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Frome Hoard

The Frome Hoard is a hoard of 52,503 Roman coins discovered in April 2010 by metal detectorist Dave Crisp in a field near Frome, Somerset, England, contained within a single ceramic pot and weighing approximately 160 kg.^[1] The coins, primarily debased silver and bronze, date to the mid- to late 3rd century AD (specifically AD 253–293) and represent over 25 rulers, including those from the breakaway Gallic Empire, providing insights into the economic instability and political fragmentation of the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.^[1] As the largest Roman coin hoard ever found in Britain and the second-largest treasure hoard overall, the Frome Hoard is significant for its numismatic value and potential ritual context, likely buried as a votive offering on high ground near a spring source. It was voted the nation's favourite treasure in a 2017 Telegraph poll.^[1] Of the coins, 44,245 are identifiable, encompassing 67 distinct types that reflect the debasement of currency under emperors like Postumus and Victorinus.^[1] The find was declared treasure under the Treasure Act 1996, and after conservation, it was acquired in 2011 by the Museum of Somerset in Taunton for £320,250, funded through grants from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Art Fund, and public donations to keep it in Somerset rather than exporting it to the British Museum.^[2] Although not on permanent display at the local Frome Museum due to security concerns, replicas and interpretive exhibits there highlight its local impact, while the original hoard is housed and displayed at the Museum of Somerset.^[1]

Discovery and Excavation

Initial Discovery

The Frome Hoard was initially discovered on April 11, 2010, by Dave Crisp, an amateur metal detectorist and hospital chef from Devizes, Wiltshire, while he was searching a ploughed field on private farmland near Frome in Somerset, England. Crisp had previously found Roman coins in the same area, prompting his return to the site.^[3]^[4]^[5] During his search, Crisp first detected signals leading to scattered fragments of pottery and approximately 21 Roman coins scattered in the plough soil, about 30 cm below the surface. Further probing revealed the rim of a large ceramic storage jar, roughly 45 cm in diameter, which contained a dense mass of additional coins packed tightly inside, indicating a significant hoard. Recognizing the importance of the find, Crisp immediately photographed the pot and surrounding area in situ to document its condition.^[5]^[4]^[6] Adhering to the requirements of the UK's Treasure Act 1996, Crisp minimally disturbed the site to avoid damage and promptly reported the discovery to local authorities and the coroner, allowing professional archaeologists from the Portable Antiquities Scheme to take over. This responsible action preserved the hoard's context for subsequent excavation.^[4]^[6]

Excavation Process

Following the initial detection of the hoard by metal detectorist Dave Crisp, an emergency excavation was promptly organized to recover the artifacts professionally. The excavation occurred over three days in April 2010, and was conducted jointly by the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and Somerset County Council to ensure systematic recovery and documentation.^[5]^[7] Alan Graham, a local archaeologist engaged by the council, led the effort, assisted by Katie Hinds, the PAS Finds Liaison Officer for Wiltshire, and Anna Booth, the PAS Finds Liaison Officer for Somerset.^[5]^[7] Local archaeologists were also involved to secure the site and prevent further disturbance from agricultural activity.^[7] Due to the fragile and cracked state of the grey-ware pot with a black-burnished ware lid containing the coins—measuring approximately 550 mm high and 450 mm in diameter—the vessel could not be lifted intact as a soil block, necessitating careful on-site disassembly.^[7]^[5] The coins were excavated in horizontal layers or spits to maintain stratigraphic context, with traces of organic packing material such as straw and withies observed around the pot.^[7]^[5] A total of 52,503 coins were recovered and placed into 66 labeled plastic bags, weighing approximately 160 kg in total, before the site was backfilled to protect any remaining context.^[7]^[5] Key challenges included the ongoing risk of coin dispersal from ploughing, which had already scattered some artifacts prior to the professional intervention, and the need for minimal disturbance to preserve archaeological integrity amid limited resources and equipment.^[8]^[5] Documentation was thorough, encompassing photographs of each layer, precise measurements of the pit and vessel, GPS logging of the find spot, and a detailed section drawing of the excavation profile.^[7] These records were subsequently entered into the PAS database under reference SOM-5B9453.^[7]

Conservation Efforts

Following the excavation, the Frome Hoard coins, totaling approximately 160 kg across multiple bags, were transferred to the British Museum shortly after their discovery in April 2010 for specialist handling and initial stabilization.^[9] Under the supervision of senior metals conservator Pippa Pearce, the material was assessed to prioritize non-invasive techniques that preserved the natural patina essential for numismatic analysis.^[10] The cleaning process, led by Pearce and her team including conservators Ana Tam and Natalie Mitchell, spanned over six weeks and involved washing the coins in water to remove adhering soil and clay, followed by careful drying to mitigate further corrosion.^[11] Due to the hoard's immense volume of 52,503 coins, no comprehensive conservation—such as detailed mechanical cleaning or chemical stabilization—was undertaken at this stage, as such methods risked damaging the artifacts' surface integrity.^[10] This approach addressed immediate post-excavation needs while deferring more intensive work. The efforts resulted in approximately 44,245 coins becoming legible enough for identification and cataloging, enabling preliminary numismatic study. The remaining coins, however, continue to be encrusted or partially illegible, reflecting conservation challenges, with some artifacts displayed in their stabilized but untreated state to maintain historical authenticity.^[11]

Description of the Hoard

Composition and Contents

The Frome Hoard consists of 52,503 Roman coins deposited in a single ceramic pot, marking it as the largest such assemblage found in a single vessel in Britain.^[7] The pot itself is a large, thin-sided grey-ware storage vessel, approximately 45 cm in diameter, topped with a black-burnished ware lid resembling a "dog bowl," and representative of common locally produced Roman pottery in southwest Britain.^[7] No additional artifacts, such as jewelry, tools, or other metal objects, were present, setting this apart as a pure coin hoard without associated material culture.^[9] The coins are predominantly made from debased silver and bronze alloys, typical of late third-century Roman currency, with the entire assemblage weighing around 160 kg.^[1] Of these, 44,245 were identifiable upon initial examination, while the remainder consisted of illegible fragments.^[1] In terms of issuers, the hoard includes 14,788 coins from the central Roman Empire, 28,377 from the Gallic Empire (a secessionist regime active from AD 260 to 274), and 766 from the short-lived Britannic Empire under Carausius (AD 286–293).^[7] Among the notable items are five rare silver denarii of high purity, struck by Carausius—the only such silver coins minted in Britain during his rule—and placed near the top of the pot.^[5] Many coins, particularly those in the lower layers, are heavily corroded and fused together due to prolonged burial and water exposure, complicating full cataloging.^[7]

Chronology and Issuers

The coins in the Frome Hoard span a minting period from AD 253 to AD 293, encompassing the aftermath of the Crisis of the Third Century through the establishment of the Tetrarchy, a time marked by political upheaval and economic strain in Roman Britain.^[12] This range reflects the hoard's accumulation over decades of imperial instability, with the absence of coins post-dating AD 293 indicating deposition in the late third century.^[13] A dominant proportion of the hoard consists of coins issued by the breakaway Gallic Empire, particularly those of Postumus (r. AD 260–269) and Victorinus (r. AD 269–271), underscoring the regional autonomy and separate monetary system that persisted in Gaul and Britain during this fragmentation of Roman authority.^[13] In contrast, examples from central Roman emperors, such as Aurelian (r. AD 270–275), are far less common, highlighting the limited penetration of reformed imperial coinage into Britain amid ongoing separatist rule.^[13] The presence of approximately 766 coins of Carausius (r. AD 286–293), who seized control of Britain and minted locally, further illustrates this era's political divisions and the hoard’s ties to provincial rebellion.^[14] The temporal distribution peaks in the 270s AD, corresponding to the height of Gallic Empire issues under rulers like Victorinus and Tetricus I (r. AD 271–274), before tapering in the 280s and 290s with Carausian and early Tetrarchic pieces.^[13] These radiate antoniniani exemplify debased silver and bronze currency, introduced to combat inflation but ultimately exacerbating economic woes during imperial splintering.^[15] The Carausius coins, in particular, offer rare evidence for his short-lived regime, enabling detailed study of British minting practices independent of Rome.^[9]

Interpretation and Significance

Theories on Purpose

The primary scholarly interpretation of the Frome Hoard's burial posits it as a communal votive offering to the gods, rather than a savings hoard intended for recovery. Numismatist Sam Moorhead, who led the analysis, argues that the hoard's deposition reflects a collective ritual act by a local community, possibly in response to crisis or thanksgiving, drawing on the tradition of dedicating wealth at sacred sites in Roman Britain.^[7] This view is supported by the fragile ceramic pot used to contain the coins, which was unlikely to withstand exhumation, indicating intentional non-retrieval.^[4] Despite nearby Roman settlements identified by geophysical survey a few hundred meters away, the findspot lies along a Roman road but lacks associated domestic or economic structures, further bolstering the idea of a ritual site.^[7] Key evidence for this votive purpose includes the hoard's immense size—52,503 coins—and its composition of mixed denominations, primarily low-value radiates, which would have been impractical for personal economic storage or trade.^[7] The coins were buried at a depth of about 0.3 meters (30 cm) in a sealed pot, suggesting a deliberate, one-time deposition event around AD 275–300, shortly after the latest issues (ending c. AD 293).^[4]^[1] This timing aligns with broader patterns of ritual hoarding in third-century Britain, where communities amassed and buried coins as offerings, often in prominent landscape locations away from habitation. Geophysical surveys have since identified extensive Roman settlement a few hundred meters away, suggesting the hoard was deposited in a peripheral area of activity.^[7] Alternative interpretations include the possibility of it serving as a temple treasury, potentially tied to local Celtic-Roman syncretism in Somerset, where indigenous deities blended with Roman cults.^[7] Some scholars suggest an emergency burial amid political unrest, such as the Carausian Revolt (AD 286–293), given the prominence of Carausius' coins (approximately 1.6% or around 850 of the hoard) and the deposition date around AD 290–291, following Maximian's failed invasion.^[16]^[7] However, the structured layering and lack of signs of hasty concealment favor ritual over purely secular motives. Comparisons to other ritual deposits, like the Coventina's Well hoard in Northumberland—a mix of coins and votive items buried as offerings—highlight similarities in non-economic deposition practices across Roman Britain.^[7]

Historical Context

The Roman province of Britannia was established in AD 43 following the Claudian invasion, which rapidly incorporated southern regions including Somerset through military campaigns led by the Second Augustan Legion.^[17] By the third century AD, the province grappled with severe challenges, including repeated barbarian invasions across its frontiers, rampant economic inflation, and political fragmentation exemplified by the secession of the Gallic Empire from AD 260 to 274 under emperors like Postumus, which temporarily separated Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia from central Roman authority.^[18] These upheavals, part of the broader Crisis of the Third Century, involved over 20 emperors in quick succession, civil wars, and a debasement of currency that eroded trust in the imperial economy.^[5] In the local context of Frome, situated at the eastern edge of the Mendip Hills in Somerset, Roman activity centered on resource extraction and settlement, with the hills serving as a major hub for lead and silver mining from the early occupation onward, supporting imperial trade networks.^[17] The area featured Roman villas indicative of elite agrarian estates, alongside potential undiscovered sacred sites, as many third-century coin hoards in Britain have been found near temples or ritual landscapes where offerings were common.^[17]^[19] The Frome Hoard, dating to AD 253–293, directly reflects this era of instability, with its coins illustrating the impacts of barbarian threats along the Rhine and usurpers such as Carausius, who proclaimed himself emperor in Britain in AD 286 and issued around 850 coins in the assemblage amid his breakaway regime.^[5]^[7] The progressive debasement of these coins—from silver radiate denarii to low-value bronze—mirrors empire-wide inflation driven by overproduction and loss of mining control, culminating in currencies worth only a fraction of their original value.^[5] As the second-largest Roman coin hoard discovered in Britain, with 52,503 specimens surpassing many contemporaries but trailing the Cunetio Hoard of 54,951 coins, the Frome assemblage stands out for its emphasis on Gallic Empire and Carausian issues, providing key evidence of localized wealth accumulation in late Roman Somerset amid economic turmoil.^[20] It offers valuable insights into rural prosperity from mining and agriculture, as well as possible religious practices tied to hoard deposition in potentially sacred contexts.^[5]

Legal Proceedings and Acquisition

Inquest and Treasure Status

Following the discovery of the hoard on 11 April 2010, metal detectorist Dave Crisp promptly reported the find to the local coroner within the 14-day requirement stipulated by the Treasure Act 1996, which mandates the reporting of potential treasure finds in England and Wales to allow for official assessment. The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), administered by the British Museum, recorded the discovery as a potential treasure case (reference 2010 T278) and coordinated further examination, including the involvement of experts to evaluate its archaeological and numismatic significance. This initial reporting process ensured the hoard's protection and initiated the legal pathway under UK law for classifying archaeological finds containing precious metals or exceeding 300 years in age.^[6]^[9] An inquest was convened on 22 July 2010 at the East Somerset Coroner's Court in Frome to determine the hoard's status. Coroner Tony Williams ruled that the approximately 52,503 coins constituted treasure, qualifying under section 1 of the Treasure Act 1996 due to their age (dating to the third century AD, over 300 years old) and the presence of at least ten coins from that period. The ruling was supported by testimony and expert analysis from British Museum specialists, including Roger Bland, head of the PAS, and Anna Booth, the Somerset finds liaison officer, who confirmed the hoard's deliberate deposition as a single assemblage and its substantial cultural value. No claims were made by the finder or the landowner to retain ownership outright, as the Act vests initial rights with the Crown upon declaration, paving the way for potential acquisition by a public institution with rewards shared between the finder and landowner.^[6]^[21]^[9] The entire process from discovery to official treasure designation took approximately three months, exemplifying the efficiency of the UK's Treasure Act framework for handling amateur archaeological discoveries. This system, designed to balance legal oversight with incentives for reporting, prevented private retention or dispersal of the hoard and facilitated its preservation for public benefit. The declaration had no bearing on subsequent changes to treasure laws as of 2025, which have not retroactively affected cases like this one.^[6]^[21]

Valuation and Purchase

The valuation of the Frome Hoard was carried out in October 2010 by the Treasure Valuation Committee, an independent body that meets at the British Museum to assess finds declared under the Treasure Act 1996. The committee valued the hoard at £320,250, a figure determined by factors including the numismatic rarity of its contents—particularly the over 760 coins issued by the usurper emperor Carausius (r. AD 286–293), representing the largest known group from his reign—and the hoard's exceptional intactness as a single-vessel deposit containing 52,503 bronze coins.^[22]^[23]^[24] This collective market value, equivalent to roughly £6.10 per coin on average, underscores the premium placed on such hoards for academic research and institutional collections rather than individual coin sales, where common Roman bronzes typically fetch far less. Following its declaration as treasure at the inquest on 22 July 2010, the hoard became eligible for acquisition by a public institution, with the valuation serving as the basis for any ex gratia reward to the finder and landowner. In 2011, the Museum of Somerset in Taunton successfully purchased the entire hoard for £320,250, preventing its potential dispersal through private auction and ensuring it remained accessible to the public in its region of discovery. The finder, metal detectorist Dave Crisp, and the unnamed landowner shared the reward equally under the Treasure Act, each receiving £160,125.^[21]^[2] Funding for the acquisition was secured through a targeted public appeal, with the National Heritage Memorial Fund providing a major grant of £294,000 to support the preservation of nationally significant heritage. The Art Fund contributed an additional £26,250, completing the purchase price and emphasizing community involvement in retaining the hoard for public benefit. A further £100,000 was raised separately for conservation work, addressing the challenges of cleaning and cataloguing the corroded assemblage.^[2]^[25] Adjusted for inflation using UK Consumer Price Index data, the 2010 valuation of £320,250 equates to approximately £524,760 in 2025 terms, illustrating the hoard's substantial and growing economic context within British cultural heritage funding.^[26]

Display and Legacy

Exhibitions and Public Access

Following its discovery, a partial selection of coins from the Frome Hoard was exhibited at the British Museum in Gallery 68 from 15 July to 31 August 2010, allowing early public viewing of approximately 5,000 coins alongside the original pottery vessel.^[27] A smaller portion was also displayed locally at Frome Library on 22 July 2010, attracting over 2,000 visitors, with a follow-up viewing in October 2010 to accommodate further public interest.^[28]^[23] The hoard found its permanent home at the Museum of Somerset in Taunton, where it went on full public display upon the museum's reopening on 29 September 2011 following a major redevelopment.^[29] Housed in custom-designed cases within the "Making Somerset" gallery, the installation features the complete hoard alongside the original ceramic pot, with contextual artifacts and educational panels detailing Roman Britain and the hoard's historical significance.^[30] Due to conservation requirements for the fragile coins, the display ensures long-term preservation.^[10] Public access to the Museum of Somerset is free, with the exhibit open during standard museum hours and supported by interactive elements such as audio guides and hands-on replicas for educational engagement.^[30] Occasional loans enhance accessibility; for instance, replicas of the hoard were featured in a temporary exhibition at the Frome Heritage Museum starting 25 March 2024, focusing on local history.^[31] Post-2020, digital enhancements have broadened access, including the Museum of Somerset's Bloomberg Connects app, launched in partnership with the Bloomberg Philanthropies, which offers virtual tours, multilingual audio descriptions, and high-resolution images of key hoard items viewable worldwide via mobile devices.^[32] As of 2025, ongoing updates to the museum's online collections portal provide detailed digital catalogs of the hoard, enabling remote scholarly and public exploration without physical visitation.^[32]

Cultural Impact

The Frome Hoard has significantly advanced scholarly understanding of the 3rd-century Roman economy and religious practices in Britain, particularly through analyses highlighting its composition of coins from the reigns of emperors like Gordian III and Postumus, which reflect monetary circulation and potential temple offerings in a rural southwestern context. Sam Moorhead's 2010 analysis, published as part of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) reports, emphasized the hoard's role in illuminating the economic disruptions of the mid-3rd century, including debasement and regional minting, while suggesting religious motivations for its burial based on the prevalence of coins depicting deities such as Serapis and Sol.^[7] Further studies in journals like the British Numismatic Journal have built on this, using the hoard to model coin flow patterns across Roman Britain, contributing to broader research on provincial economies.^[33] Public interest in the hoard surged following its 2010 discovery, with extensive media coverage raising awareness of metal detecting regulations and the importance of reporting finds under the Treasure Act 1996. BBC News reports from July 2010 onward detailed the excavation and inquest, sparking national discussions on amateur archaeology and the PAS's role in recording over 1,000 detectorist finds annually, which encouraged voluntary compliance and community involvement in heritage protection.^[4] This publicity also inspired local history initiatives in Frome, including talks and reenactments organized by the Frome Society for Local Study, fostering greater public engagement with Roman heritage in Somerset.^[8] As the largest Roman coin hoard discovered in a single container in Britain, with 52,503 coins, the Frome Hoard holds profound heritage significance, symbolizing successful community-driven preservation through grants totaling £320,250 raised in 2011 to acquire it for the Museum of Somerset.^[2] This funding effort, supported by the Art Fund and local appeals, exemplified collaborative heritage acquisition, preventing export and ensuring public access to a key artifact of Roman Britain.^[34] The hoard's legacy extends to influencing policies on handling amateur archaeological finds, bolstering the PAS framework that has recorded over 1.8 million objects since 1997, with high-profile cases like Frome prompting reviews of treasure valuation and export controls to balance detectorist incentives with national heritage needs.^[35] It also opens avenues for future research, including potential applications of AI-based image recognition for cataloging illegible coins in large assemblages, as explored in recent numismatic methodologies. Broader effects include heightened interest in Somerset's Roman past, contributing to regional tourism promotion through sites like the Museum of Somerset, where the hoard enhances narratives of local Roman occupation without associated controversies.^[36]

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Frome Hoard
The Frome Hoard is the largest coin hoard found in Britain to date, and the second largest treasure hoard. Discovered in 2010 by Dave Crisp.
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A hoard of Roman coins was discovered by a metal detectorist in April 2010 and an excavation was subsequently undertaken by Alan Graham. The container was a ...
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[PDF] THE FROME HOARD HOW A MASSIVE FIND CHANGES ...
DISCOVERY OF THE HOARD. The Frome Hoard was discovered by a metal detectorist, Dave Crisp2, in April 2010. (Image 1). He had been finding late Roman silver ...
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Hoard Details 1923
### Frome Hoard Summary
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The Frome hoard and Britain's emperor Carausius (AD 286-93 ...
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Oct 18, 2010 · A hoard of more than 52000 Roman coins which was found in Frome, Somerset, is valued at £320250.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Oct 17, 2010 · Unique hoard of 52,503 Roman coins was found last April stuffed into a giant pot bellied jar, buried in a field near Frome.
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### Summary of Inflation-Adjusted Value of £320,250 from 2010 to 2025 (UK CPI)
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Digital Guide and Tour ... Amongst the treasures on display are a 200 million year old Plesiosaur fossil; the impressive Low Ham mosaic and the Frome Hoard.
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Roman coin jar the Frome Hoard to feature in new exhibition | Heritage
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Mar 12, 2023 · The Frome Hoard is the largest coin hoard found in Britain to date, and the second largest treasure hoard. Discovered in 2010 by Dave Crisp.