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Field goal range

Field goal range in refers to the distance of a attempt, measured from the to the goalposts' crossbar, worth three points when successful. The distance is calculated by adding 17 yards to the yard line marker where the ball is spotted, accounting for the 10-yard end zone depth and the approximately 7-yard placement of the ball behind the by the holder. In the National Football League (NFL), field goal range typically spans from short kicks inside 30 yards to long attempts exceeding 50 yards, with success rates varying significantly by distance. For the 2024 season, league-wide success rates were 93.8% for 20-29 yard attempts, 92.9% for 30-39 yards, 83.8% for 40-49 yards, and 76.7% for 50+ yards. As of Week 10 of the 2025 season, rates stood at 100% for 20-29 yards, 94.7% for 30-39 yards, 83.3% for 40-49 yards, and 71.4% for 50+ yards, reflecting ongoing challenges for longer kicks. Kickers are generally expected to convert attempts within 50 yards reliably, influencing strategic decisions like attempting a field goal versus punting or going for a first down on fourth down. Advancements in kicking technique, equipment, and training have expanded effective field goal range over time, with NFL teams attempting longer kicks more frequently. The average field goal attempt distance reached 40.2 yards in 2024, the longest since at least 2000, partly due to a 2015 rule change that moved extra-point kicks back to the 15-yard line, improving kickers' proficiency on longer-range attempts. Success rates for 50+ yard field goals have nearly doubled since the 1980s, reaching around 75% in 2024 and approximately 71% through Week 10 of 2025, enabling more aggressive play-calling and altering game dynamics. In 2025, there have been over 35 field goals of 55+ yards so far, continuing the trend of increased long-range attempts. Environmental factors, such as wind direction and stadium conditions, can further influence outcomes within these ranges.

Definition and Basics

Definition

In , a is a scoring play worth three points, achieved by placekicking or dropkicking the ball from the field of play through the plane of the opponent's goalposts and over the crossbar after it has crossed the goal line. The kick must originate from beyond the , typically following a scrimmage down where the offense has advanced the ball into position, distinguishing it from other scoring methods like touchdowns or safeties. Field goal range refers to the distance of a attempt, measured from the to the goal line. Colloquially, "in field goal range" describes distances from which a team reasonably expects success, based on the kicker's abilities and historical performance data. This distance is measured in yards from the spot where the ball is snapped for the kick to the goal line, accounting for the kicker's position approximately seven to eight yards behind the . Unlike extra points, which are shorter kicks worth one point attempted from the 15-yard line following a —a change implemented in 2015 to increase difficulty and encourage two-point conversions—field goals can be attempted from much greater distances, often 40 yards or more. Successful field goal attempts rely on precise coordination among the , holder, and . The delivers a quick, accurate snap from between the legs to the holder, who positions the ball laces out on the turf for the kicker's approach, typically seven or more yards behind the neutral zone as per rules. This setup ensures stability and timing, with the holder catching the snap cleanly to avoid delays or mishandles that could disrupt the play.

Measurement

In American football, field goal distance is officially measured as the number of yards from the —where the ball is snapped—to the goal line at the front of the end zone, excluding the additional 10-yard depth of the end zone to the base of the goalposts. This standard ensures consistency in recording attempts, as the ball must cross the goal line between the uprights to score, but the reflects the offensive position rather than the full trajectory to the uprights. The actual path of the kicked ball extends approximately 17 yards farther due to the holder's placement 7-8 yards behind the and the end zone depth, though this is not factored into official distances. The goalposts themselves are standardized across major leagues to facilitate accurate measurement and execution. In the , the crossbar measures 18 feet 6 inches in length and stands above the ground, with uprights extending 35 feet above the crossbar and spaced at the same 18 feet 6 inches apart. adopted identical upright spacing of 18 feet 6 inches and crossbar height in 1991, aligning with the after a period of wider posts (23 feet 4 inches) from 1959 to 1990, which had previously made college kicks marginally easier due to the broader . High and other amateur levels may retain the wider 23 feet 4 inches configuration, but professional and collegiate play prioritizes the narrower standard for uniformity. Field goal distances are tracked through official league statistics, which distinguish between attempted and made kicks by precise yardage, enabling analysis of success rates across ranges. In the , officials use steel —typically 10 yards long with white markers—to verify the and ball placement relative to yard lines, ensuring measurement accuracy within inches during setup. Modern enhancements include optical tracking systems for replay verification, though primary spotting relies on chain measurements; GPS is employed for but not directly for ball positioning in scenarios. These methods are mirrored in by NCAA officials, with statistics compiled centrally for both attempted and successful kicks. The positioning of hash marks, where the ball is aligned for the , influences the by altering the kick's angle relative to the uprights. hash marks are spaced 18 feet 6 inches apart and aligned directly with the goalposts, centering most kicks and minimizing angular difficulty, whereas NCAA hash marks are 40 feet apart, often placing the ball farther from and requiring kickers to adjust for a 1-2 yard equivalent increase in difficulty on off-center attempts due to the added trajectory curve. This variance can affect alignment precision, though official distances remain unchanged regardless of hash position. Environmental factors, such as , may necessitate minor adjustments to measured setup distances during games.

Factors Affecting Range

Player and Equipment Factors

The physical attributes of a placekicker significantly influence field goal range, with leg strength and flexibility playing central roles in generating power and maintaining accuracy over distance. Explosive leg strength, developed through plyometric exercises and power lifts performed 3-4 times per week with low repetitions, enables kickers to achieve higher ball velocities, directly contributing to longer ranges. Flexibility training, emphasized in over 4 sessions weekly via dynamic stretching, enhances hip and leg range of motion, allowing for optimal swing arcs that maximize distance without sacrificing control. Training regimens for NCAA placekickers universally incorporate these elements, rating flexibility and plyometrics as the most critical for performance (4.9/5.0 and 4.8/5.0 importance, respectively). Kicking styles further modulate these attributes' effectiveness, with the soccer-style approach—using the instep—supplanting the traditional straight-on method since the due to its biomechanical advantages. Soccer-style kicking permits a larger swing and greater , increasing foot speed and compared to the toe-poke of straight-on kicks, which limit power from restricted motion. This shift enhances range by providing more surface contact area for controlled energy transfer, though straight-on remains viable for short, accurate attempts in amateur settings. Equipment evolution has incrementally extended achievable ranges by refining consistency and launch dynamics. The NFL's 1977 rule mandating standard shoe shapes effectively phased out square-toe kicking shoes by the 1980s, aligning with the dominance of soccer-style techniques and regular cleats that support fluid hip rotation without specialized modifications. Modern kicking tees, typically 1-2 inches high, elevate the ball for a cleaner strike, adding minor height to the trajectory and reducing ground interference to preserve distance. The and holder's precision minimizes operational variables that could curtail range, ensuring the reaches the in under 1.3 seconds with optimal . Inaccurate snaps or holds introduce tilt—such as a 20-degree left —which induces aerodynamic deviations, causing a 45-yard to drift up to 3.5 feet off line and potentially shortening through reduced accuracy. Biomechanically, effective kicking relies on coordinated during the approach to accelerate the leg, coupled with a full follow-through that transfers linearly to the , optimizing distance without excessive dispersion.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors play a significant role in determining the effective of kicks in , primarily by influencing air resistance, ball trajectory, and the kicker's ability to generate power and maintain footing. These conditions are beyond the control of players and equipment, often leading to adjustments in during games. Wind direction and speed are among the most immediate influencers on kick distance. A tailwind assists the ball's flight by reducing , potentially extending range by several yards for moderate speeds around 10-15 , while a headwind opposes the kick, shortening it by a similar margin and increasing the risk of misses. Crosswinds primarily affect accuracy rather than distance but can indirectly limit attempted range by forcing conservative angles. In winds exceeding 20 , overall field goal success rates drop noticeably, with average distances reduced by about 7 yards due to the added resistance. Altitude affects kick range through variations in air . At higher elevations like Denver's (approximately 5,280 feet), thinner air reduces aerodynamic drag, allowing kicks to travel farther—equivalent to an effective range increase of about 5 yards compared to sea-level venues for attempts in moderate temperatures (41-80°F). This advantage stems from roughly 18% lower air density, which can boost distance by 7-10% for longer kicks, though cold weather in such locations can partially offset the benefit. Temperature and humidity alter air density and ball handling, impacting trajectory and distance. Colder temperatures increase air density, creating more drag and reducing range; a 30°F drop can shorten kicks by approximately 5 yards, with success rates for 50+ yard attempts falling from 55% in 51-60°F conditions to 30% below 30°F. Higher humidity makes air slightly less dense, potentially extending flight by a minor amount (up to 10 inches in extreme cases), but wet conditions from rain can soften the ball, disrupting spin for a less aerodynamic path and further complicating trajectory by promoting wobble and reducing hang time. Field surface and turf type influence the kicker's footing and run-up, indirectly affecting power generation. Natural grass can vary in firmness and traction, potentially hindering acceleration during wet or frozen conditions, while offers more consistent grip—even when damp—allowing for a stable plant foot and fuller approach. This reliability on turf reduces slippage risks, enabling kickers to achieve closer to maximum distance without footing-related power loss.

Historical Development

Early History

The origins of field goal kicking in American football trace back to the 1880s, when the sport began diverging from its roots under the influence of figures like , who helped codify rules for intercollegiate play. Field goals, valued at five points initially, were attempted primarily through drop kicks using a nearly round ball similar to those in , which limited accuracy and distance due to unpredictable bounces upon release. Early attempts were typically short, often under 20 yards, as there were no dedicated kickers; players like ends or halfbacks handled the task amid a game focused on running and mass formations rather than specialized roles. One of the earliest documented long field goals came in 1899, when Australian-born kicker Pat O'Dea booted a 57-yard for the University of Wisconsin against the University of Illinois, showcasing exceptional skill in an era when such distances were anomalies. This feat, part of O'Dea's renowned punting and kicking prowess, highlighted the potential for greater range even with rudimentary equipment. Prior to , however, ranges rarely exceeded 30 yards in competitive play, constrained by the ball's weight of 14 to 16 ounces, its less aerodynamic shape, and the predominant straight-on drop-kicking technique that emphasized power over precision. Rule changes in 1906, including the legalization of the forward pass, indirectly increased opportunities by opening up field position and reducing the reliance on grinding runs, allowing teams to advance deeper into opponent territory and attempt kicks from better angles. This shift helped elevate field goals from occasional desperation plays to more strategic elements, though long-range success remained elusive without modern refinements. A brief transition to more pointed balls and place-kicking setups in the early laid groundwork for later advancements.

Modern Evolution

The introduction of soccer-style placekicking in the mid-20th century marked a pivotal shift in capabilities. Hungarian immigrant , signed by the in 1964, became the first professional player to employ this technique, approaching the ball at an angle and striking it with the instep rather than the toes used in traditional straight-on kicking. This method, rooted in European soccer practices, generated greater power and accuracy, enabling consistent attempts from 40 to 50 yards—distances previously rare and often unsuccessful. Gogolak's success, including a 57-yard preseason field goal that year, prompted widespread adoption by other kickers, fundamentally extending the practical range of field goals during the 1950s through 1970s. A significant alteration in 1974 further influenced dynamics by relocating the goalposts from the goal line to the back of the end zone. This adjustment added 10 yards to the distance of all attempts, as the goalposts were moved from the goal line to the back of the end zone. Intended to discourage short s and promote pursuits, the change effectively lengthened and heightened the challenge for kickers, though it aligned NFL practices with standards. From the to the , advancements in regimens and techniques drove incremental improvements in average distances. Specialized strength and conditioning programs, along with biomechanical analysis, allowed kickers to refine their form for greater distance and consistency, shifting the league-wide average attempt length from about 33 yards in the to roughly 37 yards by the late . These developments, emphasizing year-round preparation and sport-specific drills, reduced variability and elevated the viability of longer kicks without major equipment changes. In 2015, the modified extra-point procedures by moving the for kicks from the 2-yard line to the 15-yard line, increasing the attempt distance from approximately 19 yards to 33 yards. This reform aimed to make one-point conversions less automatic and encourage two-point attempts, compelling kickers to routinely practice and execute longer-range precision under game pressure. As a result, it bolstered overall proficiency in ranges beyond traditional distances, integrating extended kicks into standard training protocols.

Current Practices

Average Ranges in Professional Leagues

In the (), historical data indicate that the average distance for made field goals during the 1980s was approximately 34 yards, as calculated from league totals in seasons such as 1980 (33.7 yards) and 1985 (34.8 yards). By the 2024 season, this figure had risen to about 40.5 yards for made kicks, driven by an increase in longer attempts across the league. These averages are derived from weighted calculations using distance bins reported in official statistics, where midpoints (e.g., 25 yards for 20-29 yard kicks) approximate the total yardage of successful field goals divided by the number made. Success rates for field goals in the vary significantly by distance, establishing key benchmarks for professional performance. In , kickers converted over 95% of attempts under 39 yards (97.3% for 20-29 yards and 94.3% for 30-39 yards), while the rate for 50+ yard attempts dropped to 69.9%. These figures highlight the reliability of shorter-range kicks as a core strategy, contrasted with the higher risk of long-range efforts, based on league-wide totals of 1,068 made field goals from 1,270 attempts. Comparisons with other professional leagues reveal variations influenced by field dimensions. In the Canadian Football League (CFL), average field goal distances are nominally similar to the 's but more difficult due to the wider 65-yard field and prior hash mark placement (24 yards from the sideline until adjustments in 2022), which widened the angle for off-center kicks. Comprehensive league-wide data on made and attempted field goal distances, including success rates by range, are tracked by sources such as Pro-Football-Reference for the . Over the past decade, the frequency of successful 50-yard or longer field goals in the has risen dramatically, reflecting advancements in player conditioning and strategic confidence. In the 2010 season, kickers made 54 such field goals league-wide. By 2024, this total had increased to 195 made attempts from 50+ yards, underscoring more than a threefold growth in long-range successes. This trend has persisted into 2025, with 60+ yard kicks becoming increasingly routine as teams leverage improved reliability to attempt them in high-stakes situations. As of Week 10 of the 2025 season (November 16, 2025), there have been 89 made 50+ yard field goals out of 135 attempts, for a 65.9% success rate. Recent developments in have further accelerated these gains, driven by adjustments and enhanced regimens. A key change allowed teams to pre-condition kicking balls (known as K-balls) without prior time constraints, enabling more consistent inflation and surface preparation that favors distance and accuracy without altering ball . Combined with specialized , this has led to a continued high volume of longer attempts, with 11 made 55+ yard field goals through Week 10. programs now emphasize and endurance, contributing to these outcomes. Technological aids have played a pivotal role in extending maximum ranges by approximately 5-10 yards since , primarily through and targeted strength protocols. High-speed cameras and motion-capture software allow kickers to refine approach and leg swing , optimizing power transfer for greater distance. Concurrently, resistance-based —focusing on hip flexors, glutes, and —has boosted leg drive, with programs like those from specialized academies reporting measurable gains in kick and . These innovations, adopted widely post-, have elevated the professional standard beyond historical limits. Strategically, teams now attempt 55+ yard field goals far more frequently, buoyed by a success rate of approximately 70% in recent seasons compared to roughly 50% in the 2000s. This shift stems from data-driven coaching, where highlight the value of attempting long kicks over punting in field position scenarios, especially given the elevated conversion probabilities. In 2025, such attempts occur about twice as often per game as a decade ago, transforming long-range kicking from a gamble into a core offensive weapon.

Techniques and Comparisons

Placekicking Technique

The placekicking technique for field goals in primarily employs the soccer-style method, where the kicker approaches the ball at an angle and strikes it with the instep of the foot to generate power, accuracy, and height. This approach revolutionized kicking in the starting in the , with pioneers like introducing it for better control and distance compared to the straight-on style. The process begins with the snap from the to the holder, who positions the ball laces out—pointing away from the kicker—to ensure clean contact and minimize spin that could deflect the trajectory. The holder places the ball vertically on the or ground, with the laces oriented outward to expose the smooth panel for the kicker's instep. Following the , which ideally reaches the holder in 1.25 to 1.28 seconds for optimal timing, the executes a standard run-up consisting of two to three steps backward from the ball and two steps to the side (left for right-footed kickers), creating an angled approach of about four to five steps, typically at approximately 45 degrees to the , toward the ball. This measured run-up allows the kicker to build without violating rules against forward motion at the snap, while aligning the body squarely to the goalposts. The plant foot—the non-kicking foot—is positioned firmly and flat on the ground, approximately one foot away from the ball and slightly ahead of it (downfield), angled toward the target to provide and direct energy forward; optimal placement ensures the knee is over the foot for balance and prevents the body from leaning excessively. Key emphasize instep for a straight , with the kicking foot's ankle locked, toes pointed downward and outward, striking the ball's "sweet spot"—about 1.5 to 2.5 inches below the widest on the inner —to maximize and . The hips remain square to the target, thrusting forward as the kicking leg swings through, while the upper body leans slightly back and the head stays over the plant foot's outside edge for balance; the non-kicking arm swings forward to counterbalance. This aims for a peaking at around 10 feet within the first 7 yards to provide sufficient hang time—typically 1.8 to 2.2 seconds total for mid-range kicks—to clear the defensive line's rushers, who penetrate up to 7-10 yards deep. To optimize range, kickers maintain the same run-up length regardless of distance, relying instead on leg speed, hip , and follow-through extension toward the target to generate power for longer attempts (50+ yards), as extending the approach risks timing disruptions from the or . Ball lacing orientation remains consistent (laces out), but for extended range, kickers may slightly adjust contact height on the to lower the while preserving over blockers, prioritizing a balanced swing over forceful over-kicking. Common faults like poor timing—such as an errant or delayed —or holder fumbles disrupt this rhythm, often forcing rushed or off-balance kicks that reduce accuracy and by an estimated 3-5 yards due to incomplete power transfer or altered contact. These errors, occurring in about 5-10% of attempts historically, underscore the need for synchronized special teams execution to preserve maximum potential distance.

Kicking vs. Punting

Field goal kicking and punting represent two core special teams plays in , each with unique objectives that influence their execution and outcomes. A is attempted from the to score three points by directing the ball between the opponent's goalposts and over the crossbar, typically when a team is within reasonable distance of the end zone during offensive drives. In contrast, punting occurs on fourth down, when a team elects to forgo further offensive plays, instead aiming to surrender possession while optimizing field position by forcing the opposing offense to begin their drive deep in their own territory. This distinction underscores punting's role in defensive strategy rather than direct scoring. In terms of range, attempts in the are generally limited to about 70 yards due to practical constraints on accuracy and power, with the longest successful kick recorded at 68 yards by kicker Cam Little in 2025. Punts, by comparison, achieve an average net distance of approximately yards across , as measured after accounting for returns and touchbacks, though individual punts can exceed 70 yards under ideal conditions. However, punting prioritizes hang time—often 4.5 seconds or more—over maximum distance to enable coverage players to contest returns and prevent big gains by the receiving team. The techniques for these plays diverge significantly to align with their goals. Placekicking for goals relies on a holder—usually the punter—who receives a short and positions the upright on the ground or a small , allowing the to approach at an angle and strike the ball's side for a controlled, end-over-end flight focused on precision and distance. Punting, however, involves the punter receiving a longer , dropping the from chest height, and contacting it just before it hits the ground to generate a tight spiral, which promotes a high and extended air time for better coverage. These differences in ball handling and contact point make the skills non-overlapping, often requiring specialized players. Strategically, both plays can involve attempts exceeding 50 yards, but their emphases differ markedly. Long field goals demand exact placement to thread the uprights, rewarding who balance power with accuracy in high-stakes scoring scenarios. Long punts, conversely, emphasize directional punting—such as coffin-corner kicks toward the sidelines—to pin opponents inside their 20-yard line, accepting lower pinpoint accuracy in favor of overall field position and return denial through hang time and rollout. This overlap highlights how evolving kicker reliability has expanded ranges, while punting innovations continue to refine coverage tactics.

Special Cases and Records

Drop Kicks

A for a involves the releasing the ball from their hands, allowing it to touch the ground, and then striking it on the first bounce to impart a higher and loft compared to a . This technique originated from influences in early and was the primary method for attempting field goals and extra points in the sport's formative years, particularly before the 1940s when footballs were more rounded and watermelon-shaped, facilitating a predictable bounce. In the early 1900s, enabled successful at distances up to 55 yards, with notable examples including Paddy Driscoll's 55-yard for the against the in 1924, which remained the unofficial record for field goal range until 1953, and Jim Thorpe's 50-yard earlier in the decade. These achievements were common in the 's inaugural years from 1920 to 1933, but the practice declined sharply after 1934 when the league standardized the football to a slimmer, more pointed prolate spheroid shape, which reduced the ball's bounce consistency and made unreliable for distance and accuracy. By the 1940s, had largely been replaced by place kicks using specialized holders and tees, with the last successful field goal occurring in 1941 when Ray McLean converted one for the in the championship game. Drop kicks offered advantages in power for longer attempts due to the natural spin and loft from the but were disadvantaged by lower accuracy and a maximum approximately 10-15 yards shorter than modern place kicks, as the technique sacrificed precision for height. They were particularly suited to short-range kicks in adverse field conditions like , where the could provide without relying on a holder, though poor often disrupted the unpredictable ground contact. In contemporary play, drop kicks remain legal under rules for field goals but are exceedingly rare, with the last successful use for points being Doug Flutie's extra-point conversion via for the New England Patriots against the on January 1, 2006—the first such attempt since 1941—executed in a lopsided game where it added no strategic value but marked a nostalgic revival of the obsolete method.

Record Holders

The longest field goal in NFL regular-season history is 68 yards, achieved by Cam Little of the as time expired in the first half during a 30-29 victory against the Las Vegas Raiders on November 2, 2025. This kick surpassed the previous mark of 66 yards set by of the , who bounced the ball off the crossbar and through the uprights as time expired for a 19-17 win over the on September 26, 2021. Other prominent long-distance achievements include a 65-yard field goal by of the in a 28-25 loss to the on September 22, 2024, and a 64-yard effort by of the as time expired in the first half of a 51-28 win over the on December 8, 2013. These feats highlight advancements in kicking technology and technique, with multiple kickers reaching 61 yards or more in various seasons, such as Prater's earlier marks. In the 2025 preseason, Little also kicked a 70-yard field goal against the on August 9, 2025, the longest in history.
YardsKickerTeamDateOpponent
68Cam LittleJaguarsNovember 2, 2025Raiders
66September 26, 2021Lions
65September 22, 2024
64BroncosDecember 8, 2013
In NFL postseason play, the longest field goal stands at 58 yards, first accomplished by of the in a 17-16 wild-card victory over the on January 12, 1991, and later tied by of the in a 33-23 win against the during the 2018 wild-card round. Environmental factors like wind and altitude have influenced notable long kicks, including Jason Elam's record-tying 63-yard for the against the on October 25, 1998, at the high-altitude . Regarding accuracy on long attempts, holds one of the highest career success rates from 50 yards and longer at approximately 73.6% (64-of-87 through 2024). For single-season volume, established the record with 14 makes from 50-plus yards during the 2024 campaign for the .

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