wound healing, ECM dynamics guide cell migration and differentiation; for instance, provisional fibronectin matrices form early in embryogenesis to direct morphogenesis. Dysregulated ECM remodeling contributes to pathologies: excessive collagen deposition drives fibrosis in organs like the liver, where hepatic stellate cells overproduce type I collagen, leading to stiffness that perpetuates injury; in cancer, stiffened ECM promotes tumor invasion via upregulated integrins and MMPs, facilitating metastasis in over 90% of solid tumors. These roles underscore the ECM's causal influence on cellular phenotypes, with therapeutic targets including MMP inhibitors, tested in clinical trials since the 1990s but challenged by off-target effects.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Recent Advances in ECM Research

In 2024, research advanced the understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling's role in cancer therapeutics, revealing that aberrant ECM deposition and stiffening correlate with therapy resistance in solid tumors. For example, inhibitors of lysyl oxidase (LOX), which cross-links collagen to increase ECM rigidity, restored sensitivity to chemotherapy in preclinical breast cancer models by reducing fibroblast activation in the tumor microenvironment.^[42] Similarly, targeting hyaluronan synthases to degrade excess glycosaminoglycans disrupted ECM barriers, enhancing T-cell infiltration and immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in mouse melanoma studies.00126-8) By 2025, studies emphasized ECM normalization strategies over depletion, as complete ECM degradation risks promoting metastasis via loss of structural confinement. A review of ECM-targeted therapies highlighted clinical trials where anti-integrin antibodies, such as those blocking αvβ3 interactions with ECM proteins, reduced tumor vascularization and progression in glioblastoma patients, with phase II data showing 20-30% improvement in progression-free survival.^[43] Proteolytic fragments like versikine, derived from ADAMTS-mediated versican cleavage in the ECM, were identified as biomarkers for aggressive prostate cancer, with elevated serum levels predicting poor outcomes in a cohort of 500 patients analyzed in late 2024.^[44] In regenerative medicine, decellularized ECM biomaterials progressed toward broader clinical use, with 2024-2025 trials demonstrating their efficacy in volumetric muscle loss repair. Porcine-derived ECM scaffolds promoted endogenous regeneration in 15 human subjects with traumatic injuries, achieving 70% functional recovery at 12 months post-implantation via host cell repopulation and vascular ingrowth, without adverse immune responses.^[45] Multi-tissue ECM powders applied as adjuncts in chronic wounds yielded complete healing in 85% of complex cases within 8 weeks, outperforming standard dressings in reducing bacterial load and inflammation markers like IL-6.^[46] Pericardial ECM hydrogels emerged as a focus for cardiovascular tissue engineering, with 2025 studies showing improved hemodynamic outcomes in porcine heart defect models, including reduced thrombosis rates below 5% and enhanced contractility due to native ECM retention of growth factors like VEGF.^[47] Integration of AI-driven modeling optimized ECM decellularization protocols, predicting biomechanical properties with 95% accuracy to tailor scaffolds for patient-specific stiffness gradients.^[48] ECM-binding extracellular vesicles advanced as delivery vehicles, with engineered EVs retaining affinity for collagen IV enabling targeted payload release in fibrotic livers, reducing scar tissue by 40% in rodent models of cirrhosis as reported in early 2025.^[49] These developments underscore ECM's causal influence on cellular signaling via mechanotransduction, where matrix elasticity directly modulates YAP/TAZ pathways to drive fibrosis or regeneration.^[44]

Military and Technology

Electronic Countermeasures

Electronic countermeasures (ECM) encompass active and passive techniques employed in electronic warfare to disrupt, deceive, or deny adversaries' use of the electromagnetic spectrum, particularly radar, communication, and navigation systems. These methods aim to protect friendly forces by interfering with enemy sensors and weapons guidance, thereby reducing detection, tracking, and targeting accuracy. ECM is a subset of electronic attack within the broader electronic warfare framework, distinct from electronic support measures (which involve detection and analysis) and electronic protection measures (which enhance friendly system resilience).^[50] ECM techniques are broadly categorized into noise jamming and deception jamming. Noise jamming involves transmitting high-power broadband or narrowband signals to overwhelm radar receivers, saturating them with interference that masks true targets and forces the system to reduce sensitivity or shut down. This approach exploits the signal-to-noise ratio principle, where sufficient jamming power can render echoes indistinguishable from noise, though it requires significant energy and reveals the jammer's location. Deception jamming, conversely, generates false signals mimicking legitimate radar returns to mislead the system, such as creating phantom targets at incorrect ranges, velocities, or angles through modulation of received pulses. Techniques include range gate pull-off, where the jammer initially locks onto the radar's pulse and then shifts frequency to simulate a receding target, or velocity gate pull-off for Doppler deception.^[51]^[52]^[53] Historical applications of ECM trace back to World War II, where Allied forces deployed early jamming systems like Window (chaff precursors) and Mandrel jammers to counter German Würzburg radars, disrupting Luftwaffe defenses during bomber raids. In the Vietnam War (1965–1973), U.S. forces faced dense Soviet-supplied radar-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) such as the SA-2 and antiaircraft artillery, prompting widespread ECM use; aircraft like the EB-66 Destroyer jammed Fan Song radars guiding SAMs, while dedicated Wild Weasel missions employed AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missiles alongside ECM pods to suppress threats, achieving over 90% SAM launch failures in some operations by 1967 through combined jamming and seeker disruption. During the 1991 Gulf War, coalition aircraft including the EA-6B Prowler and EF-111 Raven executed standoff and escort jamming against Iraqi integrated air defenses, employing noise and deception to blind early-warning radars and degrade SAM effectiveness, contributing to near-total air superiority with minimal fixed-wing losses to ground fire.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] Modern ECM systems integrate digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) for rapid signal analysis and replication, enabling adaptive responses to frequency-agile radars. Examples include the AN/ALQ-165 Airborne Self-Protection Jammer on F/A-18 aircraft, which combines noise and deception across multiple bands, and pod-mounted systems like the AN/ALQ-99 on EA-18G Growlers for high-power standoff jamming. Effectiveness hinges on factors such as jammer-to-receiver power ratio, antenna directivity, and countermeasures like electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), including spread-spectrum transmission and low-probability-of-intercept waveforms, which adversaries employ to mitigate ECM impacts. Despite advancements, ECM remains vulnerable to directional jamming detection and resource-intensive operations, underscoring the ongoing arms race in spectrum dominance.^[52]^[58]

Electronic Control Modules

Electronic control modules (ECMs) are embedded microprocessor-based systems that serve as the central processing units for managing engine performance, emissions, and ancillary functions in vehicles and machinery, including those employed in military operations. These modules receive inputs from sensors monitoring parameters such as temperature, pressure, speed, and fuel flow, then execute control algorithms to adjust actuators like fuel injectors, ignition timing, and throttle position for optimal efficiency and reliability under varying loads. In military contexts, ECMs are engineered for rugged environments, incorporating hardened enclosures, wide-temperature operation, and resistance to electromagnetic interference to ensure functionality in combat zones.^[59] Key components of an ECM typically include a central processing unit (CPU) for computation, read-only memory (ROM) and random-access memory (RAM) for program storage and data handling, analog-to-digital converters for sensor signal processing, and output drivers for actuator control. Power supply circuits within the ECM regulate voltage from the vehicle's battery or generator, often with diagnostic capabilities to log fault codes via protocols like SAE J1939. In defense applications, these modules integrate with vehicle networks such as Controller Area Network (CAN) buses, enabling coordinated control across subsystems like propulsion, braking, and transmission in tactical platforms.^[60]^[61] In U.S. military ground vehicles, ECMs play a pivotal role in diesel engine management, where they process crankshaft position data to synchronize fuel delivery and monitor for anomalies like sediment in fuel systems. For instance, in the M915A3 tractor truck, precise ECM assemblies are mandated to prevent compatibility issues and maintain logistical readiness, with troubleshooting involving fault code retrieval for issues such as electronic control module faults. Similarly, in Light Medium Tactical Vehicles (LMTVs), ECMs facilitate electrical diagnostics during maintenance, requiring removal of protective covers for ohm and voltage checks to verify sensor and actuator integrity. These capabilities extend to aircraft and naval systems, where ECMs adapt civilian-derived technologies for propulsion control in environments demanding high fault tolerance and real-time adaptability.^[62]^[63]^[64] ECMs in military technology also support event data recording for post-mission analysis, capturing parameters like speed and throttle position around critical incidents, akin to commercial vehicle implementations but with enhanced security against tampering. Advances in ECM design emphasize modularity for upgrades, as seen in phased integrations allowing incremental enhancements to vehicle electronics without full system overhauls. This ruggedized application underscores ECMs' evolution from basic engine controllers to multifunctional nodes in networked defense architectures, prioritizing causal reliability over ancillary features in high-stakes scenarios.^[65]

Music and Culture

ECM Records

ECM Records, formally Edition of Contemporary Music, is an independent German record label specializing in jazz, contemporary classical, improvisation, and world music.^[66] Founded in Munich in 1969 by producer Manfred Eicher, the label has released over 1,800 albums, emphasizing high-fidelity recordings with a distinctive aesthetic of spacious acoustics and minimalist production.^[67] Eicher's hands-on role as producer shapes the label's output, prioritizing acoustic purity and subtle dynamics over conventional genre boundaries.^[68] The label's early releases, beginning with Mal Waldron's Free at Last in 1969, established its focus on innovative jazz while blending influences from European classical traditions.^[69] A breakthrough came in 1975 with Keith Jarrett's live solo piano album The Köln Concert, a double-LP that sold over 3.5 million copies worldwide despite initial skepticism about its commercial viability, becoming one of the best-selling solo jazz recordings.^[69] ECM's catalog expanded to include composers like Arvo Pärt, whose 1984 album Tabula Rasa introduced tintinnabuli style to broader audiences, and saxophonist Jan Garbarek, known for fusions of Nordic folk and improvisation.^[70]^[71] Notable artists associated with ECM include Anouar Brahem, Nik Bärtsch, and John Abercrombie, alongside ongoing releases from figures like Tigran Hamasyan and Giovanni Guidi.^[72] The label maintains artistic control under Eicher's direction, avoiding mainstream pop and electronic genres, which has earned it acclaim for fostering a "cathedral-like" sonic environment but also criticism for perceived aloofness.^[73] ECM's influence extends to film soundtracks and exhibitions, with its pristine engineering style—often recorded in churches or studios with minimal reverb—distinguishing it in the recording industry.^[68]

Sports

European Cross Country Championships

The SPAR European Cross Country Championships is an annual athletics competition organized by European Athletics, featuring cross country races for elite athletes from European member federations. Established in 1994, the event aims to promote and sustain cross country running within Europe amid declining competitiveness against non-European athletes in global events like the World Cross Country Championships.^[74] The championships rotate among host cities across Europe, with the 30th edition held on December 8, 2024, in Antalya, Turkey, drawing over 400 participants from 33 nations.^[75] The 31st edition is scheduled for December 14, 2025, in Lagoa, Portugal.^[76] The competition includes individual and team events across age categories: senior men (typically 9-10 km), senior women (7-8 km), under-23 men and women (around 6 km each), under-20 men and women (4-5 km each), and a mixed relay (4 × 1.5 km).^[77] Each national team may enter up to eight athletes per category, with four to six starting; team scores are determined by the positions of the top four finishers.^[78] Distances and course layouts vary by venue to suit terrain, emphasizing endurance, terrain adaptation, and tactical racing over undulating, often muddy or grassy circuits. Medals are awarded for individual winners and top teams in each category. The inaugural 1994 event in Alnwick, England, saw Portugal's Paulo Guerra win the senior men's race in 27:43, securing both individual and team gold for his nation.^[79] Ukraine's Serhiy Lebid holds the record for dominance, claiming nine senior men's individual titles from 1998 to 2010 and accumulating 12 medals overall in that category.^[80] Recent senior men's victors include Norway's Jakob Ingebrigtsen, who won in 2021, 2022, and 2024, the latter in Antalya with a time of 22:16 over approximately 7.5 km.^[81] The event has produced talents who excel on track and road, such as Ingebrigtsen, underscoring cross country's role in developing versatile distance runners. Team successes highlight national programs, with Great Britain topping the 2024 medal table through strong performances in multiple categories, including Megan Keith's under-23 women's win.^[82] Portugal has hosted four editions (1997, 2010, 2019, and upcoming 2025), reflecting the sport's popularity in nations with robust cross country traditions like those in Iberia, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe.^[83] Participation has grown steadily, with the 2024 edition marking a record for national entries, fostering rivalries and pathways to Olympic and world-level success.^[75]

Other Uses

Engineered Cementitious Materials

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), also referred to as Engineered Cementitious Materials, represent a class of micromechanically tailored, fiber-reinforced cementitious composites engineered for pseudo-ductile tensile behavior akin to metals rather than the brittle failure characteristic of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Unlike conventional fiber-reinforced concrete, which requires high fiber volumes (typically 5-10%) for modest toughness gains, ECC achieves strain-hardening under uniaxial tension with tensile strain capacities exceeding 3%, often reaching 4-7%, through optimized matrix-fiber interactions that promote multiple microcracking with crack widths limited to under 100-300 micrometers.^[84]^[85] The development of ECC originated from research led by Victor C. Li at the University of Michigan, where the micromechanics-based design framework was formalized in the early 1990s, with the ECC nomenclature adopted in 1993 to underscore its reliance on principles such as fiber bridging capacity, matrix toughness, and steady-state flat crack propagation derived from fracture mechanics. Typical compositions include Portland cement, fly ash or slag for pozzolanic reactivity, fine silica sand, water, superplasticizers, and low-volume fractions (1-2.5% by volume) of hydrophilic synthetic fibers like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyethylene (PE), selected for their ability to chemically bond with the hydrated cement matrix to maximize energy dissipation during pullout. This design yields compressive strengths of 30-60 MPa, tensile strengths of 4-6 MPa, and elastic modulus values comparable to normal concrete (20-30 GPa), but with superior post-peak toughness enabling deflection capacities orders of magnitude higher than OPC mixtures.^[86]^[87] ECC's durability stems from its tight crack control and self-healing potential in saturated environments, where autogenous sealing reduces permeability coefficients by up to 90% compared to cracked OPC concrete, conferring enhanced resistance to chloride ingress, sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw cycles; for instance, ECC overlays have demonstrated negligible scaling after 300 freeze-thaw cycles versus severe degradation in untreated concrete. Structurally, ECC integrates effectively in reinforced elements, such as beams and slabs, where its ductility mitigates shear failures and improves seismic energy absorption, with hybrid ECC-reinforced systems showing up to 50% higher flexural capacity under cyclic loading without reinforcement rupture.^[88]^[89] Applications of ECC include retrofit and repair of aging infrastructure, such as overlaying damaged bridge decks to extend service life by distributing loads and arresting crack propagation, as demonstrated in field trials where ECC layers reduced reflective cracking by over 70% relative to asphalt overlays. In seismic-prone regions, ECC link slabs have replaced expansion joints in bridges, accommodating differential movements up to 50 mm without joint deterioration, while pavement implementations leverage its fatigue resistance—enduring over 1 million load cycles at 70% of tensile strength—for high-traffic roads. Recent variants incorporate geopolymer binders for lower carbon footprints, achieving comparable ductility with 40-60% reduced cement content, and nano-modified formulations enhance impact resistance for protective barriers.^[90]^[91]^[92]

References

[1]
The extracellular matrix at a glance - PMC - NIH
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the non-cellular component within tissues, providing physical scaffolding and initiating biochemical cues. It is composed of ...
[2]
Biology of the Extracellular Matrix: An Overview - PMC - NIH
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in a cell/tissue-specific manner.
[3]
The extracellular matrix: Structure, composition, age-related ...
The extracellular matrix is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components. It influences a wide number of cellular ...
[4]
A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix
Feb 19, 2021 · Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues.
[5]
Definition of extracellular matrix - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The extracellular matrix helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell ...Missing: key | Show results with:key
[6]
Extracellular matrix: an important regulator of cell functions and ...
Mar 31, 2021 · ECM serves as a scaffold for cells-matrix interaction that is essential for many physiological activities within the muscle tissue. In skeletal ...
[7]
The Functional Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Cancer - PMC
Jan 4, 2022 · Extracellular matrix is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
[8]
Current concepts of extracellular matrix - PMC - PubMed Central
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the scaffolding, support, and strength to tissues and organs. The ECM appeared during evolution with the advent of ...<|separator|>
[9]
What is ECM? - AIIM
What is ECM? Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is the skeleton of your document storage, management, organization, and distribution.
[10]
Definition of Enterprise Content Management (ECM) - Gartner
Enterprise content management (ECM) is used to create, store, distribute, discover, archive and manage unstructured content.Recommended Content For You · It Score For Enterprise... · Enhance Government Budgeting...Missing: standards AIIM
[11]
Understanding enterprise content management (ECM)
ECM, sometimes referred to as document management or records management, is the process of managing the entire life cycle of an organization's content, ...
[12]
What Is ECM? Understanding Enterprise Content Management Today
Sep 23, 2020 · ECM was about improving operational efficiency for organizations. Building out processes that improved the opportunity cost associated with performing a task.Missing: standards | Show results with:standards
[13]
[PDF] Enterprise Content Management: Yesterday's Lessons & Today's ...
Sep 1, 2025 · The first step toward defining your ECM strategy is to assemble a team from the lines of business, legal, and risk management groups. Page 6 ...
[14]
What is Enterprise Content Management (ECM)? | DocuWare
Enterprise content management (ECM) is an umbrella term for processes and technologies that support businesses in capturing, storing, delivering and using ...7 Benefits Of Enterprise... · How To Implement An... · Enterprise Content...
[15]
Enterprise Content Management: Benefits and ROI | M-Files
Oct 17, 2025 · See how Enterprise Content Management improves efficiency, reduces risk, and delivers measurable ROI across departments from HR to finance ...
[16]
What is Enterprise Content Management (ECM)? A Complete Guide ...
According to an AIIM study, ECM can improve staff productivity and engagement by around 18%. By reducing the time spent searching for files, employees can ...
[17]
What is enterprise content management (ECM)? - Box Blog
Jan 21, 2025 · Enterprise content management (ECM) is a set of defined strategies, processes, methods, and tools designed to allow your organization to manage the entire ...
[18]
Enterprise content management benefits explained - WoodWing
Jan 31, 2024 · ECM enhances efficiency, productivity, and document security. Furthermore, it eliminates repetitive manual tasks and simplifies document retrieval and ...Missing: developments | Show results with:developments
[19]
Top 8 Enterprise Content Management Challenges to Avoid
Jul 17, 2024 · Common ECM challenges include getting end user buy-in, storage and migration, cost analysis, and security issues.<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
ECM Trends: Exploring the Future of Enterprise Content Management
Nov 11, 2024 · The top trends in ECM include compliance and security concerns, no-code and low-code software, sustainability, cloud-based ECM, automation, and ...Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[21]
Enterprise Content Management Market Size Report, 2030
The global Enterprise Content Management (ECM) market was valued at USD 39.46 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 102.01 billion by 2030, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[22]
Enterprise Content Management in 2025: Trends Shaping the Future
Apr 30, 2025 · AI in enterprise content management is contributing to new avenues for automation and new developments identifying and sorting information.Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[23]
The future of enterprise content management (ECM): key trends
Explore the evolution of enterprise content management and how modern ECM solutions enhance efficiency, collaboration and compliance for organizations.The evolving landscape of ECM · Key trends shaping the future...
[24]
The Crucial Role of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in Modern Cars
ECUs are the digital brains of modern cars, monitoring parameters like engine performance and making real-time decisions for efficiency and safety.
[25]
What Is An ECU & What Does It Do In A Car - Woodie's Auto Service
Jan 31, 2024 · By continually adjusting engine parameters, the ECU ensures your car runs at peak efficiency, providing better fuel economy and performance.What Is An Ecu? · Engine Performance... · Emission ControlMissing: economics | Show results with:economics<|separator|>
[26]
Why are engine control modules so expensive compared to ... - Quora
Oct 5, 2021 · ... costs are leveled out across total production a typical OEM ECU is under $100. OEM replacement units are also non-representational of the ...
[27]
Automotive Electronic Control Unit Market Size Report, 2030
The global automotive electronic control unit market size was valued at USD 99.39 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2023 to 2030 ...
[28]
Automotive ECU Industry Poised for 5.9% CAGR, Projected to Hit ...
Jan 22, 2025 · ... emissions and safety regulations are pushing automakers to adopt advanced ECUs. These systems help optimize fuel efficiency, reduce emissions ...
[29]
https://www.ancel.com/blogs/news/the-impact-of-ecu-coding-on-vehicle-emissions
[30]
ECU Reprogramming Cost in 2025 | Tips to Save Money
May 12, 2024 · The cost of ECU reprogramming can range from $200 for a basic remap to $1000 or more for a custom tune. Additional costs may include the price ...
[31]
Projections for Rising Auto Software Cost for Carmakers - EE Times
May 10, 2021 · The software development cost allocated to an average car is projected to grow from $500-$900 in 2020 to $900-$1,500 in 2030. This includes the ...
[32]
Automotive Electronic Control Unit Market - Size, Share & Industry ...
The global automotive electronic control unit (ECU) market size is projected to grow from $58.31 billion in 2022 and to reach $94.58 billion by 2029, ...
[33]
Factoring integers with elliptic curves - Annals of Mathematics
This paper is devoted to the description and analysis of a new algorithm to factor positive integers. It depends on the use of elliptic curves.
[34]
[PDF] The Elliptic Curve Factorization Method - UChicago Math
Oct 21, 2020 · Lenstra's elliptic curve factorization algorithm: To attempt to factor some n, we begin by picking some search limit, C, and generate a set of.
[35]
[PDF] The Elliptic Curve Method: - DiVA portal
finding a factor becomes feasible using Pollards method. The advantage of ECM over (p−1)-method is thus its flexibility. By Hasse's theorem we have far ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
[PDF] 18.783 Elliptic Curves Lecture Note 12 - DSpace@MIT
Mar 19, 2013 · There are factorization algorithms such as the quadratic sieve and the number field sieve that are heuristically faster when all of the prime ...
[37]
Integer factorization calculator - Alpertron
Rating 4.9 (226) · Free · EducationalJun 7, 2025 · This web application factors numbers or numeric expressions using two fast algorithms: the Elliptic Curve Method (ECM) and the Self-Initializing Quadratic ...
[38]
Extracellular matrix structure - PubMed
Feb 1, 2016 · Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, ...
[39]
Extracellular Matrix Signaling Cues: Biological Functions, Diseases ...
Jul 17, 2025 · Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, three‐dimensional network that provides structural support and regulates key biological processes, ...
[40]
Remodeling and homeostasis of the extracellular matrix - NIH
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the most important regulators of cellular and tissue function in the body. Tightly controlled ECM homeostasis is ...
[41]
The Extracellular Matrix: Its Composition, Function, Remodeling, and ...
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity.2. The Extracellular Matrix... · 3. Collagens · 8. Fibroblasts And...
[42]
The Interplay between Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Cancer ...
Aug 2, 2024 · This review explores the key aspects of the interplay between ECM and cancer therapeutics. Introduction. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ...
[43]
Extracellular matrix: unlocking new avenues in cancer treatment - PMC
May 27, 2025 · The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in cancer progression by influencing tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
[44]
Versican Proteolysis by ADAMTS: Understanding Versikine ... - NIH
Dec 4, 2024 · The purpose of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of extracellular matrix remodeling during cancer progression and, in the ...
[45]
Advances, challenges, and future directions in the clinical translation ...
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) scaffolds and biomaterials have been widely used for decades across a variety of diverse clinical applications and have been ...
[46]
Utilization of a Multi-Tissue Extracellular Matrix in Complex Wound ...
Sep 2, 2025 · Purpose: This case series examines the feasibility and outcomes of using a multi-tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) powder as an adjunct to ...
[47]
Recent advances in pericardium extracellular matrix for tissue ...
Improvements in hemodynamics and a lack of graft-related problems such thrombosis or infection were seen.
[48]
Recent advances in pericardium extracellular matrix for tissue ...
Recent advances in pericardium extracellular matrix for tissue regeneration, along with a short insight into artificial intelligence. Parand Shariat Rad ...
[49]
ECM-binding properties of extracellular vesicles: advanced delivery ...
Apr 2, 2025 · Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential in maintaining bone and joint health by facilitating ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[50]
What is Electronic Warfare? | L3Harris® Fast. Forward.
Electronic attack may be used to deny an adversary's ability to communicate, navigate, gather intelligence or locate targets on the battlefield. Electronic ...
[51]
Chapter 11 COUNTERMEASURES - Military Analysis Network
2.8 Deception. The other major type of active ECM is deception. In contrast to noise jamming, deception tries to mimic the radar echo so that the radar will ...
[52]
Electronic Countermeasures – Introduction – Part I - FlyAndWire
Oct 20, 2022 · Electronic Countermeasures fall into two main categories: Noise and Deception, each containing a number of subcategories. In simple terms, Noise ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[53]
Jamming by deception - Radartutorial.eu
Deception uses ECM to forge false target signals that the radar receiver accepts and processes as real targets.
[54]
Electronic Warfare – The Forgotten Discipline
Both the Allied and Axis Powers used EW extensively to attack radar, communications and navigation systems, in what Winston Churchill referred to as the 'Battle ...
[55]
[PDF] Electronic Warfare in Vietnam: Did We Learn Our Lessons?. - DTIC
... World War II. The 57mm gun,. S-60, was introduced into the Soviet Inventory in 1950. The FIRECAN radar that guided the 57mm, 85mm and 100mm gun batteries was.
[56]
Blinding the Enemy: EB-66 Electronic Warfare over North Vietnam
The North Vietnamese used radar signals to detect incoming aircraft, guide their MiG fighters, and aim surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and antiaircraft guns.Missing: examples Gulf<|control11|><|separator|>
[57]
Electronic Warfare and the battle against Iraq's air defences during ...
Jan 20, 2022 · The Wild Weasel concept was progressively honed during and after the Vietnam War with ever-more capable radar sensors, ordnance, and platforms.
[58]
The Significance of Electronic Countermeasures - NSTXL
Jan 11, 2024 · Electronic Countermeasures cover a range of technologies designed to defend or disrupt electronic systems. These systems are important to defense operations.Missing: history techniques
[59]
[PDF] Table of Contents - DoD
electronic control module (ECM) before the engine has been started. Figure ... Electronic control module. (ECM). A computer in a vehicle, used for ...
[60]
[PDF] Chapter 8 Automotive Electrical Circuits and Wiring
Sensor inputs allow the electronic control module to alter ignition timing with changes in operating conditions. 4.5.0 Spark Plug. The spark plug consists of ...
[61]
https://media.defense.gov/2014/Jun/20/2002655906/-1/-1/1/140620-n-zz182-6550.pdf
[62]
M915A3 Tractor Truck: Get the Correct ECM Assembly - PS Magazine
Jan 26, 2023 · Need an electronic control module (ECM) assembly (modulator assembly) for your M915A3 truck? Here's how you get the right assembly.,
[63]
Schematics/electrical class taught at Fort McCoy Draw Yard
Feb 11, 2022 · For example, in one situation, the students had to remove an electronic control module (ECM) cover from a light-medium tactical vehicle (LMTV).
[64]
[PDF] Chapter 5 Diesel Fuel Systems
Between the crankshaft and electronic control module. C. Between the flyweights and springs. D. Next to the idle speed control. 25. Sediment or water is ...<|separator|>
[65]
[PDF] Engineer Blast - Army.mil
Dec 2, 2022 · ... (Electronic Control Module Fault. Code). The operator has the ability to troubleshoot 9 fault codes. All other fault codes must be documented ...
[66]
About - ECM Records
The independent record label ECM – Edition of Contemporary Music – was founded by producer Manfred Eicher in 1969, and to date has issued more than 1700 albums.
[67]
ECM Records: Home
The independent record label ECM – Edition of Contemporary Music – was founded by producer Manfred Eicher in 1969, and to date has issued more than 1800 albums.Artists · News · Concerts · Keith Jarrett
[68]
The Pristine Empire of ECM Records | The New Yorker
Nov 25, 2019 · Manfred Eicher, who founded ECM and remains its sole proprietor, has forged a syncretic vision in which jazz and classical traditions ...
[69]
ECM Records - SFJAZZ.org
Oct 16, 2019 · Manfred Eicher, the label's founder, was warned against releasing the disc: Who would buy a double album of solo piano music? At the time, the ...
[70]
Arvo Pärt - ECM Records
Since the release of the epochal recording of Tabula Rasa in 1984, the music of Arvo Pärt has been a constant, irradiating presence at ECM.Missing: Contemporary | Show results with:Contemporary<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
Jan Garbarek - ECM Records
Current and upcoming. Artists. ECM recording artists. Their stories and discographies. Concerts. An overview of concerts by ECM recording artists worldwide.
[72]
Artists - ECM Records
ECM Records artists include Arvo Pärt, John Abercrombie, Jon Balke, Nik Bärtsch, and Lester Bowie.Keith Jarrett · Arvo Pärt · Anouar Brahem · Jan GarbarekMissing: history | Show results with:history
[73]
The Most Beautiful Sound: An Introduction To ECM Records
Each ECM release, though uniquely individual, bears the signature imprint of its producer, Manfred Eicher, who is also the label's founder. His philosophy isn't ...
[74]
The countdown to Brussels continues! One month to the 2023 SPAR ...
Nov 10, 2023 · The SPAR European Cross Country Championships dates back to 1994 at a time when European runners were becoming less competitive against the ...Missing: format | Show results with:format
[75]
30 years and counting! Three decades of the SPAR European Cross ...
Nov 15, 2024 · The SPAR European Cross Country Championships celebrates its 30th anniversary edition in Antalya, Türkiye on 8 December!Missing: format | Show results with:format
[76]
Lagoa 2025
The 2025 SPAR European Cross Country Championships takes place in Lagoa, one touristic city in the Algarve, on 14 December and will be the 31st edition of the ...
[77]
European Cross Country Championships 2025 Lagoa - Etusuora.com
Category & race length. 09:30, Naiset U20 4,5 km. 10:00, Miehet U20 4,5 km. 10:26, Naiset U23 6 km. 11:00, Miehet U23 6 km. 11:30, Sekaviesti 4 x 1,5 km. 12:00 ...
[78]
[PDF] 15th SPAR Euro XC 14dec08.qxd:Layout 2 - UK Athletics
Format. In each race a team of 8 athletes may be entered. No less than 4 athletes and no more than 6 athletes may start in each race. 4 athletes score for the ...
[79]
Celebrating 30 years of European Cross Country Champs
Nov 20, 2024 · The first-ever European cross country champion was Portugal's Paulo Guerra, who clinched victory by 16 seconds, also leading his team to a gold ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[80]
SPAR European Cross Country Championships: facts and figures
-The most successful athlete in terms of individual medals won is Sergiy Lebid (UKR) who won 12 medals in the senior men's race from 1997 to 2010, including ...
[81]
30th SPAR European Cross Country Championships | Results
Dec 8, 2024 · Jakob INGEBRIGTSEN (NOR) won the Men's Senior race in 22:16. Yemaneberhan CRIPPA (ITA) was 2nd in 22:24, and Thierry NDIKUMWENAYO (ESP) was 3rd ...
[82]
2024 European Cross Country Championships: Jakob Ingebrigtsen ...
Dec 9, 2024 · Jakob Ingebrigtsen wins while Great Britain tops the medal table. The world record-holding Norwegian claimed his third senior title at the hotly contested ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[83]
Overview | SPAR European Cross Country Championships
This will be the fourth time that Portugal has staged the championships after previous editions in Oeiras (1997), Albufeira (2010) and Lisbon (2019).Missing: format | Show results with:format
[84]
Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) - SpringerLink
Professor Li was awarded the International Grand Prize for Innovation by the Construction Industry Council and the Life-time Achievement Award by RILEM in 2016.
[85]
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with a high volume of ...
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a specifically designed fiber-reinforced concrete, which attains high tensile ductility (>3%) by multiple ...
[86]
Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) – Material, Structural ...
Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) – Material, Structural, and Durability Performance. June 2011. Authors: Victor Li at University of Michigan.
[87]
‪Victor Li‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬
On engineered cementitious composites (ECC) a review of the material and its applications. VC Li. Journal of advanced concrete technology 1 (3), 215-230, 2003.
[88]
Structural application of engineered cementitious composites (ECC)
Nov 24, 2023 · The critical applications of ECC in repairing and strengthening the existed masonry structures and concrete structures are also introduced as ...
[89]
[PDF] Repair and retrofit with engineered cementitious composites
This article presents the novel use of a super ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composite for repair and retrofit of concrete structures.
[90]
A comprehensive review on applications of engineered cementitious ...
Dec 15, 2023 · This study aims to compile and present the state-of-art in ECC-related pavement applications and clearly define the research gaps.
[91]
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10298436.2025.2482818
[92]
Performance of engineered cementitious composites containing ...
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a promising type of ultra-high-performance concrete with improved ductility, high tensile strain-hardening, ...Research Article · 1. Introduction · 3. Experimental Results And...