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Foss

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is computer software distributed under licenses that grant users the freedoms to execute the program for any purpose, study and modify its , and redistribute copies of either the original or modified versions, with the source code made publicly accessible to enable such modifications. This dual emphasis on user liberties and collaborative development distinguishes FOSS from , where source code access is restricted and modifications are typically prohibited. The origins of FOSS trace to mid-20th-century academic and hobbyist sharing of software as or bundled with hardware, evolving into formalized movements amid rising proprietary restrictions in the 1970s and 1980s. Key milestones include Stallman's 1983 launch of the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system, emphasizing ethical freedoms over mere practicality, and the 1989 release of the GNU General Public License (GPL) to enforce reciprocal sharing of modifications. The 1990s saw the open-source variant gain traction, with the (OSI) formed in 1998 to promote pragmatic, business-friendly licensing that prioritizes code accessibility for innovation over ideological mandates, exemplified by ' 1991 release under the permissive GPL. This schism between "" purism and "" utilitarianism persists, though both underpin FOSS ecosystems. FOSS has achieved widespread dominance in , powering over 90% of cloud servers via distributions, the majority of websites through , and billions of mobile devices via Android's Linux-based kernel, fostering rapid innovation through global volunteer and corporate contributions while minimizing licensing costs. Empirical advantages include enhanced security via —evidenced by faster vulnerability detection in audited code—and economic efficiencies, as organizations leverage FOSS to avoid proprietary . Controversies arise from challenges, such as disputes over non-compliant adaptations leading to litigation, and risks like supply-chain vulnerabilities from unvetted dependencies, as seen in incidents exploiting popular libraries. Ideological tensions also surface, with critics arguing permissive licenses enable "free-riding" by corporations that consume without sufficient upstream contributions, potentially undermining sustainability despite FOSS's causal role in democratizing technology access.

Natural features

Waterfalls

Foss á Síðu, located approximately 10 kilometers east of in southern along Route 1 (the ), is a slender dropping 82 meters (268 feet) from a cliff into a green valley below. The falls, fed by the Þórutjarnarlækur River as an outlet from a nearby lake, measure about 3 meters (10 feet) wide and are known for their photogenic quality, often appearing to flow sideways due to . Accessible directly from the roadside with no hike required, it ranks as 's 14th tallest and attracts visitors for its dramatic drop amid moss-covered surroundings and historic farmstead. Falling Foss, situated in the near , , cascades approximately 10 meters (33 feet) over a rocky ledge on the Little Beck stream. This waterfall, enveloped by including and trees, forms part of a scenic system and maintains flow even in drier conditions due to the becks's steady drainage from the moors. Popular for short hikes from nearby Sneaton or the May Beck car park, it features a nearby hermitage cave carved into and serves as a local beauty spot with associated tea gardens operational since the . In Iceland's , the at Foss near the in Vesturbyggð municipality drops from a heights of several meters along a connecting Foss to Krossholt, showcasing typical regional formations amid remote terrain. These sites exemplify how the term "foss," rooted in meaning "," persists in naming conventions across and Anglo-Saxon landscapes, often highlighting accessible yet striking hydrogeological features shaped by glacial and volcanic history.

People

Surname etymology

The surname Foss primarily originates from languages, where it derives from the term foss, meaning "," serving as a topographic or habitational name for individuals residing near such natural features or on farms bearing the name Foss, a common practice in . This reflects Norway's landscape, with many farmsteads (gård) adopting the name from local waterfalls, as evidenced by historical records of Norwegian immigrants to the in the who retained the upon arrival. In English contexts, particularly in northern regions like , Foss functions as a variant of Fosse, stemming from foss (from foss and Latin fossa), denoting a ditch, , or , and was applied topographically to dwellers near such earthworks or as a habitational name from relevant locales. Less commonly, Danish variants trace to fos or vos, meaning "," used as a nickname for a cunning individual or referencing a house marked by a fox sign, though this usage is rarer and often overlaps with topographic interpretations. These distinct roots highlight regional linguistic divergences, with Scandinavian prevalence dominating modern distributions, such as in (incidence of over 2,000 bearers as of recent genealogical data) and among Norwegian-descended populations in .

Notable figures in politics and military

Joseph Jacob Foss (April 17, 1915 – January 1, 2003) served as a major in the United States Marine Corps during , where he became a leading fighter ace credited with downing 26 Japanese aircraft over between October 1942 and January 1943, earning the for extraordinary heroism in aerial combat. After the war, Foss transitioned to politics as a , serving in the from 1948 to 1950 before being elected , holding office from January 4, 1955, to January 6, 1959. John William Foss (February 13, 1933 – April 25, 2020) rose to the rank of general in the United States Army, commanding the Training and Doctrine Command from 1989 to 1991 after a career that included service in and leadership in armored units. George Edmund Foss (July 2, 1863 – March 15, 1936), a , represented in the U.S. from March 4, 1903, to March 3, 1915, focusing on agricultural and trade legislation during his tenure. Eugene Noble Foss (September 24, 1858 – September 13, 1939), brother of George E. Foss, served as a in the U.S. House from Massachusetts's 9th district from March 4, 1911, to January 5, 1913, resigning to become the 44th , a position he held until January 8, 1914, after winning on a platform emphasizing tariff reform. Herbert Lewis Foss (October 12, 1871 – August 4, 1963) received the for gallantry in action against Philippine insurgents on September 28, 1899, near Lapacan, where, as a private in the U.S. Army, he voluntarily exposed himself to heavy fire to rescue a wounded comrade. Austin Foss, a , has represented North Dakota's District 44 since December 1, 2024, following his election in November 2024.

Notable figures in other fields

Lukas Foss (August 15, 1922 – February 1, 2009) was a German-born , , and who advanced through innovative compositions and orchestral leadership. He directed the Philharmonic Orchestra from 1963 to 1970, emphasizing new works, and later led the Philharmonic from 1971 to 1990, where he championed experimental programming. Foss's catalog includes over 140 pieces, such as the Prairie (1944), which secured the Music Critics' Award at age 22, and he received eight honorary doctorates for his multifaceted career blending with elements. Sam Walter Foss (June 19, 1858 – February 26, 1911) was an poet, librarian, and known for his homespun celebrating rural life and human . His popular poem "The House by the Side of the Road" (from Dreams in Homespun, 1897) emphasized and observation, influencing popular literature. Foss published collections including Back Country Poems (1892), Whiffs from Wild Meadows (1895), and Songs of War and Peace (1899), and served as librarian of the Somerville Public Library and assistant in the , blending literary output with public service. Aage Foss (May 18, 1885 – February 8, 1952) was a Danish who appeared in 29 films from 1933 to 1951, contributing to the era's amid Denmark's interwar and post-occupation recovery. Notable roles included works like Naar bønder elsker (1942) and Biskoppen (1944), showcasing his versatility in and . Foss also directed select productions, aiding the transition from theater to screen in Scandinavian film.

Places

In the United States

Foss is a small in , situated ten miles west and eleven miles north of Cordell along State Highway 44. The community originated in the late 1890s when settlers relocated northward from the nearby Wilson post office into the valley of the , following the 1892 opening of and lands to non-Indian settlement. An initial settlement named Maharg formed around 1898, but growth accelerated with the construction of the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway tracks in 1902; a severe that April destroyed the original site, prompting reconstruction north of the railroad. The town derives its name from J. M. Foss, an early Cordell businessman and who donated land for the townsite, with a opening in 1900. By the early 1900s, Foss functioned primarily as an agricultural marketing hub, supporting cotton gins, grain elevators, and related businesses amid surrounding farmlands. The community expanded to include two banks, three hotels, two newspapers, a flour mill, and other enterprises by 1908, though it later experienced boom-and-bust cycles tied to farming and rail traffic. Positioned along the historic Route 66 corridor, Foss benefited from Mother Road travelers until the construction of in the mid-20th century bypassed the town, accelerating its decline into near-ghost town status. Population peaked at 525 in 1910 but fell to 348 by 1920, rose temporarily to 524 in 1930, and continued downward to 289 in 1960, 127 in 2000, 151 in 2010, and 101 in 2020 per U.S. Census Bureau data. Today, the town's economy relies minimally on sales tax from incidental traffic and residual , with remnants of structures like service stations marking its Route 66 .

In other countries

The River Foss is a of the River in , , rising from a adjacent to Oulston north of and flowing southward approximately 19 miles (31 km) through the before joining the in central . The river descends about 300 feet (91 m) over its course, with the majority of the drop concentrated in the upper reaches, taking roughly 48 hours for water to travel its length under normal flow conditions. It supports diverse and has been modified historically for milling and , including barriers for . In Scotland, Foss is a hamlet in Perth and Kinross council area, situated near the village of Tummel Bridge and the locality of Doire Bhrig in the northeastern part of the region. Norway features multiple settlements and localities named Foss, reflecting the Old Norse term fors denoting a waterfall, with many tied to such features. Foss-Eikeland (also spelled Foss Eikjeland) is a village in the western part of Sandnes municipality, Rogaland county, serving as a residential area within the broader urban framework of the region. Other instances include Foss in Sogn og Fjordane county at coordinates 61°20'N 5°50'E, a rural locality, and various farmsteads across counties like Vest-Agder and Akershus. In , Foss refers to a farmstead in Fossfjörður ( Fjord) within the region, municipality of Vesturbyggð, near a 20-meter of the same name that cascades into the fjord. The site exemplifies naming conventions linking human habitations to prominent hydrological features.

Companies

Analytical and food technology firms

FOSS A/S, headquartered in , , is a leading provider of analytical instruments and software solutions primarily for the food, feed, and agricultural industries. The company develops , , and other technologies for rapid, non-destructive testing of product , including protein, , , and content in raw materials and finished goods. These tools enable producers to make data-driven decisions to reduce waste, enhance yields, and ensure with standards across supply chains from to processing. Established in 1956, FOSS has grown to employ over 1,100 people worldwide and generates annual revenue exceeding 1.2 billion Danish kroner, with operations spanning more than 30 countries through subsidiaries and distributors. Its portfolio includes over 60 dedicated analyzers, such as the Infratec series for and feed analysis and the FoodScan for and composition, integrated with digital platforms for automated workflows and . FOSS emphasizes by supporting efficient resource use, such as optimizing feed formulations to lower environmental impact in livestock production. In , FOSS solutions address challenges like adulteration detection and process optimization; for instance, its instruments identify contaminants or verify authenticity in products like and wine using chemometric models calibrated against reference methods. The company's innovations, including AI-enhanced data interpretation, have been adopted by major global food processors to streamline operations and minimize in high-volume testing. While FOSS maintains a focus on empirical measurement accuracy over unsubstantiated claims in industry reporting, its tools are validated through inter- comparisons and adherence to standards like ISO 17025. No other prominent firms named Foss operate distinctly in analytical or domains, positioning FOSS A/S as the primary entity in this category.

Shipping and maritime companies

Foss Maritime Company, headquartered in Seattle, Washington, is a prominent provider of marine transportation and logistics services, specializing in operations, harbor services, and ocean towing. Founded in 1889 by immigrant Thea Foss and her husband Andrew in , the company began as a small boat rental operation with a single rowboat on Commencement Bay, evolving into a key player in maritime activities. By 1912, Foss had diversified into services with the acquisition of its first , a 37-foot vessel renamed Foss 9, marking its transition from launches to powered towing. In 1920, the firm rebranded as Foss Launch and Tug Company, reflecting its expanded fleet and capabilities, before adopting the name Foss Maritime Company in 1986. Acquired in 1987 by Resources, Inc., a family-owned firm focused on maritime ventures, Foss integrated with other entities under Foss Marine Holdings, unifying operations that include shipyards, , and global . Today, it operates a fleet supporting ship assists, tanker escorts, and across the U.S. West Coast, , , and international routes, emphasizing solutions for remote and challenging environments. The company maintains a network of subsidiaries and sister firms for complementary services like , enhancing its end-to-end maritime offerings. Foss Maritime's operations prioritize reliability in high-stakes scenarios, such as environmental response and heavy-lift , with a history of including early adoption of hybrid-electric tugs for reduced emissions. As of 2019, it celebrated 130 years in business, underscoring its status as one of the oldest continuously operating tug and companies . No other independent shipping or maritime entities directly bearing the Foss name operate at comparable scale, with the company's legacy tied to its foundational role in and transportation.

Other businesses

Foss Inc., headquartered in , provides installation and maintenance services primarily to the . FOSS Business Solutions, based in Cleveland, Ohio, operates as an outsourced virtual bookkeeping and accounting service for small businesses, offering cloud-based accounting expertise to streamline financial processes. Foss & Co., with headquarters in , , specializes in consulting and strategic planning, assisting clients nationwide in identifying and securing tax equity investments and incentives. FOSS Software Inc. delivers a range of IT services, including development, , and related solutions to support business operations. Foss & Company, a residential general contracting firm in southern , focuses on home renovation and transformation projects for homeowners.

Historic houses

United States examples

The Peder Foss House in , constructed between 1892 and 1894, served as the residence of immigrant Peder Foss and his family, who occupied it starting in June 1894. This Victorian-style structure, located on Silver Lake Road, is recognized for its historical and architectural significance as the largest and most intact example of late-19th-century in the area, and it was added to the . In 1944, Peder Foss subdivided the property, but the house remains standing as a preserved example of immigrant architecture. The Foss Log Cabin in Underwood, , built in 1869 by Norwegian immigrants and Foss, represents one of the earliest European settlements in the region near Bass Lake. As a homestead cabin, it exemplifies log construction techniques used by early settlers in Otter Tail County, reflecting the challenges of frontier life including harsh winters and self-sufficiency. The structure has been maintained as a historical site highlighting Norwegian patterns to the Midwest in the post-Civil War era. The Levi Foss House in Dayton, , dates to approximately 1815 and features Federal-style architecture with subsequent Greek Revival additions, located in the village of Goodwins Mills. Built during the early national period, it illustrates the evolution of domestic architecture in rural York County, where such homes often served as farmsteads combining living quarters with agricultural functions. Its design elements, including symmetrical facades and classical detailing, align with broader trends in vernacular building. The Foss/Heindel Residence at 315 South Bunker Hill Avenue in , , stood from the late until demolition in the mid-20th century, associated with the Foss family who possibly occupied it during its early years before later residents like the Heindels. This house contributed to the Bunker Hill neighborhood's historic residential character, which featured Victorian and influences amid urban development pressures that led to its loss around 1948. Local preservation efforts have documented it as part of the area's pre-redevelopment heritage.

Other uses

In music

Lukas Foss (August 15, 1922 – February 1, 2009) was a German-born , , and whose work bridged neoclassical influences with experimentation, including , aleatory techniques, and early music compositions. Born Lukas Fuchs in , he fled with his family, studying with Lazare Lévy in and later composition with and Sergei Koussevitzky in the United States after emigrating in 1937. Foss's compositions, such as Baroque Variations (1967) and Ni Bruit ni Fureur (1991), reflected evolving styles from tonal accessibility to minimalist repetitions and tape-based works, earning him recognition as a proponent of 20th-century music . As a , Foss directed the Philharmonic Orchestra from 1963 to 1970, commissioning and performing contemporary pieces that expanded the ensemble's repertoire beyond traditional works. He later led the Symphony Orchestra from 1981 to 1986 and served as composer-in-residence at institutions like the in 1972–1973, fostering new music ensembles such as for Creative and Performing Arts at the . Foss's advocacy for eclectic programming influenced mid-20th-century orchestral practices, though some critics noted his shifts between and as stylistically inconsistent. Other musicians bearing the surname Foss include , an American DJ and electronic music from , active since the 2000s, who co-founded the label Repopulate Mars and released tracks on imprints like Wolf+Lamb. Less prominently, Foss was the name of a 1990s punk rock band from El Paso, Texas, featuring bassist Beto O'Rourke, which self-released the album The El Paso Pussycats and toured DIY circuits before disbanding.

Acronyms

Free and open-source software (FOSS) refers to software distributed under terms that allow users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify it, with its made publicly available. Full Option Science System (FOSS) is a K–8 science curriculum emphasizing hands-on , developed by the at the , and first published in 1987. Less common expansions include , used in certain technical applications for sensing via fiber .

Miscellaneous

(1843) 2 Hare 461 is a landmark English company law case that established the "proper plaintiff" rule, holding that the corporation itself is the appropriate to sue for wrongs committed against it, thereby preventing shareholders from initiating actions on the company's behalf except in specific circumstances such as fraud on the minority or acts. The Foss River, located in , , consists of East and West Forks that originate in the and converge near the town of Skykomish before flowing into the South Fork Snoqualmie River; it supports recreational activities including hiking, , and backpacking to alpine lakes. Foss Reservoir, also known as Foss Lake, is situated in Custer County, Oklahoma, on the approximately 15 miles west of ; constructed in 1962 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for , , and , it spans about 8,000 surface acres at full pool and hosts Foss for boating, , and . In archaeological and military contexts, "foss" (or "fosse") denotes a or , typically part of fortifications, derived from Latin fossa meaning a dug channel or , as seen in historical earthworks like those along ancient .

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