Forage cap

The forage cap is a soft, peaked military headgear worn for everyday or fatigue duties, originating in the 18th century with British cavalry for foraging tasks.^[1]^[2] In the United States, it is particularly known as the Model 1858 Enlisted Man's Forage Cap or McDowell Cap, a lightweight version with a small visor inspired by the French kepi, designed for U.S. Army enlisted personnel.^[3]^[4] Introduced via a U.S. War Department order in 1858, which mandated one such cap annually alongside a dress hat, it represented a practical shift from heavier predecessors like the black felt Hardee hat, offering improved comfort in hot conditions despite limited weather protection from its modest brim.^[5] This cap quickly became the signature and most widely worn headgear for Union soldiers during the American Civil War (1861–1865), supplanting the unpopular Hardee hat due to its serviceability and popularity among troops, though many soldiers supplemented or replaced it with civilian slouch hats for better sun and rain coverage.^[3]^[4] Variations included branch-specific colors (e.g., dark blue wool for infantry), green versions for sharpshooters to aid camouflage, and occasional European-style decorative trim, with taller profiles favored by officers like General George B. McClellan.^[5]^[6] Its design emphasized functionality over ornamentation, aligning with evolving 19th-century military tactics that prioritized mobility, and it influenced later U.S. Army caps such as the garrison or overseas variants.^[4]

Overview

Definition and Etymology

The forage cap is a type of soft military headwear intended for undress, fatigue, or working duties during non-combat tasks, setting it apart from the more formal elements of dress uniforms.^[7] It serves as practical everyday attire for soldiers engaged in routine activities, emphasizing comfort over ceremonial rigidity.^[1] The term originates from its early association with 18th-century British cavalry units, who wore such caps while foraging—gathering fodder and supplies for their horses during campaigns.^[8] The earliest recorded use of "forage cap" appears in 1827, in James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Prairie, describing a character wearing "a forage-cap of fine blue cloth."^[2] By the 19th century, the designation had broadened to encompass general fatigue headwear across various military branches, reflecting its adaptation for broader undress purposes.^[2] In contrast to stiffer peaked caps or the taller, more ornate shakos used in parade settings, the forage cap features a softer construction suited to practical, daily military wear.^[8] This design distinction highlights its role as a utilitarian alternative, with early adoption seen in European armies during the Napoleonic era for similar non-formal applications.^[9]

Design Characteristics

The forage cap is characterized by a soft cloth crown, often stiffened with materials like buckram or pasteboard for shape retention, paired with sides that could be either floppy or more rigid depending on the model and era. A prominent feature is the visor, or peak, typically crescent-shaped and measuring about 2 inches wide at the center, made of stiff black patent leather with a green underside for enlisted personnel, while officers' versions were often unbound. Chin straps, usually of black glazed leather about 0.25 to 0.5 inches wide, secure the cap with brass or gilt buttons and slides for adjustability, and ventilation eyelets—four in number, positioned on the sides—enhance breathability during extended wear. Insignia, such as embroidered corps badges or yellow metal branch symbols like crossed rifles for infantry, are affixed to the front, with regimental numbers sometimes incorporated for identification.^[10] Common materials include dark blue wool cloth for the body in infantry models, weighing around 14 ounces per yard with a tight weave of 62 warp and 58 fill threads per inch, providing durability and a uniform indigo dye. The interior features a leather sweatband of goatskin or Belgian leather, 1.5 to 2 inches wide, and linings of black silesia cotton or satin with muslin interlining to prevent shrinking and ensure comfort. For British variants, early 19th-century designs used recycled red wool from old uniforms or grey cloth with oilskin crowns for weather resistance, often lined in linen and featuring turned-up flaps or bands in regimental colors like black or green. European peaked forms, such as the German Schirmmütze, incorporate wool bodies with stiff wire reinforcements in the crown and silk linings, emphasizing a more structured profile.^[10]^[9]^[11] Variations in design reflect adaptations for rank, branch, and function; the 1858 U.S. Model, for instance, has floppy sides with a medium height of 4.5 inches in front and 5.5 inches in rear, allowing flexibility for fatigue duties, while more rigid European versions feature higher crowns and laced peaks for formal undress. Cavalry caps might include branch-specific welts, such as yellow for dragoons, and optional plumes or cords, whereas enlisted models prioritize simplicity with bound visors and basic brass hardware. These differences ensure the cap's lightweight construction—often under 6 inches in crown diameter—facilitates folding for storage or even concealing small items like rations inside the crown during foraging tasks. Officers' caps, though similar in pattern, allowed customizations like lower profiles or gold embroidery, distinguishing them from standard enlisted issues.^[10]^[12]

Historical Development

Origins in the 18th Century

The forage cap emerged in the mid-18th century within the British Army, particularly among cavalry units tasked with non-combat duties such as gathering fodder for horses during campaigns. This lightweight headwear addressed the impracticality of formal tricorne hats for activities like foraging, camp labor, and stable work, offering greater comfort and mobility while preserving elaborate dress uniforms for parades and combat.^[13] Early British designs were rudimentary cloth constructions, typically triangular in shape—resembling a folded stocking—or featuring a small peak, crafted from surplus regimental wool lined with coarse linen for durability. These caps often included turned-up flaps in the unit's facing color and a short cape to shield the neck from weather, emphasizing functionality over ornamentation. Captain Bennet Cuthbertson's 1768 manual on infantry management described the standard issue as "one forage cap, made of red cloth, lined with coarse linen, turned up with a flap of the regimental facing, and a cape to cover the neck," highlighting their role in routine fatigues to avoid damaging costlier headgear like tricornes.^[14] Such caps saw use in pre-Napoleonic campaigns and persisted into the War of 1812, where regimental variations in color and style reflected local adaptations.^[9] The cap's name derives directly from the cavalry's foraging responsibilities for horse feed, underscoring its origins in practical equine care.^[13] This innovation quickly influenced other European militaries, with the French Army adopting analogous fatigue caps known as bonnet de police by the late 18th century. French soldiers, especially dragoons, fashioned these from repurposed uniform scraps, creating simple, pompon-topped bonnets that reduced the encumbrance of formal tricornes or bearskins during off-duty labors.^[15]

19th Century Evolution and Standardization

The forage cap underwent significant evolution and standardization in the 19th century, driven by the practical demands of warfare and uniform reforms following the Napoleonic Wars. Building on 18th-century British prototypes of soft undress headwear for non-combat tasks, the design gained prominence as armies sought lighter alternatives to elaborate parade headgear like the shako. The German Army pioneered the first peaked variant, the Wachstuchmütze, issued to Landwehr troops in the late 1810s; constructed from oilcloth, it offered superior durability, weather resistance, and ease of production compared to leather shakos, marking an early shift toward functional fatigue wear.^[16] This innovation quickly influenced neighboring forces, with Austrian regiments adopting similar fatigue caps in white for German units and sky-blue for Hungarian ones by the early 1820s, while French troops incorporated peaked elements into their bonnet de police by the 1820s for undress use.^[17] These changes emphasized mobility and cost-efficiency amid post-war reconstructions, spreading the peaked forage cap as a standard undress item across continental Europe. In the United States, the forage cap was formalized under 1821 uniform regulations as inexpensive undress headwear for routine duties, evolving into the 1825 model of dark blue wool with radiating black worsted cords and a leather visor, intended to replace heavier caps during labor-intensive tasks.^[18] The 1858 model marked a pivotal standardization, featuring softer, unpadded sides of dark blue cloth (4-4.5 inches high in front, rising to 5.5-6.5 inches in rear) with a colored welt and convex visor, adopted via General Order No. 13 for its enhanced comfort and ventilation during the Utah Expedition and subsequent Civil War service; priced at $0.57-0.85, it became the dominant enlisted headgear, issued one per year for fatigue roles and proving indispensable for its lightweight construction amid prolonged marches.^[10] Key reforms in Britain accelerated this trend, with the 1812 introduction of dark blue "hummel" caps—bonnet-style with regimental-colored bands—for cavalry and infantry, serving as a direct replacement for the cumbersome shako during off-parade duties like camp maintenance and foraging.^[9] These caps, often in wool or felt with simple peaks, reduced wear on formal headgear while providing better comfort in varied climates, as evidenced by regimental orders limiting shakos to parades. By the mid-19th century, the forage cap's adoption proliferated across European militaries in fatigue roles, from Prussian field exercises to Russian undress uniforms, prioritizing economical production (often from surplus cloth) and wearer comfort over ceremonial pomp; this shift reflected broader reforms emphasizing logistical efficiency in standing armies.^[1] Mass contracts, such as those in Britain and France, ensured uniformity, solidifying the cap as an essential, low-maintenance element of modern military attire.

Usage in European Militaries

French Army

The forage cap in the French Army, known as the képi, emerged in the early 19th century as a practical variant for fatigue and undress duties, evolving from earlier shako replacements during campaigns in Algeria where softer headgear like the casquette d'Afrique proved more suitable for hot climates.^[19] This design, first appearing in the 1830s as a predecessor to the formalized képi, featured a soft wool construction with a flat circular top and a short leather visor, allowing for greater comfort compared to the rigid shako.^[20] By the 1830s through the 1870s, the képi became standardized for infantry, typically made of blue wool with red piping along the edges to denote branch and regiment, often accompanied by a numbered insignia embroidered or stamped on the front to identify specific units such as the line infantry regiments.^[21] During the Crimean War (1853–1856), French troops wore this képi as part of their campaign dress, paired with greatcoats, providing a lightweight alternative to full-dress headgear in rugged conditions.^[19] In the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), soldiers widely adopted the képi over the issued shakos, with many discarding the latter due to its discomfort, leading to its official recognition as general-purpose headwear in regulations by 1870.^[22] In the 20th century, the képi was retained as an undress and garrison cap through both World Wars, adapting to wartime needs while maintaining its core flat-topped or slightly peaked profile. During World War I, it transitioned to horizon blue wool to match the new uniform color introduced in 1915 for better camouflage, serving as a soft alternative to the Adrian helmet in non-combat roles.^[23] In World War II, the képi continued in use for French Army and colonial forces, including the Free French, often in khaki or blue variants with regimental numbers, emphasizing its role in everyday military life amid resource shortages.^[24]

German Army

The Prussian Army pioneered the peaked forage cap, known as the Schirmmütze, during the late Napoleonic Wars as a practical alternative to more elaborate headgear amid resource shortages following French occupation. Introduced via a Cabinet Order on December 20, 1812, for reserve infantry units mobilized in 1813, the cap featured a mid-grey wool construction with a floppy, unwired top and a leather peak, drawing from contemporary Northern European civilian designs for simplicity and low cost.^[25] Some variants included a narrow provincial-color band, such as brick red for East Prussian units or crimson for West Prussian ones, emphasizing functionality over parade aesthetics; by 1815, while many units transitioned to shakos or captured British uniforms, the Schirmmütze remained in use by select regiments like the 18th, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th during the Waterloo campaign.^[25] This innovation marked an early shift toward peaked caps in European militaries, prioritizing protection from weather and ease of production in wartime conditions. In the Imperial German Army from 1871 to 1918, the peaked Schirmmütze evolved into a standard service and undress cap, while the softer Feldmütze served as a field-specific variant, both reflecting the unification of Prussian and other German states' traditions. The Schirmmütze for infantry was typically dark blue wool with a red band and piping denoting branch of service, worn during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) as an everyday alternative to the spiked Pickelhaube helmet, providing shade and a formal yet practical appearance in garrison and light field duties.^[26] By the early 20th century, the M1910 Feldmütze emerged as a grey-green wool pillbox-style field cap with a small peak, featuring a mid-green or red band, Prussian cockade, and imperial red-white-black cockade; for example, Prussian Jäger units wore it with green facings for camouflage in wooded terrain.^[27] During World War I, the Feldmütze saw widespread use in trenches after 1914, its field-grey wool and colored bands (red for infantry, black for artillery) offering inconspicuous protection when the Pickelhaube proved vulnerable, though bright bands were later subdued for stealth.^[28] During World War II, the Wehrmacht adopted the M43 Einheitsfeldmütze (standard field cap) as a direct evolution of earlier field caps, emphasizing durability in combat environments. Introduced in 1943, this woolen cap in field-grey featured angled side panels, fold-down ear and neck flaps secured by two buttons, and a short, stiffened visor for basic sun and rain shielding, often reversible with camouflage patterns like oakleaf for specialized units.^[29] Insignia included a woven eagle emblem in field-grey thread on the front left, symbolizing national identity, with branch-specific cockades; it replaced earlier soft caps like the M34 or M42, becoming ubiquitous among Heer infantry and panzer crews by 1944 for its warmth in European winters and compatibility with the Stahlhelm.^[30] Post-World War II, the West German Bundeswehr retained the peaked Schirmmütze as a service cap in its early uniforms, adapting pre-war designs with NATO-standard grey-green wool and subdued insignia to align with allied influences while honoring traditional peaked styles. Worn by officers and NCOs for parades and administrative duties from 1955 onward, it featured a black or green band and gold-embroidered eagle, but practical demands led to its gradual phase-out in favor of berets starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as berets offered better field versatility and became the standard combat headgear across Western armies. By the 1990s, peaked caps were limited to ceremonial use, with berets dominating everyday and operational wear to modernize the force.^[31]

Greek Army

The forage cap was introduced to the Greek Army during World War I as part of the fatigue dress, originating from a French design first regulated by the French Army in 1890. This adoption occurred amid heavy reliance on French weapons and supplies, marking the cap's entry into Greek service as practical undress headwear for field and non-combat duties.^[32] During World War I, the forage cap complemented the khaki service uniforms, typically constructed from blue or white wool with Hellenic insignia, including the national cockade, to denote rank and unit affiliation. It provided a lightweight alternative to formal headgear like the Adrian helmet, emphasizing mobility in rugged Balkan terrain.^[32]^[33] In the interwar period and through World War II, the forage cap remained standard undress headgear, with the 1938 model featuring refinements such as an improved folding section for ear protection and a metal Greek royal cockade, similar in style to contemporary British patterns. Adaptations for mountain troops included reinforced wool variants suited to alpine conditions, reflecting ongoing European influences while incorporating local insignia for national identity.^[34]

Austro-Hungarian, Austrian, and Hungarian Armies

The Austrian army adopted peaked forage caps known as the Kappe in the mid-19th century as practical fatigue headdress for infantry units, often in black for general use or branch colors such as sky-blue for Hungarian regiments to reflect ethnic distinctions within the multi-ethnic empire. This adoption aimed to standardize undress uniforms amid reorganizations, replacing more elaborate shakos for everyday duties while maintaining uniformity across diverse troops. The cap featured a soft crown with a short peak, emphasizing functionality over parade aesthetics.^[35] During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army transitioned to grey-green versions of the forage cap, known as the Feldkappe or pike-grey (hechtgrau) Kappe, adopted in June 1908 for field service and widely used by infantry, including ethnic units. These caps had a black leather peak, two front buttons for securing a curtain flap, and a height of 10-11 cm at the front, though wartime shortages often led to simplified constructions with reduced dimensions. Ethnic variations included red bands or markings for Hungarian troops, such as embroidered regimental numbers like "5HH" on field-grey cloth for Honvéd hussars, underscoring the empire's multi-ethnic composition while promoting operational uniformity. Officers wore bullion badges with the emperor's cypher, while other ranks used metal circular emblems; Jäger units added a small horn insignia.^[36]^[37] Distinct elements of these caps included imperial insignia like the double-headed eagle, symbolizing Habsburg authority, often rendered in metal or bullion on the front. Adaptations for alpine troops, such as the Tiroler Kaiserjäger, featured mountain-style field caps in field-grey wool with non-rigid cloth-covered peaks and grey-green buttons, suited for rugged terrain in the Tyrol and Dolomites.^[38]^[39] After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, successor states retained peaked forage caps as key elements of their military attire. The Austrian Bundesheer incorporated traditional peaked designs into uniforms from 1920 to 1938, evolving into field-grey or green variants with leather peaks and national cockades for officers and cavalry, reflecting continuity with imperial traditions until the Anschluss. Similarly, the Hungarian Honvéd maintained peaked forage caps through the mid-20th century, often in olive or khaki with red piping and the turul bird insignia, used for both service and field roles in the interwar period and beyond.^[40]^[41]^[42]

Usage in British and Commonwealth Forces

British Army and Royal Marines

The forage cap's adoption in the British Army originated in the 18th century among cavalry units for practical fatigue and off-duty wear, evolving into a standardized item for ground forces by the early 19th century.^[43] By 1812, during the War of 1812, the British Army introduced the "hummel" cap as a fatigue headdress for infantry, constructed from dark blue wool with a regimental-colored band around the base to denote unit affiliation, providing a comfortable alternative to full-dress shakos for barracks and camp duties.^[9] This design, inspired by the Scottish hummel bonnet, emphasized utility and was widely issued to reduce the formality of everyday soldiering while maintaining regimental identity.^[44] In the Victorian era, the forage cap transitioned into more structured forms, with officers adopting the peaked service cap—featuring a stiff blue cloth crown, embroidered edges, and a leather peak—for undress and walking-out uniforms, as seen in regulations from 1880.^[45] Enlisted ranks wore simpler undress variants during campaigns like the Second Boer War (1899–1902), where these caps offered practicality in colonial environments, often paired with khaki service dress to suit arid conditions.^[46] The peaked design for officers symbolized rank through gold lace and badges, while enlisted caps remained plainer, reflecting the era's emphasis on hierarchical distinction in non-combat attire. During World War I, the British Army shifted to khaki forage caps for field service, including the 1915-pattern "Gor Blimey" winter trench cap, a soft, side-foldable wool model with ear flaps that could be tucked away or lowered for protection in the trenches, addressing the need for warmth without impeding mobility.^[47] This cap, officially termed the Cap, Winter, Service Dress, became iconic for its ungainly yet functional shape and was produced in large quantities for frontline troops.^[48] In World War II, similar khaki side caps continued as standard undress headgear, adaptable for combat and rear-echelon roles across imperial theaters. For the Royal Marines, blue forage caps persisted throughout both wars, retaining a dark navy wool construction with the distinctive globe and laurel insignia on the front, symbolizing their amphibious heritage and distinguishing them from army variants.^[49] Following World War II, berets were increasingly adopted for working and combat dress across the British Army and Royal Marines, phasing out forage caps from routine operational use by the late 1940s to early 1950s due to their superior practicality in modern warfare.^[50] However, the peaked forage cap endured in ceremonial and undress contexts, as confirmed in post-war uniform schedules, where it remains the designated headdress for parades and formal occasions (as of 2023), often in regimental colors with polished peaks and badges.^[51] This retention underscores its role in preserving tradition within the evolving structure of British and Marine forces. Commonwealth forces, such as the Canadian Army and Australian Imperial Force, adopted similar forage caps influenced by British designs during the 19th and early 20th centuries. For instance, Canadian infantry wore blue wool forage caps with regimental bands during the Victorian era, transitioning to khaki variants in World War I, while Australian forces used peaked service caps in colonial campaigns and side caps in both world wars, reflecting shared imperial uniform standards.^[52]^[53]

Royal Air Force

Upon its formation on 1 April 1918, the Royal Air Force adopted a blue-grey peaked forage cap as the standard component of its service dress uniform, featuring a soft, baggy crown and an embroidered eagle badge positioned above the peak. This design marked an aviation-specific adaptation of the British Army's undress peaked cap traditions, emphasizing a lighter profile suitable for air service personnel while maintaining formal military aesthetics. The cap was constructed from barathea wool with a leather peak and chinstrap secured by brass buttons, serving as everyday and ceremonial headgear for officers and other ranks alike.^[54] During World War II, the RAF shifted toward the field service cap—a side cap variant of the forage cap—introduced via Air Ministry Order A93/36 in 1936 and fully superseding the peaked version for non-commissioned ranks below warrant officer by December 1939. This compact, foldable design proved especially practical for flight crews operating in cramped cockpits, where it was frequently worn at a rakish angle to facilitate compatibility with oxygen masks, headsets, and flying helmets without obstructing visibility or movement. Made from blue-grey serge with brass eagle badges and buttons, the side cap's simplicity enhanced its utility during aerial operations, becoming a hallmark of RAF aircrew attire throughout the conflict.^[55] In the post-war era, the peaked forage cap was retained as an essential accessory for No. 1 dress uniforms, symbolizing ceremonial and formal occasions until the 1990s, when uniform reforms introduced modernized variants while preserving its influence on contemporary RAF peaked caps (as of 2023). For aircrew applications, specialized models incorporated lighter-weight wool fabrics to minimize bulk and included ventilation slits or vents in the crown for improved airflow, particularly in tropical postings or high-altitude environments. These adaptations underscored the forage cap's evolution from a general service item to a tailored element of aviation headgear, balancing tradition with operational needs.^[56]

Usage in the United States Military

Civil War Era

The Model 1858 forage cap served as the primary headgear for Union soldiers during the American Civil War, evolving from earlier U.S. Army designs to meet the needs of mass mobilization. Made of dark blue wool with a soft crown that draped forward, it featured a stiff leather visor for shade and an optional chin strap for security. This practical design replaced more formal and cumbersome hats like the shako, prioritizing comfort during extended campaigns. Millions were manufactured by various contractors between 1861 and 1865 to outfit the expanding Union forces, making it the most widespread cap in service.^[57]^[58]^[59] Confederate troops employed similar képi-style forage caps, inspired by the Union model but adapted to available resources, often in butternut-dyed wool or undyed gray fabric to match their uniforms. Due to chronic supply shortages in the South, many caps were homemade by soldiers or local seamstresses, frequently modified from civilian hats with added visors and branch-colored bands. These variants maintained the basic envelope crown and leather bill but varied widely in quality and fit, reflecting the decentralized Confederate production system.^[60]^[61] Forage caps were versatile, worn for all duties from drill and foraging to frontline combat, where their lightweight construction allowed easy storage in knapsacks. Union examples often bore embroidered corps badges—such as the II Corps' trefoil or V Corps' clover—sewn to the crown or front for quick unit identification amid battle chaos. Preferred over heavier dress headgear, the cap's flexibility aided long marches and provided minimal but essential protection from sun and rain.^[57]^[62]^[59] Embodying the everyday infantryman's resilience, the forage cap became a cultural icon of the common soldier, its soft, sagging sides earning the affectionate nickname "bummer cap" for its unpretentious, workmanlike appearance. Soldiers prized it as a symbol of shared hardship, often personalizing it with insignia or mementos, which reinforced unit camaraderie in the grueling theater of war.^[63]

Post-Civil War and Modern Periods

Following the Civil War, where the forage cap had served as a primary undress headgear, U.S. military uniform regulations continued to incorporate and refine its design for enlisted and officer use in garrison and field settings.^[10] In the late 19th century, the 1872 forage cap became the standard model, constructed of dark blue wool-dyed indigo cloth with a patent-leather visor and a one-and-one-fourth-inch-wide band; it featured corps or regimental badges in front, such as yellow metal letters for enlisted personnel indicating company and crossed rifles for infantry units.^[10] This cap was issued at a rate of one per soldier annually and saw use among Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, who wore versions emblazoned with the 1875-pattern crossed sabers insignia.^[10] By 1885, regulations specified a similar blue service cap for enlisted men, emphasizing practicality for everyday wear, which transitioned into the 1895 forage cap—a dark blue wool model with improved ornaments and a design adopted under General Order No. 22 of 1895 for both officers and enlisted.^[10] These caps were prominently worn during the Spanish-American War of 1898 as undress headgear, complementing the newly adopted drab campaign hat for field operations.^[10] Entering the 20th century, the forage cap's envelope-style form evolved into the olive drab garrison cap, introduced during World War I as the "overseas cap" to provide compact, foldable headwear for troops; made of wool with branch-colored piping, it replaced bulkier visored caps for non-combat duties. This design persisted into World War II, where all branches adopted similar field caps—olive drab wool versions with adjustable straps and minimal insignia—for utility in training and rear areas, while combat troops favored helmets. In the modern era, the garrison cap was phased out as standard utility headgear by the 1950s in favor of patrol caps and berets, particularly with the introduction of the M-1951 field cap system and the Army's adoption of green berets for elite units in 1953; however, its influence endures in the garrison cap and contemporary service caps, which retain elements of soft, practical design for formal wear.^[64] U.S. Navy and Marine Corps adaptations of the forage cap included early blue cloth caps worn by officers prior to 1826, based on Royal Navy patterns and featuring stiff quarters with gold embroidery, serving as undress alternatives to tricorn hats.^[65]

Legacy and Variants

The kepi, the original French flat-topped cap from the 1830s characterized by stiff sides and a short, rigid crown, inspired American military designs including the forage cap during the mid-19th century.^[4] Originating in the French Army around the 1830s, it was adopted by Confederate forces in the U.S. Civil War as a practical undress headgear, often prescribed in regulations as the "French kepi" pattern for both officers and enlisted men.^[60] Unlike the standard Union forage cap, the kepi featured a more pronounced flat top and minimal visor, making it distinct yet derived from the same utilitarian lineage.^[66] The side cap, also known as the garrison cap, evolved as a foldable adaptation of the forage cap, designed for compactness and ease of storage in later military uniforms.^[10] By World War II, it became the standard undress headgear for the U.S. Army, typically worn folded flat along one side when not in use, reflecting a shift toward lighter, more portable alternatives to the structured forage cap.^[67] This evolution traced back to 19th-century forage cap variants like the 1872 chasseur pattern, which emphasized simplicity for field wear.^[10] Fatigue cap serves as a broader term often encompassing forage caps, specifically denoting soft, practical headwear for work and non-combat duties in military contexts.^[9] Introduced in U.S. Army regulations by the 1850s for tasks like camp maintenance, it prioritized functionality over formality, with the 1858 model functioning interchangeably as both forage and fatigue headgear.^[4] This distinguishes it from later wide-brimmed designs like boonie hats, which emerged in the 20th century for jungle and patrol environments rather than structured undress roles.^[68] Key differences among these types include the forage cap's integral visor for shade and protection, absent in the side cap's streamlined, visorless profile for folding convenience.^[10] Additionally, the forage cap and its variants share no structural overlap with formal shakos, which feature tall, cylindrical crowns and plumes for ceremonial purposes rather than everyday utility.^[69]

Influence on Contemporary Military Caps

The forage cap's design, particularly its structured crown and visor, directly influenced the development of the modern peaked cap, also known as the service cap, which emerged as its successor in the early 20th century. In the U.S. Army, the 1902 uniform regulations replaced the forage cap with the dress service cap, retaining the visor and overall form for formal wear while adapting it for improved fit and durability. This evolution is evident in the U.S. Army's current blue service cap, worn with the Army Blue Uniform for dress occasions, maintaining the forage cap's practical yet authoritative profile. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the peaked cap serves as standard headgear for dress uniforms across the British Army, incorporating the forage cap's undress heritage into ceremonial and service roles.^[10] Globally, the forage cap's legacy persists in the undress and service uniforms of several Commonwealth and NATO-aligned forces, though adoption varies. The Canadian Army continues to employ a forage cap—described as an undress peaked cap—for full and undress uniforms, echoing its 19th-century origins in fatigue duties. In the Indian Army, the peaked cap forms part of the dress uniform, with regimental emblems denoting corps affiliation. Among NATO members, such caps remain integral to dress protocols in the U.S., UK, and others, but have been largely phased out for field use in favor of berets, as seen in the German Bundeswehr, where the Schirmmütze (peaked cap) is retained ceremonially while berets dominate operational wear.^[70]^[71]^[72] In the 21st century, adaptations of the forage cap's form have blended with utility designs, influencing hybrid headgear for both military and civilian applications. Modern patrol caps, while softer and brimless for combat, draw from the forage cap's compact profile to provide versatile coverage, often integrated into operational uniforms across NATO forces. This influence extends to police and paramilitary organizations, where peaked forage-style caps symbolize authority in dress uniforms, though many agencies, such as the New Zealand Police, have transitioned to baseball-style caps for practicality in dynamic environments.^[73] The forage cap's cultural impact endures through historical reenactments, collectibles, and media portrayals, particularly of 19th-century conflicts. Civil War reenactors frequently replicate the 1858 forage cap for authenticity, using wool reproductions with leather visors and brass insignia to recreate Union and Confederate appearances at events like Gettysburg commemorations. In film, depictions in productions such as Gettysburg (1993) and Glory (1989) feature forage caps to evoke period military aesthetics, reinforcing their iconic status in popular history. Collectible markets sustain demand for originals and replicas, preserving the cap as a tangible link to military heritage.^[74]^[75]