Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

CRM

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a set of integrated technologies, practices, and strategies that organizations use to manage interactions with current and potential customers, analyze customer data, and optimize processes for sales, marketing, and service.^[1]^[2] CRM systems centralize customer information to enable personalized engagement, automate workflows, and drive revenue growth by improving retention and satisfaction.^[3]^[4] The concept originated in the 1970s with early customer satisfaction surveys and evolved in the 1980s through database marketing and contact management tools like ACT!, which digitized sales tracking.^[5] By the 1990s, CRM expanded into comprehensive software platforms integrating sales force automation, marketing campaigns, and customer support, with cloud-based solutions emerging in the 2000s to enhance accessibility and scalability.^[6] Key features include contact and lead management, analytics for forecasting, workflow automation, and reporting tools that facilitate data-driven decisions, though implementation success often hinges on user adoption and data quality rather than technology alone.^[7]^[8] While CRM has demonstrably boosted efficiency in customer-centric industries—such as increasing sales productivity by up to 34% in some deployments—it has faced scrutiny over privacy concerns from extensive data collection and the risk of over-reliance on algorithms that may overlook nuanced human interactions.^[9]^[4] Modern advancements incorporate AI for predictive insights, yet empirical evidence underscores that CRM's value derives primarily from aligning technology with clear business objectives, not as a standalone solution.^[10]

Business and Management

Customer Relationship Management

Customer relationship management (CRM) refers to the strategies, practices, and technologies employed by organizations to manage interactions with current, past, and prospective customers throughout their lifecycle.^[2] It encompasses processes for acquiring, retaining, and growing customer relationships by centralizing data on customer behaviors, preferences, and history to inform business decisions.^[1] CRM systems typically integrate sales, marketing, and service functions to automate routine tasks and enable data-driven personalization.^[11] The origins of CRM trace back to the 1970s and 1980s, when businesses began using database marketing to segment customers and track interactions, evolving from manual record-keeping to computerized systems in the 1990s.^[6] By the late 1990s, operational CRM software emerged, focusing on sales force automation and customer service, with broader adoption accelerating in the 2000s alongside cloud computing.^[12] This progression was driven by the need to handle increasing data volumes from digital channels, shifting from siloed departmental tools to integrated platforms.^[13] CRM systems are categorized into three primary types: operational, analytical, and collaborative. Operational CRM automates front-office processes such as lead management, sales tracking, and customer support ticketing to streamline daily interactions.^[14] Analytical CRM uses data mining, predictive modeling, and reporting tools to analyze customer data for insights into trends, segmentation, and forecasting.^[11] Collaborative CRM facilitates information sharing across departments, partners, and customers via interaction and channel management, often integrating email, social media, and telephony.^[2] Empirical evidence indicates that effective CRM implementation enhances firm performance, with studies showing improvements in operational efficiency, accounts receivable collection, and overall profitability.^[15] For instance, a cross-industry analysis found CRM adoption correlates with higher customer satisfaction and competitive advantages through better resource allocation.^[16] However, benefits depend on alignment with organizational strategy; mismatched implementations can yield negligible or negative returns due to data silos or resistance to change.^[17] The global CRM software market reached approximately $71.62 billion in 2024 and is projected to exceed $100 billion by 2025, fueled by demand for AI-integrated cloud solutions.^[18] Leading vendors include Salesforce, holding about 21.7% market share as of 2025, followed by Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle, SAP, and HubSpot.^[19] These platforms dominate due to scalability and integration capabilities, though open-source alternatives like SuiteCRM exist for smaller enterprises.^[20] Successful CRM strategies emphasize clear goal-setting, such as improving retention rates by 10-20% through targeted campaigns, followed by data hygiene and user training to ensure adoption rates above 80%.^[21] Best practices include customizing dashboards for role-specific views, integrating with ERP systems for real-time data, and regularly auditing for compliance with regulations like GDPR.^[22] Organizations prioritizing these elements report up to 29% sales increases and 34% customer satisfaction gains.^[23]

Aviation and Safety

Crew Resource Management

Crew Resource Management (CRM) refers to a systematic approach in aviation training that focuses on the effective utilization of all available resources—human, informational, and technological—to ensure safe and efficient flight operations. Developed to address human factors contributing to approximately 75% of commercial aviation accidents, CRM shifts emphasis from purely technical proficiency to interpersonal and cognitive skills, including communication, situational awareness, and teamwork.^[24]^[25] The methodology recognizes that errors often stem from breakdowns in crew coordination rather than mechanical failures alone, promoting assertive yet collaborative behaviors to prevent escalation of minor issues into catastrophic events.^[26] The origins of CRM trace to the early 1970s, when NASA researchers analyzed a series of fatal accidents, such as the 1977 Tenerife disaster involving two Boeing 747s, where miscommunication and authority gradients led to 583 deaths.^[27] This work culminated in a pivotal 1979 NASA-sponsored workshop titled "Resource Management on the Flightdeck," which laid the groundwork for formal training programs.^[24] United Airlines pioneered the first comprehensive CRM implementation in 1981, evolving the concept from "Cockpit Resource Management" to encompass broader crew interactions, including cabin staff and ground support.^[24] By the 1990s, CRM became a regulatory standard, with the FAA issuing Advisory Circular 120-51 in 1987 (updated to 120-51D in 2004) to guide airlines on integrating it into recurrent training.^[26] Core components of CRM include communication skills for clear, assertive information exchange; situational awareness to monitor environmental changes and workload; problem-solving and decision-making through structured processes like the DECIDE model (Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate); and teamwork dynamics that flatten hierarchies to encourage input from all members.^[26]^[25] Training typically employs scenario-based methods, such as Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT), where crews simulate real-world flights in full-motion simulators followed by debriefings to reinforce error avoidance.^[24] Implementation requires operator-specific programs tailored to fleet types and operations, often incorporating threat and error management (TEM) to identify latent risks proactively.^[26] Empirical evidence supports CRM's role in safety improvements: U.S. commercial airline accident rates declined from 1.66 per 100,000 departures in the 1970s to near zero by the 2010s, with human factors training credited for mitigating controllable errors in over 80% of preventable incidents.^[28] A meta-analysis of CRM training studies found moderate to strong effects on attitude and behavior changes, correlating with reduced pilot deviations and near-misses, though long-term retention depends on recurrent application.^[29] Despite these gains, challenges persist, including cultural resistance in hierarchical organizations and the need for metrics beyond self-reported surveys to quantify non-technical skill proficiency.^[30] Global adoption has extended CRM principles to military aviation and air traffic control, underscoring its causal link to error minimization through resource optimization.^[31]

Healthcare and Clinical Practice

Clinical Risk Management

Clinical risk management encompasses the systematic identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring of potential hazards in healthcare delivery to minimize harm to patients, staff, and institutions. It integrates clinical and administrative processes aimed at enhancing the quality and safety of medical services by preempting errors and adverse events.^[32] ^[33] Originating from broader patient safety initiatives, it addresses vulnerabilities such as diagnostic inaccuracies, medication errors, and procedural failures, which contribute to preventable harm estimated at affecting millions annually worldwide.^[34] Core principles include proactive hazard detection over reactive responses, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous evaluation of risks through data-driven analysis. These principles prioritize causal factors like human error, system deficiencies, and environmental influences rather than individual blame, fostering a culture of safety.^[35] Risk avoidance involves eliminating foreseeable threats, such as through protocol standardization, while mitigation strategies reduce residual risks via training and redundancies.^[32] Key components feature risk identification via incident reporting systems and audits, followed by evaluation using tools like root cause analysis to trace error origins. Failure mode and effects analysis prospectively models process breakdowns to prioritize interventions.^[33] Implementation requires centralized coordination, including policy development, staff education, and performance metrics, with hospitals often employing dedicated risk officers to oversee compliance.^[36] Monitoring entails ongoing surveillance, such as sentinel event reviews, to refine protocols and demonstrate reductions in adverse outcomes, including a reported 30-50% drop in certain medication errors following targeted CRM programs.^[32] Effective clinical risk management yields measurable improvements in patient outcomes, such as lowered litigation rates and enhanced trust in healthcare systems, though challenges persist in resource-limited settings where underreporting biases data reliability. Empirical evidence from structured programs underscores its role in curbing systemic failures, with international standards like those from the Joint Commission emphasizing integration into daily operations for sustained efficacy.^[34]

Technology and Computing

Cluster Resource Management

Cluster resource management refers to software frameworks that orchestrate the allocation of computational resources, such as CPU cores, memory, storage, and accelerators, across a network of interconnected compute nodes in a cluster environment, particularly for high-performance computing (HPC) workloads. These systems handle batch job submissions from multiple users, enforce access policies to prevent resource contention, and optimize cluster utilization by minimizing idle time and balancing loads. In HPC contexts, they enable parallel processing of large-scale simulations, data analysis, and scientific modeling by distributing tasks dynamically.^[37]^[38] Core functions encompass three primary areas: resource allocation, which grants exclusive or shared access to nodes based on job specifications like core count, runtime limits, and dependencies; job scheduling, employing algorithms such as first-come-first-served, fair-share, or backfill to prioritize executions while respecting user quotas and system constraints; and usage tracking, which logs consumption for accounting, billing, or historical analysis to inform future allocations. Additional capabilities include fault detection for node failures, integration with middleware for data staging, and support for advanced features like GPU partitioning for machine learning tasks. These mechanisms ensure scalability from small lab clusters to exascale systems comprising thousands of nodes.^[39]^[40] Development of dedicated cluster resource managers accelerated in the 1990s amid growing demand for distributed computing in research institutions. The Portable Batch System (PBS), originating from NASA's Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation facility in 1991, introduced flexible queuing for aerospace workloads, supporting POSIX standards and evolving into open-source variants like OpenPBS and Torque. By the early 2000s, Slurm (Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management) emerged as a fault-tolerant alternative, initially developed for Linux-based HPC clusters and now deployed on over 60% of the TOP500 supercomputers as of November 2023, handling petascale jobs with features like elastic resource scaling. Commercial options, such as IBM's LoadLeveler or Altair's PBS Professional, extended these with enterprise-grade enhancements for hybrid cloud integration.^[41]^[42]^[39] In contemporary usage, resource managers adapt to diverse hardware, incorporating plugins for NVIDIA GPUs and InfiniBand networks to support AI training and big data pipelines, while addressing challenges like energy efficiency and multi-tenancy. For instance, Slurm's accounting database enables detailed usage reports, and integrations with tools like Kubernetes facilitate hybrid deployments blending HPC batch processing with container orchestration. Despite advancements, limitations persist in handling ultra-large-scale heterogeneity and real-time adaptability, prompting ongoing research into AI-driven scheduling.^[43]^[44]

Configuration, Release, and Maintenance

Configuration in computing refers to the process of setting up and managing the operational parameters, hardware, software components, and environmental variables of a system to meet specific requirements and ensure consistent performance. This includes defining baselines for system states, tracking changes to configurations, and using tools like Ansible, Puppet, or Chef for automation to minimize errors and drift. Effective configuration management establishes baselines early in the development lifecycle, enabling traceability and reproducibility across environments such as development, testing, and production.^[45]^[46] Release management encompasses the planning, scheduling, and orchestration of software deployments from development to production, incorporating build processes, testing validation, and rollback mechanisms to mitigate risks associated with updates. Key practices involve versioning artifacts, conducting release readiness reviews, and employing continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines with tools like Jenkins or GitLab CI to automate transitions between stages. In 2023, industry reports indicated that organizations adopting automated release processes reduced deployment failures by up to 50% compared to manual methods.^[47]^[48] Maintenance follows deployment and focuses on sustaining software functionality through corrective actions for defects, adaptive changes for evolving hardware or regulations, perfective enhancements for performance, and preventive measures to avert future issues. This phase accounts for 60-80% of total software lifecycle costs, as per studies from the late 20th century onward, emphasizing the need for structured approaches like those outlined in IEEE Standard 1219-1998 for software maintenance. Tools such as monitoring systems (e.g., Nagios) and patch management solutions facilitate ongoing updates, with best practices including regular audits and modular code design to ease modifications.^[49]^[50] These processes—configuration, release, and maintenance—are interdependent, forming a cycle that supports the software development lifecycle by ensuring system integrity, minimizing downtime, and accommodating iterative improvements. Integration via configuration management databases (CMDBs) allows real-time visibility into assets, aiding release orchestration and predictive maintenance analytics. Failures in coordination, such as untracked configuration changes during releases, have historically contributed to high-profile outages, underscoring the causal link between rigorous process adherence and operational reliability.^[51]

Music and Arts

Chordal Resonance Model

The Chordal Resonance Model describes the acoustic and perceptual interactions among overtones in chord structures, emphasizing how aligned partials from multiple fundamental tones generate reinforced harmonics and reduced dissonance through minimal beating frequencies. This framework draws from psychoacoustic principles, where consonance arises when chord tones share common partials within the harmonic series, leading to perceptual fusion rather than perceived roughness from inharmonic clashes.^[52] In physical terms, the model accounts for sympathetic vibrations in instruments, such as string or air column resonances amplifying shared frequencies, quantifiable via Fourier analysis of chord spectra showing peak energy at coincident overtones.^[53] In mid-20th-century music theory, particularly in analyses of composers like Witold Lutosławski, chordal resonance extends beyond traditional triadic harmony to explore expanded chordal spaces, where degrees of overtone interplay dictate textural density and formal progression. Lutosławski's approach reconceptualizes chords not as static aggregates but as dynamic resonant fields, with upper partials interacting to evoke alternative syntaxes akin to atonal traditions yet rooted in tonal resonance.^[54] Empirical support comes from spectral modeling, revealing that dissonant clusters can produce potent resonance via controlled beats when spaced to align higher partials, surpassing some perfect consonances in perceptual impact.^[55] Applications in composition and performance leverage the model to optimize voicings for instrumental resonance; for instance, in piano or orchestral settings, close-position chords enhance low-register fusion through dense partial overlap, while spread voicings emphasize airy overtones for spatial depth. Acoustic measurements confirm that such alignments minimize sensory dissonance, with just-intonation intervals (e.g., 5:4 major third) yielding smoother envelopes than equal-tempered equivalents due to exact partial coincidence. Psychoacoustic experiments further validate the model's predictive power, linking chord preference to spectral similarity with vocal formants, suggesting evolutionary roots in communicative sound processing.^[52] Limitations include context-dependency, as cultural familiarity and timbre modulate perceived resonance, challenging universal applicability without listener-specific calibration.

CRM Records

CRM Records was a California-based record label active in the late 1960s and early 1970s, primarily known for producing and distributing educational audio materials, including spoken-word recordings and instructional content for school use.^[56] The label's catalog, as documented on music databases, includes niche releases focused on learning aids rather than commercial entertainment.^[57] The label achieved its most prominent recognition with the 1970 release of Songs of the Humpback Whale, a compilation of field recordings capturing the vocalizations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), edited and narrated by marine biologist Roger Payne. Released on May 31, 1970, under catalog number SWR 11, the album featured unedited whale songs from Bermuda and other locations, interspersed with Payne's explanations of their structure and potential communicative functions.^[58] This LP introduced the complexity of cetacean sound production to a broad audience, influencing public perception of whales as sentient beings capable of "song" akin to musical composition.^[56] Songs of the Humpback Whale marked a departure from CRM's educational focus, blending scientific documentation with accessible audio presentation; it sold tens of thousands of copies initially and was later reissued by Capitol Records, contributing to early environmental advocacy against whaling. In 2010, the recording was inducted into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry for its cultural, historic, and aesthetic significance in raising awareness of marine mammal behavior and conservation needs. Beyond this release, CRM Records produced limited commercial output, with Discogs crediting it to fewer than a dozen titles, underscoring its role as a specialized rather than mainstream imprint.^[57]

Publications

CRM: The Journal of High Military Culture

No verifiable publication titled CRM: The Journal of High Military Culture appears in academic databases, military archives, or reputable online repositories as of October 2025. Searches across general web indices, scholarly sites, and military-focused resources yield no matches for a journal by this name, suggesting it may be an obscure, unpublished, or misattributed reference rather than an established periodical. The phrase "high military culture" occasionally surfaces in historical contexts, such as Soviet-era analyses of disciplined armed forces or discussions of elite warrior traditions in non-Western militaries, but no dedicated journal links to it under the "CRM" acronym.^[59]^[60] If existing, such a journal would likely examine themes of rigorous discipline, hierarchical command structures, and traditional martial values in professional militaries, drawing from first-hand accounts or theoretical analyses of operational effectiveness. However, without publisher details, issue history, editorial board, or indexed articles, its scope, founding date, or impact cannot be substantiated. Potential confusion with established "CRM" publications—like the National Park Service's Cultural Resource Management bulletin (1991–2002) or aviation's Crew Resource Management literature—highlights acronym ambiguity in military-adjacent fields, but none align with "high military culture."^[61]^[62]

Institutions and Companies

CRM Group

The CRM Group, formally the Centre de Recherches Métallurgiques (CRM), is an independent research organization based in Belgium, dedicated to metallurgical research and innovation. Established in 1948, it specializes in the development of processes and products related to the production, transformation, coating, use, and recycling of metallic materials, with a focus on sustainable and industrial applications.^[63]^[64] Headquartered in Liège, the organization employs approximately 290 experts, including researchers, technicians, and specialists in materials science, operating across multiple laboratories and platforms. Its core activities address challenges in the circular economy, energy transition, digitalization, and advanced manufacturing, supporting industries such as steel production, aeronautics, defense, chemistry, energy, and environmental sectors.^[65]^[63]^[66] CRM Group functions as a non-profit entity that bridges academic research and industrial implementation, offering tailored R&D solutions from concept ideation to technology transfer. It maintains a network of over 40 industrial members and collaborates with large corporations and small-to-medium enterprises worldwide, emphasizing economic, societal, and environmental progress through innovation.^[67]^[68]^[69] In September 2023, the group marked its 75th anniversary, highlighting its legacy in pioneering metallurgy advancements, including partnerships like those with John Cockerill for industrial solutions. The organization promotes diversity and inclusion via initiatives such as a Gender Equality Plan, while prioritizing high-impact research in resource-efficient metal processing and recycling technologies.^[70]^[63]^[71]

CRM Holdings

CRM Holdings, Ltd. was a Bermuda-domiciled holding company established as a specialty provider of workers' compensation insurance products and services, operating through subsidiaries in primary insurance, reinsurance, and fee-based management for self-insured groups.^[72]^[73] Initially focused on administering workers' compensation self-insured groups in states including New York and California, the company positioned itself as a leading fee-based service provider by 2005.^[74] Its subsidiaries included Majestic Insurance Company for primary insurance underwriting, Twin Bridges Insurance for reinsurance, and entities handling group management services.^[73] By late 2007 and into 2008, CRM Holdings exited the self-insured trust administration business in New York amid regulatory and market pressures in the self-insurance group sector.^[75] The holding company structure itself conducted no direct operations, relying on subsidiaries for revenue generation, with corporate activities centered on oversight and financing.^[75] In May 2010, CRM Holdings rebranded to Majestic Capital, Ltd., reflecting a shift in strategic focus while retaining its core emphasis on workers' compensation offerings.^[76]^[73] Financial challenges intensified in the late 2000s, including a decision by subsidiary CRM USA Holdings, Inc. to defer interest payments on junior subordinated debt securities starting December 15, 2009, under terms allowing up to 20 consecutive semi-annual periods of deferral.^[77] The company reported a $19 million net loss for the fourth quarter of 2009, disclosed in March 2010.^[78] Efforts to stabilize included a strategic alliance with AmTrust Financial Services announced in April 2010, aimed at enhancing operational support.^[78] However, ongoing deficits in self-insurance groups administered by affiliates led to broader insolvency issues, with CRM LLC and related entities filing for bankruptcy protection in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.^[79]^[80] Securities litigation followed in 2010, initiated by shareholders alleging misleading disclosures related to the company's financial health and self-insurance group exposures.^[81] The collapse of CRM Holdings' operations, particularly in New York self-insurance trusts, resulted in regulatory interventions where healthier groups were assessed to cover deficits, highlighting systemic risks in the model.^[80] Majestic Capital, as the successor entity, ultimately ceased operations and is listed as out of business.^[82]

Notable People

Individuals with CRM Initials

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928) was a Scottish architect, interior designer, and artist whose innovative designs blended elements of Art Nouveau, Symbolism, and emerging modernism, particularly through his association with the Glasgow School. Born on June 7, 1868, in Glasgow, he rose to prominence with projects like the Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909), featuring bold geometric forms and integrated furniture, which demonstrated his emphasis on functionality and ornamentation derived from natural motifs. Mackintosh's influence extended to watercolor painting and textile design, though his career waned after 1914 due to changing architectural tastes; he died in London on December 10, 1928.^[83] Christopher Robin Milne (1920–1996) was an English bookseller and writer, best known as the real-life inspiration for the child character in his father A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories. Born on August 21, 1920, in London, he experienced a childhood at Cotchford Farm that fueled the Pooh narratives, published between 1926 and 1928, but later expressed ambivalence toward the fame it brought. Milne served in World War II, was wounded at the Battle of Normandy in 1944, and afterward managed a bookstore in Dartmouth; he authored memoirs critiquing his father's portrayal, dying on April 20, 1996.^[83] Charles Robert Maturin (1780–1824), an Irish Protestant clergyman, novelist, and playwright, gained recognition for Gothic fiction amid the Romantic era. Born in Dublin around 1780 (exact date uncertain), he published works like The Fatal Revenge (1807) under pseudonym before Melmoth the Wanderer (1820), a novel exploring themes of redemption and supernatural temptation through nested narratives, influenced by The Monk by Matthew Lewis. Ordained in 1803, Maturin struggled financially despite literary output; he died in Dublin on October 30, 1824.^[83]

Other Uses

Certified Records Manager

The Certified Records Manager (CRM) designation is a professional certification awarded to individuals demonstrating expertise in records and information management (RIM). It validates proficiency in core areas such as management principles, records creation and control, storage and retrieval systems, disposition practices, and emerging technologies in RIM.^[84] The certification is administered by the Institute of Certified Records Managers (ICRM), an international body established in 1975 to standardize and elevate professional standards in the field.^[85] Eligibility for the CRM requires a minimum of one year of verifiable professional RIM experience if the applicant holds a bachelor's degree, or five years without a degree, with substitutions allowed for additional experience in lieu of formal education (e.g., three years of college plus two years of experience).^[86] Applicants must submit an online application, including documentation of education and experience verified by an employer letter, along with a non-refundable $100 USD fee; ICRM reviews submissions to confirm eligibility before granting exam access, with a five-year window to complete all requirements post-approval.^[86] The certification process involves passing a series of examinations covering RIM fundamentals, typically structured as Parts 1 through 6, followed by submission of two business case studies that apply RIM principles to real-world management scenarios.^[84] Exams are offered periodically, such as Part 6 in Fall 2025 via online proctoring, and successful candidates must maintain the credential through ongoing continuing education to ensure currency in evolving RIM practices.^[87] Distinct from the entry-level Certified Records Analyst (CRA), the CRM emphasizes advanced application and leadership in RIM.^[85] Holders of the CRM benefit from enhanced professional recognition, with industry surveys linking the designation to access to higher-level positions and increased salaries due to demonstrated competence against established RIM benchmarks.^[85] The credential addresses growing employer demand for skilled RIM professionals amid digital transformation and regulatory complexities, positioning certified individuals as competitive in global markets.^[84]

References

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Customer relationship management (CRM) is a set of integrated technologies used to document, track and manage an organizations relationships and interactions
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Cluster management includes tools like NVIDIA Base Command Manager, DCGM, and Run:AI, which automates GPU resource management for AI workloads.
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System configuration management - Software Engineering
Jul 11, 2025 · System Configuration Management (SCM) is a software engineering practice that focuses on managing the configuration of software systems.
[46]
What Is Configuration Management? | Atlassian
Configuration management is a systems engineering process for establishing consistency of a product's attributes throughout its life.
[47]
Software Release Management: Best Practices, Tools, and Processes
Software release management is the process of planning, managing, and executing software releases, ensuring seamless updates and production stability.
[48]
What Is Configuration Management and Why Is It Important?
Software configuration management (SCM) is the discipline of controlling changes to software artifacts throughout the development life cycle and product release ...Missing: CRM | Show results with:CRM
[49]
Software Maintenance After Development: What's Next? - BairesDev
Apr 30, 2024 · The major purpose of software maintenance is to resolve faults and improve system performance by modifying and updating software applications after deployment.
[50]
Configuration Management in System and Software Engineering
Oct 25, 2024 · Configuration management (CM) is a process of handling changes systematically to maintain a system's integrity, including version and change ...Missing: Maintenance CRM
[51]
Configuration Management: The Heart of Your Software ...
May 23, 2023 · The status accounting practice of the CM process drives the execution of the software development lifecycle, especially release management.
[52]
Vocal similarity predicts the relative attraction of musical chords
Dec 18, 2017 · Here we show that our attraction to specific tone combinations played simultaneously (chords) is predicted by their spectral similarity to voiced speech sounds.Vocal Similarity Predicts... · Assessing Vocal Similarity · Discussion
[53]
(PDF) Tonal music theory: A psychoacoustic explanation?
The core of the model is two different measures of pitch-based distance between chords. The first is voice-leading distance; the second is spectral pitch ...
[54]
Lutosławski's Mid-Century Harmony | Journal of Music Theory
Oct 1, 2023 · This article proposes to expand our understanding of Witold Lutosławski's chordal space and its relation to formal processes.
[55]
Global Strategies Project: Dissonance and Resonance
Such dissonant chords can generate, when properly space, a far more powerful resonance than so-called perfect consonances, because of the phenomena of beats and ...
[56]
Minor Listening, Major Influence: Revisiting Songs of the Humpback ...
May 29, 2021 · CRM, the California publishing company that pressed Songs of the Humpback Whale, was until then known mainly for its previous work producing and ...
[57]
https://www.discogs.com/label/98774-CRM-Records
[58]
https://www.discogs.com/release/6108292-Humpback-Whale-Songs-Of-The-Humpback-Whale
[59]
[PDF] USSR Report, Military Affairs, No. 1803. - DTIC
Oct 6, 1983 · control and high military culture. 6904. CSO: 1801/446. 20. Page 26. ARMED FORCES. MILITARY MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS HELP HARVEST CROPS. Moscow ...
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[PDF] JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs, Volkogonov's ... - DTIC
Nov 9, 1990 · ... high military culture, excellent education, vast experience as a commander, in-depth knowledge of theory and tremendous charisma. A pow ...
[61]
CRM - National Park Service
Mar 20, 2015 · CRM was published from 1991 to 2002. It provided information for parks, Federal agencies, Indian tribes, States, local governments, and the ...
[62]
https://www.npshistory.com/newsletters/crm/journal-v1n2.pdf
[63]
About Us | CRM Group : 75 Years of Metallurgical Innovation
### Summary of CRM Group About Us Page
[64]
CRM Group - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding
CRM Group is a research company that offers studies on the production, transformation, coating, and use of metallic materials.
[65]
CRM Group - Pioneering Metallurgy Innovation Since 1948
Discover CRM Group's 75+ years of expertise in metallurgy, offering innovative solutions in metal production, transformation, coating, and recycling for ...
[66]
CRM Group - Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees ...
CRM Group specializes in the research and development of innovative processes and products within the metallurgy and metallic products sector.
[67]
Our Network | Innovations, Partners & Ecosystem - CRM Group
Discover the global network of CRM Group, made up of more than 40 leading industrial members in metallurgy and advanced manufacturing.
[68]
CRM group - HBI C-Flex
Mar 5, 2025 · CRM Group is an independent non-profit organisation that provides technological R&D innovation in the fields of metal and steel production processes.Missing: history founding
[69]
CRM Group - Overview, News & Similar companies | ZoomInfo.com
CRM Group is a leader in metallurgical research and industrial innovation, boasting over 75 years of expertise in providing innovative solutions in metal ...
[70]
[PDF] ANNUAL 2023 - CRM Group
75 YEARS OF CRM GROUP. Thursday 28th of September 2023 marked an impor- tant milestone in the history of CRM Group. We cele- brated our 75th anniversary in ...
[71]
https://crmgroup.be/en/spotlight-on-our-partners-john-cockerill/
[72]
Company Majestic Capital Ltd - MarketScreener India
Majestic Capital Ltd., formerly CRM Holdings Ltd. is a holding company. It is a specialty provider of workersâ€™ compensation insurance products.
[73]
majestic_10k-123110.htm - SEC.gov
We previously reported our results in four operating segments: primary insurance (Majestic Insurance), reinsurance (Twin Bridges), fee-based management services ...
[74]
[PDF] CRM Holdings, Ltd. (Form: S-1/A, Filing Date
Dec 16, 2005 · We are a leading provider of fee-based management and other services for workers' compensation self-insured groups in New York and California. ...
[75]
[PDF] CRM Holdings, Ltd. - AnnualReports.com
CRM Holdings is a holding company and has no direct operations. Our ... USA Holdings, CRM Holdings, the Trust, The. Bank of New York Delaware, as ...
[76]
Majestic Capital, Ltd. (MAJCQ) Company Profile & Facts
Majestic Capital, Ltd. was formerly known as CRM Holdings, Ltd. and changed its name to Majestic Capital, Ltd. in May 2010. Majestic Capital, Ltd. was ...
[77]
CRM Holdings, Ltd. (Form: 8-K) - SEC.gov
The terms of the Debt Securities allow for CRM USA Holdings to defer payment of interest on the Debt Securities at any time or from time to time for up to 20 ...
[78]
CRM Holdings, Ltd. Company Profile from Insurance Journal
Headlines · CRM Holdings Forms Strategic Alliance with AmTrust Financial Services Apr 8, 2010 · CRM Holdings Reports $19 Million Net Loss in Q4 Mar 5, 2010 ...
[79]
[PDF] UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT ...
as CRM Holdings, Ltd.) as Guarantor, pursuant to which the 8.65% Junior ... (the “Bankruptcy Code”), in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern ...
[80]
CRM Holdings « Workers Comp Insider
When CRM Holdings, a Bermuda based operator of self insurance groups (SIGs), folded like a house of cards, the New York comp board went after the healthy ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[81]
In re CRM Holdings, Ltd. Securities Litig. | 10 Civ. 975 (RPP ...
On September 19, 2010, Plaintiffs, a proposed class composed of stockholders of CRM Holdings, Ltd. ("CRMH" or the "Company"), filed a Consolidated Amended ...
[82]
Majestic Capital 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
Formerly Known As. CRM Holdings, Crm Holdings, Ltd. ; Ownership Status. Out of Business ; Financing Status. Corporation ...
[83]
People with the initials: CRM
People with the initials: CRM · Charles Mackintosh · Christopher Milne · Charles Maturin · Charles Morris · Constantine Moorsom · Christopher Markwell · C Mesle ...
[84]
ICRM Advantages - Institute of Certified Records Managers
What are the advantages of being a Certified Records Manager (CRM)?. The Institute of Certified Records Managers (ICRM), an international certifying body of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[85]
About Us | Institute of Certified Records Managers
The Value of Being a Certified Records Manager (CRM). National and global industry surveys continue to show a strong correlation and value proposition for ...
[86]
Applying for the Examination - Institute of Certified Records Managers
The process and requirements outlined below apply to both Certified Records Analyst (CRA) and Certified Records Manager (CRM) applicants.
[87]
Institute of Certified Records Managers: ICRM
ICRM's Vision & Mission ... Vision: The leading certifying body for professionals in Records and Information Management (RIM), recognized and valued globally by ...Taking the CRM & CRA ExamsExam Preparation ResourcesAbout UsApplying for the ExaminationTaking the CRA Exam