Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Frag

Frag is a slang term that originated in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, denoting the deliberate killing or wounding of a superior officer, usually by means of a fragmentation grenade thrown into their quarters.^[1]^[2] This practice, known as fragging, arose from tensions including low morale, unpopular orders, and perceived incompetence among leaders, with documented cases peaking in 1970-1971 amid over 700 reported incidents and at least 82 deaths.^[3] The term derives from "fragmentation grenade," a common infantry weapon, and reflects causal factors like drug use, racial conflicts, and war fatigue rather than isolated mutinies, as evidenced by military records prioritizing empirical incident reports over narrative interpretations from biased institutional histories.^[4] In contemporary usage, particularly within first-person shooter video games, "frag" has evolved to signify a player kill in deathmatch or multiplayer modes, a direct adaptation emphasizing quick eliminations akin to grenade attacks, as implemented in early titles like Doom and persisting in modern esports scoring.^[5]^[6] This linguistic shift highlights how military vernacular influenced gaming culture, though without the original term's connotations of insubordination or lethal intent.

Military usage

Fragging in warfare

Fragging refers to the deliberate act by military subordinates of killing or attempting to kill superior officers or non-commissioned officers (NCOs), typically using fragmentation grenades to mask the attack as accidental or enemy action.^[4] ^[7] The term originated during the Vietnam War, deriving from the shorthand "frag" for fragmentation grenades, which were commonly thrown into officers' tents or bunkers at night.^[4] ^[8] This method allowed perpetrators to avoid direct confrontation and reduce traceability, as the shrapnel damage mimicked combat wounds.^[7] Although instances of subordinates assaulting superiors occurred in earlier conflicts—such as isolated cases during World War I and World War II—fragging became notably prevalent during the Vietnam War (1955–1975), where it reflected broader issues of unit cohesion, leadership failures, and war fatigue among U.S. forces.^[7] ^[9] U.S. military records document approximately 730 possible fragging incidents across Army and Marine units through 1972, with estimates ranging from 600–850 in the Army and 100–150 in the Marines; these resulted in at least 86 confirmed deaths and over 700 injuries.^[10] ^[11] The incidence rate escalated sharply, from one incident per 3,300 servicemen in 1969 to one per 572 in 1971, coinciding with peak U.S. troop levels and declining morale.^[12] In 1970 alone, the Pentagon reported 209 such events.^[4] Motivations for fraggings were multifaceted, often stemming from perceived incompetent or overly aggressive leadership that endangered troops through reckless patrols or unpopular orders, rather than ideological opposition to the war itself.^[7] ^[13] Factors included racial tensions within units, enforcement of anti-drug policies amid widespread substance abuse, personal vendettas, and resentment over short-tour officers who prioritized career advancement over soldier safety.^[14] ^[15] Many attacks targeted unpopular "gung-ho" officers in rear areas rather than combat zones, underscoring disciplinary breakdowns in non-frontline units.^[13] Prosecutions were rare—fewer than 100 convictions overall—due to evidentiary challenges, witness reluctance from peers, and command reluctance to publicize incidents that could further erode morale.^[12] ^[7] Post-Vietnam, fragging incidents declined dramatically in U.S. forces, with modern military culture emphasizing leadership training and all-volunteer professionalism to mitigate such risks; isolated cases have occurred in other conflicts, but none approached Vietnam-era scales.^[9] The phenomenon highlighted causal links between poor command decisions, troop alienation, and internal violence, informing subsequent reforms in officer evaluation and unit discipline.^[14]

Video gaming

Terminology for player kills

In first-person shooter (FPS) games, the term "frag" denotes the act of killing an opponent, typically in multiplayer modes such as deathmatch where players respawn after death.^[6] ^[5] This usage distinguishes it slightly from a general "kill," emphasizing quick elimination followed by immediate respawn, a mechanic prevalent since early multiplayer FPS titles.^[5] The word "frag" derives from military slang originating during the Vietnam War, where it referred to assassinating a superior officer using a fragmentation grenade, abbreviated as "frag."^[16] In gaming, the term was adopted to describe player-versus-player eliminations, likely influenced by the prevalence of grenade-based kills in simulations of combat scenarios.^[6] It gained prominence with id Software's Doom (released December 10, 1993), which introduced deathmatch mode and tracked "frags" as the score metric for kills, setting a standard replicated in subsequent titles like Quake (June 22, 1996).^[17] "Fragging" remains standard slang in modern FPS games, including Call of Duty series entries since 2003 and Valorant (launched June 2, 2020), where it interchangeably signifies a kill or strategic elimination of an enemy.^[18] ^[19] Players may reference "entry fragging," the tactic of leading an assault to secure the first kill, or accumulate "frags" to dominate leaderboards.^[20] While some communities use synonyms like "pick" for context-specific kills (e.g., isolating a weakened foe), "frag" persists as the core term evoking explosive, decisive takedowns.^[19]^[21]

Media and entertainment

Frag videos and montages

Frag videos, also known as frag movies or frag montages, are edited compilations of highlight kills, or "frags," from first-person shooter (FPS) gameplay, typically featuring synchronized music, visual effects, slow-motion replays, and acrobatic maneuvers to emphasize player skill. These videos emerged in the late 1990s alongside the rise of multiplayer deathmatch modes in games like Quake (1996) and Quake II (1997), where the term "frag" originated as slang for a player elimination, derived from id Software's codebase and early multiplayer terminology. Early frag videos were often produced by players recording LAN party sessions or online matches using tools like demo playback in Quake engines, with simple edits to showcase precise aiming, rocket jumps, and multi-kills.^[17]^[22] The format gained prominence in competitive scenes for titles such as Quake III Arena (1999) and Unreal Tournament (1999), where community creators compiled frags from professional players and duels, distributing them via file-sharing sites or early video platforms. Notable early examples include Quake III frag highlights like "VirtuositY" (2010 remaster of late-1990s footage), which captured railgun precision and arena-style combat, and Unreal Tournament montages emphasizing vehicular and instagib modes. These productions served as skill demonstrations and recruitment tools for clans, fostering a subculture of montage editing that paralleled the growth of esports events like QuakeCon, starting in 1996.^[23]^[24] By the early 2000s, frag videos evolved with Counter-Strike (2000), incorporating narrative elements, thematic music tracks, and higher production values, as seen in community favorites like those from ESL Play events where editors transitioned from amateur LAN clips to professional esports highlights. In modern esports, such as Valorant Champions Tour (VCT) and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO), official frag montages from tournaments compile playoff plays, with examples including VCT Pacific Stage 2 highlights from July 2024 featuring agent abilities and clutch rounds. This evolution reflects technological advances in recording (e.g., high-frame-rate demos) and editing software, shifting from raw skill showcases to cinematic storytelling that boosts viewer engagement and promotes pro players.^[25]^[26]^[27] Frag montages have influenced gaming culture by inspiring aspiring players to replicate techniques, contributing to the popularity of aim-training tools and competitive ladders, though their production has declined with the rise of streaming platforms like Twitch, where live highlights often supplant edited videos. Despite this, dedicated communities maintain archives on sites like YouTube, preserving over two decades of FPS history through playlists of Quake, UT, and TF2 frags.^[28]^[29]

Computing and technology

File fragmentation

File fragmentation occurs when a file's data is stored in non-contiguous clusters or extents on a storage device, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), rather than in sequential blocks.^[30] This scattering happens due to repeated file system operations including creation, growth, deletion, and resizing, which allocate available free space in fragmented gaps left by prior changes.^[31] As a result, reading or writing the file requires the storage controller to access multiple dispersed locations, increasing latency compared to contiguous storage.^[32] Two primary forms of file fragmentation exist: external and internal. External fragmentation involves files split across non-adjacent disk areas, often because free space is insufficiently contiguous for full allocation despite overall availability.^[33] Internal fragmentation arises within allocated clusters, where the file's size does not fully utilize the block, leaving unused "slack space" that cannot be reallocated efficiently.^[33] External fragmentation predominates in file systems under heavy dynamic workloads, while internal fragmentation is inherent to fixed cluster sizes, typically ranging from 4 KB to 64 KB in systems like NTFS or ext4.^[31] On mechanical HDDs, fragmentation degrades performance by necessitating additional head movements and rotational delays; for instance, heavily fragmented drives can exhibit up to 50% slower sequential read speeds in benchmarks.^[32] In contrast, solid-state drives (SSDs) experience negligible speed penalties from fragmentation owing to electronic access without moving parts, though logical fragmentation at the file system level can still impose minor controller overhead.^[34] Defragmentation is thus recommended periodically for HDDs—via tools like Windows Disk Defragmenter, which rearranges data into contiguous blocks—but contraindicated for SSDs, as it induces unnecessary write amplification, accelerating NAND flash wear and reducing lifespan by thousands of program/erase cycles.^[35]^[36] File systems mitigate fragmentation through design features such as extent-based allocation, which groups related blocks into larger contiguous units rather than single clusters, and preallocation for growing files.^[31] For example, NTFS employs multibyte extents to reduce external fragmentation rates below 5% under typical workloads, per Microsoft performance analyses.^[32] Online defragmenters operate incrementally during idle times to avoid disrupting system use, while third-party tools like those from Diskeeper claim up to 80% reduction in fragmentation without full scans.^[37] Despite these advances, fragmentation remains a concern in high-I/O environments like databases, where queries spanning fragmented indexes can incur measurable delays even on SSDs.^[38]

Fragment shaders in graphics

Fragment shaders, known as pixel shaders in DirectX terminology, constitute a programmable stage in the GPU graphics rendering pipeline that processes interpolated data for each fragment generated by rasterization to compute final per-fragment attributes such as color, depth, and stencil values.^[39] These shaders receive inputs including screen-space position, sample coverage (if multisampling is active), and varying attributes interpolated from preceding vertex or geometry shader outputs, enabling operations like texture sampling, lighting computations, and fog application.^[39] Outputs from the fragment shader feed into subsequent tests (e.g., depth, stencil, blending) before framebuffer writes, with absence of a fragment shader resulting in undefined colors but default depth and stencil handling.^[39] The evolution of fragment shaders marked a transition from fixed-function pipelines, where per-pixel operations were hardware-limited (e.g., basic Gouraud shading), to programmable models allowing custom algorithms for advanced effects.^[40] Hardware support began with NVIDIA's GeForce 3 GPU in October 2001, implementing Shader Model 1.0 pixel shaders capable of simple arithmetic and texture lookups for effects like multi-texturing and basic environment mapping.^[40] Microsoft's DirectX 8, released in November 2000, introduced programmable pixel shaders via Shader Model 1.x, supporting up to 4 texture stages and limited instructions for dot products and modulation, as seen in ATI's Radeon 8500 implementation shortly after.^[41] OpenGL adopted fragment shaders with version 2.0 in 2004, alongside the OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) 1.10, which provided C-like syntax for writing shaders compiled at runtime and linked into programs.^[40] Subsequent iterations expanded capabilities: Shader Model 2.0 (2003, e.g., NVIDIA GeForce FX) added branching and higher-precision floating-point operations for dynamic lighting; Model 3.0 (2004-2006) enabled unlimited instructions and multiple render targets for high dynamic range (HDR) rendering; and later models integrated with unified shader architectures post-2006, blurring distinctions between vertex and fragment processing on GPUs like NVIDIA's G80.^[40] By OpenGL 3.0 in 2008, GLSL enhancements supported geometry shaders and tessellation, further enriching fragment inputs for complex scenes.^[40] In practice, fragment shaders execute massively in parallel across GPU cores, with each invocation handling one fragment (typically 1-16 samples in multisampled rendering), making them ideal for compute-intensive tasks like per-pixel Phong or physically-based rendering (PBR) models, screen-space ambient occlusion (SSAO), and deferred shading pipelines where lighting is decoupled from geometry passes.^[42] Developers write them in API-specific languages—GLSL for OpenGL and Vulkan, HLSL for DirectX—often compiling variants for different hardware profiles to optimize instruction counts and register usage, as exceeding limits (e.g., 96 ALU operations in early models) triggers fallbacks.^[43] This programmability has enabled real-time ray tracing approximations and procedural generation, as in modern engines like Unreal Engine 5, where fragment shaders integrate with temporal anti-aliasing and upscaling techniques such as DLSS.^[42]

Cybersecurity applications

In network security, fragmentation attacks exploit the Internet Protocol's (IP) mechanism for dividing oversized packets into smaller fragments for transmission across networks with varying maximum transmission unit (MTU) sizes. Attackers craft malformed or overlapping fragments that force receiving devices to allocate excessive resources for reassembly, leading to denial-of-service (DoS) conditions; for instance, tiny fragment attacks send numerous small fragments requiring significant CPU and memory to reconstruct, potentially exhausting system resources on firewalls or intrusion detection systems (IDS). ^[44] ^[45] Overlapping fragment attacks manipulate sequence numbers to create ambiguities during reassembly, enabling evasion of signature-based defenses by hiding malicious payloads in later fragments that overwrite earlier benign ones. ^[46] ^[47] Such attacks have been documented since the early 2000s, with mitigation strategies including strict fragment reassembly limits in modern firewalls—such as dropping packets with offsets exceeding 8192 bytes—and enabling IP defragmentation timeouts typically set to 30 seconds to prevent resource exhaustion. ^[48] In distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) variants, bots flood targets with fragmented ICMP or UDP packets, amplifying impact as victims buffer incomplete streams; real-world incidents, like those observed in 2023-2024 botnet campaigns, demonstrate volumetric rates exceeding 100 Gbps when combined with amplification techniques. ^[45] Defensive tools, such as stateful packet inspection in next-generation firewalls from vendors like Cisco and Palo Alto Networks, reassemble fragments inline to detect exploits, though this introduces latency trade-offs in high-throughput environments. ^[49] A distinct class emerged in wireless networks with FragAttacks, disclosed on May 11, 2021, by researcher Mathy Vanhoef, revealing 16 vulnerabilities (categorized into design flaws and implementation bugs) in Wi-Fi protocols' handling of fragmentation and aggregation. ^[50] These flaws allow nearby adversaries to inject malicious frames or exfiltrate data from encrypted sessions, affecting virtually all Wi-Fi devices due to inherent protocol weaknesses in 802.11 standards from the 1990s; for example, aggregation attacks misuse frame aggregation for efficiency, enabling cross-protocol leakage where HTTP credentials are tunneled via non-HTTP channels. Patches were issued by vendors like Apple, Microsoft, and Qualcomm by mid-2021, often involving disabling certain aggregation modes or enhancing fragment checks, but unpatched legacy devices remain susceptible, with CVEs such as CVE-2021-27853 highlighting risks in mixing encrypted and unencrypted fragments. ^[51] Cybersecurity applications include proactive scanning in tools like Wi-Fi analyzers (e.g., Wireshark with fragmentation filters) and enforcing WPA3 adoption, which mitigates some vectors through improved frame protection, though full resolution requires protocol-level redesigns debated in IEEE working groups. ^[52] In ransomware contexts, the Frag group, active since early 2025, deploys encryptors targeting multi-platform environments (Windows, Linux, ESXi), leveraging fragmented payloads to evade endpoint detection; recovery involves isolating affected segments and leveraging backups, as seen in incidents handled by specialist firms emphasizing offline verification to counter double-extortion tactics. ^[53] ^[54] Overall, fragmentation's dual-use nature—essential for interoperability yet exploitable—underpins cybersecurity practices like anomaly-based detection in network monitoring systems, which flag irregular fragment patterns using machine learning thresholds trained on baseline traffic. ^[55]

Cryptocurrency

Fragmetric protocol

Fragmetric is a liquid restaking protocol developed on the Solana blockchain, recognized as the network's first native implementation of this mechanism, which has since expanded into the FRAG-22 asset management standard.^[56]^[57] It enables users to deposit SOL tokens or liquid staking tokens (LSTs) such as JitoSOL, mSOL, or bbSOL, receiving in return fragSOL, a liquid restaking token (LRT) that maintains liquidity for DeFi applications while the underlying assets are restaked to bolster network security and yield generation.^[58]^[59] The protocol addresses limitations in traditional staking by incorporating restaking to secure additional services, such as the HyperGrid Network through collaborations like Sonic, thereby enhancing Solana's overall economic security without requiring users to lock assets illiquidly.^[59]^[60] Operationally, Fragmetric leverages Solana's Token Extensions, including transfer hooks, to enable real-time balance tracking and precise distribution of restaking rewards from node consensus networks (NCNs).^[59] Users restake via dedicated vaults that delegate to operators on platforms like Jito Restaking, with fragSOL representing a normalized claim on these yields; the protocol's Normalized Token Program ensures flexible reward accrual and atomic composability across DeFi protocols.^[59]^[57] Dedicated nodes on the HyperGrid Shared State Network prevent state conflicts, allowing seamless integration with Solana's high-throughput environment for operations like multi-asset deposits and yield sourcing.^[59] This modular design supports scalability, with public SDKs available for developers to build compatible applications.^[59] Key features include transparent reward tracking via on-chain mechanisms, superior liquidity management that permits fragSOL usage in lending, trading, or other DeFi activities, and multi-asset support extending to assets like BTC or stablecoins for diversified restaking.^[56]^[61] The protocol emphasizes composability and user experience, evolving from pure restaking to a broader standard for asset handling, including operator validation and fund management curation.^[57]^[62] Security audits, such as those by Quantstamp, have verified core components like the liquid restaking program, though full implementation of features like undelegation remains ongoing as of mid-2025.^[63] The native FRAG token serves as the governance instrument for the protocol, with a fixed total supply of 1 billion tokens allocated through mechanisms including community incentives and airdrops based on user contributions to protocol growth.^[64]^[65] Announced on June 25, 2025, FRAG empowers holders to influence decisions on fund managers, restaking operators, and supported NCNs, with protocol revenue potentially directed toward ecosystem initiatives like Solana staking allocations.^[66]^[67] This governance model aligns incentives for long-term participation, positioning Fragmetric as a foundational layer for Solana's DeFi maturation.^[60]^[68]

References

[1]
FRAG Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
transitive verb ˈfrag. fragged; fragged; fragging; frags. : to deliberately injure or kill (one's military leader) by means of a fragmentation grenade. fragger.
[2]
FRAG Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
verb (used with object) fragged, fragging. to kill, wound, or assault (especially an unpopular or overzealous superior) with a fragmentation grenade.
[3]
Fragging Definition, Motivation & History - Study.com
"Frag" is short for "fragmentation"; a fragmentation grenade is one of the many types of grenades used in military conflicts. What is fragging in the military?
[4]
Pentagon announces a rise in “fragging” among U.S. military units
Fragging was a slang term used to describe U.S. military personnel tossing of fragmentation hand grenades (hence the term “fragging”) usually into sleeping ...
[5]
What does "frags" mean? - Arqade - Stack Exchange
Nov 8, 2012 · A frag is roughly equivalent to kill, with the typical main difference that the player being fragged can instantly respawn (play again) in most games.
[6]
What does 'frag' mean in gaming? - Dot Esports
Apr 9, 2021 · The word “frag” in gaming is regularly used as a substitute for “kill” or “eliminate.”
[7]
The Hard Truth About Fragging - HistoryNet
Jul 28, 2010 · As of July 1972, when the last American soldiers were leaving Vietnam, there had been 551 reported fragging incidents, killing 86 and injuring ...
[8]
Disciplined With Death: The Disturbing History of Military Fragging
Oct 25, 2022 · Fragging is when someone in the armed forces kills another person on their own side. The term was coined due to the use of frag grenades to commit murders.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin<|control11|><|separator|>
[9]
The History of Fragging in the US Military
Jun 7, 2022 · One study of the practice determined there were 1,017 fragging incidents over the course of the Vietnam War, resulting in 86 deaths and 714 ...
[10]
Myth 21: Many US troops committed acts of violence against their ...
The Army (600-850 estimated) and Marines (100-150 estimated) documented approximately 730 possible fragging incidents through 1972. Official casualty reports ...
[11]
“Fragging” during the Vietnam War | CherriesWriter
Oct 10, 2017 · Documented and suspected fragging incidents totaled nearly eight hundred from 1969 to 1972; resulting in 86 deaths and 714 injuries. In 1971, ...
[12]
Fragging in 'Nam: How prevalent? - Connect Savannah
Jun 30, 2009 · During Vietnam, the fragging rate rose from 1 incident per 3,300 servicemen in 1969 to a peak of 1 per 572 in 1971. Few Vietnam fragging cases ...
[13]
Fragging in the Vietnam War: Myth, Media, and Memory - AUETD
Fragging has largely been remembered as a heroic act of self-defense or as part of a principled, even legitimate, act of protest, a framing referred to in this ...
[14]
Fragging by George LePre | Vietnam Veterans of America
The term “fragging” was coined during the Vietnam War. Every Vietnam veteran knows the definition. In Fragging: Why U.S. Soldiers Assaulted Their Officers in ...
[15]
A journalist reports on fragging of US officers (1972) - Alpha History
'Fragging' is the killing or intentional wounding of an officer or NCO. This 1972 article explores fragging in US combat units in Vietnam.
[16]
frag - Word Spy
This term originated as Vietnam-era military slang meaning to kill a superior officer who is considered to be dangerous or overly-zealous, particularly by using ...
[17]
When did 'frags' correlate to 'kills'? - Arqade - Stack Exchange
Jul 17, 2015 · "Frag" as slang for a kill in a multiplayer FPS game is about as old as deathmatch itself. Practically all id Software games use this term.
[18]
What Is Frag? - TD Dictionary - TechDogs
In first-person shooter games such as Call of Duty or Halo, the term "frag" refers to the act of killing an opponent. Shooting an opponent kills them. Easy ...<|separator|>
[19]
VALORANT lingo: 38 slang terms every player should know - Red Bull
Aug 16, 2023 · Frag/Pick. A kill can also be called a frag or a pick, depending on the commentator's preference.
[20]
https://steamcommunity.com/app/359550/discussions/0/1621724915776311891/
[21]
What is Fragging in FPS Games? - Eloking
“Fragging” represents the core objective of FPS gaming, which is taking down opponents to secure victory. Fragging traces its roots back to the early days ...
[22]
The Home of Frag Movies - History - WASD
"WASD Gamers" was created in October 2010 by Axel "Regulator" Bowen-Dale as a PC-exclusive FPS gaming community channel to showcase user-created movies and ...
[23]
Quake 3 Frag Highlights - VirtuositY - YouTube
Aug 8, 2010 · VirtuositY is a Quake 3 Fragging video created by Liquide featuring frags from various players from the Quake 3 community.
[24]
The Top 10 Fragmovies of All Time - teamfortress.tv
It's come to my attention that many older TF2 fragmovies just aren't on the radar for those darn kids these days. With that in mind, I've compiled a top 10 ...
[25]
From frag compilations to music videos for platinum-winning rappers
Jun 29, 2015 · ESL veteran Michael Weicker is instrumental in creating many of our iconic videos, but how did he go from making frag videos at friends' LAN parties to ...
[26]
Finals Frag Montage // VCT Pacific Stage 2 - YouTube
Jul 28, 2024 · Finals Frag Montage // VCT Pacific Stage 2. 63 views · 1 year ago ...more. VALORANT Esports Philippines. 15.7K. Subscribe.
[27]
The 10 best CS fragmovies of all time - TLDR Newsletter
Jul 9, 2020 · Fragmovies have evolved into a form of art - they give us goosebumps, make us think “that's stupid!” but compel us to try those weird things out ...
[28]
Fragmovie Nostalgia - TL.net
Jun 4, 2013 · I was into quake and unreal tournament movies, they always made my more eager to play then CS movies. ... Frag movies used to be a lot bigger yeah ...
[29]
Are there still good frag/skill movies being made? : r/esports - Reddit
Jul 24, 2022 · Just a few weeks ago I was making a list of best frag movies, but couldn't find any decent ones. I think the frag movie community died of ...The First-Person Shooter Term "Frag" : r/etymologyBest Frag Movie? (CS1.6,CS:S,CS:GO) : r/GlobalOffensiveMore results from www.reddit.com
[30]
What Is Fragmentation (Disk)? - ITU Online IT Training
Disk fragmentation occurs when a file system stores parts of a file in non-contiguous clusters on a disk, causing the data to be scattered rather than stored in ...
[31]
What is Fragmentation in Operating System? - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · Fragmentation is the division of a file into non-contiguous blocks, or the inefficient use of memory with small, non-contiguous blocks.
[32]
Disk Fragmentation and System Performance
Mar 14, 2008 · Disk fragmentation occurs when files are scattered across the disk, causing disk heads to move between non-contiguous clusters, leading to ...<|separator|>
[33]
Difference between Internal and External fragmentation
Jul 12, 2025 · External fragmentation happens when the method or process is removed. The solution of internal fragmentation is the best-fit block.
[34]
Do SSDs get fragmented, and if they do, is that an issue? - Super User
Jan 17, 2010 · Yes, SSDs do get fragmented. Does it impact performance as much as regular hard drives? No. Fragmentation just refers to the placement of files out of order.Should I defragment my SSD? - Super UserCan I increase app performance by purposefully fragmenting its data ...More results from superuser.com
[35]
Hard Drive Defragmenting: What Is It and Should You Do It?
Jul 23, 2024 · Hard drive defragmenting reorganizes data to store files contiguously, speeding up access. It's needed for mechanical drives, but not SSDs.
[36]
Should i defragment an SSD? - Microsoft Q&A
Dec 29, 2021 · No, you should never defrag an SSD drive, only the old type HDD's need to be defragmented. An SSD uses a different technology named TRIM and that is managed ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[37]
What is Defragmentation? | Definition from TechTarget
Aug 20, 2025 · Defragmentation, also known as defragging or defrag, is the process of rearranging data on a storage medium, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) ...
[38]
[PDF] We Ain't Afraid of No File Fragmentation: Causes and Prevention of ...
Feb 29, 2024 · In contrast to HDDs, flash-based solid-state disks (SSDs) eliminate mechanical movements, significantly reducing the performance gap between ...
[39]
Rendering Pipeline Overview - OpenGL Wiki - The Khronos Group
No information is available for this page. · Learn why
[40]
[PDF] A Brief History of Shaders
2004: OpenGL 2.0 / GLSL 1.10 includes Vertex and Fragment Shaders. History of Shaders, IV. 2008: OpenGL 3.0 / GLSL 1.30 adds features left out before. 2010 ...
[41]
Introduction | SpringerLink
Jan 2, 2023 · On August 14, 2001, after the November 2000 introduction of Microsoft's Direct3D 8.1 Shader Model 1.4, ATI introduced the R200 GPU, code named ...<|separator|>
[42]
Shader Basics - The GPU Render Pipeline
The basics section will be focusing primarily on vertex shaders and fragment shaders, which are vital for rendering an image on to the screen, or onto a buffer ...Vertex Shader · Geometry Shader · Fragment Shader
[43]
OpenGL Rendering Pipeline | An Overview - GeeksforGeeks
Jun 10, 2025 · Fragment Shader. The fragment shader is where you decide how each fragment (potential pixel) looks. You write GLSL code to: Add colors or ...Stages Of The Opengl... · 2. Vertex Shader · Example: Drawing A Simple...
[44]
What is an IP Fragmentation DDoS Attack? - Corero Network Security
Feb 21, 2025 · IP fragmentation DDoS attacks exploit that reassembly process by sending fragments that may be overlapping, missing key information, or oversized, which makes ...Missing: cybersecurity | Show results with:cybersecurity
[45]
What is an IP/ICMP Fragmentation DDoS Attack? - Netscout
IP/ICMP fragmentation attacks bombard the destination with fragmented packets, causing it to use memory to reassemble all those fragments and overwhelm a ...
[46]
What is a Packet Fragmentation Attack? - Portnox
A packet fragmentation attack is a network exploit where attackers deliberately manipulate the fragmentation of IP packets.
[47]
IP Fragmentation Attacks - Vercara - DigiCert
Oct 8, 2025 · In such attacks, hackers manipulate fragmented packets to bypass security measures or overwhelm network resources in a Denial of Service, ...
[48]
https://www.nordvpn.com/blog/ip-fragmentation-attack/
[49]
Understanding IP Fragmentation Attack: A Complete Guide for ...
Oct 30, 2024 · A fragmentation attack is a cybersecurity exploit where attackers use fragmented data packets to bypass security controls and inject malicious ...Packet Switching And Ip... · Ip Fragmentation Basics · Icmp Fragmentation Attacks
[50]
FragAttacks: Security flaws in all Wi-Fi devices
May 11, 2021 · We present three security design flaws in Wi-Fi and widepread implementation flaws. These can be abused to exfiltrate user data and attack ...
[51]
What Are FragAttacks? | Avast
A new series of attacks against almost every Wi-Fi router has been posted called FragAttacks. Anyone who can receive radio signals from your router or Wi-Fi ...
[52]
FragAttack: New Wi-Fi vulnerabilities that affect... basically everything
May 12, 2021 · A researcher has uncovered a set of vulnerabilities in the way Wi-Fi and connected devices handle data packet fragmentation and aggregation.
[53]
Frag Ransomware Recovery - Solace Cyber
Oct 12, 2025 · Solace Cyber's ransomware recovery teams are experts in responding to Frag Ransomware attacks quickly and effectively. Call us 01202 308818.
[54]
Cybersecurity in Manufacturing: Threats, Trends, and Preparation
May 29, 2025 · ... Frag, and Lynx. Across these groups, multi-platform ransomware is now standard across targets of Windows, Linux, and ESXi systems. We ...
[55]
Fragmentation Attack - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A fragmentation attack refers to a type of attack that takes advantage of the fragmentation process in IP packets to evade detection and potentially disrupt ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[56]
https://fragmetriclabs.mintlify.app/
[57]
What Is Fragmetric (FRAG)? Complete Guide To Solana's Liquid ...
Jul 2, 2025 · Fragmetric is Solana's first native liquid restaking protocol that has evolved into an advanced FRAG-22 asset management standard.
[58]
Fragmetric: What is it and Why is it Important? - GetBlock.io
What is Fragmetric? Fragmetric is a Solana-based liquid restaking protocol that allows users to restake SOL tokens and receive frSOL tokens in return.
[59]
What is Fragmetric? - Backpack Learn
Fragmetric is on a mission to revolutionize how Liquid Restaking Tokens (LRTs) are used on the blockchain by leveraging Solana and it's Token Extensions.
[60]
Fragmetric - CRYPTO fundraising
Fragmetric is a Solana-based liquid restaking protocol aimed at enhancing the security and economic growth of Solana's ecosystem.
[61]
Why Fragmetric Feels Like a Natural DeFi Progression on Solana
Jun 28, 2025 · It allows staking $SOL, $JTO, $BTC, and even stables, and still uses those assets across DeFi via $fragSOL.
[62]
Fragmetric's Evolution: From Liquid Restaking Towards Universal ...
Jun 16, 2025 · Fragmetric started as a solution to address problems with LSTs and LRTs (Liquid Restaking Tokens) and is expanding into a standard that allows ...
[63]
Fragmetric Liquid Restaking Program - Report - Quantstamp
Development of the Fragmetric protocol is not yet complete. The following Operator Fund commands remain unimplemented: Undelegation of RestakingVault supported ...
[64]
Fragmetric (FRAG): Modular Asset Management and Restaking ...
Fragmetric Tokenomics. FRAG is the native governance token of the Fragmetric protocol, with a fixed total supply of 1 billion tokens issued through a one ...
[65]
Potential Fragmetric Airdrop » How to be eligible?
Eligibility for the FRAG token airdrop has been determined based on each user's contribution to the growth of the Fragmetric Protocol over time. This ...
[66]
Fragmetric on X: "Announcing FRAG token: Advancing the Future of ...
Jun 25, 2025 · The Fragmetric Protocol's innovative asset standard, FRAG-22, enables the seamless onboarding of diverse LSTs into Jito (Re)staking. This ...
[67]
Fragmetric - X
Big welcome to @fragmetric on Realms, with a robust proposal right out of the gate: allocating up to 4% of protocol revenue from Solana staking and @jito_sol ...
[68]
Fragmetric (FRAG): Redefining asset management on Solana
Jul 9, 2025 · Fragmetric (FRAG) is a liquid restaking protocol on Solana that allows you to deposit SOL and various LSTs to earn yields while helping secure ...