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EPL

The English (EPL), officially known as the , is the top tier of men's professional association , consisting of 20 clubs that compete in a double format over a season typically spanning to May. Launched in 1992 as a breakaway from the Football League's First to secure lucrative rights and commercial autonomy, it operates under a system with the second-tier , where the bottom three teams descend and the top two from below ascend, alongside a playoff winner. The league's structure mandates each club to play 38 matches—home and away against all others—with points awarded for wins (three), draws (one), and none for losses; the team with the most points is crowned champion, while the top four qualify for , underscoring its role in European qualification pathways. Governed as a , with ownership distributed among its member clubs and a special share held by , the EPL has amassed global viewership exceeding billions annually through broadcast deals, drawing elite international players and generating revenues surpassing £6 billion in recent cycles, primarily from media rights. Key achievements include fostering unparalleled competitive parity relative to other major leagues, with seven different clubs securing titles since inception—Manchester United (13), Manchester City (8), (5), (3), (2), Rovers (1), and Leicester City (1)—and pioneering innovations like the abolition of the in 1992 to enhance match dynamism. However, defining controversies encompass governance lapses, such as the 2021 European Super League proposal backed by six EPL clubs, which collapsed amid widespread backlash over undermining merit-based competition; persistent financial doping allegations via state-backed ownerships inflating squad values; and officiating disputes amplified by implementation since 2019, which has overturned hundreds of on-field decisions but fueled debates on consistency and transparency. These elements highlight the EPL's dual legacy of commercial dominance and structural tensions, where empirical revenue growth contrasts with causal critiques of widening club disparities and reduced lower-league investment.

Sports

English Premier League

The English Premier League, commonly abbreviated as EPL, is the highest division of the , featuring 20 professional clubs competing annually from August to May. Each team plays 38 matches in a double round-robin format—once at home and once away against every other club—with three points awarded for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss; the team with the most points at season's end is crowned champion. The top four clubs qualify for the group stage, while the bottom three are relegated to the , with the top two Championship teams and the playoff winner promoted in their place. Founded on 20 February 1992 as the FA Premier League, the competition emerged from a breakaway by the 22 top clubs of the , driven by dissatisfaction with revenue distribution and a desire to capitalize on lucrative broadcasting deals independent of the Football League. The inaugural 1992–93 season featured those 22 founding members, including , Aston Villa, and Manchester United, with Manchester United securing the first title under manager . To enhance competitiveness and align with European norms, the league reduced to 20 teams starting in the 1995–96 season, maintaining that structure since. Manchester United holds the record for most titles with 13 wins between 1993 and 2013, followed by Manchester City with 8 (including four consecutive from 2021 to 2024), with 5, and with 3. The league's global appeal stems from its commercial model, generating substantial revenue primarily from international and domestic broadcast rights, which totaled £5.6 billion for the 2022–2025 cycle and are projected to rise to £6.7 billion for 2025–2029. In the 2023–24 season, clubs collectively earned over $8.5 billion in commercial revenue, enabling heavy investments in player transfers and infrastructure. The Premier League commands the world's highest average match attendance among top-flight leagues, reaching 40,498 spectators per game in the 2024–25 season, a five percent increase from prior years, bolstered by expanded stadium capacities and fan engagement initiatives. Governed as a private company limited by shares—with the 20 member clubs as shareholders and the Football Association holding a special veto share—the league enforces rules via independent tribunals, imposing fines or points deductions for breaches such as financial irregularities. Its emphasis on equitable revenue sharing among clubs has sustained parity, though disparities in ownership wealth have fueled debates on competitive balance.

Egyptian Premier League

The is the premier professional association football competition in , operating as the top division of the Egyptian football league pyramid. Established in 1948, it typically features 18 teams competing in a double format over 34 matches per team, with the champion qualifying for the and the bottom three clubs facing relegation to the Egyptian Second Division A. For the 2025–26 season, the league expanded to 21 teams with no relegation, adopting a format after an initial single phase: the top seven teams vie for the title in a championship group, while the rest compete to avoid future demotion risks. Al Ahly SC dominates the league's history, securing the most titles through consistent performance driven by strong infrastructure, fan support exceeding 50,000 per match on average, and effective youth development systems that produce national team talents. , Al Ahly's fiercest rival, trails as the second-most successful club, with their matches drawing intense crowds and influencing league dynamics due to high-stakes competition for domestic supremacy. The league's structure emphasizes competitive balance, though dominance by Cairo-based clubs reflects urban concentration of resources and talent scouting, leading to criticisms of regional disparities in funding and facilities. Format adjustments in recent seasons address fixture congestion and player welfare, particularly for clubs in competitions; the 2024–25 edition introduced a post-round-robin split into a nine-team title group and a nine-team relegation group to streamline the schedule. Attendance averages around 10,000–15,000 per game, bolstered by Egypt's passionate football culture, though security concerns from past fan violence, including the 2012 Stadium disaster that killed 74, have prompted stricter crowd controls and VAR implementation since 2020 to enhance fairness. As of October 2025, in the ongoing 2025–26 season that commenced on August 8, Al Ahly leads early standings with strong results, underscoring their sustained edge in squad depth and tactical discipline.

Other regional leagues

The , the premier division of professional football in , features 16 teams in a home-and-away format, with the season typically spanning from to June. Founded in 1935 under the , it has historically been dominated by clubs like , which won the 2021–22 title, and . As of October 2025 in the 2025/26 season, early standings show Sidama Coffee FC atop the table with 6 points from two victories. The Ghanaian Premier League, established in 1958 and restructured multiple times, is Ghana's top football competition, comprising 18 teams since the 2020–21 expansion. Governed by the , it runs from to May, with Asante Kotoko and Hearts of Oak as perennial powerhouses; claimed the 2022–23 championship. Standings are updated weekly via official broadcasts and data aggregators, reflecting competitive balance amid infrastructure challenges. Other African nations, including and , maintain analogous top-tier leagues named , though documentation is sparser due to regional instability and limited international coverage; for instance, Eritrea's division concluded its 2024/25 campaign with Denden FC as champions, highlighting localized development amid broader continental disparities in league professionalism.

Computing

Eclipse Public License

The (EPL) is a license drafted by the to govern contributions to its ecosystem of development tools and frameworks. First published in version 1.0 in February 2004, it provides a weak mechanism, requiring that modifications to EPL-covered files be released under the EPL while permitting those files to be combined into larger proprietary or differently licensed works without obligating the disclosure of the entire derivative product. This file-level reciprocity distinguishes it from stronger copyleft licenses like the GNU General Public License (GPL), which propagate obligations to the whole combined work. The EPL originated from the IBM Public License (IPL) of 1999, which evolved into the Common Public License (CPL) before adaptation into the EPL to suit the project's needs for collaborative development involving both open-source and commercial entities. Version 2.0, released on June 15, 2017, addressed prior compatibility issues by clarifying patent grants, enabling secondary licensing options (such as dual-licensing with GPL-compatible terms), and aligning more closely with modern open-source practices, including explicit support for contributions under compatible licenses like GPL 2.0 or later via a "linking exception" equivalent. Both versions were approved by the (OSI), affirming compliance with , which mandates freedoms to use, study, modify, and distribute software. Under the EPL, licensees receive a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable license to reproduce, prepare works, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the covered work in or object form. licenses are similarly granted for claims enforceably infringed by the original contributions, with contributors required to notify of known infringements. Obligations include retaining notices, providing for distributions (or offering it upon request for three years), and ensuring modifications are marked and licensed identically for the affected files. No warranties are provided, and liability is disclaimed except for willful misconduct. The license terminates automatically upon breach but allows curing within 30 days. The EPL's design facilitates commercial adoption by Eclipse Foundation members, including and others, by balancing contributor protections with flexibility for proprietary extensions, as seen in the IDE's modular architecture where core EPL components integrate with vendor-specific plugins. It remains incompatible with GPL for direct relicensing of EPL code into GPL works without additional permissions, though EPL 2.0's secondary license provision mitigates this by allowing explicit dual-licensing arrangements. As of 2023, the EPL governs thousands of projects, emphasizing governance through the foundation's membership model rather than viral sharing mandates.

Anatomy

Extensor pollicis longus

The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) is a skeletal muscle in the deep posterior compartment of the forearm, responsible for extending the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the thumb and assisting in movements at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and wrist. It originates from the posterior surface of the middle third of the ulna and the adjacent interosseous membrane. The muscle belly narrows into a long tendon that passes through the third extensor compartment at the dorsal wrist, bounded by the extensor retinaculum, before traversing the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and inserting at the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation arises from the , a continuation of the deep branch of the , with root values C7 and C8. Blood supply is provided by the posterior interosseous artery and its dorsal carpal branch. Primary function involves extension of the thumb's IP joint; secondarily, it adducts and extends the MCP joint while contributing to wrist extension when the thumb is extended. Clinically, EPL tendon rupture occurs in approximately 0.3% to 6% of distal fractures, often weeks post-injury due to ischemia from or mechanical attrition against . of the EPL sheath, known as Drummer's , arises from repetitive thumb extension in activities like drumming or manual labor, leading to pain and swelling at the dorsal wrist. Spontaneous ruptures are rare but reported in cases of chronic attrition or , necessitating surgical reconstruction such as tendon transfer from extensor indicis proprius. typically involves clinical inability to extend the IP joint against resistance, confirmed by MRI or showing tendon discontinuity.

Publications

Europhysics Letters

Europhysics Letters (EPL) is a peer-reviewed dedicated to publishing short, high-impact communications known as "letters" in all and interdisciplinary areas. The journal emphasizes rapid dissemination of novel results, ideas, experimental methods, and theoretical advancements that advance the frontiers of physics. Launched in under the auspices of the European Physical Society (), it serves as a platform for concise reports typically limited to four printed pages to facilitate quick and publication. Ownership and publication are managed collaboratively by 17 physical societies through the , with Sciences, , and the Italian Physical Society () handling production and distribution. This multinational structure reflects its founding goal to foster a unified voice in physics publishing, distinct from dominant Anglo-American journals, while maintaining rigorous standards equivalent to those of . Initially published solely under EPS control, the partnership expanded in the mid-2000s to include broader societal input for enhanced refereeing and global reach. Issues appear biweekly, covering topics from and to , , and with potential technological implications. The journal's scope prioritizes originality and broad interest over exhaustive detail, requiring submissions to present significant advances suitable for a general physics audience. Editorial policies enforce strict anonymity in peer review and encourage interdisciplinary submissions, though acceptance hinges on verifiable novelty and methodological soundness rather than hype or preliminary data. EPL operates as a hybrid open-access model, offering optional gold open access for a fee, which has increased visibility amid rising demands for accessible research. Its 2024 impact factor stands at 1.8, with a SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of 0.478, positioning it as a mid-tier letters journal in physics rankings, behind top competitors but valued for its European focus and timeliness. Annual awards recognize exemplary papers, further incentivizing quality. Over nearly four decades, EPL has published thousands of articles, with frequent contributors from institutions like the and the , underscoring its international appeal despite its European roots. The journal's persistence amid competition from higher-impact outlets stems from its commitment to referee-driven selection and avoidance of predatory practices, though critics note occasional delays in review processes compared to fully rivals. archives since 1986 enable comprehensive citation tracking, supporting its role in preserving key physics milestones.

Business and law

Employment Practices Liability

Employment practices liability (EPL), also known as employment practices liability insurance (EPLI), is a form of that protects employers from financial losses arising from employee claims alleging violations of employment-related legal . These claims typically include allegations of based on protected characteristics such as , , , or ; ; wrongful termination; retaliation for protected activities like ; and failure to promote or hire. EPL policies generally cover defense costs, settlements, and judgments but exclude claims, bodily injury, or certain wage and hour disputes unless specifically endorsed. Coverage under EPL policies applies to wrongful acts committed by employers, supervisors, or coworkers in the course of , often extending to part-time workers, contractors, and applicants. Policies are typically written on a claims-made basis, meaning coverage applies to claims reported during the period regardless of when the alleged act occurred, subject to retroactive dates. Limits can range from $1 million to higher amounts for larger organizations, with deductibles varying by insurer and risk profile. EPL does not supplant compliance obligations but mitigates litigation expenses, which can average $50,000 to $70,000 per claim excluding settlements, and verdicts often exceeding $250,000. The development of standalone EPL insurance emerged in the late 1980s amid rising employment litigation, driven by expanded civil rights protections under laws like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Prior to this, coverage was sporadically available under directors and officers (D&O) liability or general liability policies, but exclusions for employment disputes proliferated as claims surged. By 2013, the U.S. (EEOC) processed over 100,000 complaints, recovering $370 million in settlements, underscoring the need for specialized protection. EPL markets have since hardened periodically, with premium increases of 10-25% in cycles like 2021 due to claim frequency. Recent trends highlight retaliation as the dominant claim type, comprising 56.8% of EEOC charges in 2023, followed by and discrimination. U.S. employers face a 10.5% lifetime probability of an claim, amplified by , social media disclosures, and post-pandemic return-to-office mandates. Average settlements range from $5,000 to over $100,000, with claims rising sharply since 2017 amid heightened awareness. Insurers emphasize , such as anti- training, to reduce premiums and exclusions for intentional acts or prior knowledge.

Libraries

Public library systems

The abbreviation EPL is used by multiple systems, primarily in and the , to denote their municipal or regional networks providing free access to physical and digital collections, community programs, and educational resources. The (EPL), established in 1913, operates as the primary public library system for , , , offering circulation of books, e-resources, and events such as language learning programs supporting over 100 languages. Its services extend to all Edmonton residents via free library cards, with historical circulation surpassing one million items annually by 1957. The Evanston Public Library (EPL), tracing its origins to the Evanston Library Association founded in 1870, maintains two branches in , , serving more than 74,000 residents through collections, study rooms, museum passes, and programming focused on education and recreation. Its main facility opened in 1908 following a grant for permanent infrastructure. Additional systems adopting the EPL designation include the Elkhart Public Library in Elkhart, Indiana, which provides catalog access, digital resources, and community events; the Eckhart Public Library in Auburn, Indiana, emphasizing genealogy, policies, and volunteer opportunities; and the Eugene Public Library in Oregon. These smaller systems similarly prioritize local access to reading materials and public services without membership fees for residents.

Education

Language proficiency assessments

English proficiency levels (EPLs) for English language learners (ELLs) in educational settings are typically assessed through standardized tests that evaluate skills in listening, speaking, reading, and writing to determine a student's readiness for mainstream instruction and track progress toward proficiency. These assessments are mandated by federal law in the United States under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), requiring states to annually test ELLs identified as needing language support services. Initial screening often occurs upon enrollment using tools like the WIDA Screener or state-specific instruments to classify students into proficiency levels ranging from 1 (Entering) to 6 (Reaching), where lower levels indicate basic comprehension of simple phrases and higher levels demonstrate near-native fluency in academic contexts. Common frameworks for EPL assessments include those from WIDA and ELPA21 consortia, which align with state academic standards and provide performance level descriptors (PLDs) outlining expected abilities at each EPL. For instance, at EPL 3 (Developing), students can engage in simple conversations on familiar topics but struggle with abstract reasoning, while EPL 5 (Bridging) involves handling complex texts and nuanced discussions akin to proficient peers. Assessments like , administered yearly to over 400,000 students across 40 states as of 2023, yield composite scores that inform eligibility for reclassification as English proficient, typically requiring scores at or above EPL 5 or 6 combined with teacher evaluations and academic performance. Validity and reliability of these assessments are scrutinized through psychometric evaluations, with studies emphasizing the need for culturally responsive items to avoid underestimating proficiency due to background factors. Alternate assessments exist for students with significant cognitive disabilities, such as modified versions focusing on functional language use. Critics note potential over-reliance on standardized tests, which may not fully capture oral proficiency in diverse dialects, prompting some districts to incorporate portfolio assessments or ongoing classroom observations. However, empirical data from longitudinal studies show that consistent EPL monitoring correlates with improved academic outcomes, with students advancing one level annually under targeted instruction.

Other uses

Environmental policy frameworks

The Environmental Protection Law (EPL) of the , originally enacted in 1989 and significantly revised in 2014 with implementation starting January 1, 2015, establishes the core legal framework for in the country. This revision marked a shift toward stricter mechanisms, including unlimited daily penalties for ongoing violations—escalating fines until is achieved—and the introduction of public interest litigation allowing qualified non-governmental organizations to sue polluters on behalf of the public. The law prioritizes over mere remediation, mandating environmental impact assessments for major projects and integrating ecological protection into national and local planning. Key provisions under the EPL framework emphasize corporate , requiring enterprises to disclose environmental information and integrate into operations, while holding local governments responsible for meeting reduction targets. It facilitates cross-departmental coordination, empowering the to oversee implementation, and supports mechanisms like the "river chief" system for localized management. Empirical data post-2015 revision indicate a surge in enforcement actions, with over 1.3 million administrative penalties issued in 2016 alone, contributing to measurable declines in major pollutants such as PM2.5 levels in key cities by up to 30% between 2013 and 2017. However, critics, including analyses from economic studies, note potential overreach leading to factory shutdowns exceeding 100,000 in polluting sectors by 2017, raising questions about unintended economic disruptions without proportional long-term ecological gains in all regions. The EPL integrates with supplementary frameworks, such as the 2015 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Law and the 2020 revisions to the Wildlife Protection Law, forming a hierarchical structure that aligns with China's dual goals of and ecological civilization under Xi Jinping's administration. While state media and official reports highlight successes like the reduction of emissions by 73% from 2013 to 2020, independent assessments underscore enforcement inconsistencies due to local fiscal dependencies on industry, with corruption cases in environmental agencies documented in over 8,000 prosecutions since 2015. This framework's causal emphasis on command-and-control regulation contrasts with market-based approaches elsewhere, prioritizing rapid compliance over innovation incentives, though recent amendments explore pilots to address these limitations.

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