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Kick

A kick is a strike or thrust delivered with the foot, leg, or knee, typically targeting an opponent or object.^[1]^[2] In martial arts, combat sports, and self-defense, kicks serve as offensive and defensive techniques, leveraging the leg's power and range for greater impact compared to hand strikes.^[3]

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

A kick in martial arts is defined as a percussive striking technique executed primarily with the leg, foot, or knee, setting it apart from upper-body punches or grappling maneuvers that emphasize holds and throws.^[4] This method leverages the body's lower extremities for impact, utilizing areas such as the heel, ball of the foot, shin, or knee to deliver force.^[4] The primary purposes of kicks encompass offensive power generation, enabled by the superior strength of leg muscles over arm muscles; establishing or restoring distance in combat; unbalancing opponents to create openings; and precisely targeting vulnerabilities like the head, torso, or lower limbs.^[4] For instance, low kicks can impair mobility by striking the legs, while high kicks aim to concuss or disorient.^[5] Kicks have been central to unarmed combat systems worldwide, such as karate, taekwondo, and Muay Thai, where they embody cultural and practical significance. Fundamentally, a kick consists of chambering, where the knee lifts to coil potential energy; extension, thrusting the limb to maximize impact velocity; and retraction, swiftly withdrawing to evade counters and reset stance.^[6] These phases optimize efficiency in various disciplines.

Biomechanics

The biomechanics of effective kicking in martial arts relies on coordinated hip rotation and torque generation to maximize power and precision. Hip rotation serves as the primary driver, with rapid pelvic axial rotation initiating the motion and transferring rotational energy from the torso to the lower body.^[7] Torque is generated through hip abduction and knee extension, often at angular velocities exceeding 700 degrees per second, enabling efficient linear momentum transfer from the body's core to the striking limb.^[7] Angular velocity in leg swings further enhances strike speed, with elite practitioners achieving foot velocities of 7-12 m/s, depending on the kick type and expertise level.^[8] Key muscle groups and joint actions underpin these dynamics. The quadriceps, particularly the rectus femoris, drive knee extension and provide sustained force during the kicking phase, showing peak activation early in the motion.^[9] Gluteus maximus contributes to hip power and stability, activating later to support retraction and overall propulsion.^[9] Hip flexors and abductors initiate the swing, while hamstrings assist in control; joint actions like hip flexion and knee lock ensure a rigid structure for optimal energy transfer without collapse.^[7] From a physics perspective, the destructive potential of a kick stems from its kinetic energy, calculated as
KE = \frac{1}{2} m v^2
where m represents the effective mass of the kicking leg and v is the impact velocity. This quadratic relationship emphasizes velocity's outsized role, as doubling speed quadruples energy output; for instance, velocities around 10 m/s can yield energies sufficient to fracture boards (approximately 5 J minimum). Leg length provides additional leverage, acting as an extended lever arm that amplifies torque and angular momentum in rotational kicks, with studies showing positive correlations between limb length and kick speed in side kicks. Maintaining balance and stability is crucial, primarily through strategic base leg positioning that creates a stable pivot against ground reaction forces. The support leg absorbs and redirects these forces—up to 4 Nm/kg at the hip—preventing falls and enabling full bodyweight commitment to the strike, with mediolateral stability directly influencing overall kick velocity and accuracy.^[10]

History

Origins

The earliest evidence of organized unarmed combat appears in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings from around 2000 BCE at Beni Hasan, depicting wrestling techniques that include holds and throws targeting the limbs.^[11]^[12] These illustrations suggest systematic fighting methods used in military training and ritual displays.^[13] In India, Kalaripayattu emerged as one of the oldest documented martial arts systems incorporating kicks, with origins traced to the 3rd century BCE in the region of modern-day Kerala.^[14] This southern Indian tradition integrated powerful leg strikes, sweeps, and jumps with strikes and grappling, reflecting influences from ancient warfare and philosophical practices during the Chera kingdom era.^[15] Chinese martial arts contributed significantly to the development of kicking techniques, with the Shaolin Temple—established in the 5th century CE during the Northern Wei Dynasty—becoming a key center for their refinement.^[16] Practices at Shaolin emphasized practical, low-level kicks alongside punches and blocks, designed for self-defense and physical conditioning among Buddhist monks facing bandit threats.^[17] Kicking methods spread through trade routes like the Silk Road, where martial artists and merchants exchanged techniques across Asia, influencing Southeast Asian styles such as Muay Thai by the 16th century under King Naresuan's reign.^[18]^[19] In Europe, pre-modern documentation from 18th-century boxing manuals references rudimentary kicks in unregulated bare-knuckle fights, though formalized rules increasingly restricted them to fist-based combat.^[20]

Evolution in Martial Arts

In the early 20th century, Gichin Funakoshi played a pivotal role in modernizing karate by introducing Okinawan techniques, including kicks, to mainland Japan starting in 1921, where he synthesized a comprehensive system of strikes and movements adapted to Japanese contexts.^[21] This integration emphasized linear forms and philosophical elements, renaming traditional kata and shifting terminology from karate-jutsu to karate-do by 1929 to highlight its non-weapon nature.^[21] Building on this foundation, higher kicks such as mawashi geri and yoko geri were refined in the following decades, expanding karate's kicking arsenal beyond Okinawan roots.^[21] Following Korea's independence in 1945, taekwondo emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s as a unified martial art blending indigenous styles like taekkyeon with Japanese karate influences, placing a strong emphasis on high, fast kicks for agility and power.^[22] This development occurred through the establishment of kwans, or schools, such as Chung Do Kwan in 1944, which incorporated dynamic leg techniques into military and civilian training.^[22] General Choi Hong-hi further standardized taekwondo in 1955 by naming it Taekwon-Do and securing official presidential endorsement from South Korea's first president, Dr. Syngman Rhee, to promote it as a national discipline focused on precise, high-impact kicks.^[23] During the 1960s, Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do popularized hybrid kicking approaches by blending Wing Chun's close-range principles with savate's low, sweeping kicks, creating versatile techniques for real-world application.^[24] In the 1990s, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) validated kicks within mixed martial arts through early no-holds-barred events, where strikers from kickboxing backgrounds demonstrated their effectiveness against grapplers, accelerating MMA's evolution to include integrated leg strikes. Meanwhile, capoeira's acrobatic kicks influenced 1970s breakdancing in New York City's Bronx, as Brazilian master Jelon Vieira's performances and classes from 1975 to 1979 exposed local youth to spinning and evasive leg movements that shaped urban dance hybrids.^[25] Recent trends have seen kicks integrated into fitness regimens, with cardio kickboxing programs originating in 1992 as a non-contact aerobic adaptation of full-contact techniques, emphasizing punching and kicking for cardiovascular health.^[26] In esports, virtual simulations of martial arts kicks have gained traction, as evidenced by the 2023 Olympic Esports Series in Singapore, where participants used VR and motion-tracking to execute taekwondo kicks in competitive, contact-free matches.^[27] These digital formats promote accessibility and fairness, allowing diverse athletes to engage in simulated sparring focused on kick precision and strategy.^[27]

Basic Kicks

Front Kick

The front kick, known as mae-geri in karate and ap chagi in taekwondo, is a foundational linear striking technique executed by thrusting the leg straight forward in a snapping or pushing motion. To perform it, the practitioner begins in a balanced stance, chambers the knee of the kicking leg high toward the chest with the foot flexed and toes pulled back, then extends the leg rapidly while thrusting the hips forward for power, striking with the ball of the foot or heel. The leg is then retracted quickly to the starting position to maintain balance and prevent counterattacks.^[28]^[29]^[30] Common target areas for the front kick include the solar plexus, groin, or face, depending on the height and intent of the strike, allowing it to disrupt an opponent's breathing, mobility, or vision. A notable variation is the push kick, or teep in Muay Thai, which emphasizes a stiff-legged thrust to the midsection rather than a full snap, primarily for controlling distance and off-balancing an adversary without committing to deeper engagement.^[28]^[30]^[31] This kick's advantages lie in its speed and minimal wind-up, enabling rapid deployment from either the front or rear leg with direct power transfer and low risk of telegraphing the motion, making it a staple in karate sparring and taekwondo competitions. However, a frequent error is overextension of the leg beyond the target, which compromises balance and exposes the kicker to grabs or counters, often exacerbated by insufficient hip thrust or poor weight distribution on the supporting leg.^[29]^[28]^[32]

Side Kick

The side kick is a linear, thrusting strike that delivers penetrating force through hip rotation and extension, making it suitable for targeting an opponent's midline. In martial arts such as taekwondo and savate, it emphasizes body alignment for maximum power, distinguishing it from more direct extensions like the front kick.^[33]^[34] Execution begins with the practitioner turning the body sideways into a profile stance, pivoting on the supporting foot while chambering the kicking knee diagonally across the body to align the hips. The leg then thrusts outward in a straight line, striking with the heel for deep penetration or the blade of the foot (outer edge) for slicing impact, followed by a quick rechamber to maintain balance. In taekwondo, known as yeop chagi, this involves flexing the abdominals during extension to enhance drive; in savate, the chassé lateral employs a similar piston-like action, often from the lead leg with the knee flexed toward the opposite shoulder before full extension.^[33]^[34]^[33] Common targets include the ribs, kidneys, or head, with the heel ideal for compressing vital areas like the torso, while lower variations can disrupt an opponent's base. A spinning side kick variation adds rotational momentum by pivoting 360 degrees before chambering, increasing velocity and reach for surprise attacks.^[33]^[34] Its strengths lie in generating high force through linear body alignment and hip thrust, often surpassing other basic kicks in impact due to the full engagement of the core and legs. This makes it prevalent in taekwondo for sparring and breaking, and in savate for distance control and counters.^[35]^[33]^[34] Limitations include the need for significant hip and leg flexibility to achieve proper chamber and height, which can limit beginners without dedicated stretching. Additionally, the sideways turn and chamber create a slower setup compared to a front kick's direct path, potentially exposing the practitioner during preparation.^[36]^[33]

Roundhouse Kick

The roundhouse kick is a versatile circular striking technique employed in various martial arts, characterized by a whipping motion that generates significant power through rotational dynamics. In execution, the practitioner pivots on the ball of the base foot while swinging the striking leg in an arc toward the target, typically impacting with the shin in styles like Muay Thai or the instep in others such as karate. Hip rotation plays a crucial role, providing torque that amplifies the force of the strike as the body turns in coordination with the leg's path.^[37]^[38] Common targets for the roundhouse kick include the opponent's midsection, thighs, or head, allowing for adaptability in range and intent. Lower variations, aimed at the thighs or calves, are particularly prevalent in mixed martial arts (MMA) as leg checks to disrupt an adversary's mobility and base. The power primarily derives from centrifugal force generated by the rotational swing of the leg, which transfers momentum from the hips and core into the impact.^[37]^[39] Variations in the roundhouse kick include the chambered style, where the knee is lifted high before extension for a snappier delivery, versus the full swing approach that emphasizes a fluid, bat-like motion with minimal chambering for greater torque and follow-through. These differences are prominent in Muay Thai and kickboxing, where the full swing with shin impact maximizes damage while maintaining balance for continuous combinations.^[40]^[38]

Back Kick

The back kick, also known as dwit chagi in Korean martial arts, is executed as a defensive rear strike without requiring a full body rotation. To perform it, the practitioner glances over the shoulder to locate the target, chambers the rear leg by lifting the knee toward the chest while maintaining balance, and then drives the heel straight backward in a linear extension to impact the opponent.^[41] This technique emphasizes hip extension and a stable base, drawing on the extension mechanics outlined in broader biomechanics of kicks.^[42] Common targets for the back kick include the groin, abdomen, or knees of an assailant approaching from behind, making it particularly effective for countering pursuits or surprise attacks in self-defense scenarios.^[43] In hapkido, where it is termed dwi-chagi, the kick serves as a key tool for redirecting rear threats through precise, power-generating strikes.^[44] Similarly, in wing chun, the back kick—often referred to as a donkey kick—targets vulnerabilities from the rear during close-quarters encounters or when facing multiple opponents.^[45] The primary advantages of the back kick lie in its surprise factor, as it exploits an attacker's approach from an unguarded angle, and its substantial power derived from the engagement of the glutes and hamstrings for explosive force.^[46] This makes it a versatile counter in arts like hapkido and wing chun, where quick, economy-of-motion responses are prioritized.^[44]^[45] However, the back kick carries risks due to limited visibility of the target and surroundings, which can lead to misses or counters if the glance over the shoulder is insufficient. Additionally, it demands strong core stability to prevent loss of balance during the chamber and extension phases.^[43]^[47]

Advanced Kicks

Axe Kick

The axe kick, also known as naeryeo chagi in taekwondo or kakato otoshi geri in karate, is a downward striking technique executed by raising the kicking leg high overhead with the knee bent and the heel pointing toward the sky, followed by a forceful vertical descent using the heel or ball of the foot to deliver a hammering blow.^[48]^[49] This motion mimics the chopping path of an axe, generating power through hip extension, knee straightening, and gravitational acceleration as the leg drives straight down. The technique can be performed from a stationary stance or with a jumping motion to increase height and momentum, allowing the practitioner to clear obstacles or evade counters while maintaining balance on the supporting leg.^[50] Primary targets for the axe kick include the opponent's collarbone, head, or spine, where the vertical trajectory exploits vulnerabilities in upright postures. A variation, the outside axe kick, involves a slight outward arc during the descent to adjust for angled positioning or to strike from the side, enhancing versatility without deviating from the core downward path.^[48]^[49] The axe kick's strengths lie in its capacity for high-impact delivery on vertical targets, leveraging overhead power generation; studies indicate impact velocities of 6.5–10.9 m/s but lower peak forces (around 123 N) compared to horizontal kicks like the roundhouse.^[51] It is a staple technique in taekwondo competitions and karate styles like Shotokan, where its precision and descending force make it effective for disrupting an opponent's balance or guard.^[48]^[50] However, executing the axe kick presents challenges, requiring significant hip and hamstring flexibility to achieve the necessary height, as well as precise timing to align the descent with the target's exposure and avoid interception by faster horizontal counters.^[48]^[49]

Hook Kick

The hook kick is an intermediate-level martial arts technique characterized by an inward-curving trajectory, where the kicking leg swings in a circular path before hooking sharply toward the target with the heel or sole of the foot, ending in a snap for maximum impact. In Taekwondo, it is known as huryeo chagi (후려차기), executed by extending the leg, bending the knee, and whipping the foot sideways to strike with the bottom of the heel (dwichuk), back of the heel (dwikkumchi), or flat sole (balbadak).^[52] In Savate, the equivalent is the revers, a hooking kick delivered with the sole of the shoe, either frontally (revers frontal) or laterally (revers lateral), emphasizing precision and agility.^[53] This kick primarily targets the head or neck, such as the jaw (teog) or temple (gwanjanoli), with the goal of delivering knockouts through whipping force.^[52] A common variation is the spinning hook kick (dwi huryeo chagi), which incorporates full body rotation to generate additional momentum and unpredictability, often used in competitions for its dynamic entry angle.^[52] The hook kick's primary advantage lies in its deceptive arc, which simulates a miss—aiming slightly off-target before snapping back—allowing it to bypass straight-line blocks and catch opponents off-guard, making it highly effective in sparring as a follow-up to a feinted side kick.^[52] The technique is a modern staple in Taekwondo competitions, though it was less emphasized in traditional forms due to its demands on flexibility and timing. In Savate, the revers adds strategic depth when combined with boxing elements.^[53]^[52] Proper execution requires maintaining balance during the inward curve, achieved by extending the opposite arm as a counterweight while pivoting on the supporting foot, which helps stabilize the body and enhances the kick's speed and accuracy.^[52]

Spinning and Crescent Kicks

Spinning kicks in martial arts involve a full-body rotation initiated prior to the leg's extension, harnessing centrifugal force to amplify power and reach. Examples include the spinning roundhouse kick (dwi dollyo chagi) and spinning back kick (dollyo dwi chagi), where the practitioner pivots on the supporting foot while turning the torso and hips away from the target before whipping the striking leg through.^[54] In Taekwondo, these techniques are emphasized for their deceptive angles and are rewarded with additional points in competition rules, such as four points for a valid spinning kick to the head.^[55] Key techniques for spinning kicks focus on precise timing to ensure hip alignment at the moment of impact, maximizing torque from the rotational momentum while maintaining balance through a stable base and controlled arm swing for counter-rotation. This alignment allows the hips to drive the kick forward, converting the spin's angular velocity into linear force.^[56] Such methods are integral to styles like Taekwondo, where practitioners train to synchronize the spin with explosive hip thrust for optimal execution.^[57] Crescent kicks feature a sweeping arc that curves across the opponent's body, with the outside variant moving from outer to inner path and the inside variant reversing to inner-to-outer, striking with the foot's edge or heel. These target the head for disruption or legs for sweeps, generating force through hip abduction and a bent knee that straightens at extension.^[58] In Wushu, the inward crescent kick (li he tui) requires the kicking leg to transition from a bent position to full extension while the supporting leg remains straight and grounded.^[59] Both spinning and crescent kicks offer enhanced speed and unpredictability compared to linear or basic circular strikes, as the rotational elements create unconventional trajectories that evade blocks and exploit openings. Spinning variations, in particular, increase impact forces—up to 6400 N in roundhouse forms—by engaging proximal-to-distal kinetic chains for greater velocity, reaching up to approximately 18 m/s.^[51] These benefits are evident in combat sports like Taekwondo and Wushu, where they provide tactical surprise and higher scoring potential.^[58]

Flying and Aerial Kicks

Flying and aerial kicks in martial arts are dynamic techniques that leverage jumps or leaps to generate momentum, allowing practitioners to strike from greater distances and heights while incorporating acrobatic elements. These kicks emphasize athleticism and spectacle, distinguishing them from grounded strikes by requiring an airborne phase that amplifies power through forward propulsion and rotational force. Primarily featured in styles like taekwondo and hapkido, they are executed after a run-up to maximize elevation and speed, targeting high areas such as the head or upper body in open spaces.^[60] Flying side and back kicks exemplify this category, where the practitioner jumps off the base leg to propel the body forward, thrusting the opposite leg mid-air to extend reach and cover significant distance. In the flying side kick (ttwieo-yeop-chagi), the kicking leg chambers and extends laterally with the heel as the striking surface, while the supporting leg tucks for balance during the jump; the back kick variation mirrors this but directs the heel rearward for a thrusting motion against retreating opponents. These techniques demand precise timing to maintain control, with the jumper landing on both feet in a balanced stance to avoid vulnerability.^[60]^[61] Aerial variations add rotational complexity, such as the tornado kick, a spinning jump roundhouse that combines a 360-degree body turn with a whipping roundhouse strike for deceptive power and surprise. Showtime kicks, like the 540-degree hook kick seen in taekwondo demonstrations, involve a full aerial rotation—jumping off one leg, spinning twice, and delivering a hooking strike with the heel—often performed for exhibition to showcase agility and precision. Execution of these kicks typically begins with a run-up to build horizontal momentum and height, followed by a coordinated leap where the arms chamber for rotation, the core stabilizes the spin, and the landing emphasizes balance to prepare for follow-up actions; they are ideally suited for high strikes against taller targets in spacious environments.^[62]^[60] Historically, flying and aerial kicks gained prominence in the 1970s through martial arts films and competitions, where their visual flair captivated global audiences and elevated their status in demonstrations. Films like Enter the Dragon (1973) showcased Bruce Lee's innovative use of such techniques, blending realism with acrobatics to popularize them beyond traditional dojos. In taekwondo competitions emerging around the same era, these kicks became staples for scoring dramatic points and entertaining crowds, solidifying their role in modern martial arts spectacle.^[63]^[64]

Other Variations

The butterfly kick is a dynamic aerial maneuver originating from Wushu traditions, involving a flipping motion where the legs execute a scissoring action to generate rotational momentum and facilitate a smooth transition in mid-air.^[65] This technique requires a prerequisite cartwheel for entry, with the performer positioning the base foot extended, dipping the upper body in a U-shaped arc, and swinging the legs in opposition to propel the body into a horizontal twist while maintaining balance through arm extension.^[66] Primarily employed in tricking—a modern hybrid of martial arts, gymnastics, and breakdancing—the butterfly kick serves as the foundational element for advanced variations like the butterfly twist, emphasizing fluidity and body control over direct striking power.^[65] The scissor kick employs a crossing leg motion mid-strike to clamp, sweep, or destabilize an opponent, blending striking elements from martial arts with grappling mechanics common in wrestling hybrids.^[67] In its jumping form, the practitioner leaps while swinging both legs in a scissor-like pattern to simultaneously target multiple foes or execute a takedown, often seen in demonstrations or forms rather than practical combat due to its high risk and coordination demands.^[67] For wrestling applications, the technique involves wrapping and squeezing the legs around the opponent's lower body or limbs to unbalance them, generating momentum through hip rotation and body twist for a sweeping throw.^[68] Machine gun kicks refer to a sequence of rapid, low-level alternating front kicks delivered in quick succession to maintain offensive pressure and disrupt an opponent's rhythm, particularly in point-sparring formats of taekwondo.^[69] The mechanics involve chambering the knee low to the ground for each strike, using the ball of the foot or toes for speed and precision, while shifting weight minimally between kicks to sustain the barrage without losing balance. This variation appears in savate as well, adapted for shoe-based low kicks that emphasize footwork and endurance to wear down defenses in competitive exchanges.^[70] The L-kick, also known as the E-kick, features a bent-knee configuration forming an L-shape with the leg, delivering a thrusting push for balance disruption or control, and is less commonly emphasized but integral to capoeira's acrobatic arsenal.^[71] Execution begins by planting one hand for support, lifting the non-kicking leg to initiate a switch, then extending the kicking leg forward in a vertical thrust while keeping the knee flexed at approximately 90 degrees to target the midsection or legs.^[71] Vertical thrust variations in capoeira extend this into upright pushes, leveraging hip drive and core tension for controlled, deceptive strikes that integrate seamlessly with the art's flowing ginga rhythm.^[72]

Applications

Combat and Self-Defense

In real-world combat scenarios, low kicks targeting the opponent's legs serve as a primary tactical tool for impairing mobility and balance, often striking the peroneal nerve or quadriceps to cause immediate pain and reduce the target's ability to move effectively or launch attacks.^[73] These strikes are prioritized in unregulated fighting due to their cumulative damage, which accumulates over repeated applications to hinder evasion or pursuit without exposing the kicker to close-range counters.^[74] Mid-level kicks to the torso, such as roundhouse or hook variations aimed at the ribs or liver, function to stun or incapacitate by disrupting breathing and inducing shock, creating brief windows for escape or additional offense in confined spaces.^[75] Liver-targeted body kicks, in particular, can trigger vagus nerve stimulation, leading to temporary muscle shutdown and disorientation that neutralizes threats at mid-range.^[76] For civilian self-defense, front and side kicks excel in generating distance against aggressors attempting grabs or advances, delivering a thrusting push to the midsection or groin that repels the attacker while maintaining the defender's balance and positioning.^[77]^[78] The front kick, executed with the ball of the foot, is especially practical for untrained individuals under stress, as it requires minimal wind-up and can target sensitive areas to deter without prolonged engagement.^[79] Side kicks offer similar utility against lateral grabs, using the heel for penetrating power to break holds and restore separation.^[78] However, legal frameworks in the United States emphasize proportionality; kicks must constitute reasonable force in response to an imminent threat, as excessive or preemptive use may result in charges of assault if deemed unnecessary under state self-defense statutes.^[80]^[81] Courts evaluate factors like the defender's training level, with martial arts expertise potentially heightening scrutiny for overreaction.^[82] In mixed martial arts (MMA), kicks integrate seamlessly with punches and takedowns to exploit defensive reactions, such as feinting a low kick to draw a check before chaining into a jab-cross for head exposure or using a body kick to off-balance for a double-leg takedown entry.^[83]^[84] This combination amplifies effectiveness in survival-oriented fights, where a leg kick compromises stance, allowing punches to accumulate damage and takedowns to transition to ground control.^[85] A prominent example of a kick's combat impact is Mirko Cro Cop's left high roundhouse kick knockout against Mark Hunt at PRIDE Final Conflict on August 28, 2005, where the strike dropped Hunt instantly after a mid-fight exchange, underscoring the precision and power of kicks in high-stakes professional bouts. Basic kick forms, such as the side and front variations detailed in foundational techniques, underpin these advanced applications in combat contexts.^[78]

Sports and Competition

In Olympic Taekwondo, which debuted as a full medal sport at the 2000 Sydney Games, sparring competitions emphasize high kicks to the head for higher scoring potential; as updated for the 2024 Paris Olympics, matches are contested in three two-minute rounds in a best-of-three format (with scores resetting after each round) separated by one-minute breaks.^[86] Scoring uses an electronic protector and scoring system, awarding 3 points for a standard kick to the head and 5 points for a turning kick to the head, compared to 2 points for a standard kick to the trunk and 4 points for a turning kick to the trunk; punches to the trunk score only 1 point, underscoring the sport's focus on kicking techniques.^[86] In kickboxing and Muay Thai ring competitions, kicks integrate with punches, knees, and elbows under eight-limb rules, allowing strikes from clinch positions where fighters can deliver knee strikes while controlling the opponent, though wrestling or throws are prohibited.^[87] Leg kicks to the thigh are common, often countered by leg checks using the shin to block incoming strikes, with clinching limited to immediate attacks in kickboxing variants to prevent prolonged grappling.^[88] In Muay Thai specifically, clinch work facilitates knee integrations to the body or head, enhancing the tactical use of kicks in close range.^[87] Mixed martial arts (MMA) under Unified Rules, as applied in UFC events, permits stand-up kick exchanges as a core striking element, but restricts grounded kicks, prohibiting strikes to the head of a downed opponent and stomping entirely to prioritize safety.^[89] Judging in Taekwondo demonstrations, such as poomsae forms, for freestyle variations evaluates Technical Skills (up to 6.0 points out of 10), including the difficulty and accuracy of movements with deductions for errors, and Presentation (up to 4.0 points), emphasizing creativity, originality, harmony with music, and expression of energy.^[90]

Practical Limitations

High kicks, especially those targeting the head, impose significant practical limitations in real-world applications such as MMA due to the speed-accuracy trade-off inherent in their execution. The greater distance the leg must travel results in lower velocity and reduced accuracy compared to lower-target kicks, leading to slower recovery times and diminished balance upon landing or missing.^[51] This vulnerability is exacerbated by the potential for opponents to exploit the momentary exposure, such as through leg grabs or takedowns. Analyses from the 2010s highlight the low success rates of head kicks in MMA, with representative examples showing landing percentages under 30% for significant attempts among specialized strikers.^[91] Environmental conditions can severely hinder kick execution, particularly for high or complex variations. Slippery surfaces like wet grass, ice, or polished floors compromise footing and increase the likelihood of slips, making it difficult to generate power or maintain stability during the technique.^[92] Similarly, non-athletic clothing—whether loose pants that tangle around the legs or tight garments that restrict hip flexion—can impede full range of motion and reduce the kick's precision and force.^[93] Compared to punches, kicks provide superior reach for controlling distance but are inherently slower to initiate and recover from, rendering punches preferable in scenarios demanding rapid exchanges. While kicks excel in open-range engagements, they become riskier in confined spaces, such as clinches or tight urban environments, where limited room amplifies balance issues and limits setup opportunities.^[94] To address these challenges, many practitioners emphasize training low kicks as a practical adaptation, as they preserve better balance, demand less recovery time, and achieve higher contact rates while still delivering substantial impact to disrupt an opponent's mobility.^[74]

Training and Safety

Learning Techniques

Beginner practitioners typically start with foundational drills to develop proper form and technique before progressing to more complex kicks. Shadow kicking, performed without a target or opponent, allows individuals to focus on alignment, balance, and smooth execution of basic movements such as front and side kicks.^[95] Once form is established, partner pad drills introduce power generation, where a holder presents pads for controlled strikes, emphasizing hip rotation and follow-through while starting with low-impact targets to build confidence.^[96] Progression in kicking proficiency involves integrated physical conditioning to enhance range, force, and velocity. Flexibility exercises, such as dynamic stretches like leg swings or static holds including hamstring stretches and side straddles, significantly improve kicking height and performance, as demonstrated in studies on karate practitioners where six months of routine stretching elevated skill levels from needing improvement to good proficiency.^[97] Strength training targets the lower body through exercises like squats, which build the quadriceps and glutes essential for explosive drive, while speed drills incorporate interval repetitions—such as rapid sets of 10-20 kicks with short rests—to increase reaction time and endurance.^[98] These elements align with basic biomechanical principles of force production, where coordinated muscle activation optimizes kick trajectory.^[96] Effective teaching methods emphasize self-assessment and contextual application to refine skills. Mirror work enables practitioners to observe their posture and limb positioning in real-time during slow-motion repetitions, correcting deviations like improper knee alignment.^[95] Video analysis further supports improvement by allowing review of recorded sessions against instructional models, with research showing it enhances precision in techniques like capoeira kicks through targeted feedback on timing and form.^[99] Kicks are then incorporated into katas—prearranged forms—for memorization and flow, or sparring sessions to apply them dynamically against resistance.^[96] Adaptations for different skill levels ensure accessibility and safety. For children, simplified versions reduce complexity, such as using games like "kick alphabet" drills where they trace letters in the air with their extended leg to build control and fun engagement without full power.^[100] In fitness classes, modifications focus on non-contact shadow work or lower-height targets to prioritize conditioning over combat intensity, accommodating varied physical abilities.^[95]

Injury Prevention

Common injuries associated with kicking techniques in martial arts include hamstring strains, often resulting from overextension during high or rapid kicks, which can cause muscle tears ranging from mild to severe.^[101] Ankle sprains are common in martial arts, leading to ligament damage in the joint.^[102] Groin pulls are prevalent in high kicks, where sudden stretching of the adductor muscles can result in strains that limit mobility and require extended recovery.^[103] To prevent these injuries, practitioners should incorporate thorough warm-ups, such as 10-15 minutes of dynamic stretches and light cardiovascular exercises, to increase blood flow and muscle elasticity before engaging in kicking drills.^[104] Proper footwear, like supportive martial arts shoes or going barefoot on padded mats for better grip, helps stabilize the foot and ankle during impacts and landings.^[105] Gradual progression in training intensity and volume is essential to avoid overuse, allowing the body to adapt through incremental increases in kick height, speed, and frequency under supervision.^[106] For recovery from acute kicking-related injuries, the RICE method—rest to avoid further strain, ice to reduce swelling, compression to minimize inflammation, and elevation to promote drainage—is a standard initial approach, although clinical evidence for its effectiveness is limited according to a 2012 systematic review.^[107] However, more recent guidelines recommend the PEACE and LOVE protocol as an updated approach for soft-tissue injuries, emphasizing protection, elevation, avoiding anti-inflammatories, compression, and education (PEACE) in the acute phase (first 1–3 days), followed by load, optimism, vascularization, and exercise (LOVE) for subacute recovery.^[108] Ongoing joint conditioning, including targeted strengthening exercises for the hamstrings, ankles, and hips, aids long-term resilience and reduces recurrence risk.^[109] In taekwondo tournaments, lower extremity issues such as ankle sprains are common, with ankle injuries accounting for 63% of all injuries and ligamentous ankle injuries (such as sprains) comprising 49% of total injuries among elite athletes over a four-year period, highlighting the need for specialized prevention in dynamic techniques.^[110]

References

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Kick streaming: What is it & how does it work? | Epidemic Sound
May 23, 2023 · Kick is a streaming platform similar to Twitch, where viewers can subscribe, send tips, and participate in HD live streams. It is currently in ...
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Kick is a community-driven live streaming platform founded in October 2022, with a 95-5 revenue split for creators, and a creator-first model.
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Kick's first year statistics - Streams Charts
Dec 12, 2023 · The streaming platform Kick celebrated its one-year anniversary in December 2023. During this time, the service has become one of the ...
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Kick's co-founder talks creator push and growing pains - Digiday
Apr 15, 2025 · Kick's ownership group is not public, but includes Craven and his co-founders Bijan Tehrani and creator Tyler “Trainwreckstv” Niknam.Missing: history | Show results with:history
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What is Kick streaming? Safety guide for parents | Internet Matters
Kick.com is a streaming platform that shares similarities with Twitch and YouTube Live. Just like other live streaming services, users can broadcast content to ...
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Kick in October 2025: Stream Fighters 4 breaks records
In October 2025, Kick recorded more than 518.4M Hours Watched, slightly increasing its overall watch time compared to last month. There was a slight decrease ...
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Kick streaming platform surpasses 25% market share milestone ...
Jul 5, 2025 · For the first time ever, they managed to grab more than 25% of the market share when competing directly against Twitch. This seems like a pretty ...
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Kicks | Karate of Stanford
Kicks include all attacks performed with the legs or feet. Since the muscles of the leg are much larger and stronger than the muscles of the arm, kicking ...
[10]
Muay Thai (kickboxing) | iTravel2Learn
Muay Thai made its first appearance in Thailand 700 years ago. It is the “art of eight limbs” martial arts because one needs to use thefist, elbows, ...
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What is Karate?
Like most martial arts, Shotokan karate has its roots in ancient China. Around 520 A.D., the founder of Zen Buddhism, Daruma (Bodhidharma), was teaching at the ...
[12]
Dr. Charles' Tae Kwon Do Page: History, Rumination, & Self-Reflection
Tae Kyon, an ancient kicking game, focused on kicks and circular movements, Subak used hand techniques, and China influenced both most obviously with the ...
[13]
Free self-defense for Asians - World Martial Arts Center
For the best results, it's important to break down the front kick into its basic five components: stance, chamber, extension, re-chambering, and foot placement.
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https://keralafolklore.com/kalaripayattu.html
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Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance
Balance control in the support leg is key for kicking performance, and postural control over the support leg is important. Balance control plays an important ...
[18]
Illuminating the Fighting History of Ancient Africa - VICE
Sep 20, 2016 · This artwork, dating to 2000 B.C.E. contains images of wrestlers on the ground, attacking the arms and legs, as well as throwing each other to ...
[19]
The beginning.... - PTAH KHI SCHOOL
The paintings feature pairs of fighters who are wrestling, as well as illustrations of warriors using other forms of unarmed combat that employ kicking and ...<|separator|>
[20]
The Earliest Representation of an Organized Fighting System
Detail of the "wrestling" paintings in tomb 15 at Beni Hassan, c. 2000 BCE. A fresco from tomb 15 Offsite Link of the Middle Kingdom at Beni Hassan Offsite ...Missing: leg strikes
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Kalaripayattu: The Ancient Martial Art Shaping Modern Fitness and ...
Mar 11, 2024 · ... 3rd century BCE. This ancient practice, born in the lush landscapes of Kerala, is not merely a form of combat but a discipline integrating ...
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Kalaripayattu: Kerala's Ancient Martial Art, History, Training & Healing
Kalaripayattu flourished during the **Chera kingdom**, dating back to the 3rd century BCE, and played a vital role in the military strategies of local kingdoms ...
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Tracing the Roots of Shaolin Kung Fu Back to Ancient China
Jun 21, 2025 · Shaolin kung fu, or Shaolinquan is one of the oldest extant styles of martial arts and one of the most influential. It has existed since the 6th century CE.
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Shaolin Kung Fu: The Original Mixed Martial Art
Sep 5, 2025 · The Birthplace of Integrated Combat. The Shaolin Temple was founded in the 5th century CE during the Northern Wei Dynasty. Initially a Buddhist ...Ground Fighting · 4. Shaolin Training: The... · 6. Comparing Shaolin And...
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Cultural Selection: Chinese WuShu along the Silk Roads - UNESCO
Martial arts in particular were transferred along the overland Silk Roads as those skilled in these art forms often accompanied merchants and their caravans to ...
[26]
A Brief History of Muay Thai - Nashville MMA
During the reign of King Naresuan in the 16th century, Muay Thai started to become more organized and regulated. Formal rules and a code of ethics were ...
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Boxing - Bare Knuckle, Rules, History - Britannica
Oct 26, 2025 · Boxing - Bare Knuckle, Rules, History: Boxing history picks up again with a formal bout recorded in Britain in 1681, and by 1698 regular ...
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history of okinawa karate - 日本空手道白堊会
Continuing his effort to garner widespread interest in Okinawan karate, Funakoshi ventured to mainland Japan in 1922. In 1930, Funakoshi established an ...
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A Brief History of Taekwondo - Global Martial Arts University
Aug 17, 2023 · In this article we provide a concise history of Taekwondo from the 1950s to present, from the original kwans to World Taekwondo.<|control11|><|separator|>
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General Choi Hong-Hi - The History of Taekwon-Do
General Choi Hong-Hi named Taekwon-Do in 1955. He went onto obtain official Presidential authorization from the first ROK President Dr. Seung-man Rhee when ...
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Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's Revolutionary Martial Art
Trapping: Influenced by Wing Chun, trapping in JKD involves controlling the opponent's limbs to create openings. Low Kicks: JKD emphasizes low, quick kicks ...
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Kickboxing - Wikipedia
American kickboxing originated in the 1970s and was brought to prominence in September 1974, when the Professional Karate Association (PKA) held the first World ...
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The influence of capoeira on breaking in the 1970s
Feb 15, 2019 · A collection of evidence that the influence would have been possible, maybe even likely, for teenagers in "the ghetto" of the South Bronx in the mid-to-late ...
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Cardio Kickboxing - History & Benefits - Bruce McCorry's Martial Arts
Jun 9, 2015 · By 70s, Kickboxing has made its debut in both Europe and US. ... A report by American Fitness Professionals notes how Cardio Kickboxing is an ...Missing: credible sources
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How Esports Are Changing The Game for Martial Arts
May 14, 2024 · Explore how esports are revolutionizing martial arts, from virtual competitions to betting culture attracting a new tribe of fans worldwide.Missing: trends | Show results with:trends
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Mae-geri (Front Kick) - The Martial Way
Oct 1, 2017 · The Mae-geri (Front kick) is a very common technique used in Shōtōkan Karate and amongst other martial art styles.
[37]
How to Throw a Front Kick in Karate
This is due to one's ability to quickly throw the strike with a lot of power, even though it takes minimal wind-up to execute compared to the other two main ...
[38]
Front Kick ( 앞차기 ap-chagi ) - Taekwondo Preschool
A kick (차기 chagi) is a physical strike using the foot, leg, or knee. The striker relaxes to the extent possible during the strike, tensing the muscles of ...
[39]
Mastering The Teep: How To Use Muay Thai's Push Kick To Control ...
Apr 12, 2025 · The teep is one of Muay Thai's fundamental techniques and arguably the most used strike. It's the kicking version of the jab and serves ...
[40]
Kicking your way to fitness > Team McChord > Display
Jul 21, 2006 · Some common mistakes beginners make are overextending their kicks, locking joints when throwing punches or kicks and using dumbbells when ...<|separator|>
[41]
Side Kick ( 옆차기 yeop-chagi ) - Taekwondo Preschool
The Side Kick (yeop-chagi) is a powerful kick where the knee is raised, body rotates 90 degrees, and the leg extends sideways, often using the foot blade.
[42]
Chasse | Australian Savate Homepage - WordPress.com
The body turns into a lateral profile and the kicking leg is extended out in a piston like action ('jete direct' ) . Drive the heel of the savate boot into the ...
[43]
A comparing the strength of taekwondo turning and side kicks in ...
Jun 4, 2025 · The study revealed significant differences in strength values between side kicks and turning kicks, with side kicks generally showing greater strength.
[44]
Side Kick Analysis - ElasticSteel
Jul 30, 2021 · Mastery of an Open Front Split or even better slight Over Split on the open front split guarantees enough flexibility for a vertical 180-degree ...
[45]
A biomechanical analysis of the roundhouse kicking technique ... - NIH
Aug 25, 2017 · Our findings show that several fundamental movement patterns were common to the roundhouse kicking techniques across the Muay Thai, Karate, and Taekwondo ...
[46]
Muay Thai 101: The Roundhouse Kick - Evolve MMA
Jan 15, 2018 · Start with feet shoulder-width apart, step out at 45 degrees, stay on the ball of your foot, turn your hip, and whip your hand down.
[47]
5 Basic Kicks For MMA | Evolve Daily
May 2, 2020 · The roundhouse kick is usually executed by swinging the leg in a semicircle, using momentum from centrifugal force to transfer the weight of the ...
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Roundhouse kick - karate vs muay thai version | Iain Abernethy
Dec 1, 2018 · Karate roundhouse kicks use the foot, maintain position if missed, and pivot straight. Muay Thai uses the shin, follows through if missed, and ...
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Back Kick - Martial Arts Technique - Black Belt Wiki
This page provides details on the martial arts back kick. The back kick is used in many different martial arts styles such as Taekwondo, Kung Fu, Karate, Muay ...
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4763851/
[51]
Top Ten Kicks #4: The Back Kick - YMAA
Oct 27, 2025 · Targets: Groin, abdomen, chest, floating ribs. Common in: MMA, kickboxing, karate, taekwondo, kung fu, self-defense systems. Damage: 5/5. Speed: ...
[52]
Hapkido Kicks - Black Belt Wiki
Axe Kick or Heel Down Kick – “Naeryeo-Chagi” in Korean ; Back Kick – “Dwi-Chagi” in Korean ; Crescent Kick (Inside & Outside) – “Bandal-Chagi” in Korean ; Front ...
[53]
The Complete Martial Arts Guide to Kicks (Part I) - Sifu Och Wing Chun
Aug 22, 2017 · Back Kick. Also known as a donkey kick, this kick attacks an opponent that is directly behind you. This kick is more commonly used in fights ...
[54]
How To Set Up And Throw A Spinning Back Kick - Evolve MMA
Feb 5, 2024 · Throwing a spinning back kick involves using large muscles like your back, glutes, and hamstring, which allows you to throw it with a lot more explosive power.
[55]
Improve Your Back Kicks: Workouts and Stretches for the Muscles ...
Mar 11, 2023 · Glute bridges work the glutes, which are important for the back kick. Lie on your back with your knees bent and feet on the floor, then lift ...
[56]
Karate Kick - Kakato Otoshi Geri (Axe Kick) - Black Belt Wiki
This kick is sometimes only called Kakato Geri. Kakato Otoshi Geri is the Japanese term for “dropping heel kick”. An axe kick is often used against targets such ...
[57]
Jumping Axe Kick ( 뛰어 내려차기 ttwieo-naeryeo-chagi )
The Axe Kick ( 내려차기 naeryeo-chagi ) is also known as the hammer kick, stretch kick, or thigh of obliteration kick because it is characterized by a ...
[58]
A Kinematic Analysis of the Jumping Front-Leg Axe-Kick in ... - NIH
The jumping front-leg axe-kick is a valid attacking and counterattacking technique in Taekwondo competition (Streif, 1993).Introduction · Methods · Kinematic Analysis
[59]
Impact Force and Velocities for Kicking Strikes in Combat Sports - NIH
This review aimed to explore the measurement methods, kinematics such as velocities, kinetics such as impact force, determinants, and injury potential of ...Missing: wind- | Show results with:wind-<|separator|>
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Hook Kick ( 후려차기 huryeo-chagi ) - Taekwondo Preschool
A kick (차기 chagi) is a physical strike using the foot, leg, or knee. The striker relaxes to the extent possible during the strike, tensing the muscles of ...
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Savate – 'The Unconventional Fighting Art of the French'
Dec 19, 2020 · “The foot techniques of Savate fall into four categories: low shin, side, roundhouse and reverse. Variations include kicks executed with the ...
[62]
[PDF] kinematics and kinetics of the taekwon-do turning kick jake n. pearson
The forth section focuses on research on martial arts kicks, and is divided into three sub-sections: kinematic analyses of martial arts kicks, research on the.
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[PDF] Para Taekwondo Competition Rules
A spinning foot technique refers to the spinning kick to the body “dolgae chagi”. The technique shall be performed in one continuous motion with a jump. In ...
[64]
[PDF] Biomechanical Analysis of Taekwondo Kicking Technique ...
Using biomechanical analysis, Dr Hong and his team studied athletes' kicking technique and then designed a training programme that strengthened the leg muscles ...
[65]
Maksim Khramtcov: Rise of the 'Red Machine' - World Taekwondo
Currently, he favors high roundhouse and crescent kicks. He can land the ax kick from the clinch, and wields a side kick to keep opponents out of the danger ...<|separator|>
[66]
[PDF] Wushu Taolu Competition Rules & Judging Methods (Excerpt) 2019
♢ The kicking leg does not transition from obviously bent (45° or more) to completely straight. 23. Zhuǎn Shēn Hòu Bǎi Tuǐ. (Turning Back Crescent Kick).Missing: spinning | Show results with:spinning
[67]
[PDF] 武术套路竞赛规则与裁判法（2024） WUSHU TAOLU ...
Sep 11, 2024 · 6.1.4． Lǐ Hé Tuǐ (Inward Crescent Kick): The supporting leg is straight with the sole of the foot completely flat on the floor, the other ...Missing: spinning | Show results with:spinning<|separator|>
[68]
Flying Kick ( 두발당성차기 dubaldangseong-chagi )
A flying kick correctly performed requires to land on both feet while keeping balance when finishing the kicking technique. Flying kicks are considered one of ...
[69]
Flying sidekick: 6 Common mistakes and Corrections - ElasticSteel
Jul 15, 2024 · Flying Side Kick is to run and jump with both legs. This is usually due to lack of strength to jump with one leg. Or improperly taught technique ...
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What is a tornado kick - Koryo Club
Oct 16, 2022 · The tornado kick, also known as the triple crescent, is a complex kicking technique that offers two key advantages over simply planted kicks.
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The inside story of how Bruce Lee's martial-arts epic Enter the ... - BBC
Aug 17, 2023 · Half a century has passed since Bruce Lee kicked, punched and chopped his way to international prominence in the timeless martial-arts epic ...
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History of Tae Kwon Do - National Karate
The origins of tae kwon do can be traced back to the Koguryo Dynasty, founded in 37 BC. The ceiling of the Muyong-chong (a royal tomb) bore a painting depicting ...
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Butterfly Kick - Loopkicks Tricking
A move with Wushu origins. The Butterfly Kick forms the basis of the Butterfly Twist and all the variations that follow.
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https://evolve-mma.com/blog/the-power-of-the-leg-kick-why-low-kicks-are-often-the-silent-fight-breakers/
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Scissor Kick - Martial Arts Technique - Black Belt Wiki
The Scissor Kick (or Scissors Kick) is a dramatic martial arts kick used to hit two opponents at the same time. However, this kick it is not seen by most ...
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https://selfdefensetutorials.com/the-power-of-the-front-kick/
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How to perform a savate kicks, and how can you practice it - Quora
Oct 4, 2016 · The start position should be a Boxing position, more squared towards your opponent. The legal kicks that can be performed are: roundhouse kick, ...
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L Kick / E Kick tutorial with Rashad Eugene - YouTube
Feb 23, 2021 · Learn how to do the famous L- Kick/ E-Kick trick made famous by capoeira, breakdancing and extreme martial artists. Rashad gives you a quick ...Missing: thrust mechanics
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Capoeira techniques - Expressão Paulista
First turn the body into “kebra” position, make a step to the front with the back leg, spin the body towards the kick starting from the head and shoulders. The ...
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MMA Essential Techniques: Low kicks & Sweeps - Bloody Elbow
Jul 27, 2019 · MMA Essential Techniques: Low kicks & Sweeps · Attacking the opponent's legs. · Left inside low kick · Left low kick to the back leg · Right low ...
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The Power Of The Leg Kick: Why Low Kicks Are Often The Silent ...
Oct 7, 2025 · In MMA, especially, the combination of low kicks and grappling can be deadly. Opponents with sore legs can't defend takedowns, scramble, or even ...
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Here's How To Land A Liver Shot KO In Muay Thai - Evolve MMA
When landed correctly, a liver shot will paralyze your opponent, temporarily causing his legs to go from underneath him as his muscles contract and breathing ...<|separator|>
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Analysis of the Liver Shot: Throwing and Defending - Breaking Muscle
Oct 20, 2021 · By hitting the liver with force, the vagus nerve is impacted and essentially puts the body in shutdown mode. I recently felt the effects of said ...
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The Power of the Front Kick! - Self Defense Tutorials
Jul 3, 2018 · The front kick is one of the very first kicks most people learn in the martial arts. And that's for good reason: it's effective but also not that tough to ...
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Kicks in self defense | Iain Abernethy
Apr 14, 2013 · Side kicks are also a great option for the same reason, but require a little more space to use than an oblique/shovel kick. Front kicks are also ...
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The Front Kick Is The Only Kick To Master - Skillset Magazine
The ideal target area for the front kick is the groin or genitalia area. Simply put, a male or female will not like that shot to the groin. However, if your ...
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Self Defense Law and the Martial Artist - Itten Dojo
As a general matter, a citizen has a privilege to use non-deadly force which reasonably appears necessary to prevent a felony, riot, or other serious breach of ...
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Criminal Law Defenses: Self-Defense - Understand Your Issue
Jul 27, 2022 · You can act in self-defense without being liable for a crime. But this legal protection applies only so long as your actions were reasonable, necessary, and ...You Have The Right To Defend... · Elements Of A Self-Defense... · Can A Person Use Deadly...
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Countervailing Force: Understanding the Legal Aspects of Karate ...
This article examines the some aspects of US law as they apply to karate and self-protection. I'm very grateful to Lawrence for sharing this article with ...
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8 Advanced MMA Kick Combinations To Master | Evolve Daily
Apr 3, 2024 · Start the combination with a basic jab-cross combination, then follow immediately with a lead teep to your opponent's body. The push kick will ...
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Explosive Takedown Transitions: When And How To Mix Wrestling ...
Feb 24, 2025 · Here are three prime opportunities to shoot for takedowns during mixed martial arts contests: 1) After Opponents Overcommit To Strikes.
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4 Must Know Wrestling Techniques For MMA | Evolve Daily
Oct 6, 2025 · Blending Striking With Wrestling Punches, elbows, and kicks create openings for takedowns, while the threat of a takedown makes striking more ...
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Know your sport: Taekwondo rules, scoring and equipment
May 22, 2020 · From the basics to the equipment, here's a rundown of Olympic taekwondo rules, scoring and the different belts.
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[PDF] UNIFIED RULES OF PROFESSIONAL MUAY THAI
Permissible strikes include punches, kicks, elbows, and knees. 14. The winner of a match may be decided in the following ways: A. Points Decisions a ...
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Unified Rules of Professional Kickboxing
Clinching is allowed in order to immediately launch a credible knee attack. If in the referee's estimation the attack and/or counter knee attack is consistent ...
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Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts - UFC.com
- Kneeing and/or kicking the head of a grounded opponent. - Stomping a grounded opponent. - Holding opponent's gloves or shorts. - Holding or grabbing the ...
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[PDF] In force as of September 30, 2024 - Yhdistysavain.fi
Apr 12, 2005 · Poomsae Competition Scoring Guidelines or a wrong action is performed. ... This article outlines the modifications to the WT Poomsae Competition ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Justin Gaethje's head strikes could be the difference against Edson ...
Mar 27, 2019 · Even though he has landed only 28 percent of his significant head-strike attempts in the UFC, Barboza has still managed to be a successful ...
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Martial Arts Myths: High kicks don't work in the street
Jun 24, 2013 · Wet grass isn't a good surface to try a high kick on. Neither are slippery tiles. Even concrete can be slippery. So before you attempt a high ...Missing: affect | Show results with:affect
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Muay Thai Clothing Secrets Every Fighter Should Know
Good clothing helps you move better and stay safe. In Muay Thai, fighters need to kick, punch, and twist fast. Tight or loose clothes can get in the way or even ...
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Understanding striking performance • ufc.stats - Tamas Szilagyi
Apr 15, 2020 · Striking accuracy resembles a normal distribution with the average fighter landing around 40% of their punches. With only heavyweights in the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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How to Practice Martial Arts at Home? - American Karate Academy
Begin with basic techniques, focusing on footwork and core exercises, and use online tutorials from certified instructors for guidance. Establish a regular ...Learn Basic Techniques · Perfect Kicking Techniques · Follow Online Tutorials
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Martial Arts Training Tips for Every Level: Beginner to Advanced
Sep 16, 2024 · Technique Drills: Focus on basic kicks like front kick (ap chagi), roundhouse kick (dollyo chagi), and side kick (yop chagi). Combinations ...
[105]
(PDF) Effectiveness of Stretching Routines in Enhancing Kicking ...
Sep 4, 2024 · This study was undertaken primarily to determine the effectiveness of stretching routines in enhancing kicking performance in Karate.
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Progressive Overload for Martial Arts Training
Feb 10, 2025 · Example: If you want to improve your roundhouse-kick speed, start with controlled execution and progressively increase the tempo while ...<|separator|>
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Using Video Feedback to Improve Martial Arts Performance
Aug 10, 2025 · This study used video feedback to enhance the martial arts performance of capoeira, an Afro-Brazilian martial art that utilizes acrobatic ...
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5 Drills to Help You Kick Higher | Martial Arts, Taekwondo, Karate
Jun 29, 2020 · To be able to have high kicks you need a lot of strength and balance! Here's 3 specific drills and stretches to help you achieve higher kicks!
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Martial Arts - JOI Jacksonville Orthopaedic Institute
Muscle injuries to the hamstring and groin regions in striking martial arts are common, usually caused when performing a kick, and can involve, pain, tightness ...<|separator|>
[110]
Martial Arts Injury Prevention - OrthoInfo - AAOS
The most common martial arts injuries are sprains, strains, cuts, and bruises. ... These injuries frequently affect the knee, ankle, shoulder, and elbow.
[111]
5 of the Most Common Martial Arts Injuries and How to Prevent Them
May 22, 2018 · Similar to groin strains, hamstring injuries occur when students pull or tear a hamstring while performing high kicks, for example. Though ...
[112]
Injury Prevention and Recovery for Martial Artists
Apr 2, 2024 · A good warm-up includes dynamic stretches and light cardiovascular exercises that mimic the movements you'll perform during your training ...
[113]
MMA and Martial Arts Injury Prevention 101 - ZEBRA Athletics Europe
Combat gear. Ensure proper use of hand-wraps under boxing gloves. The wrong equipment, such as running shoes instead of wrestling shoes, will lead to injury.
[114]
Strategies for Preventing Martial Arts Overuse Injuries
But jumping too quickly into intense training or advanced techniques is a recipe for overuse injuries. Progress gradually, allowing your body time to adapt to ...
[115]
What Is the Evidence for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation ...
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) are generally accepted methods for treating inflammation after trauma, such as acute ankle sprain. Inflammation ...
[116]
Bulletproofing: How to Prevent Injuries in Martial Arts - Optimal Combat
Oct 13, 2023 · The following exercises are excellent methods of “bullet-proofing” your joints, strengthening the tendons and smaller muscles inside the joints.
[117]
Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Taekwondo Athletes: A 4-Year ...
Dec 15, 2021 · Of these athletes, 38 were injured (n = 112 injuries) for a prevalence of 48.1% (95% CI, 43%-52%). The overall IIR of the ankle joint was 13.14 ...
[118]
KICK Definition & Meaning
Dictionary definition of kick as striking with the foot.
[119]
KICK | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Definition of kick as hitting with the foot.
[120]
List of Martial Arts Kicks
Overview of kicks in martial arts contexts.