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El

El (Northwest Semitic: ʾil, ʾīl), meaning "god" or "deity," was the supreme god of the ancient , revered as the creator of the , father of the gods and humankind, and benevolent embodying and . Depicted in from the late second millennium BCE as an aged, gray-bearded figure with epithets such as "Bull El" symbolizing strength and , El resided at the cosmic "source of the two rivers" and served as the ultimate judge and king over the divine assembly, often consulting with his consort on matters of creation and divine progeny. His generative acts, including siring deities like the twin gods Shachar (dawn) and (dusk) through mortal women in mythological narratives, underscored his role as progenitor, though he delegated active cosmic governance to younger gods such as amid cycles of conflict and renewal. El's cult extended across Semitic-speaking regions, influencing religious terminology and in Phoenician, Amorite, and early Israelite contexts, where his name appears in compound forms like El Elyon ("God Most High") denoting exalted sovereignty, though academic interpretations of these continuities vary due to evolving monotheistic developments and limited epigraphic evidence beyond .

Language and etymology

Definite article in Romance languages

In Spanish, el serves as the masculine singular definite article, corresponding to English "the" when preceding a masculine singular noun, such as el libro ("the book"). This form evolved from the Latin demonstrative pronoun ille ("that"), specifically its masculine nominative and accusative singular variant, which grammaticalized into a definite article through Vulgar Latin innovations around the 5th to 8th centuries CE as Latin transitioned into Romance vernaculars. Unlike Latin, which lacked articles, this development provided explicit markers for definiteness, influenced by syntactic shifts favoring post-nominal positioning and phonetic erosion. Common contractions integrate el with prepositions for efficiency: de + el yields ("of the" or "from the"), as in el libro del profesor ("the book of the teacher"); a + el forms ("to the"), as in voy al mercado ("I go to the market"). These occur obligatorily before non-proper nouns but are avoided when el forms part of a proper name, such as . Usage extends beyond strict definiteness to generalize nouns (e.g., el for "water" in abstract senses) or idiomatic expressions, reflecting Spanish's tendency toward article proliferation compared to Latin. The form el appears similarly in other Iberian Romance languages, notably Catalan, where it functions as the masculine singular definite article before consonants (e.g., el cotxe, "the car") and elides to l' before vowels (e.g., l'home, "the man"). In Occitan dialects, masculine singular articles vary regionally as lo or l' rather than el, diverging due to phonetic retention of Latin illum influences, though some Provençal variants approximate el. This shared el in Spanish and Catalan underscores their close Vulgar Latin heritage, distinct from Western Romance shifts like French le (from illum) or Italian il/lo.

Semitic root for divinity

The term ʾel (אֵל) in Hebrew and its cognates in other Northwest Semitic languages originate from the Proto-Semitic root ʾil-, which fundamentally denotes "deity" or "powerful one," reflecting a conceptual evolution from denoting strength or authority to a designation for divine entities across ancient Near Eastern cultures. This root is reconstructed through comparative analysis of attested forms in languages such as Akkadian ilum (meaning "god") and the broader Semitic family, where it consistently functions as a nominal base for supernatural potency rather than a specific proper name. In the Hebrew Bible, ʾel appears over 250 times, primarily as a generic descriptor for god(s) or in compounded theophoric elements within personal and place names, such as Yisraʾel ("he who struggles with God" or "God prevails"), illustrating its integration into Israelite nomenclature without implying monotheistic exclusivity in early usage. This frequency underscores its role as a versatile term for divinity, often interchangeable with extended forms like ʾelōhīm (a plural construct possibly denoting majesty or plurality of aspects), though ʾel retains a singular connotation of might. Ancient inscriptions provide direct attestation of ʾil or El as a common noun for "god" in , , and Phoenician contexts, where it prefixes or suffixes divine epithets (e.g., ʾil dpʾid in , "El the compassionate one") without denoting a singular supreme being but rather a class of powerful entities. tablets, dated to approximately the 14th through 12th centuries BCE from the Syrian site of Ras Shamra, preserve over 30 references to ʾil in and mythological lists, confirming its pre-Israelite semantic as a title for head deities or generically for gods, distinct from later specialized mythic roles. These epigraphic sources, analyzed through philological reconstruction, reveal no evidence of semantic shift toward abstract in non-biblical corpora, prioritizing instead polytheistic hierarchies grounded in observable linguistic continuity.

Religion and mythology

El as ancient Near Eastern deity

El functioned as the paramount deity in the pantheon of the Late Bronze Age, as attested by texts excavated at (Ras Shamra, ) between 1929 and ongoing campaigns, with the mythological cycle primarily dated to the 13th–12th centuries BCE. Over 1,500 alphabetic tablets from the site describe El as the and of the gods, convening a and engendering major deities including , , and ; he is invoked as the ultimate creator who fashioned the from primordial . These artifacts, preserved in libraries, reveal El's preeminence through ritual lists and epic narratives, underscoring his role without later interpretive overlays. In mythology, El's attributes emphasize patriarchal authority, advanced age, and judicious benevolence: he is depicted as a hoary, bearded figure at the of cosmic , embodying , , and compassionate kingship rather than vigor. Epithets such as ab šnm ("father of years") and ltpn il dpid ("kindly El, compassionate one") recur in the texts, portraying him as a stabilizing who delegates active to younger gods while retaining power in assemblies. Archaeological iconography from and neighboring sites, including bull motifs symbolizing virility and leadership, aligns with textual portrayals, though El lacks the storm-god dynamism of . Biblical references preserve traces of El's heritage in Israelite tradition, notably as El Elyon ("El the Most High") in 14:18–20, where , priest-king of , offers bread and wine to Abram and invokes El Elyon as possessor of heaven and earth, granting victory in battle. Comparative analysis of and Hebrew texts evidences syncretism, whereby —likely a southern warrior deity—absorbed El's titular and functional attributes by the early first millennium BCE, as seen in the application of El epithets to Yahweh and shared motifs of divine fatherhood. This convergence reflects cultural exchange in the rather than invention, supported by onomastic and theophoric evidence from inscriptions like those at (circa 800 BCE).

Transportation

Elevated rail systems

The term "El" denotes elevated rail systems, where passenger trains operate on viaducts or embankments above street level to mitigate and enhance capacity in dense urban environments. These structures typically employ girders and supports to span roadways, enabling efficient vertical separation of from vehicular and . In the United States, such systems emerged in the late as solutions to rapid industrialization and , prioritizing fabrication techniques for durability against wind loads and . Chicago's "L" system, managed by the Chicago Transit Authority, exemplifies enduring elevated rail infrastructure, with certain sections originating in the 1890s and serving as a core component of the city's transit network. The system encompasses 145 stations and has undergone extensive modernizations, including over $8 billion invested since 2011 in station reconstructions, signal upgrades, and structural rehabilitations to extend service life and boost reliability. Engineering highlights include multi-level interchanges and viaducts that integrate with skyscraper-dense districts like the Loop, where elevated tracks facilitate high-volume commuter flows without ground disruption; recent projects, such as the Wilson station rebuild completed in the mid-2010s, incorporated energy-efficient designs and accessibility improvements while preserving original steel frameworks. Annual ridership, recovering from pandemic lows, underscores its role in urban mobility, with monthly rail boardings exceeding 5 million in peak periods. New York City's early "Els," constructed primarily from iron and viaducts between the and , represented pioneering feats in overhead but were largely dismantled in from 1938 to 1955 due to obsolescence, , and opportunities for street widening and sunlight restoration. These structures, often dual-tracked on slender piers, supported amid vertical urban expansion but yielded to subways for deeper integration; remnants persist in outer boroughs, totaling about 156 miles of elevated track, demonstrating selective retention where suburban densities justified ongoing use. Philadelphia's Market-Frankford Line features the Frankford Elevated segment, built in phases around 1915–1922 using steel viaducts over 5.25 miles to connect northeastern neighborhoods to Center City, addressing topographic challenges and street crowding through elevated right-of-way acquisitions. A comprehensive rebuild from 1987 to 2000 replaced aging supports and tracks to avert structural failures, incorporating modern welding and vibration-dampening to sustain loads from frequent service; this intervention extended operational viability, with the line marking a century of elevation by 2022 while influencing adjacent patterns via reliable above-grade access.

People

Notable individuals

El Greco (1541–1614), born Doménikos Theotokópoulos on the island of Crete under Venetian rule, was a painter, sculptor, and architect who settled in Toledo, Spain, and pioneered a highly personal Mannerist style blending Byzantine and Western influences during the Spanish Renaissance. El Cordobés, born Manuel Benítez Pérez on May 4, 1936, in Palma del Río, Córdoba, Spain, is a matador renowned for his daring, acrobatic technique that drew massive crowds and made him the highest-paid bullfighter of his era, with his fame surging in the 1960s through sold-out corridas across Spain and international tours. (Juan Joya Borja, April 5, 1956 – April 28, 2021) was a and whose distinctive cackling laugh from a 2007 interview on the television program —discussing anecdotes like mishandled pans and cement bags—propelled him to global internet fame through remixed parody videos starting around and peaking in culture thereafter.

Arts and entertainment

Fictional entities

In the Superman comic book series published by DC Comics, "El" forms the matronymic suffix for members of the House of El, a Kryptonian guild of scientists originating from the planet Krypton's Kandor City. Jor-El, a renowned scientist and father of Kal-El (Superman's birth name), debuted in the Superman newspaper comic strips in January 1939, predating his full comic book appearances. The house symbol, a stylized "S" or diamond sigil, signifies hope and later became integral to Superman's iconography following its formal depiction in stories from the 1970s onward. El-Hazard denotes a fictional interdimensional realm in the Japanese original video animation series El-Hazard: The Magnificent World, released starting October 1995, where Earth schoolmates are transported amid wars between human priestesses wielding elemental powers, ancient demon gods, and the insectoid Bugrom empire. The setting draws on isekai tropes, featuring entities like the dormant Ancient Demon God Ifurita, activated as a weapon of mass destruction. El Macho, the alter ego of ex-wrestler , serves as the primary antagonist in the 2013 Illumination animated film , plotting global domination via a mutating serum derived from his pet shark.

Music

"El Paso", a ballad written and performed by , was released on October 26, 1959, as the lead single from his album . The track reached number one on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts, selling over a million copies, and won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording in 1961—the inaugural year for the category and the first win for a country recording. El Michels Affair, an instrumental ensemble founded in 2002 by saxophonist and producer in , , produces music blending , , and hip hop elements, frequently reinterpreting rap songs in a raw, retro style influenced by 1960s and 1970s R&B. The band's debut album Sounding Out in New York (2005) established their approach, with subsequent releases like Enter the 37th Chamber (2009) covering tracks. El mal querer, the second studio album by Spanish artist , was released on November 2, 2018, via , integrating traditions with pop, , and beats across 13 tracks structured as chapters inspired by a 13th-century Occitan . The album debuted at number two on Spain's PROMUSICAE chart, won four including in 2019, and propelled to international prominence.

Other media

El (also titled Él; "He" in ) is a 1953 Mexican written and directed by , starring as Francisco Galván de Montemayor, a wealthy landowner whose obsessive leads to escalating and . The explores themes of , class privilege, and Catholic repression through surrealist elements, drawing from Buñuel's critique of bourgeois , and was produced on a modest budget amid his Mexican period before returning to . is a 1992 American neo-Western written, directed, produced, and scored by , who financed it for approximately $7,000 using borrowed equipment and local talent in Acuña, . Starring Carlos Gallardo as a traveling musician mistaken for a criminal assassin, the film launched Rodriguez's career, secured distribution after premiering at Sundance, and initiated the , grossing over $2 million worldwide despite its guerrilla-style production. is a television series created by Pablo and Javier Olivares, which premiered on (TVE) on February 24, 2015, and ran for three seasons until 2017, with additional specials and a 2020 miniseries revival. The plot follows agents from different historical eras recruited by a secret government ministry to prevent time travelers from altering Spain's past, blending adventure, historical events, and humor across 32 main episodes plus extras. It achieved high viewership ratings for public television, averaging over 2 million viewers per episode in its debut season, and received acclaim for innovative storytelling rooted in Spanish history.

Businesses and organizations

Companies named El

El Al Israel Airlines is Israel's , founded on November 15, 1948, shortly after the country's , to provide air services amid wartime needs. Initially operating surplus military aircraft for cargo and passenger flights, including the of Israel's first president in September 1948, commenced its first scheduled service from to via on July 31, 1949. As the national carrier, it has maintained close ties to Israel's defense establishment, incorporating military-grade security protocols, such as armed sky marshals and behavioral profiling, which were enhanced following the , 2001, attacks to prevent hijackings. By 2025, serves over 50 destinations worldwide with a fleet of around 25 passenger aircraft, primarily models, and remains partially state-owned with a focus on long-haul routes to and . El Pollo Loco operates as a quick-service specializing in fire-grilled and Mexican-inspired , originating from a single location in , , , established in 1974 by Juan Francisco Ochoa. Ochoa, initially a shoe store owner, developed the brand's signature marinated and flame-broiled after experimenting with local techniques, expanding to 85 outlets across by 1980. The company entered the market on December 8, 1980, with its first U.S. in , , capitalizing on demand for authentic flame-grilled flavors amid growing interest in Mexican fast food. By 2025, Holdings, Inc., headquartered in , manages approximately 500 locations, predominantly franchised, across the southwestern U.S., with annual system-wide sales exceeding $1 billion as of fiscal year 2023. functions as Spain's largest group, tracing its formal establishment to June 28, 1940, when Areces Rodríguez incorporated the business in with an initial capital of 1 million pesetas, building on a shop acquired in from earlier operations dating to 1890. Focused on multi-category including , , and groceries, the company expanded rapidly post-World War II, opening hypermarkets under the Hipercor banner in the 1970s and achieving €16.5 billion in sales by fiscal year 2023. Headquartered in , operates over 100 stores across and as of 2025, emphasizing in-house brands and loyalty programs while navigating growth since the late 1990s, though it remains predominantly brick-and-mortar oriented. The group, controlled by the Areces family foundation, has diversified into travel agencies and financial services but faced challenges from online competitors and the , leading to store consolidations.

Science and technology

Computing and acronyms

Emacs , commonly abbreviated as Elisp, serves as the primary extension and scripting language for the , enabling customization and implementation of its core editing features. Developed by , version 13, the first public release incorporating Elisp as its Lisp dialect, was made available on March 20, 1985. The language's core syntax and functionality have remained stable since its inception, with evolutionary changes primarily in libraries and compatibility rather than fundamental redesigns over more than three decades. In (NLP) and , "EL" denotes , a task that maps ambiguous entity mentions in text to specific entries in a structured , such as disambiguating "Apple" to refer to rather than the based on context. This technique emerged prominently in the 2010s alongside the growth of large-scale knowledge bases and technologies, with early applications in systems requiring precise entity resolution. EL algorithms often integrate with candidate ranking and collective disambiguation, improving accuracy in downstream tasks like and population. macOS , version 10.11 of Apple's operating system (previously OS X), was released on September 30, 2015, emphasizing performance optimizations and stability enhancements over visual redesigns. Key computing advancements included up to twice the browsing speed via the Nitro JavaScript engine, introduction of the Metal graphics API for better GPU utilization in apps, and improved multitasking with Split View and Mission Control refinements. These updates focused on refining system responsiveness, with benchmarks showing measurable gains in graphics rendering and compared to prior versions.

Sports

Teams and athletes

, nicknamed El Duque, was a right-handed in from 1998 to 2007, amassing a career record of 90 wins and 65 losses with a 4.13 over 1,314.2 and 1,086 strikeouts. Defecting from in 1995, he debuted with the Yankees in June 1998 and played key roles in their championships in 1998, 1999, and 2000, posting a 9-3 postseason record with a 2.55 ERA across 19 appearances. Hernández later pitched for the ( winner), , and other teams before retiring. The , governed by the Federación Salvadoreña de Fútbol and affiliated with , has competed internationally since the early 20th century, with its first recorded match in 1928. It qualified for the twice, in 1970 (group stage exit with one draw) and 1982 (three losses in group play), marking its most notable global achievements. The team reached second place in the in 1981, its best continental finish, during a period of relative success including Olympic qualification in 1968 and 1972. Known as La Selecta, it has participated in multiple Gold Cups but has not advanced beyond quarterfinals in recent editions.

Other uses

Miscellaneous terms and concepts

In , , and architectural documentation, "El" serves as a standard abbreviation for , denoting the vertical distance of a point or feature relative to a specified datum, such as mean or a local . This usage appears in technical drawings, construction plans, and standards like those from the (ANSI), where it facilitates precise representation of heights in blueprints and site layouts. For instance, in projects, "El." may annotate floor levels or terrain contours to ensure accurate grading and structural alignment. In and , "El" can denote elastic limit, the maximum a withstands without permanent deformation during , a key metric for assessing and strength in alloys and composites. This term originates from early 20th-century practices and remains relevant in protocols, though it is often expanded or contextualized to avoid ambiguity with . Geographically, "El" prefixes minor features in Spanish-speaking regions, such as , a volcanic in measuring approximately 3 kilometers in diameter and hosting unique , including endemic species adapted to its 600-meter . This usage reflects the Spanish definite article but applies to specific landforms verified through geological surveys, distinct from broader topographic categories.

References

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