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ETH Domain

The ETH Domain is a federation of six Swiss federal institutions dedicated to research, education, and innovation in , engineering, and related fields, forming a key pillar of Switzerland's knowledge-based . It encompasses the two Federal Institutes of Technology— and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)—which are leading universities focused on and fundamental research, as well as four specialized research institutes: the (PSI) for natural and human sciences, the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) for environmental studies, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for and Technology (Empa) for materials engineering, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) for water and aquatic systems. Established under federal oversight, the ETH Domain operates as a closely coordinated network to advance interdisciplinary collaboration, knowledge transfer, and societal impact, with annual funding of approximately CHF 2.7 billion from the Swiss Confederation as of 2024. Governed by the ETH Board (ETH-Rat), an independent federal body appointed by the Swiss Federal Council, the Domain ensures strategic alignment across its institutions while preserving their autonomy in operations and academic freedom. This structure enables the ETH Domain to rank among the world's top performers in research output, with contributions spanning climate science, sustainable energy, biotechnology, and digital technologies, thereby bolstering Switzerland's global competitiveness in innovation. Notable initiatives include joint strategic areas addressing pressing challenges like health, energy transition, and digital transformation, fostering partnerships with industry, government, and international organizations. Through its emphasis on excellence and public benefit, the ETH Domain not only drives scientific breakthroughs but also educates over 40,000 students and employs thousands of researchers, solidifying Switzerland's reputation as a hub for cutting-edge science.

Overview

Definition and Composition

The ETH Domain, formally known as the Domain of the Federal Institutes of Technology, is a union of governmental universities and institutions established under administration to advance scientific and education. It serves as an integrated framework that coordinates these entities to foster collaboration and excellence in technology and natural sciences. The Domain consists of two Federal Institutes of Technology— and EPFL —and four independent institutes: the (PSI), the Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), the Federal Laboratories for and Technology (Empa), and the Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). These institutions operate with a degree of autonomy while sharing common strategic goals under the oversight of the ETH Board. Administratively, the ETH Domain falls under the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), with its total annual federal funding exceeding CHF 2.5 billion as of 2023. However, federal contributions decreased to CHF 2.652 billion in 2024, with planned annual cuts of around CHF 100 million starting in 2025, partially offset by parliamentary adjustments. This budget supports a broad spectrum of activities, including research, teaching, and infrastructure development across its member organizations. The ETH Domain functions as a closely cooperating network that positions research prominently on the stage, distinguishing it from other universities by its federal mandate and focus on high-impact, interdisciplinary science.

Role and Objectives

The ETH Domain's primary objectives are to conduct world-class fundamental and applied , deliver high-quality at the tertiary level, and promote the of knowledge and to and . These goals are enshrined in the Federal Act on the Federal Institutes of Technology, which mandates the Domain to educate students and qualified staff in scientific and technical fields, expand scientific knowledge through , foster young scientists, and exploit findings for broader benefit. The strategic objectives for 2025–2028 further emphasize maintaining leadership in , adapting to societal and scientific needs, and enhancing through spin-offs and public accessibility of results. Within Switzerland's , the ETH Domain serves as a of the "Swiss model for success," bridging with practical applications to drive national prosperity and global competitiveness. It contributes to by generating high-impact scientific advancements that support industries and , while its institutions act as platforms for interdisciplinary collaboration in achieving these aims. The Domain's efforts align with federal strategies, such as the Energy Strategy 2050 and the Strategy 2030, ensuring research outcomes address long-term national priorities. Guiding these activities are key principles of research independence, fostering interdisciplinary across the Domain, and alignment with federal priorities including and . The ETH Domain upholds scientific integrity and ethical standards in all endeavors, promoting and diversity to enhance its contributions. Through joint initiatives supported by coordinated funding, it tackles societal challenges like , health, and energy transitions, exemplified by programs in and cybersecurity.

History

Origins and Establishment

The origins of the ETH Domain trace back to the mid-19th century, amid Switzerland's push for industrialization and technical education following the formation of the federal state in 1848. ETH Zurich was established in 1855 as the Federal Polytechnic School, becoming Switzerland's first technical university dedicated to training engineers in fields such as civil engineering, chemistry, and forestry to support national infrastructure development. Similarly, the École Spéciale de Lausanne was founded in 1853 as a private engineering school, which was later reorganized and federalized as the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 1969 to parallel ETH Zurich's mission. The ETH Domain as a formalized entity emerged from efforts to coordinate these federal institutes of technology (FITs) and associated research bodies under unified federal oversight. In 1969, the Swiss Federal Council replaced the Federal School Council with the ETH Council to provide strategic coordination between and EPFL, addressing growing needs for integrated management of higher technical education. This coordination was solidified with the adoption of the Federal Act on the Federal Institutes of Technology (ETH Act) on 4 October 1991, which entered into force on 1 August 1992 and officially defined the ETH Domain as a cohesive network comprising the two FITs— and EPFL—and the four research institutes, granting them autonomy as public-law entities while ensuring alignment with national priorities. The research institutes were integrated into the ETH Domain framework under the 1991 ETH Act, enhancing collaborative research and resource sharing. These institutes have deep historical roots: Empa originated in the 1880s as a materials testing ; WSL was founded in 1885 to advance forestry and landscape research; Eawag was established in 1936 for aquatic sciences; and emerged in the 1980s, formally opening in 1988 as Switzerland's largest multidisciplinary research center. This integration created a unified structure for interdisciplinary work, with the institutes reporting directly to the federal level through the Domain. The legislative foundation of the ETH Domain is the 1991 ETH Act, which emphasizes federal funding—covering over 80% of operations—and institutional in and . The ETH Board was formally established in 1991 as the successor to the ETH Council. A significant 2007 revision of the Act strengthened institutional while streamlining administrative processes and promoting international partnerships through clearer delineations of strategic and operational responsibilities. The ETH Board now handles budgeting, appointments, and strategic planning across the Domain.

Evolution and Key Milestones

The ETH Domain underwent significant structural integration in the , with the Federal Act on the Federal Institutes of Technology of 1991 (entering into force in 1992) formally establishing the Domain as a cohesive entity comprising , EPFL , and the four research institutes— (), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Swiss Federal Laboratories for and Technology (Empa), and Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). This incorporation fostered enhanced interdisciplinary research capabilities by aligning basic and applied science across institutions, enabling collaborative projects in areas such as and that were previously siloed under separate federal oversight. A pivotal governance reform came with the 2007 amendment to the ETH Act, which strengthened institutional while streamlining administrative processes and promoting international partnerships through clearer delineations of strategic and operational responsibilities. This change allowed the ETH Board greater flexibility in and , reducing direct federal intervention in daily operations and facilitating cross-border collaborations, such as joint research programs with European universities. In the 2010s, the ETH Domain intensified its focus on initiatives, launching programs like the (Sustainable Campus) project at and EPFL to integrate eco-friendly practices across campuses and research agendas. These efforts emphasized energy-efficient infrastructure and climate-resilient technologies, with institutions like Empa and developing innovations in renewable materials and low-carbon processes, contributing to Switzerland's national goals for reduced emissions. The 2020 adaptation to digital and health challenges following the marked another key milestone, as the Domain pivoted to support wastewater-based at Eawag for tracking and accelerated initiatives at and EPFL, including remote learning platforms and AI-driven health diagnostics. This response not only sustained educational continuity but also advanced telemedicine and data tools, with ongoing at 14 wastewater plants post-pandemic. In 2023, the ETH Domain's budget reached CHF 2.73 billion in federal contributions, reflecting increases to bolster and technologies amid rising student numbers and pressures. This funding supported the launch of the Swiss AI Initiative by and EPFL to foster trustworthy development, alongside tech projects like PSI's sustainable fuels and Empa's carbon-neutral concrete innovations. A notable strategic alignment occurred in , when the Board initiated planning for long-term joint projects under what evolved into the ETH Domain Strategy toward 2025, prioritizing and environmental through interdisciplinary collaborations across the Domain's institutions. The federal oversight played a brief role in endorsing these shifts to ensure alignment with national priorities like innovation and . In 2024, the ETH Domain faced budget constraints, with the Federal Council announcing cuts totaling around CHF 100 million annually starting from 2025, impacting strategically important projects while partially restored funding for 2025. On 4-5 December 2024, the ETH Board reached a decision in principle on organizational development to the Domain's structure, issuing mandates for implementation in 2025. In April 2025, announced expansions in activities to strengthen Switzerland's position as an AI hub and address skilled labor shortages. Additionally, in March 2025, President Joël Mesot announced his handover, marking a transition amid ongoing adaptations. The first ETH Domain-wide , "Shaping the Future," is scheduled for 2025 to foster collaboration.

Institutions

Federal Institutes of Technology

The Federal Institutes of Technology (FITs) within the ETH Domain comprise and the (EPFL), serving as the primary universities dedicated to in science, , and related fields. These institutions emphasize research-led teaching, integrating cutting-edge academic instruction with practical applications to prepare students for roles in and . ETH Zurich, founded in 1855 by the Swiss Federal government as a center for and knowledge, offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs across , natural sciences, , and social sciences. With an enrollment of approximately 27,000 students from over 120 countries as of 2025, it maintains a diverse academic community that fosters interdisciplinary learning. The institution is associated with 22 Nobel laureates, underscoring its historical excellence in education and scientific achievement. EPFL, originally established in as a and reorganized as a institute in 1969, specializes in bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs with a strong emphasis on life sciences, , and . It enrolls around 14,000 students and features innovative facilities such as the Campus Biotech, which supports collaborative education in and health sciences. Both and EPFL operate as tuition-free or low-cost institutions for and students, charging a nominal semester of CHF 730 that covers administrative costs, while maintaining robust ties to industry through extensive activities—over 615 companies have emerged from alone since the 1970s. Collectively, these FITs produce thousands of graduates annually, with awarding around 4,000 master's and doctoral degrees each year, prioritizing curricula that blend theoretical foundations with hands-on projects. They also collaborate with ETH Domain research institutes to offer joint educational programs, enhancing student exposure to specialized applications.

Research Institutes

The ETH Domain encompasses four specialized research institutes dedicated to applied and facility-based research in natural and engineering sciences, without authority to grant academic degrees. These institutes— (), Swiss Federal Laboratories for and Technology (Empa), Swiss Federal Institute of Science and Technology (Eawag), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)—collectively employ approximately 4,400 researchers, with funding primarily from the ETH Domain and third-party sources such as competitive grants and industry partnerships. The (PSI) is Switzerland's largest research center for natural and engineering sciences, focusing on , , and related fields to advance understanding of matter and materials. It operates unique large-scale facilities, including the Swiss Light Source and the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source, which enable experiments in , , innovation, and fundamental physics, supporting over 2,000 external users annually from national and international research communities. With around 2,300 employees, including a quarter who are postdoctoral researchers, doctoral students, or apprentices, PSI drives innovation through collaborations with industry and spin-off creation. Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, specializes in and , developing sustainable solutions for and society through application-oriented research. Founded in , it maintains advanced testing laboratories for evaluating materials' durability, safety, and environmental impact, with key emphases on nanostructured materials, adaptive construction, and bio-inspired technologies. Employing about 1,000 scientists, engineers, and staff across sites in , , and , Empa bridges fundamental science with practical implementation, such as in energy-efficient building materials and health diagnostics. Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, concentrates on management, aquatic , and technologies to address global challenges like and . It operates field stations along Swiss lakes and rivers, including the Centre for , and in Kastanienbaum, facilitating long-term monitoring and experimental studies in , ecosystems, and . With over 500 employees, roughly two-thirds of whom are scientists from diverse disciplines, Eawag integrates , , and social sciences to inform policy and technology deployment. The Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research () investigates environmental systems, effects, and natural hazards, providing data-driven insights for sustainable and . Tracing its roots to 1888 forestry research initiatives, it manages alpine observatories and over 6,000 experimental plots for studying forests, , snow dynamics, and landslides, with specialized facilities at sites like for and research. Employing around 600 staff, primarily scientists, WSL emphasizes multifunctional ecosystems and urban adaptation strategies. These institutes integrate within the broader ETH Domain to enable interdisciplinary projects, such as joint initiatives on climate-resilient materials or systems, enhancing Switzerland's research ecosystem.

Governance

ETH Board

The ETH Board serves as the central governing authority for the ETH Domain, comprising 11 members—a and ten others—appointed by the Swiss Federal Council for renewable four-year terms. Members are chosen for their expertise across , , , , and to ensure balanced strategic oversight. As of 2025, the board is chaired by Professor Michael O. Hengartner, who was reappointed in 2024 for a further term. The board's core responsibilities include providing strategic leadership for the ETH Domain's development, allocating the annual federal budget exceeding CHF 2.5 billion, appointing directors of the Domain's institutions, and conducting performance evaluations of all entities within the Domain. These duties enable the board to align resources with national priorities in , , and while maintaining high standards across the two Federal Institutes of Technology and associated research institutes. Quantitative oversight is evident in the board's management of the 2025–2028 budget authorization of approximately CHF 11 billion, emphasizing sustainable funding for core operations and strategic projects. Operationally, the ETH Board oversees joint initiatives among Domain institutions, ensures compliance and alignment with Swiss federal policies, and fosters international partnerships to enhance global competitiveness. It convenes approximately five times per year for multi-day sessions to deliberate on these matters, facilitating coordinated . Formalized in 1991 through the approval of the ETH Act, the board replaced a more fragmented governance structure, thereby improving efficiency and unified management across the ETH Domain. This centralization has been pivotal in streamlining operations under the broader federal oversight of the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation.

Federal Department Oversight

The Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, and (EAER) exercises overarching supervision of the ETH Domain as a federal entity, ensuring alignment with national priorities in , , and . Within the EAER, the State Secretariat for , and (SERI) manages day-to-day coordination, including preparation of documents, reporting requirements, and liaison with the ETH Domain institutions. Funding for the ETH Domain is predominantly provided by the federal government through parliamentary appropriations, constituting approximately 68% of financing in 2024. This support is allocated via annual federal grants tied to multi-year performance contracts that outline strategic targets and measurable outcomes, with the Federal Council approving a budgetary framework—such as the CHF 11 billion for 2025–2028—following consultations with stakeholders. This framework includes planned reductions, such as a one-off cut of CHF 100 million in 2025 and annual reductions of CHF 100 million thereafter, to address fiscal constraints while prioritizing core activities. The remaining funding, around 20–30%, derives from third-party sources including framework programs, industry partnerships, and competitive grants from bodies like the Swiss National Science Foundation. In its policy role, the EAER ensures the ETH Domain's activities comply with Switzerland's broader innovation agenda, as defined in the Education, Research and Innovation (ERI) Dispatch 2025–2028, which sets long-term goals for , , and international collaboration. This includes conducting periodic audits, evaluations, and performance reviews to verify adherence to federal mandates and efficient resource use, while promoting alignment with national strategies for excellence and societal impact. The ETH Board, in turn, implements these directives through internal target agreements with the Domain's institutions.

Research Focus and Impact

Strategic Areas of Collaboration

The ETH Domain's strategic areas of collaboration are defined to address pressing global challenges through interdisciplinary research across its institutions. For the period 2025–2028, the ETH Board has prioritized five key areas: , which focuses on advancing and personalized therapies; , and Environmental , targeting and climate adaptation strategies; Responsible , encompassing , , and ethical digital infrastructures; and Key Technologies, emphasizing innovative materials for industrial applications; and Engagement and Dialogue with Society, promoting societal involvement in scientific decision-making. These areas are operationalized through Joint Initiatives, which are large-scale, time-limited collaborative programs involving at least two ETH Domain institutions and external partners, such as universities, industry, and government entities. Aligned with the strategic areas, these initiatives foster cross-institutional synergy; for instance, the SCENE (Swiss Centre of Excellence on Net Zero Emissions) program under Energy, Climate and Environmental Sustainability unites expertise from ETH Zurich, EPFL, PSI, and others to develop pathways for Switzerland's net-zero goals. The strategic plan earmarks 3-5% of federal funding (approximately CHF 85-141 million annually based on total funding of around CHF 3 billion) for these Joint Initiatives and related large-scale research infrastructures. However, as of 2025, planned federal budget cuts of CHF 100 million annually have led to the suspension of Joint Initiative calls in several strategic areas, including Human Health, Advanced Materials and Key Technologies, and Responsible Digital Transformation. Collaboration is facilitated by shared platforms and programs that integrate resources across the Federal Institutes of Technology (FITs) and research institutes. The Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), operated by in , serves as a critical shared , enabling for simulations in areas like climate modeling and , with contributions from and other Domain entities. Additionally, joint programs between FITs and research institutes, such as those supervised collaboratively by and , support interdisciplinary training and mobility, allowing doctoral candidates to leverage expertise from multiple institutions. A distinctive element of the ETH Domain's collaborative is the "4RI" concept, referring to the four research institutes—, Empa, , and Eawag—which adopt an integrated approach to tackle societal challenges through enhanced knowledge and . This is exemplified by the ENRICH initiative (Engagement 4RI for ), a bottom-up program that strengthens synergies among the 4RI institutes and with the FITs, facilitating the translation of research into practical applications for industry and policy.

Societal and Economic Contributions

The ETH Domain significantly bolsters the Swiss economy through its activities, generating substantial value via spin-offs, patents, and partnerships with . Institutions within the Domain produce approximately spin-offs annually, contributing to an extrapolated exceeding CHF 10 billion across all such ventures. In 2024, investments in ETH Domain spin-offs continued to grow, with 64 new spin-offs established and alone raising nearly CHF 425 million in financing, while studies indicate that each franc invested in the Domain yields 3 to 5 francs in economic return through innovation diffusion and job creation. These efforts, rooted in strategic research priorities, foster high-impact commercialization, with filing around 100 patents in 2024. On the societal front, the ETH Domain advances , , and , directly influencing policy and development in . The Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research () employs advanced climate modeling to provide evidence-based recommendations for , aiding adaptation to effects on landscapes and . In health, EPFL drives biotech innovations, such as novel therapeutic platforms, enhancing and outcomes. Educationally, the Domain's institutions specialize in fields, training a substantial portion of Switzerland's scientific and ensuring long-term societal through specialized programs. Globally, the ETH Domain holds elite status, with its flagship institutions ranking among the world's top performers in research output. In the QS World University Rankings 2026, secured 7th place overall, while EPFL ranked 22nd (as of June 2025), reflecting exceptional productivity in citations and international collaboration. Domain entities actively support the , notably through Eawag's water management projects that promote clean and resource equity under SDG 6. Innovation metrics underscore the Domain's influence, with research outputs achieving top-tier citation rates and prestigious awards. ETH Zurich's publications garner approximately 6 million total citations, placing many affiliated researchers in the global top 1% for impact, as measured by highly cited author lists. Furthermore, affiliates have earned more than 20 Nobel Prizes, spanning physics, , and , highlighting enduring contributions to fundamental science.

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