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EM

Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born entrepreneur, engineer, and business magnate who has driven innovations in electric vehicles, aerospace, neural interfaces, and artificial intelligence through companies he founded or leads.^[1]^[2] Born in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated to Canada at age 17 via his mother's citizenship before moving to the United States, where he became a citizen and built his career starting with software ventures like Zip2 and X.com (which evolved into PayPal).^[3]^[4] Musk's most prominent achievements include transforming Tesla from an early-stage electric car startup into a global leader in sustainable transportation, with models like the Model 3 accelerating the shift away from fossil fuel dependency through superior battery technology and autonomous driving features.^[5]^[6] At SpaceX, which he founded in 2002, reusable Falcon rockets and the Starship program have drastically reduced launch costs, enabling milestones such as the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station in 2020 and ambitious plans for Mars colonization.^[7]^[1] His other ventures, including Neuralink's brain-computer implants for treating neurological conditions and xAI's pursuit of advanced AI aligned with scientific truth-seeking, reflect a focus on solving humanity's long-term existential challenges like resource scarcity and cognitive enhancement.^[2]^[4] Musk's leadership style—characterized by intense work demands, rapid iteration, and public advocacy for issues like declining birth rates and government overreach—has yielded extraordinary outcomes but also drawn controversies, including SEC investigations over market-influencing tweets, labor disputes at his firms, and backlash from mainstream outlets over his critiques of regulatory capture and censorship on social media platforms.^[8]^[9] Following his 2022 acquisition of Twitter (rebranded X), efforts to restore open discourse led to advertiser exodus and accusations of amplifying unverified claims, though data shows increased user engagement and exposure of prior biases in content suppression; such narratives often stem from institutions with documented left-leaning tilts that prioritize narrative control over empirical scrutiny.^[8]^[10] In 2025, Musk's influence extended to U.S. governance as co-head of the Department of Government Efficiency, targeting trillions in wasteful spending through data-driven audits.^[10]

Science and Technology

Physics

Electromagnetism, abbreviated as EM, describes the physical phenomenon arising from the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, forming one of the four fundamental forces of nature. This theory integrates previously distinct observations of electricity and magnetism into a cohesive framework, predicting that accelerating charges produce electromagnetic waves that propagate through space at the speed of light. James Clerk Maxwell formulated the core equations in the 1860s, synthesizing empirical laws from predecessors like André-Marie Ampère and building on Michael Faraday's field concepts to demonstrate the interdependence of electric and magnetic phenomena. These equations, published between 1861 and 1865, revealed that light itself constitutes an electromagnetic disturbance, unifying optics with electrodynamics. Key experimental foundations include Faraday's 1831 discovery of electromagnetic induction, where he observed that a time-varying magnetic flux through a closed loop induces an electromotive force, enabling the generation of electric currents without direct contact.^[11] This principle, verified through setups like rotating copper disks between magnet poles, laid groundwork for transformers and generators. In the 1880s, Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed Maxwell's wave predictions by producing and detecting radio-frequency electromagnetic waves using spark-gap transmitters and resonant loops, measuring their propagation speed and polarization properties. These demonstrations, conducted between 1886 and 1888, provided direct evidence of transverse waves with electric and magnetic components oscillating perpendicular to the direction of travel. The electromagnetic spectrum categorizes EM radiation by wavelength or frequency, spanning from long-wavelength radio waves (frequencies below 300 MHz) to short-wavelength gamma rays (above 10^{19} Hz), with visible light occupying a narrow band between 400 and 700 nm.^[12] All forms share invariant speed in vacuum (approximately 3 × 10^8 m/s) and dual wave-particle nature, with energy quanta known as photons whose energy E = hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is frequency. Empirical spectra arise from atomic transitions, blackbody radiation, and synchrotron processes in astrophysical contexts. In metrology, Em signifies the exametre, the SI prefix for 10^{18} metres, applicable to cosmological scales such as the diameters of large galactic structures or separations between superclusters, where traditional units like light-years prove less convenient for precise metric calculations.^[13] For instance, the distance to certain quasars exceeds several Em, facilitating comparisons with fundamental constants in theoretical models of cosmic expansion.^[13]

Biology

Electron microscopy (EM) in biology employs beams of electrons to achieve resolutions down to 0.1 nanometers, enabling visualization of cellular ultrastructures unattainable by light microscopy, which is limited to approximately 200 nanometers due to diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) transmits electrons through ultrathin sections (typically 50-100 nm thick) of fixed, stained biological samples, revealing internal details such as organelle membranes and macromolecular complexes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in contrast, scans a focused electron beam over sample surfaces coated with conductive metals like gold, producing three-dimensional topographical images of cellular exteriors and extracellular matrices at resolutions around 1-10 nanometers. These techniques require rigorous sample preparation, including chemical fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, dehydration, and embedding in resin to preserve native structures while enhancing contrast via heavy metal stains.^[14]^[15] In cellular biology, EM has been instrumental in elucidating organelle architectures and their functional interrelations. For instance, TEM studies in the 1950s first revealed the intricate cristae folds within mitochondria, confirming their role in oxidative phosphorylation through high-resolution imaging of inner membrane invaginations housing electron transport chain complexes. Similarly, EM visualized the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as a network of cisternae studded with ribosomes—electron-dense particles approximately 20-30 nm in diameter—demonstrating sites of protein synthesis and translocation, while smooth ER appeared as tubule networks involved in lipid metabolism. These observations, pioneered by researchers like George Palade, established foundational models of secretory pathways and earned recognition for resolving the unit membrane structure as a lipid bilayer sandwiched between protein layers, approximately 7.5 nm thick.^[16]^[17]^[18] Advanced EM variants, such as cryo-EM, preserve samples in vitreous ice to minimize artifacts, allowing near-native imaging of dynamic processes like mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCs), where membranes apposed at 10-30 nm facilitate calcium and lipid transfer essential for bioenergetics and signaling. Quantitative EM analyses, including serial section tomography, have quantified cristae junction densities and ER-mitochondria tether lengths, linking ultrastructural variations to metabolic stress responses; for example, prolonged ER-mitochondria contacts correlate with increased fission in stressed cells. High-throughput EM pipelines now enable automated segmentation of large-scale datasets, revealing stochastic distributions of organelles in tissues, with applications in studying viral replication complexes or synaptic vesicles at synaptic active zones. Such empirical data underscore EM's causality in mapping structure-function relationships, though limitations like fixation-induced shrinkage necessitate correlative light-EM approaches for validation.^[19]^[20]^[21]

Medicine

Electron microscopy (EM), a technique utilizing electron beams for imaging at nanometer resolutions far exceeding light microscopy, was pioneered by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll, who constructed the first prototype in 1931 while working at the Technical University of Berlin.^[22]^[23] This innovation, building on Ruska's development of the magnetic electron lens earlier that year, enabled visualization of subcellular structures, viruses, and pathogens critical for medical diagnostics.^[24] Ruska's work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986, recognizing EM's transformative role in biomedical research and pathology.^[25] In clinical practice, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) serves as an adjunct diagnostic tool in surgical pathology, particularly for identifying ultrastructural features in renal biopsies, neuromuscular disorders, and infectious diseases where light microscopy is insufficient.^[26] For instance, EM detects glomerular abnormalities in kidney disease, such as podocyte effacement, and visualizes viral particles or bacterial morphologies directly from tissue samples, aiding rapid pathogen identification.^[27]^[28] Diagnostic EM labs, like those at major institutions, routinely analyze biopsies for precise subtyping of tumors or storage diseases by examining organelle morphology and macromolecular complexes.^[29]^[30] Emergency medicine (EM), a distinct medical specialty focused on the acute evaluation and stabilization of patients with life-threatening conditions, emerged in the United States during the 1960s amid rising demands for organized emergency care.^[31] The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) was founded in 1968 to professionalize the field, followed by the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) certification pathway in 1976 and full ACGME accreditation for residencies in 1979, establishing standardized training in triage, resuscitation, and multisystem interventions.^[32] Evidence-based protocols, such as Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) introduced in 1978 and updated iteratively, emphasize rapid assessment and interventions like fluid resuscitation and airway management to reduce mortality in trauma and sepsis.^[33] Recent advancements in EM training include the ACGME's Emergency Medicine Milestones 2.0, implemented to refine competency-based assessments for residents, with interim revisions approved on September 3, 2025, incorporating updated requirements for procedural minimums and performance metrics in areas like ultrasound-guided interventions and critical care.^[34]^[35] These milestones prioritize observable behaviors in triage prioritization and evidence-driven decision-making, addressing evolving challenges like pandemics and resource-limited settings through data from national registries showing improved outcomes with protocol adherence.^[36]

Computing

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm provides an iterative procedure for computing maximum likelihood estimates in probabilistic models with incomplete data or latent variables.^[37] Introduced by Arthur P. Dempster, Nan M. Laird, and Donald B. Rubin in their 1977 paper published in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, the method addresses challenges where direct maximization of the likelihood function is intractable due to unobserved components.^[37] The algorithm proceeds by alternating between an E-step, which calculates the expected value of the log-likelihood conditional on observed data and current parameter estimates, and an M-step, which maximizes this expectation to yield updated parameters; this process repeats until convergence to a local maximum.^[37]^[38] In machine learning and computational statistics, the EM algorithm underpins parameter estimation for models involving hidden structures, such as Gaussian mixture models for density estimation and clustering, where it initializes component means, covariances, and mixing coefficients from data samples.^[39] For instance, in a Gaussian mixture model with K components, the E-step computes posterior probabilities assigning data points to components, while the M-step updates parameters via weighted averages, enabling unsupervised learning tasks like soft clustering on datasets with up to millions of points.^[39] It also facilitates training hidden Markov models by estimating transition probabilities and emission parameters from sequences, as applied in speech recognition and bioinformatics sequence analysis.^[38] Despite guarantees of non-decreasing likelihood under standard conditions, the algorithm may converge to local optima, necessitating multiple random initializations for robustness, with computational complexity typically scaling as O(N K d) per iteration for N data points, K components, and d-dimensional features.^[38] Electromagnetic (EM) simulation software implements numerical algorithms to model field interactions in circuit designs, enabling virtual verification of high-frequency performance without prototypes.^[40] These tools solve Maxwell's equations via methods like finite element analysis (FEA) or finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), discretizing geometries into meshes for iterative solvers that compute scattering parameters, radiation patterns, and impedance with accuracies validated against measurements, often achieving errors below 5% for sub-millimeter structures.^[41]^[42] In electronic design automation, packages such as Keysight EMPro integrate 3D EM solvers with circuit simulators, allowing co-analysis of passive components like antennas and filters, where FEA handles irregular boundaries by variational formulations minimizing energy functionals.^[41] Similarly, Ansys HFSS employs adaptive meshing and hybrid solvers to optimize RF integrated circuits, reducing design cycles by simulating effects like crosstalk and substrate losses in multi-layer boards.^[43] Computational demands are high, with FDTD requiring O((N_x N_y N_z) t) operations for grid sizes up to 10^8 cells and time steps t on the order of picoseconds, often accelerated by GPU parallelization.^[42]

Other uses in science and technology

In aerospace engineering, EM designates an engineering model, a prototype that mirrors the form, fit, and functional characteristics of the final flight hardware for satellites and spacecraft, while incorporating a mix of engineering-grade and flight-grade components to enable rigorous testing and validation without expending costly flight-qualified parts.^[44] These models undergo environmental simulations, such as vibration and thermal cycling, to verify system performance and identify design flaws prior to flight model production; for instance, the OPS-SAT CubeSat program utilized an EM for ground segment integration and configuration testing in 2023.^[45] Similarly, the EIRSAT-1 CubeSat development combined traditional EM functions into an engineering qualification model (EQM) identical to the flight unit for comprehensive subsystem validation as of September 2021.^[46] NASA's systems engineering practices emphasize EMs for early prototyping and analysis when full assemblies are unavailable, supporting iterative improvements in mission-critical hardware.^[47] In hardware engineering, EM refers to electronic modules, standardized pluggable units integrated into equipment racks or frames via electrical interconnections, often designed for modularity and reliability in systems like military and space applications.^[48] IEEE Std 1688-2015 establishes requirements for controlling electromagnetic interference in replaceable electronic modules (REMs), specifying design practices to ensure compatibility and performance in high-density assemblies.^[49] These standards build on programs like the U.S. Department of Defense's Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability Program (SHARP), which defined formats such as SEM Format E for interoperable modules, facilitating upgrades and repairs in rugged environments.^[50]

Economics and Business

Economics

Emerging markets (EM) denote economies transitioning from developing to developed status, characterized by rapid growth, industrialization, and integration into global trade, including major players like China, India, Brazil, and Indonesia. These markets typically exhibit higher GDP growth rates than advanced economies but face vulnerabilities such as commodity dependence, political instability, and external debt pressures. In 2024, EM growth averaged around 4%, outpacing advanced economies despite global headwinds including elevated U.S. interest rates that strengthened the dollar and tightened financial conditions.^[51] EM resilience during the 2022-2024 U.S. Federal Reserve rate-hiking cycle stemmed from improved policy frameworks, including stronger fiscal buffers and deeper local-currency debt markets, which mitigated capital outflows compared to prior episodes like the 2013 "taper tantrum." However, 2025 outlooks project moderation to 3.7-3.9% growth amid trade tensions, U.S. tariffs, and persistent inflation in some regions, with the World Bank forecasting a downward trend in developing economy expansion to below 4% on average. Ashmore Group anticipates continued EM GDP momentum at 3.9%, driven by domestic reforms and commodity tailwinds, though risks from U.S. policy shifts could elevate volatility.^[52]^[53]^[54] In econometric forecasting, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm facilitates parameter estimation in macroeconomic models with latent variables or missing data, such as dynamic factor models for GDP now-casting and business cycle analysis. Applied to high-dimensional datasets like those from national accounts, EM iterates between expectation (inferring hidden states via Kalman smoothing) and maximization steps to maximize likelihood, proving effective for real-time predictions despite convergence challenges in low-noise settings. For instance, EM enhances hidden Markov models for recession probability estimation by handling incomplete observations in economic indicators.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Management

Earnings management refers to the strategic use of accounting discretion and operational decisions by corporate executives to influence reported financial earnings, often to meet analyst forecasts, smooth income volatility, or align with incentive-based compensation targets tied to earnings per share.^[58]^[59] This practice operates within generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) but can border on manipulation when it prioritizes short-term appearances over long-term economic reality, driven by incentives such as executive bonuses, stock options, and debt covenant thresholds that penalize earnings shortfalls.^[60] Empirical studies indicate that managers exhibit heightened earnings management around thresholds like zero or prior-year earnings, where small adjustments can avoid losses or declines, reflecting causal pressures from market reactions to perceived underperformance.^[61] Techniques fall into two primary categories: accrual-based earnings management, involving estimates in revenue recognition, reserves, or depreciation to shift income across periods, and real activities manipulation, which alters underlying operations such as accelerating sales through channel stuffing, reducing discretionary spending like research and development, or overproducing inventory to lower cost of goods sold.^[59]^[62] Accrual methods exploit judgment in financial reporting, while real methods impose economic costs, potentially distorting resource allocation; for instance, cutting R&D to boost current earnings can impair future innovation and competitiveness.^[63] Distinguishing legitimate strategic timing—such as inventory buildup for anticipated demand—from manipulative overproduction requires benchmarking against industry norms and peer performance, as deviations often signal opportunistic behavior rather than value-creating strategy.^[64] High-profile scandals underscore the risks of aggressive earnings management escalating to fraud. In the Enron Corporation case, executives in 2001 used off-balance-sheet special purpose entities and premature mark-to-market accounting to inflate reported earnings by billions, concealing debt and creating illusory profits that misled investors and led to the company's bankruptcy filing on December 2, 2001.^[65] Similar tactics at WorldCom involved capitalizing operating expenses as assets, contributing to a $11 billion restatement and collapse.^[66] These events revealed systemic incentives for manipulation, where executive compensation linked to stock prices amplified pressures to fabricate sustainable growth narratives, eroding investor trust and prompting causal analyses of how lax oversight enabled such distortions.^[67] In response, the U.S. Congress enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on July 30, 2002, mandating CEO and CFO certification of financial statements, enhanced auditor independence, and Section 404 requirements for internal control assessments to deter earnings manipulation.^[66]^[68] The Act imposed severe penalties, including up to 20 years imprisonment for knowing violations, aiming to realign incentives toward verifiable reporting over cosmetic adjustments.^[69] Post-SOX research shows reduced accrual-based management but persistence in real activities manipulation, as operational changes evade direct audit scrutiny while imposing verifiable economic trade-offs.^[70] Critiques from an operations research perspective emphasize causal realism in evaluating EM frameworks, where purported "strategic" earnings boosts often mask value destruction; for example, real manipulation via expense deferral may meet quarterly targets but correlates with lower future cash flows due to suboptimal decisions.^[71] Legitimate earnings guidance stabilizes investor expectations without altering economic substance, whereas manipulation trades long-term viability for short-term gains, as evidenced by firms engaging in real EM exhibiting higher subsequent stock crash risk from eventual revelations.^[72] Academic consensus, drawn from large-scale empirical data, attributes much EM to agency conflicts between managers and shareholders, underscoring the need for governance mechanisms that prioritize transparent incentives over opportunistic reporting.^[73]

Companies and organizations

EMCORE Corporation, founded in 1984 in New Jersey by a team of scientists specializing in epitaxial growth technologies, develops and manufactures compound semiconductor-based components and subsystems.^[74] The company focuses on products for broadband signal transport, satellite communications, and defense applications, including fiber optic components and inertial measurement units.^[75] Headquartered in Alhambra, California, EMCORE has historically emphasized research and development in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) for optoelectronic devices.^[76] It trades on NASDAQ under the ticker EMKR and announced an all-cash merger with Velocity One Holdings at $3.10 per share in February 2025.^[77] Empire Airlines, incorporated on May 23, 1977, as a successor to Empire Airways, provides regional cargo services primarily as a FedEx feeder operator, utilizing its IATA designator EM.^[78] Operating from bases in Hayden, Idaho, and other U.S. locations, the airline maintains a fleet of approximately 100 aircraft, including Cessna 208 Caravans and ATR 42/72 turboprops, for short-haul freight and package distribution.^[79] By 2025, Empire has expanded into aerospace maintenance and unmanned systems divisions while handling millions of pounds of cargo annually through contracts with major express carriers.^[79]

Language and Communication

Language

In English-language neopronoun systems designed for gender neutrality, "em" serves as the object-case form in sets such as ey/em/eir or e/em/eir, functioning as alternatives to traditional gendered third-person pronouns like him or her. These neopronouns, often categorized under Spivak variants, aim to provide singular, nongendered references in speech and writing, with ey as the subject, em as the object or reflexive, and eir as the possessive.^[80] The e/em/eir configuration originates from a proposal by physician and grammarian Francis Augustus Brewster in 1841, marking one of the earliest documented attempts at English gender-neutral declension.^[81] Usage remains niche, primarily among individuals seeking to avoid binary gender associations, though adoption is limited outside specific advocacy or constructed-language contexts.^[82] In legal and parliamentary documentation, particularly in the United Kingdom and Australia, "EM" abbreviates Explanatory Memorandum, a formal accompanying text for proposed bills that details their objectives, clause-by-clause breakdown, policy rationale, and anticipated impacts.^[83] In the UK, this convention is codified in parliamentary procedure, where EMs aid legislative scrutiny by parliamentarians.^[83] Australian federal legislation similarly employs EMs to elucidate bills in accessible terms, with the abbreviation standardized in official glossaries and practice since at least the early 20th century, though comprehensive use became routine post-1982.^[84]^[85] These documents prioritize clarity for non-experts while informing debate, distinct from substantive legal text.^[84]

Typography

In typography, the em is a unit of measurement equal to the point size of the current font, corresponding to the height of the typeface body and historically approximating the width of a capital M.^[86] This relative dimension facilitated consistent spacing in traditional typesetting, where em quads—square spaces matching the em width—were used for indentation and justification.^[87] The unit's name derives from this alignment with the letter M, which in many early fonts occupied nearly the full body height, providing a practical baseline for proportional design.^[86] In the era of hot metal printing, starting with machines like the Linotype introduced in 1886, em units standardized horizontal measurements for line composition and punctuation spacing, ensuring scalability across font sizes.^[88] Modern digital applications retain this convention; in CSS, as specified by web standards, 1em equals the element's computed font-size, enabling responsive layouts that adjust relative to text scaling rather than fixed pixels.^[89] For instance, a 16-point font yields 1em = 16 points, applied to margins, padding, or widths for fluid typography.^[90] The em contrasts with the en, defined as half its width, which supports finer adjustments in typesetting.^[91] En units underpin elements like en dashes (–) for ranges (e.g., 2020–2025) or en quads for subtle spacing, preserving proportional harmony without the broader interruption of an em dash (—).^[91] This em-en duality, rooted in metal type's physical constraints, persists in digital tools to maintain optical balance and readability across media.^[92]

Arts and Entertainment

Music

Emancipator is the stage name of Douglas Appling (born May 27, 1987), an American electronic music producer and DJ based in Portland, Oregon. His music features downtempo beats, trip-hop influences, and live instrumentation, often performed with the Emancipator Ensemble. Appling's debut album, Soon It Will Be Cold Enough to Build Fires, was self-released on October 3, 2006, and promoted via internet channels, establishing his style of blending electronic production with organic sounds.^[93]^[94] Subsequent releases include Safe in the Day (March 16, 2010), Dusk to Dawn (October 8, 2013), Baralku (October 13, 2017), and 11th Orbit (June 24, 2022), with the ensemble contributing strings, woodwinds, and percussion to tracks emphasizing atmospheric and melodic elements.^[95] In musicology, EM abbreviates The English Madrigal School, a series of editions compiling English madrigals from the late 16th and early 17th centuries, originally edited by Edmund H. Fellowes and published between 1913 and 1924, later revised as The English Madrigalists (1956–1966).^[96] This collection documents over 1,200 works by composers such as Thomas Morley and John Wilbye, preserving polyphonic vocal music influenced by Italian models.^[96]

Other uses in arts and entertainment

"Em" is a 2008 American drama film directed by Ian B. MacDonald, focusing on a young woman named Amanda navigating bipolar disorder, with a runtime of 93 minutes.^[97] The story portrays her personal growth and challenges, drawing from real experiences to depict the realities of the condition without romanticization.^[98] In comics, Dev-Em is a Kryptonian character introduced in DC's Adventure Comics #287 in June 1961, created by Jerry Siegel and George Papp.^[99] Portrayed as a juvenile delinquent imprisoned in the Phantom Zone before Krypton's destruction, he possesses standard Kryptonian powers under a yellow sun, including super strength, invulnerability, flight, heat vision, and freezing breath.^[100] Dev-Em later escapes in the 30th century, clashing with the Legion of Super-Heroes and briefly impersonating Superman by altering historical records to claim Earth origins as David Emery of Titan.^[101] The character reappeared in the 2018 television series Krypton, played by Aaron Pierre as a military guild member with ambiguous loyalties.^[102]

Places

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People

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Other uses

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References

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Ansys offers simulation for electromagnetic, signal integrity, thermal, and electro-mechanical aspects, including electric machines, PCBs, and IC designs, ...
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The 'Model Philosophy' Used by Space Engineering Companies
Engineering Model (EM): This model is form, fit, and functionally the same as the final flight model; however, it will use a mixture of flight-grade ...Missing: validation | Show results with:validation
[45]
[PDF] SpaceOps-2023, ID # 454 Validation and Demonstration of ...
Extensive testing has been carried out with the OPS-SAT ground segment and the Engineering Model (EM) of the CubeSat, in order to understand and configure ... in- ...
[46]
Development of the EIRSAT-1 CubeSat through Functional ... - MDPI
Sep 8, 2021 · The EQM of the spacecraft combines the traditional engineering model (EM) and qualification model (QM) into a single entity and is identical in ...
[47]
[PDF] NASA Systems Engineering Handbook
... prototype; engineering model; or fabricated, assembled, and integrated product is not available. Analysis includes the use of modeling and simulation as ...
[48]
IEEE Standard Requirements for the Control of Electromagnetic ...
Sep 30, 2016 · replaceable electronic module: A circuit unit that plugs into an equipment rack or frame, with electrical interconnections primarily through ...Missing: EM | Show results with:EM
[49]
IEEE 1688-2015 - IEEE SA
Sep 30, 2016 · Standard Committee: EMC/SDCom - Standards Development Committee; Working Group: REM WG - Replaceable Electronic Module WG; IEEE Program Manager ...Missing: EM hardware
[50]
IEEE Standard for Military Module, Format E Form Factor
the Standard Hardware Acquisition and Reliability Program (SHARP) Standard Electronic Module (SEM) Format E. This standard is the result of a desire to ...Missing: EM | Show results with:EM
[51]
Global Economic Prospects - World Bank
Growth is expected to weaken to 2.3 percent in 2025—a significant downgrade from previous forecasts—with only a tepid recovery expected in 2026-27. Growth could ...
[52]
[PDF] Outlook 2025 | Ashmore Group
2025 will see implementation of 2024 election results, with EM GDP growth continuing. Markets focus on Trump's trade policies, and disciplined investment is ...
[53]
Good Policies (and Good Luck) Helped Emerging Economies Better ...
Oct 6, 2025 · Stronger fiscal and monetary policy frameworks and more developed local currency debt markets have supported emerging market resilience.Missing: hikes | Show results with:hikes
[54]
[PDF] Global Economic Prospects -- June 2025 - The World Bank
Jun 5, 2025 · Growth in developing economies has now been ratcheting downward for three decades in a row—from an average of 5.9 percent in the 2000s to ...
[55]
[PDF] Lecture Notes on the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm
Nov 22, 2022 · Many economic/econometric models come in the form of a mixture. (e.g. ... Remark: The EM algorithm iterates back and forth between an.
[56]
Estimation of large approximate dynamic matrix factor models based ...
Feb 6, 2025 · This paper studies estimation of dynamic matrix factor models using the EM algorithm and Kalman smoother, modeling time evolution of factors.
[57]
[PDF] Slow expectation-maximization convergence in low-noise dynamic ...
Mar 10, 2023 · The EM algorithm slows in low-noise dynamic factor models, leading to inaccurate estimates. An adaptive EM and increased noise can improve ...
[58]
Earnings Management: Definition and Examples - Investopedia
Earnings management is a strategy to deliberately manipulate a company's earnings so that the figures match a pre-determined target.
[59]
Earnings Management - Definition, Examples, and Types
Earnings management is a method used by a company's management to manipulate its financials. Companies use earnings management to show consistent profits ...Missing: regulatory responses
[60]
Connecting earnings management to the real World:What happens ...
We define earnings management as the use of flexible accounting principles that allow managers to influence reported earnings, thereby causing reported income ...Missing: scandals | Show results with:scandals
[61]
[PDF] Does Earnings Management Matter for Strategy Research?
Sep 13, 2022 · In this manuscript we establish that such earnings management is common, introduces non-classical noise, and distorts our understanding of broad ...
[62]
[PDF] A Simple Approach to Better Distinguish Real Earnings ...
Real activities manipulation refers to managers, efforts to inflate earnings through changes in operating and investing decisions that can be defined as “ ...
[63]
Management control systems and real earnings management
In this paper, we examine whether the interactive use of MCS supports management in (i) taking real actions to meet earnings targets and that conceptually would ...
[64]
A Simple Approach to Better Distinguish Real Earnings ...
Sep 23, 2022 · Researchers typically infer real earnings management when a firm's operating and investing activities differ from industry norms.
[65]
Enron Scandal and Accounting Fraud: What Happened?
Enron's Bankruptcy and Criminal Charges · In June 2002, Arthur Andersen LLP was found guilty of obstructing justice for shredding Enron's financial documents.
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: A Comprehensive Overview - AuditBoard
Aug 9, 2024 · The bill was in response to several corporate and accounting scandals in the early 2000s including Enron, Tyco International, WorldCom, Adelphia ...
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Twenty Years Later: The Lasting Lessons of Enron
Apr 5, 2021 · It was also a principal impetus for the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the evolution of the concept of corporate responsibility. As ...<|separator|>
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What is Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002? | A Comprehensive Summary
Jan 30, 2025 · The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was passed by Congress in response to major corporate scandals in financial markets, primarily Enron, where the ...
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | Research Starters - EBSCO
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was significant for its strong response to the scandals of Enron, WorldCom, and other major corporations. Indeed, big business ...
[70]
Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and ...
Mar 1, 2012 · I study whether managers use real activities manipulation and accrual-based earnings management as substitutes in managing earnings.Missing: causal critiques legitimate
[71]
Managing operations to manage earnings - Brock University
“Earnings management” choices make a company's results appear better on paper, without affecting its underlying business.Missing: frameworks | Show results with:frameworks
[72]
Boundaries of the firm and real earnings management - ScienceDirect
We argue that when a firm's organizational structure has extended boundaries with other firms, the benefits due to REM can outweigh the costs.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Past, present, and future of earnings management research
Feb 26, 2024 · This paper employs bibliometric analysis, examining the Scopus database of publications from 1993 to 2021, to enhance our understanding of earnings management.
[74]
https://dcfmodeling.com/blogs/history/emkr-history-mission-ownership
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EMCORE Corporation
EMCORE is a pioneer in Fiber Optic, Ring Laser Gyro and MEMS technology for inertial navigation, and today we make the products that are transforming leading- ...CompanyCareers at EMCOREContactProductsAerospace & Defense Overview
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EMCORE History: Founding, Timeline, and Milestones - Zippia
A complete timeline of EMCORE's History from founding to present including key milestones and major events.
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EMCORE Corporation's $3.10 Per Share Merger with Velocity One ...
Feb 27, 2025 · EMCORE Corporation is set to merge with Velocity One Holdings in a $3.10 per share all-cash deal. Here's what shareholders should know about ...
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https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Empire-Airlines
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Empire Airlines
Empire Airlines has grown from small and humble roots to become the largest regional operator for FedEx and has added Aerospace and Unmanned divisions. Empire ...Leadership · Visit our careers page · Contact · Why Empire?
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Tracing the history of gender-neutral pronouns
Jan 29, 2020 · The earliest example he found, from 1841, is “e,” with “em” for the object and “es” for the possessive. Others include “zie” or “hir,” the ...
[81]
A neopronoun blast from the past | Illinois - Blogs
Jul 29, 2025 · The physician and part-time grammarian Francis Augustus Brewster coined E, es, and em in 1841. We would call such pronouns gender neutral ...
[82]
A guide to neopronouns, from ae to ze | CNN
Aug 12, 2023 · Neopronouns are nonbinary pronouns distinct from the common she, he and they. Terms such as “xe” and “em” are often used by trans and ...
[83]
Abbreviations - Erskine May - UK Parliament
EM, Explanatory Memorandum. EN, Explanatory Notes. ER, English Reports of all decisions previous to 1866, 178 volumes (1900–1930). Euro Co, European Committee.
[84]
Glossary - Federal Register of Legislation
An explanatory memorandum (EM) is a document that sets out how a Bill is expected to operate and provides details on its individual provisions. The EM focuses ...
[85]
Was there an EM? : Explanatory Memoranda and Explanatory ...
Explanatory Memoranda (EMs) now accompany every government Bill, but from 1901-1982, it was not always the case. An online index exists for 1901-1982.Explanatory material in the... · The first Explanatory... · The second Explanatory...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[86]
The amazing em unit and other best practices - W3C
Named after the letter M, the em unit has a long-standing tradition in typography where it has been used to measure horizontal widths. For example, the long ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[87]
https://eventimes.co.uk/em-as-in-printing/
[88]
em and en Squares
In the times of the hot-metal and photographic composing machines, the em-square was a rectangle that could be square, depending on the design. Vertically the ...
[89]
CSS: em, px, pt, cm, in… - W3C
Jan 12, 2010 · The em is simply the font size. In an element with a 2in font, 1em thus means 2in. Expressing sizes, such as margins and paddings, in em means ...
[90]
CSS values and units - Learn web development | MDN
Oct 10, 2025 · To recap, the em unit means "my parent element's font-size" if used for font-size , and "my own font-size" when used for anything else. The ...Sizing items in CSS · Test your skills · Dimension
[91]
Hyphens and dashes | Butterick's Practical Typography
The en was half the size of the em. Originally, the width of the em and en dashes corresponded to these units. In today's digital fonts, they run narrower.
[92]
Point Size, Upper vs Lower Case, Em and En Dashes, and More
Jan 29, 2020 · In this article, we'll look at some of the smaller - but still important - details related to typography like point size, upper vs lower case letters, em vs en ...
[93]
Emancipator
Emancipator (aka Doug Appling); the Portland, OR based electronic producer, has retained a steady rise of success over the past few years.Emancipator Ensemble Spring Tour Postponed to July · New Shows Announced
[94]
‎Emancipator - Apple Music
Doug Appling, better known as Emancipator, creates lush and evocative electronic music that's often fleshed out by live musicians on stage and in the studio.
[95]
Emancipator - Spotify
Albums ; Stories of the Melting Sun. Album • 2025 ; Dusk to Dawn (Deluxe Anniversary Edition). Album • 2024 ; 11th Orbit. Album • 2022 ; Xylem. Album • 2021 ; Dab ...
[96]
General Abbreviations - Oxford Music Online
Mus. Elektra Musician. EM, The English Madrigal School, rev. as The English Madrigalists. EmA, EmArcy. EMc, Early Music. EMC1, Encyclopedia of Music in Canada ...<|separator|>
[97]
Em (2008) - IMDb
Rating 6.5/10 (520) EM is a true movie about Bipolar. You see how the character of Amanda grows and you feel her strength. She is true what she is going through,"Amanda says some ...
[98]
Em (2008) - User reviews - IMDb
EM is a true movie about Bipolar. You see how the character of Amanda grows and you feel her strength. She is true what she is going through,"Amanda says some ...
[99]
https://www.superman.fandom.com/wiki/Dev-Em
[100]
Dev-Em | Legion of Super-Heroes - Cosmic Teams!
Dev-Em has all the abilities of native Kryptonians under a yellow sun: super-strength, invulnerability, x-ray vision, heat vision and freezing breath.
[101]
Who's Who: Dev-Em - The Legion of Super Bloggers!
Apr 12, 2017 · Since Superman was now the only survivor of Krypton, his entry stated that he was David Emery, a resident of Titan whose powers were so strong ...
[102]
Krypton: Who Is Dev-Em? | Den of Geek
Apr 6, 2018 · Aaron Pierre talks about the mysterious motivations of Dev-Em, the quiet but confident member of the military guild on Krypton.