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Example

Example (born Elliot John Gleave on 20 June 1982) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, actor, and filmmaker known for blending hip-hop, electronic, and pop elements in his music.^[1]^[2] Born in Hammersmith, London, and raised in Fulham, Gleave adopted the stage name Example from his initials "E.G." and initially pursued interests in theatre and filmmaking before transitioning to music.^[1]^[2] He graduated with a BA in Media Arts from Royal Holloway, University of London in 2004, worked as a prop maker on the Star Wars prequels, and served as a promo producer and voice-over artist for Paramount Comedy, honing his performance skills through early theatre roles.^[1]^[3] Gleave's music career began with his debut studio album What We Made in 2007, followed by the mixtape What We Almost Made in 2008, but he achieved mainstream breakthrough with Won't Go Quietly in 2010, which peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart and number 1 on the UK Dance Albums Chart, featuring top-10 singles "Won't Go Quietly" (number 4) and "Kickstarts" (number 3).^[4]^[3] His third album, Playing in the Shadows (2011), topped the UK Albums Chart and earned platinum certification, propelled by two number-1 singles: "Changed the Way You Kiss Me" and "Stay Awake."^[4]^[3] Over his career, Example has released seven studio albums, including The Evolution of Man (2012), Live Life Living (2014), Some Nights Last for Days (2020), and We May Grow Old But We Never Grow Up (2022), amassing eight UK top-10 singles—such as "We'll Be Coming Back" (number 2)—and three top-10 albums, with a total of 144 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 86 on the Albums Chart.^[4] Beyond music, Example has ventured into acting with roles in films like The Boy with the Thorn in His Side (2009), White Island (2016), and Between Two Worlds (2019), alongside short films such as Shield 5 (2019). In 2025, he appeared on the sixth series of The Masked Singer UK as "Bear," reaching the semi-final.^[1] In recognition of his contributions to music and his alma mater, he received an Honorary Doctor of Music from Royal Holloway in 2021.^[3] He separated from Australian model Erin McNaught in 2022, with whom he has two sons; his third child, a son, was born in 2025 with partner Daisy Cox.^[5]^[6] Example continues to tour actively, including UK dates in late 2025 and a "Hits & Bits Twenty Twenty Six" tour planned for 2026.

Definition and Etymology

Core Definition

The stage name "Example" refers to the professional pseudonym adopted by English musician Elliot John Gleave, derived from his initials "E.G.," which stand for exempli gratia, a Latin phrase meaning "for the sake of example" or "for example.")^[7] It represents Gleave's identity in the music industry, where he blends hip-hop, electronic, and pop elements, and serves as a memorable, illustrative moniker highlighting his versatile style.) This name functions as a personal brand, encapsulating Gleave's creative persona while drawing from the broader concept of an "example" as a representative instance or model. Unlike a typical given name, it emphasizes his artistic output and public image, often used in contexts like album titles and performances to exemplify his genre-fusing approach.) In contrast to other stage names that may alter spelling for uniqueness, "Example" directly abbreviates the Latin term, making it a straightforward emblem of illustration and precedent in his career trajectory from underground mixtapes to mainstream success.^[7]

Historical Origins

The stage name "Example" originates from Gleave's initials "E.G.," coined by a school friend in the early 2000s, abbreviating exempli gratia from Latin, where ex- means "out" and emplum relates to a sample or model taken as representative.)^[8] Gleave adopted it upon entering the music scene around 2005, initially for his early releases like the 2007 album What We Made, marking his transition from media arts studies to recording artistry.) The underlying word "example" traces to Latin exemplum (a "sample" or "warning"), from eximere ("to take out"), entering English via Old French exemple in the late 14th century.^[8] Its roots connect to ancient Greek paradeigma ("pattern" or "model"), influencing early uses in philosophy and rhetoric.^[9] In Gleave's case, the name evolved in a modern, secular context of personal branding during the UK hip-hop and grime era of the 2000s, aligning with his debut mixtape What I Almost Made in 2008 and breakthrough in 2010.) By the 2010s, as Gleave achieved chart success, the name became synonymous with his discography, including top albums like Playing in the Shadows (2011), without significant alteration from its initial adoption.)

Linguistic and Rhetorical Usage

In Rhetoric and Persuasion

In rhetoric, examples function as powerful persuasive tools by enhancing the credibility, emotional resonance, and logical structure of arguments. They contribute to ethos by drawing on relatable or authoritative cases that bolster the speaker's or writer's trustworthiness, such as referencing esteemed historical figures to align the argument with shared values. For pathos, examples evoke emotions through vivid narratives or scenarios that humanize abstract ideas, making audiences feel the stakes involved. In terms of logos, examples provide inductive support, illustrating principles through specific instances to demonstrate patterns or probabilities, thereby reinforcing the argument's rationality.^[10]^[11] Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, classifies examples (paradeigma) as a form of inductive proof essential to persuasion, distinguishing them from deductive enthymemes by proceeding from one particular case to a similar one within the same category, rather than from universals to particulars. He identifies two primary types: factual or historical examples, drawn from real past events to lend authenticity and precedent, and fictional or hypothetical examples, such as parables and fables, which invent scenarios to clarify complex ideas when historical precedents are unavailable. Analogical examples, a subset often overlapping with these, extend persuasion by comparing dissimilar situations to highlight shared traits, facilitating understanding through resemblance. Cicero, building on Greek traditions in Roman oratory, employed exempla—concise historical anecdotes—as a staple of his speeches, using them to moralize and motivate by invoking Roman virtues and past leaders, thereby weaving cultural memory into persuasive narratives.^[11]^[12]^[13] Effective rhetorical techniques involving examples include layering multiple instances to build cumulative reinforcement, creating a sense of inevitability in the argument without relying on exhaustive lists. This approach strengthens inductive reasoning by showing consistency across cases, as Aristotle advises selecting examples that align closely with the audience's experiences to maximize persuasive impact. However, rhetoricians must avoid the fallacy of hasty generalization, where a single or unrepresentative example leads to overly broad conclusions, undermining credibility; instead, careful selection and qualification ensure examples serve as robust, non-fallacious support.^[11]^[14]^[15]

In Everyday Language

In everyday language, the term "example" commonly appears in phrases that introduce illustrations or clarify ideas. The phrase "for example" is widely used to provide specific instances supporting a general statement, appearing frequently in both spoken and written communication to enhance clarity. Similarly, "by way of example" serves to introduce an illustrative case, often in more formal casual contexts to elaborate on a point without implying exhaustiveness.^[16] Another prevalent expression is "set an example," which refers to behaving in a manner that models desirable actions for others, encouraging emulation through personal conduct. Idiomatic expressions involving "example" also convey nuanced influences or ideals in daily interactions. A "bad example" describes behavior that negatively impacts observers, such as leading others toward poor choices, often used to caution against harmful precedents.^[17] In contrast, a "textbook example" denotes a quintessential or ideal instance that perfectly embodies a concept, originating from educational contexts where it highlights prototypical cases. While this idiom is predominantly English, similar concepts appear in other languages, such as German "Lehrbuchbeispiel" or French "cas d'école," reflecting cross-cultural emphases on archetypal illustrations.^[18] From a sociolinguistic perspective, examples play a key role in conversational dynamics, aiding explanation and engagement; linguistic analyses indicate that illustrative phrases like "for example" occur regularly in explanatory discourse. In storytelling, examples function as narrative devices to build coherence and relatability, helping speakers convey experiences through concrete instances that foster listener comprehension and emotional connection.^[19] In the digital era, "example" integrates into social media vernacular for instructional purposes, such as referencing an "example tweet" to demonstrate platform norms or viral trends, facilitating quick, visual clarifications in online discussions.

Philosophical and Logical Applications

In Logic and Reasoning

In logic, examples serve as essential tools for inductive reasoning, where specific instances are used to form general conclusions or hypotheses. For instance, observing numerous white swans across various locations may lead to the generalization that all swans are white, illustrating how inductive arguments build broader claims from particular observations.^[20] This process relies on patterns in evidence to support probabilistic inferences, though it remains vulnerable to the problem of induction, as future instances may contradict the generalization.^[21] In deductive reasoning, examples function to test the applicability of premises by instantiating general rules in concrete cases, verifying logical consistency without altering the deductive structure. A classic syllogism demonstrates this: given the premises "all humans are mortal" and "Socrates is human," the example of Socrates tests the rule, yielding the valid conclusion "Socrates is mortal."^[22] Such applications confirm whether premises hold in specific scenarios, aiding in the evaluation of argument validity. However, misuse of examples can lead to logical fallacies, particularly overgeneralization from insufficient or unrepresentative instances, known as hasty generalization. For example, concluding that all birds can fly based on observing only eagles and sparrows ignores countervailing cases like penguins.^[23] Similarly, cherry-picking involves selectively citing favorable examples while suppressing contradictory evidence, distorting causal or inductive inferences.^[24] John Stuart Mill advanced the use of examples in causal inference through his methods of agreement and difference, outlined in his System of Logic. The method of agreement identifies potential causes by finding a common antecedent factor across multiple instances of an effect, such as the same toxin present in all cases of food poisoning despite varying other conditions.^[25] Conversely, the method of difference isolates causes by comparing cases where the effect occurs only when a specific factor is introduced, absent otherwise—for instance, plant growth thriving with sunlight but wilting without it, holding other variables constant.^[25] These techniques leverage controlled examples to strengthen inductive claims about causation.

Exemplification Theory

Exemplification theory in philosophy addresses how particular instances represent or instantiate universal properties, essences, or kinds, serving as a bridge between the concrete and the abstract in metaphysical inquiry. Rooted in Plato's theory of Forms, this concept posits that sensible particulars imperfectly imitate eternal, perfect exemplars known as Forms, such as Beauty or Justice, which themselves self-exemplify their properties (e.g., the Form of Beauty is perfectly beautiful). Particulars, like a beautiful statue, instantiate these ideals by participating in or resembling them, but they do so incompletely, highlighting the distinction between imperfect instances and the ideal archetype. This framework, elaborated in dialogues like the Republic and Phaedo, underscores exemplification as a relation of approximation rather than identity, where examples reveal the structure of reality by pointing toward transcendent universals.^[26] A pivotal modern articulation of exemplification appears in Nelson Goodman's aesthetics and philosophy of symbols, where it is defined as a dual relation of possession plus reference: an object possesses a property and refers to a label or kind that denotes it. For instance, a tailor's fabric swatch exemplifies color and texture by displaying those properties while standing for the broader class of material from which it is sampled, but it does not exemplify size, as that is not referenced. Unlike mere denotation, where a symbol points outward without instantiation (e.g., a label naming a property), exemplification requires the exemplar to "point up" to selected features, making it central to symbolic systems in art and science. This theory, developed in Languages of Art (1968), rejects nominalist extremes by treating exemplification as a selective process that constructs categories, influencing how we classify and understand worldly kinds.^[27]^[28] Building on these foundations, Umberto Eco's semiotic perspective reframes examples as signs that denote classes through inferential and contextual processes, rather than fixed resemblances. In semiotics, an example like smoke functions as a sign denoting the class of fire-causing events, drawing on encyclopedic knowledge to interpret its relation to a broader category, while photographs can denote generic types (e.g., a "type-woman") beyond specific tokens. This view, outlined in Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language (1984), emphasizes unlimited semiosis, where examples generate interpretive chains, positioning them as dynamic vehicles for class denotation in cultural systems. Eco's approach integrates Peircean and Stoic influences, treating examples not as passive mirrors but as active signs shaped by codes and contexts.^[29] Contemporary debates in exemplification theory often center on the abstract versus concrete nature of exemplars, questioning whether they must be spatiotemporal particulars or can be non-concrete universals. Concrete exemplification, as in Goodman's swatch, involves tangible samples that instantiate and refer to properties, whereas abstract exemplification aligns with Platonic Forms as non-spatial ideals that particulars approximate without fully embodying. Philosophers like Catherine Elgin extend Goodman's framework to argue that abstract exemplars, such as mathematical models, exemplify relational properties across domains, challenging strict concrete-only views by showing how non-physical symbols can "stand for" kinds through selective reference. These discussions highlight tensions in metaphysics between realism (exemplars as mind-independent) and constructivism (exemplars as label-dependent).^[30]^[31] In metaphysical applications, exemplification theory distinguishes mere samples—objects that instantiate properties without referential intent—from true exemplars that actively "stand for" a kind, thereby illuminating ontological categories. A random leaf sample might instantiate greenness but fails as an exemplar unless it refers to the class of foliage via symbolic selection, as per Goodman; this differentiation aids in analyzing how entities represent essences without reducing to them. Such distinctions resolve puzzles in property realism, where exemplars mediate between particulars and universals, ensuring that representation involves both instantiation and predication without collapsing into identity. Eco's semiotic lens further refines this by viewing metaphysical exemplars as signs denoting abstract classes, subject to cultural interpretation rather than pure ontology.^[32]

Applications in Mathematics and Science

Illustrative Examples

Illustrative examples in mathematics play a crucial role in proofs by concretizing abstract theorems, allowing mathematicians to verify general principles through specific instances that build intuition. For the binomial theorem, which expands (a + b)^n as \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} a^{n-k} b^k, a common illustration uses n=2 to show (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2, revealing the pattern of coefficients and terms that extends to higher powers. This method emphasizes the value of simple cases in fostering conceptual grasp before formal generalization. Simple examples are particularly important for intuition, as they enable learners to internalize patterns without the complexity of full derivations. A prominent specific case is the Pythagorean theorem, a^2 + b^2 = c^2, illustrated by the 3-4-5 right triangle, where $3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2, providing a tangible verification of the hypotenuse relation in Euclidean geometry. In science, illustrative examples often involve controlled experiments to elucidate laws, such as Galileo's inclined plane setup, where bronze balls rolled down grooved ramps of varying angles to measure distances over timed intervals using a water clock. This demonstrated that the acceleration along the incline is constant for a given setup, with the distance traveled proportional to the square of the time, providing empirical support for accelerated motion under gravity. By using inclines of varying but typically shallow angles, Galileo could measure these effects more accurately than in free fall, avoiding the challenges of rapid motion.^[33] Visual aids like diagrams and physical models further serve as illustrative examples; for instance, scale models of planetary orbits or atomic structures allow representation of invisible processes, enhancing explanatory power by bridging observation and theory. Best practices for selecting illustrative examples stress choosing those that are relatable to everyday experiences yet non-trivial, to prevent misconceptions such as overgeneralizing from edge cases or ignoring boundary conditions. Relatable examples, like scaling familiar objects in geometric proofs, connect new ideas to prior knowledge while avoiding ambiguity that could reinforce errors. The use of examples in mathematics and science evolved historically, with a notable shift in the 17th century from verbose, rhetorical descriptions to concise symbolic notations, pioneered by René Descartes' use of letters for variables and constants, enabling more precise and universal illustrations beyond verbal analogies. While illustrative examples affirm concepts, counterexamples refute them by highlighting failures, as explored in related discussions.

Counterexamples and Exceptions

A counterexample is a specific instance that falsifies a universal or general claim by contradicting its scope. For example, the discovery of black swans in Australia disproved the long-held European belief that all swans are white, illustrating how one observation can refute a broad generalization. This deductive role is foundational to scientific methodology, as articulated by Karl Popper, who argued that a single genuine counterinstance suffices to falsify a universal law, emphasizing the asymmetry between verification (which requires infinite confirmations) and falsification (achievable with one disconfirming case).^[34] In mathematics, counterexamples are essential for disproving conjectures and advancing proofs. Leonhard Euler conjectured in the 18th century that, for integers n > 2, at least n positive nth powers are needed to sum to another nth power, generalizing Fermat's Last Theorem for n=2. This was refuted in 1966 by L. J. Lander and T. R. Parkin, who identified a counterexample using computational search on the CDC 6600: four fifth powers summing to a fifth power, given by

$27^5 + 84^5 + 110^5 + 133^5 = 144^5.

^[35] Such disproofs highlight the power of targeted searches to challenge longstanding hypotheses, prompting deeper investigations into Diophantine equations. In science, anomalous examples—observations that resist explanation within the dominant paradigm—drive theoretical reevaluation and paradigm shifts, as outlined by Thomas S. Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. These anomalies accumulate during periods of "normal science," eventually precipitating crises that necessitate revolutionary changes, such as the shift from Ptolemaic to Copernican astronomy due to unexplained planetary motions.^[36] In statistical hypothesis testing, counterexamples manifest as data deviating significantly from null hypothesis predictions, allowing rejection of the null (e.g., no effect) if the p-value falls below a threshold like 0.05; this probabilistic falsification underscores the method's reliance on empirical disconfirmation to infer alternatives.^[37] The methodological value of counterexamples lies in their ability to expose theoretical limitations, fostering more robust and comprehensive frameworks. By revealing hidden assumptions or inadequacies, they compel scientists to refine models, as seen in the 1887 Michelson-Morley experiment, which detected no expected "ether drift" in Earth's motion through the luminiferous ether—a null result that undermined classical wave theory and catalyzed Albert Einstein's development of special relativity in 1905.^[38] This process prioritizes empirical rigor over intuitive acceptance, ensuring theories withstand scrutiny and align with natural properties for greater explanatory power.^[39]

Role in Education and Communication

Pedagogical Uses

Examples are integral to pedagogical strategies, as they reduce cognitive load and support scaffolding in learning processes across disciplines. According to cognitive load theory, concrete examples help learners manage intrinsic load by providing familiar anchors for abstract concepts, allowing more resources for deeper understanding. Richard Mayer's multimedia principles emphasize that integrating concrete examples with verbal explanations minimizes extraneous processing, enabling learners to focus on essential material rather than decoding unfamiliar ideas. Scaffolding through examples involves progressing from simple, guided instances to more complex applications, which builds confidence and competence by aligning with learners' zone of proximal development.^[40] Key methods for employing examples include worked examples in problem-solving domains like mathematics, where step-by-step demonstrations break down procedures and model expert thinking, reducing the mental effort required for novices to solve similar problems independently.^[41] In history education, real-world case examples—such as analyzing primary sources from specific events—contextualize timelines and themes, fostering critical analysis and empathy by connecting abstract narratives to tangible human experiences.^[42] These approaches promote active engagement, as learners can replicate or adapt examples to new scenarios, transitioning from observation to application. Research highlights the effectiveness of examples in enhancing retention and transfer of knowledge, with studies showing substantial improvements over traditional lecture-based instruction. John Sweller's work on the expertise reversal effect demonstrates that examples are superior for beginners, yielding better long-term retention by offloading cognitive demands during initial skill acquisition, though benefits diminish as expertise grows. Meta-analyses confirm that worked examples lead to enhanced retention rates compared to pure problem-solving, particularly in STEM fields, by promoting schema construction in long-term memory.^[43] Despite these advantages, challenges in using examples include potential cultural biases that alienate diverse learners if illustrations reflect dominant cultural norms, leading to disengagement or misrepresentation of varied perspectives. Educators must adapt examples for inclusivity, such as incorporating multicultural case studies, to mitigate these issues and support equitable learning outcomes.^[44]

In Documentation and Manuals

In technical documentation and manuals, examples serve a critical purpose in clarifying complex procedures and enhancing user comprehension. By providing concrete illustrations, such as code snippets in software manuals, examples help users visualize steps and apply instructions accurately, thereby minimizing misunderstandings during task execution. Usability studies indicate that well-structured technical documents, including those with effective examples, can reduce errors in product usage. This error reduction is particularly valuable in high-stakes environments like engineering or IT, where precise adherence to procedures prevents operational failures. Common formats for incorporating examples include step-by-step guides that break down processes into sequential actions, often accompanied by screenshots or diagrams, and FAQs that present real-world scenarios to address frequent queries. In legal documentation, precedents function as illustrative examples, offering templates or case-based models that guide drafters in constructing compliant agreements while ensuring consistency with established norms.^[45] These formats promote accessibility and reusability, allowing users to reference specific instances without needing to interpret abstract rules. Standards for examples in technical documentation are outlined in guidelines like IEEE Std 1063-1987, which specifies minimum requirements for structure and content in software user documentation, emphasizing the inclusion of practical illustrations to support user tasks. Over time, technical documentation has evolved from static print manuals to dynamic digital formats, incorporating interactive examples such as clickable simulations in mobile apps or web-based tutorials that allow users to experiment in real-time.^[46] This shift enhances engagement and adaptability, aligning with modern user expectations for on-demand, multimedia support. Despite these benefits, common pitfalls in using examples include overly simplistic illustrations that fail to capture real-world complexities, potentially leading to misuse or incomplete application by users. Additionally, accessibility issues arise when visual examples lack alternative text (alt-text) for screen readers, excluding users with disabilities from essential content. Addressing these requires rigorous testing and inclusive design practices to ensure examples are both robust and equitable.^[47]

Representations in Arts and Culture

In Literature and Storytelling

In literature and storytelling, examples serve as fundamental narrative devices that illustrate moral, ethical, or thematic principles through concise, illustrative tales. Parables and fables, such as those attributed to Aesop in ancient Greece, function as moral exemplars by employing anthropomorphic animals in simple plots to convey enduring lessons; for instance, "The Tortoise and the Hare" demonstrates that persistence triumphs over arrogance, while "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" warns against the consequences of deceit.^[48] Similarly, oral traditions worldwide utilize folktales and epics as examples to transmit cultural values and collective memory, with performers adapting proverbs, legends, and chants like the Hudhud chants of the Ifugao people to blend reproduction and improvisation for communal education and entertainment.^[49] Character arcs further exemplify themes by tracing a protagonist's transformation, where internal conflicts reveal deeper truths; in this structure, a character's pursuit of a surface goal often contrasts with an underlying need, thereby embodying the story's central message, such as the redemptive power of community over isolation.^[50] Literary techniques amplify the role of examples by embedding them within broader narratives to provide context and depth. Flashbacks, as interruptions to the chronological plot, offer personal examples that elucidate character motivations and past events, such as in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, where Willy Loman's recollections of family interactions reveal his delusions and regrets, enhancing the audience's understanding of his tragic decline.^[51] Symbolism extends this by using objects or figures to exemplify abstract ideas; in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, the white whale represents an inscrutable, god-like force embodying humanity's futile struggle against nature and fate, its elusive whiteness evoking both awe and terror to underscore themes of obsession and mortality.^[52] These devices not only propel the plot but also invite readers to infer broader implications from specific instances, as seen in films like Forrest Gump, where episodic flashbacks exemplify resilience amid historical upheavals. The cultural impact of examples in storytelling manifests through archetypal figures and social critiques that resonate across eras. In epics like Beowulf, the titular hero exemplifies the Germanic code of loyalty, courage, and duty, evolving from a youthful warrior slaying Grendel to a mature king confronting a dragon, thereby modeling the transition from personal valor to communal responsibility in Anglo-Saxon society.^[53] Modern novels adapt this tradition to address contemporary issues; Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird employs narrative examples of racial prejudice, such as the unjust trial of Tom Robinson, to exemplify systemic racism and moral growth, with characters like Atticus Finch defending justice against Maycomb's hierarchical bigotry, fostering cultural reflections on empathy and equality.^[54] From a narratological perspective, examples drive plot progression and cultivate reader empathy by facilitating perspective-taking and emotional immersion. Narrative empathy theories posit that techniques like vivid character perspectives and sequential events in stories prompt mental simulation of others' experiences, enhancing plot cohesion and affective bonds; for example, extended narratives allow readers to inhabit fictional worlds, as in Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game, where the protagonist's empathetic dilemmas propel the storyline while mirroring real ethical quandaries.^[55] This mechanism underscores how examples, whether in parables or complex arcs, not only structure tales but also bridge individual narratives to universal human insights, sustaining storytelling's persuasive power across oral, literary, and cinematic forms.

In Visual and Performing Arts

In visual and performing arts, the concept of an example manifests through the philosophical framework of exemplification, as articulated by Nelson Goodman in his seminal work Languages of Art. Exemplification occurs when a symbol—such as an artwork—possesses a property and refers back to it, functioning as a sample that highlights specific features for cognitive and aesthetic understanding.^[27] This process distinguishes artistic symbols from mere denotation, emphasizing how examples in art selectively showcase qualities like form, color, or rhythm, enabling viewers or audiences to grasp broader symbolic systems.^[27] In visual arts, exemplification is evident in how paintings or sculptures serve as concrete instances of abstract properties. For instance, a work by Piet Mondrian, such as Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow (1930), exemplifies geometric balance and primary color harmony, referring back to these traits without literal representation of external objects. This aligns with Goodman's view that visual artworks operate in dense, replete symbol systems where every detail potentially contributes to exemplifying stylistic or expressive features.^[27] Similarly, in photography or drawing, an image might exemplify texture or perspective, drawing attention to technical mastery as an illustrative case for artistic principles. Such examples underscore the cognitive value of art, where the piece stands as a paradigm for understanding visual perception and innovation.^[56] Performing arts extend exemplification into temporal and dynamic realms, where performances embody and reference properties through movement, sound, or narrative. In dance, a choreography like Martha Graham's Lamentation (1930) exemplifies emotional intensity and bodily tension, using the dancer's form to sample grief as a metaphorical property.^[27] Music provides another key illustration: a Beethoven symphony might exemplify structural complexity and emotional depth, with motifs referring back to thematic development in a syntactic system. Goodman further elaborates that expression in these arts arises as metaphorical exemplification, where the performance possesses and highlights qualities it does not literally have, such as a melody "expressing" melancholy through auditory patterns.^[27] This relational aspect positions performing works as high-impact examples that bridge sensory experience and conceptual insight, influencing pedagogical and critical practices in the field.^[57]

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### Definition of 'example' as a Noun
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in illustration; as an example. By way of illustration, the professor drew a picture on the board. He read them a passage from Shakespeare by way of example.
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[31]
Fallacies | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Faulty Generalization. A fallacy produced by some error in the process of generalizing. See Hasty Generalization or Unrepresentative Generalization for examples ...
[32]
John Stuart Mill (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Summary of each segment:
[33]
Plato - Forms, Perfection, Exemplars | Britannica
Oct 17, 2025 · In Plato's theory, forms play the functional role of universals, and most universals, such as greenness, generosity, and largeness, are not exemplars of ...
[34]
Goodman's Aesthetics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
May 7, 2005 · Languages of Art prompted a lively debate especially concerning Goodman's claims about the nature of pictorial representation, or depiction.
[35]
Exemplification in Nelson Goodman's Aesthetic Theory - jstor
1 Second, exemplifi- cationality is central to Goodman's analysis of expression, which he finds to be meta- phorical exemplification.
[36]
[PDF] Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language - Monoskop
Eco, Umberto. Semiotics and the philosophy of language. (Advances in semiotics). Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. I. Semiotics z. Languages-Philosophy. I ...
[37]
Abstract Objects - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jul 19, 2001 · The abstract/concrete distinction in its modern form is meant to mark a line in the domain of objects or entities. So conceived, the distinction ...
[38]
Samples as symbols | Request PDF - ResearchGate
Nelson Goodman and, following him, Catherine Z. Elgin and Keith Lehrer have claimed that sometimes a sample is a symbol that stands for the property it is a ...
[39]
SAMPLES AS SYMBOLS - Textor - 2008 - Ratio - Wiley Online Library
Aug 4, 2008 · The relation between the sample and the property it stands for is called 'exemplification' (Goodman, Elgin) or 'exemplarisation' (Lehrer).Missing: metaphysics exemplars
[40]
Karl Popper (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
### Summary of Popper’s Falsifiability, Counterexamples, Black Swan, and Universal Claims
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None
### Summary of Counterexample to Euler's Conjecture
[42]
Thomas Kuhn - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aug 13, 2004 · For example, an anomaly might reveal inadequacies in some commonly used piece of equipment, perhaps by casting doubt on the underlying theory.
[43]
Neuroimaging Research: From Null-Hypothesis Falsification to Out ...
The rationale behind hypothesis falsification is that one counterexample can reject a theory by deductive reasoning (Goodman, 1999).
[44]
November 1887: Michelson and Morley report their failure to detect ...
Nov 1, 2007 · In 1887 Albert Michelson and Edward Morley carried out their famous experiment, which provided strong evidence against the ether.
[45]
[PDF] What Good are Counterexamples? - PhilArchive
It can be used to provide a direct response to his critique. The problem is meant to be that conceptual analysis, the method of counterexamples, can at best ...
[46]
Instructional Scaffolding to Improve Learning | Center for Innovative ...
In a scaffolded learning environment, students are free to ask questions, provide feedback and support their peers in learning new material. When you ...Why Use Instructional... · Types Of Scaffolds · Guidelines For Implementing...<|separator|>
[47]
Worked Examples | Teaching + Learning Lab - MIT
Worked examples are step-by-step illustrations of the process required to complete a task or solve a problem. In a worked example, students are provided with ...<|separator|>
[48]
Stanford-developed history lessons for grades 6-12 adopted ...
Mar 17, 2014 · "Reading Like a Historian," a free online curriculum from the Stanford History Education Group, surpasses 1 million downloads.
[49]
The Worked-Example Effect and a Mastery Approach Goal Orientation
The study demonstrated that the worked-examples approach resulted in enhanced retention (but not transfer) and decreased cognitive load when compared to the ...
[50]
Unconscious Bias in the Classroom: How Cultural Stereotypes Affect ...
May 27, 2020 · Teachers' unconscious biases that have been shaped by cultural stereotypes have important negative consequences for students' academic outcomes.
[51]
[PDF] Improve Technical Writing Skills
Studies show that well- structured technical documents can reduce errors in product usage by up to 30%, which underscores the critical role of effective writing ...
[52]
What is a legal precedent? Definition and case law resources
Mar 15, 2023 · Legal precedents are when a case's circumstances and legal requirements match those of a contemporary legal dispute.
[53]
IEEE Std 1063 - IEEE Standard for Software User Documentation
Mar 12, 2010 · This standard provides minimum requirements on the structure and information content of user documentation, It applies primarily to technical ...
[54]
Error-Message Guidelines - NN/G
May 14, 2023 · Usability heuristic #9 emphasizes the importance of good error-message design: "Help Users Recognize, Diagnose, and Recover from Errors.
[55]
Aesop's fables | Stories, Illustrations, & Morals - Britannica
Moral: Greed can cost you what you have. “The Farmer and the Snake”—A farmer saves a frozen snake only to be bitten. Moral: Beware helping the ungrateful.
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Oral traditions and expressions including language as a vehicle of ...
Oral traditions and expressions are used to pass on knowledge, cultural and social values and collective memory. They play a crucial part in keeping cultures ...
[57]
Don't Know Your Story's Theme? Take a Look at Your Character's Arc
Nov 16, 2014 · Your story's theme is its heart, and, as such, it must be all of a piece with your plot and your characters' arcs.
[58]
Examples and Definition of Flashback - Literary Devices
A flashback is a device used in stories, films, television episodes, etc., that interrupts the flow of the plot to “show” readers/viewers an event that ...
[59]
The White Whale Symbol Analysis - Moby-Dick - LitCharts
The crew remarks on this apparent symbolism—that the whale-hunt stands in for a life of human struggle—throughout the journey, as Ahab disregards typical ...
[60]
Beowulf Character Analysis in Beowulf - SparkNotes
Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases—youth and age—and through three separate and ...Beowulf · Grendel Quotes · Grendel's mother · Grendel
[61]
To Kill a Mockingbird: Themes | SparkNotes
Differences in social status are explored largely through the overcomplicated social hierarchy of Maycomb, the ins and outs of which constantly baffle the ...
[62]
Narrative Empathy | the living handbook of narratology
Jan 22, 2013 · Narrative empathy is the sharing of feeling and perspective-taking induced by reading, viewing, hearing, or imagining narratives of another's situation and ...
[63]
Exemplification and the Cognitive Value of Art - jstor
Nelson Goodman has claimed that the arts and the sciences are not so dif- ferent after all: the arts and the sciences, he thinks, are all.Missing: Eco | Show results with:Eco
[64]
(PDF) Making Manifest: The Role of Exemplification in the Sciences ...
Exemplification is the relation of an example to whatever it is an example of. Goodman maintains that exemplification is a symptom of the aesthetic: ...