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Flank speed

Flank speed is a term in United States Navy nomenclature referring to the maximum attainable speed of a ship, typically ordered as an extreme engine setting to evade danger, outpace threats, or rapidly maneuver during operations.^[1] In naval engine order telegraphs, flank speed represents the highest setting, distinct from lower orders such as one-third, two-thirds, standard, and full ahead, which correspond to progressively higher but more sustainable speeds.^[2] Sustained operation at flank speed can strain propulsion systems and is generally limited to short durations to avoid mechanical damage, whereas full speed adheres to recommended engine limits for routine high-speed transit. The term originated in the early 20th century, likely during or before World War I, in the context of destroyer operations where rapid repositioning to the flanks of a formation or convoy was critical for tactical effectiveness. By World War II, flank speed was formalized in tactical doctrines for battleships and cruisers, defined as approximately one-quarter above standard formation speed or 10 knots greater for faster vessels like destroyers.^[2] In contemporary usage, flank speed remains a standard command in U.S. Navy shiphandling, communicated via engine order telegraphs or digital systems to engineering spaces, ensuring precise execution of maximum power output. The phrase has also been adopted metaphorically in military contexts, such as the U.S. Navy's Flank Speed digital collaboration platform, launched in 2021, which draws on the term's connotation of urgent, high-performance action.^[3]

Nautical Term

Definition and Terminology

Flank speed refers to the absolute maximum speed a ship can attain, reserved for emergency situations where rapid evasion or pursuit is critical, and is achieved by ordering all engines to operate at their highest possible output, often beyond routine design parameters.^[4] This command, typically phrased as "all engines ahead flank" or "ahead flank" in the US Navy, directs the propulsion system to maximum revolutions per minute (RPM), signaled via the engine order telegraph by moving the handle to the "flank" sector. The term and order are specific to United States Navy practice, distinct from equivalents in other navies such as "full ahead".^[1]^[4] In naval terminology, flank speed is distinct from other engine orders that govern ship velocity. Full speed represents the highest sustainable rate without risking mechanical damage, typically achieving speeds slightly below flank to preserve engine longevity during prolonged operations.^[2] Standard speed, by contrast, serves as the efficient cruising pace for routine transit, balancing fuel consumption and operational needs at roughly two-thirds to three-quarters of full speed capacity.^[4] The etymology of "flank speed" traces to the military concept of "flank," denoting the side of a formation, where vessels positioned there required swift acceleration to maintain alignment or execute maneuvers during battle.^[2] In US Navy practice, traditional orders favor "ahead flank" to align with telegraph protocols and historical precedence.^[4]

Historical Origins

The term "flank speed" emerged in the United States Navy during the World War I era, particularly in the context of destroyer operations for rapid repositioning within battleship formations or convoys to "flank" the line effectively. This usage aligned with the tactical needs of fast escorts screening larger vessels against submarine threats in the Atlantic. Historical records from the Naval History and Heritage Command document early applications, such as the destroyer USS Beale (Destroyer No. 40) increasing to flank speed in 1918 upon detecting a potential U-boat, marking one of the earliest verified instances of the term in operational logs.^[5] Pre-World War II development of the term was closely tied to advancements in steam turbine propulsion during the 1910s and 1920s, which enabled destroyers to achieve burst speeds essential for screening duties. The Paulding-class destroyers, commissioned starting in 1910, were the first U.S. Navy vessels equipped with geared steam turbines and oil-fired boilers, attaining speeds up to 31 knots to support such maneuvers. This technological shift from reciprocating engines to turbines facilitated the doctrinal emphasis on high-speed flanking actions, as destroyers like those in the subsequent Wickes and Clemson classes (built 1917–1921) further optimized performance with all-oil firing for sustained high outputs.^[6] Standardization of "flank speed" occurred in the U.S. Navy during the 1920s through formalized fleet maneuvers, distinguishing it as a uniquely American phrasing despite influences from British and German naval terminology for maximum speeds (such as "full ahead" or "volle Kraft voraus"). By the interwar period, the term evolved with the adoption of oil-fired boilers in destroyer designs, allowing greater power outputs for tactical bursts without the limitations of coal. Key milestones include its first documented tactical use in destroyer operations around 1917–1918 and its integration into standard commands by the 1920s, as reflected in later doctrinal manuals like the 1945 Manual of Commands and Orders, which defined flank speed as one-quarter above standard speed for most vessels except cruisers and destroyers.^[2]

Operational Usage

In naval operations, flank speed serves critical tactical roles in combat, enabling ships to evade incoming threats like torpedoes or aircraft attacks, or to pursue fleeing adversaries. For instance, during the 1944 Battle off Samar, U.S. destroyers and escorts, including the USS Samuel B. Roberts, maneuvered at flank speed—reaching approximately 28.8 knots for the Roberts—to close with a vastly superior Japanese force, lay smoke screens, and dodge enemy gunfire while launching torpedoes.^[7] Similarly, in antisubmarine warfare, the destroyer escort USS Buckley steamed at flank speed for 45 minutes to intercept the German U-boat U-66 in 1944, ultimately ramming and sinking it in a close-quarters engagement.^[8] Beyond combat, flank speed facilitates non-combat maneuvers, such as accelerating to assigned stations for rapid deployment, executing emergency turns in heavy weather to avoid collisions, or making swift formation changes during fleet exercises to maintain operational tempo. These applications prioritize speed for safety and efficiency without the immediate threat of enemy action, as seen in doctrinal guidance for surface ships to use maximum speed for positioning ahead of convoys or hazards.^[9] The use of flank speed is constrained by its demanding nature on propulsion systems, typically sustainable for short durations to mitigate overheating and wear, varying by vessel class and conditions; it is authorized exclusively by the commanding officer in scenarios of imminent peril. Variations exist across ship types: destroyers and escorts, such as Arleigh Burke-class vessels capable of over 30 knots, rely on it frequently for screening and pursuit duties, while larger carriers like the Nimitz-class, also exceeding 30 knots, employ it sparingly for evasion due to their immense size and stability considerations.^[10] Such high-speed operations impose notable engine strain, though detailed engineering impacts are addressed elsewhere.^[11]

Technical Implications

Achieving flank speed requires engaging the propulsion system at its maximum output, tailored to the type of power plant employed. In conventional gas turbine-powered vessels, such as the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, this involves operating all four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines at 100% throttle, delivering up to 100,000 shaft horsepower to the two propeller shafts.^[12] For steam turbine ships, flank speed demands full boiler pressure to drive the turbines at peak revolutions per minute (RPM). Nuclear-powered vessels, including aircraft carriers like the Nimitz-class, reach flank by advancing the reactor control rods to achieve 100% reactor power, allowing turbines to operate at full RPM without fuel constraints from combustion sources. Flank speed typically boosts a ship's velocity by 10-20% beyond its sustainable full speed rating, enhancing maneuverability in critical scenarios. For instance, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers attain approximately 35 knots at flank speed, compared to around 30 knots at full speed, enabling rapid acceleration over short distances—reaching nominal flank in about 74 seconds across roughly 820 yards.^[13] This performance gain stems from overriding normal operational limits, prioritizing burst capability over endurance. However, operating at flank speed introduces significant engineering risks due to the extreme demands on the propulsion and hull systems. Fuel consumption increases significantly at flank speed, often doubling or more compared to cruising speeds, limiting endurance based on fuel reserves. Propeller cavitation intensifies at these velocities, forming vapor bubbles that collapse and erode blades, reducing propulsive efficiency by up to 50% in severe cases while generating excessive noise and vibration. Hull vibrations escalate, potentially compromising structural integrity, and prolonged operation risks torsional stresses leading to shaft misalignment or damage in the propulsion train. In legacy steam systems, overpressurization has historically posed explosion hazards, though modern designs mitigate this through fail-safes. To counter these limitations, naval vessels incorporate operational protocols and technological safeguards. Flank speed is generally restricted to short durations—often hours at most for conventional ships due to fuel depletion and heat buildup—necessitating cooling intervals to dissipate excess thermal loads and prevent component fatigue. Contemporary automation, including vibration sensors and stress monitoring in engineering control systems, alerts crews to anomalies, allowing preemptive throttle reductions; for nuclear platforms, reactor safeguards further ensure safe sustained high-output operation without immediate fuel-related halts. These measures qualitatively preserve propeller pitch efficiency and overall system longevity despite the inherent trade-offs at maximum speeds.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Modern Usage in US Navy IT

Program Overview

Flank Speed is the U.S. Navy's enterprise information technology platform designed to deliver cloud-based collaboration and productivity tools, primarily through a Department of the Navy-specific instance of Microsoft 365. Launched as an urgent response to enable secure remote work amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the program transitioned the Navy from legacy systems to a unified, modern digital environment for unclassified operations. It now serves as a permanent solution, supporting daily workflows such as email, file storage, and team collaboration while maintaining high standards of security for controlled unclassified information.^[3]^[17] The program's name draws directly from the nautical term "flank speed," which denotes a ship's maximum operational velocity to evade threats or accelerate decisively, symbolizing the Navy's intent to rapidly advance its digital capabilities in a high-stakes environment. This metaphorical adoption underscores the initiative's focus on speed and agility in IT transformation, aligning with the service's operational ethos. By integrating tools like Outlook, Teams, OneDrive, and Office applications at Impact Level 5 security, Flank Speed ensures robust protection equivalent to Department of Defense standards for sensitive but unclassified data.^[1]^[18]^[19] In scope, Flank Speed encompasses over 560,000 users worldwide as of 2025, primarily shore-based personnel, providing each with 1 terabyte of cloud storage and access to productivity features tailored for military use. Initiated in 2020 amid pandemic-driven needs, the program achieved initial deployment in 2021 with access for hundreds of thousands of users, followed by full rollout completion by 2023 to establish it as the Navy's core unclassified enterprise service. In 2025, it was officially designated alongside the Marine Corps' Hyperion as a Department of the Navy enterprise IT service for messaging and collaboration, solidifying its role in supporting warfighting missions from shore to operational edges.^[20]^[18]^[21]^[22]^[17]

Development and Rollout

The Flank Speed program was initially conceptualized in 2018 by the Program Executive Office for Digital and Enterprise Services (PEO Digital) as part of broader efforts to modernize Navy IT infrastructure.^[23] Its development accelerated in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic's demands for secure remote work capabilities, leveraging pandemic relief funding to expedite the transition from temporary solutions like the COVID-19 Virtual Remote (CVR) environment.^[24] Built upon the foundational Navy-Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI) infrastructure, Flank Speed aimed to provide a permanent cloud-based Microsoft 365 platform while addressing gaps in collaboration tools for unclassified operations.^[25] The official launch occurred on June 8, 2021, marking the start of user migrations.^[23] Key rollout phases began with a pilot for shore-based users in 2021, enabling initial access to Microsoft 365 collaboration tools for approximately 266,000 personnel and rapidly scaling to over 500,000 users by 2023 through an Agile development framework.^[23] Shipboard integration followed in 2022–2023, incorporating hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) stacks on Microsoft Azure to extend cloud services to afloat environments, including testing of Flank Speed Edge for disconnected operations at sea.^[26] By 2025, the program achieved significant milestones, such as full compliance with Department of Defense (DoD) Zero Trust Target Level requirements three years ahead of schedule, with ongoing expansions targeting over 750,000 users and replacement of legacy systems like NMCI through modernized endpoints such as Nautilus devices.^[25] This phased approach ensured a structured migration, culminating in enterprise-wide adoption by the end of fiscal year 2025 for core shore and select afloat capabilities.^[26] Development faced several challenges, including cybersecurity requirements for Impact Level 5 (IL-5) compliance to handle controlled unclassified information securely without traditional VPN dependencies.^[27] Bandwidth constraints in maritime environments were addressed through local caching and HCI solutions that enabled resilient, low-latency access during limited connectivity periods.^[23] Additionally, cost analyses demonstrated administrative efficiencies, with the program's Zero Trust implementation reducing operational overhead and supporting an annual IT modernization budget that yielded scalable savings through consolidated cloud services.^[26] Strategic partnerships were central to the rollout, with PEO Digital collaborating closely with Microsoft to customize Microsoft 365 and Azure for Navy-specific needs, including integration of security tools for Zero Trust architecture.^[24] Okta was incorporated via the Naval Identity Services for advanced identity and access management, enhancing authentication across distributed users.^[23] The program expanded to Navy Reserves, achieving approximately 95% migration by late 2025, and developed deployable software packages for ships to support tactical edge computing.^[28]

Key Features and Benefits

Flank Speed provides Navy personnel with core features centered on Microsoft 365 services, including secure email, Microsoft Teams for collaboration, and OneDrive for cloud storage, enabling seamless file sharing and communication across global operations.^[18] The program incorporates a Zero Trust architecture, which verifies every access request regardless of location, and supports remote desktop access through Azure Virtual Desktop, allowing users to securely connect to virtualized environments from shore or afloat platforms.^[25] These capabilities are delivered via a unified cloud platform, reducing reliance on disparate legacy systems and fostering integrated workflows.^[29] Security is a foundational element, with Flank Speed operating at Impact Level 5 (IL-5) to handle controlled unclassified information, complemented by multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all users and endpoint detection and response integrated into Navy networks for real-time threat monitoring.^[27] Additional protections include Microsoft Purview for data governance, ensuring sensitive community-of-interest data is classified and shared securely during transitions from legacy systems.^[30] Automated software patching and identity management further enhance resilience, aligning with Department of Defense standards to mitigate risks in dynamic environments.^[29] The program's benefits include accelerated decision-making through real-time data sharing, such as via Teams for afloat network support, which enables remote troubleshooting and collaboration without physical presence.^[31] It reduces IT silos by centralizing services, promoting interoperability between shipboard and shore-based systems, and delivers cost savings through enterprise-wide licensing and virtualization efficiencies.^[32] By accelerating technology delivery, Flank Speed supports warfighting objectives, providing over 560,000 users with enhanced productivity and operational agility.^[25] Impact metrics highlight its success, with Flank Speed achieving all 91 Department of Defense Zero Trust target activities and 60 of 61 advanced activities in 2024, three years ahead of the fiscal year 2027 schedule.^[25] This progress has improved sailor productivity, evidenced by rapid adoption during telework expansions and the deployment of secure cloud tools to ships, enabling mission-critical software access in contested environments.^[29]

References

[1]
[PDF] Flank Speed Overview - Navy Reserve
May 3, 2021 · In shiphandling, the command “Flank Speed” is an extreme engine order given for ships to evade danger or outpace threats.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[2]
Manual of Commands and Orders, 1945
Nov 13, 2017 · To achieve the speed previously determined as standard. Orders relative to speed and direction of engines are given in the following sequence:.
[3]
FLANK SPEED Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Flank speed definition: the maximum possible speed of a ship.. See examples of FLANK SPEED used in a sentence.
[4]
Flank Speed – Navy's Transition to Improved Microsoft 365 Cloud ...
May 11, 2021 · Beginning June 1, the Navy workforce will gain access to a single Microsoft Office 365 (M365) collaboration and productivity environment known as Flank Speed.
[5]
[PDF] WATCHSTANDERS' EQUIPMENT - GlobalSecurity.org
Flank speed ahead. Five white flashes in 6 seconds. Hand pulse key ahead. Manually controlled (code same as above). Stop. Steady red light (motor off). Slow ...
[6]
[TMP] "Why Flank Speed?" Topic - The Miniatures Page
Jan 28, 2009 · Flank speed is indeed a US Navy term. When ships go ahead at 'full speed'they are using the prescribed full speed recommended for the engines.
[7]
Submarines in WWII used commands like 'all ahead full' and ... - Quora
Jul 3, 2017 · However, in at least some cases the throttle lever might go up to 110%, with 100 marking the maximum safe speed and 110 being emergency full ...How does the chain of command on a ship change when the captain ...Is there an Idiots Guide to WW2 Submarine Commands? In novels ...More results from www.quora.comMissing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
[8]
What is the origin of the expression 'flank speed'? - Quora
Jul 4, 2020 · The term “flank speed” comes from the battleship period, before and during WW1. The fleet consisted of batttleships which steamed in a straight ...Why is a ship's top speed called flank speed?Do aircraft carriers ever go at flank speed?More results from www.quora.com
[9]
Translating speed commands - Naval History Forums
Dec 29, 2005 · "Ahead Full" was 50% maximum power, and was about 90% maximum speed. "Ahead Flank" was 100% available power. Additionally, "Make turns for xx ...
[10]
Beale I (Destroyer No. 40) - Naval History and Heritage Command
Mar 12, 2019 · Believing that it indicated a U-boat in the area, the destroyer increased to flank speed and sounded general quarters. ... 1918, the destroyer ...
[11]
“FLIVVERS - THE FIRST STEAM TURBINE DRIVEN DESTROYERS
Dec 30, 2014 · "Flivvers" were early US Navy destroyers, the first to use steam turbines, including the Smith and Paulding classes, and were decommissioned by ...
[12]
[PDF] Ready Seapower - Naval History and Heritage Command
... ship and zigzagged toward the enemy at flank speed. Seeing this maneuver, Sprague directed the destroyers Hoel (DD 533) and Heermann (DD 532) and destroyer ...Missing: evasion | Show results with:evasion<|control11|><|separator|>
[13]
[PDF] H-Gram 064: Close Quarters Antisubmarine Warfare
Jul 29, 2021 · For 45 minutes, guided by the Avenger, destroyer escort USS Buckley (DE-51) steamed at flank speed to catch U-66, in the end holding fire hoping ...
[14]
Current Doctrine Submarines - Naval History and Heritage Command
Sep 5, 2017 · Turn toward a periscope forward of the beam and away from a periscope abaft the beam, going to flank speed in each case. 3. Turn away from ...
[15]
Important Links and Info - Naval Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet
Speed: 30+ knots (34.5+ miles per hour). Crew: Ship's Company: 3,200 - Air Wing: 2,480. Armament: Multiple NATO Sea Sparrow, Phalanx/CIWS, and Rolling Airframe ...
[16]
Destroyer Ship Class Info Page - Navy.mil
The Arleigh Burke class employs all-steel construction and is comprised of three separate variants ... destroyers are capable of achieving 30 plus knot speeds in ...Missing: flank | Show results with:flank
[17]
Destroyers (DDG 51) > United States Navy > Display-FactFiles
Mar 4, 2025 · The Arleigh Burke class (DDG 51) destroyers replaced the Charles F ... Speed: In excess of 30 knots. Crew: Flight IIA: 329 Total (32 ...Missing: maximum flank
[18]
Handling the Arleigh Burkes - Part Three - U.S. Naval Institute
Earlier DDGs reach their nominal flank speed in 74 seconds over 820 yards (4.9 ship lengths). Deceleration from flank to zero speed-over-ground in a IIA is ...
[19]
Experimental Study of Cavitation Damage to Marine Propellers ...
The study found that propeller weight loss was double at high speed compared to low speed, and cavitation erosion increased with rotational speed.
[20]
Righting The Ship: Preventing Torsional Vibration Issues In Modern ...
Nov 3, 2023 · Torsional vibration is the 'twisting' of rotating shafts. Modern marine systems are more susceptible due to lighter components and modern ...
[21]
A study of vibration and vibration control of ship structures
Aug 7, 2025 · ... Excessive vibrations can increase fuel consumption, reduce the efficiency of the propulsion system, and diminish the overall operational ...
[22]
US Navy's Flank Speed achieves zero trust milestones ahead of ...
Nov 12, 2024 · Flank Speed is a large-scale initiative designed to securely support remote workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing the Navy's ...
[23]
Flank Speed in Review - PEO Digital - Navy.mil
Jan 4, 2023 · Flank Speed is the Navy's cloud-based initiative, built on a zero-trust framework, to provide Microsoft 365 services and applications to shore-based users.
[24]
Department of the Navy's Flank Speed service sets new standard for ...
Oct 22, 2024 · Launched in 2021 using a greenfield deployment approach, the DON's Flank Speed service provides enhanced collaboration, productivity and robust ...
[25]
Flank Speed Surpasses 500K Users - DON CIO - Navy.mil
Dec 14, 2022 · We now have over 500K customers across the globe with this collaboration and productivity suite of services. The work continues with increasing ...Missing: 500000 | Show results with:500000
[26]
[PDF] Department of Defense Department of the Navy Records ...
Flank Speed is also being designed to include a records management filing structure based on the SSIC codes that align to NARA-approved retention schedules ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[27]
Flank Speed and Hyperion designated as DON Enterprise IT Services
Mar 18, 2025 · Flank Speed provides the Navy's unclassified M365 environment, supporting over 520,000 users with enhanced remote access, productivity tools ...
[28]
Flank Speed: Past, Present, Future - PEO Digital - Navy.mil
Feb 1, 2023 · From the very beginning, the Flank Speed team was a badgeless team focused on common outcomes, allowing them to overcome the aforementioned ...
[29]
DoD Zero Trust Strategy proves security benchmark years ahead of ...
Nov 11, 2024 · “Flank Speed's unprecedented ability to achieve the ... Navy's unclassified combined Azure and Microsoft 365 Impact Level 5(IL5) cloud.
[30]
CHIPS Articles: Department of the Navy's Flank Speed service sets ...
The Navy's Flank Speed cloud service, designed and developed by Program Executive Office for Digital and Enterprise Services (PEO Digital) in partnership with ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[31]
Navy PEO Digital's goals riding on Flank Speed's success
Feb 4, 2025 · Flank Speed, which is the Navy's Office 365 platform, traffics many of the Navy's other systems and data.
[32]
Navigating Flank Speed - Department of Navy Chief Information Officer
Apr 28, 2021 · Flank Speed will support unclassified systems and operate at Impact Level 5 (IL-5), which will accommodate DoD Controlled Unclassified ...Missing: combat | Show results with:combat
[33]
Flank Speed Transition - Navy Reserve
Flank Speed is a permanent, single Navy enterprise solution for daily work, offering a secure environment for collaboration, cloud storage for files and ...
[34]
Operating at Flank Speed - PEO Digital - Navy.mil
Apr 1, 2021 · ... Navy (DoDIN-N). While the Marine Corps took action to adopt M365 in 2020, the Navy is implementing and operating at “Flank Speed” to ...Missing: initiated | Show results with:initiated
[35]
Flank Speed adds new protections for community of interest data
Aug 23, 2024 · Flank Speed's new Microsoft Purview Information Protection empowers Navy COIs to securely transition from legacy systems to a collaborative, cloud-based ...Missing: key | Show results with:key
[36]
Navy Innovates Distance Support for Afloat Networks, Saving Time ...
Jul 22, 2025 · The team emphasizes benefits of the built-in security with using the Flank Speed version of Teams. ... Micks quantified the cost savings ...
[37]
CHIPS Articles: DON Virtualization Policy to Provide Cost Savings ...
However, virtualization's benefits are not limited solely to cost savings ... DON Enterprise IT Service Designation for Flank Speed and Hyperion Messaging and ...