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Full toss

A full toss in cricket is a delivery bowled by the bowler that reaches the batsman without first bouncing on the pitch.^[1] This type of ball is pitched at full length, making it relatively easy for the batsman to hit powerfully, often resulting in boundaries or sixes, particularly in limited-overs formats where aggressive scoring is prioritized.^[2] Under the Laws of Cricket governed by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), a full toss becomes an illegal delivery—a no-ball—if it passes or would have passed above the waist height of the striker standing upright at the popping crease without pitching.^[3] Specifically, Law 41.7.1 states: "Any delivery, which passes or would have passed, without pitching, above waist height of the striker standing upright at the popping crease, is unfair. Whenever such a delivery is bowled, the umpire shall call and signal No ball."^[3] If the umpire deems the delivery dangerous—factoring in its speed, height, direction, the batsman's skill level, and whether it is repetitive—additional penalties apply under Law 41.7.2 through 41.7.6, including a caution to the bowler, potential suspension from bowling for the remainder of the innings after a second offense, and reporting to match authorities.^[3] These rules aim to protect batsmen from potential injury, especially from fast-paced "beamers" (high full tosses directed at the body), while maintaining fair play.^[4] In international matches, the International Cricket Council (ICC) incorporates these MCC laws into its playing conditions, ensuring consistent enforcement across formats like Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 (T20).^[5]

Definition and Characteristics

Definition

A full toss in cricket is a type of delivery where the ball reaches the batsman without first bouncing on the pitch, traveling directly from the bowler's hand to the striker in a straight trajectory.^[1]^[6] This distinguishes it from standard deliveries that pitch on the ground before arriving at the batsman. The ball typically arrives at a height at waist height or below, influenced by the bowler's arm height and release point, making it accessible for a full-blooded shot.^[1] The term "full toss" has historically been synonymous with "full pitch."^[7]^[8] Full tosses above the batsman's waist height, when standing upright at the popping crease, are classified as no-balls to protect the striker.^[9]

Physical Characteristics

A full toss in cricket follows a parabolic trajectory determined by projectile motion under gravity, traveling directly from the bowler's hand to the batsman without pitching on the ground. This path results in minimal vertical dip compared to standard bouncing deliveries, as the ball arcs smoothly through the air influenced primarily by its initial velocity and release height. The ball typically arrives at the batsman at waist height or below, creating a relatively level flight that contrasts with the pronounced curve or seam movement seen in pitched balls. Speed variations in a full toss depend on the bowler's pace and technique, but these deliveries often maintain high velocities in fast bowling scenarios. While unintentional full tosses may lose some speed relative to precisely aimed faster balls due to adjustments in release, they can still exceed 140 km/h; for example, Shoaib Akhtar bowled a full toss recorded at 154.2 km/h during a match against Australia in 1999. In slower bowling, such as spin, full tosses tend to travel at reduced speeds, typically under 100 km/h, emphasizing their vulnerability when mistimed.^[10] Visually, a full toss presents as a near-straight line from the bowler's release point, without the characteristic pitch mark or bounce disruption on the playing surface, allowing umpires and batsmen to quickly discern its non-pitching nature. This lack of ground interaction provides clear cues, such as uninterrupted flight and no seam deviation post-pitch, distinguishing it from other deliveries. The absence of bounce also makes full tosses easier to strike forcefully, often leading to boundaries or sixes in gameplay.

Relation to Other Deliveries

Comparison with Yorker

A full toss and a yorker represent two distinct types of full-length deliveries in cricket, primarily differentiated by their point of contact with the ground and resulting trajectory to the batsman. A yorker is a full-pitched ball that lands precisely in the blockhole at the batsman's crease, aiming to pitch right at the toes with minimal bounce, thereby forcing the batsman into awkward footwork or defense low to the ground.^[1] In contrast, a full toss reaches the batsman without any bounce, traveling directly through the air from the bowler's hand to the bat, often at a higher elevation that makes it easier to strike.^[1] The intent behind these deliveries further underscores their differences, with the yorker serving as a deliberate attacking option to cramp the batsman's space and disrupt their positioning at the crease, particularly effective in limiting scoring opportunities during pressure situations like the death overs.^[11] A full toss, however, typically arises unintentionally as a result of over-pitching an attempted yorker, transforming a potentially restrictive ball into a hittable one higher up the body, which carries greater risk for the bowler due to the likelihood of boundaries or sixes.^[12] This error in length amplifies the batsman's advantage, as the absence of ground contact allows for unhindered swing at a stationary height. In terms of execution, both deliveries originate as full-length attempts from the bowler, but the yorker demands precise control over trajectory and release to ensure the ball skids low into the blockhole upon pitching, often requiring a lower arm action and seam orientation for accuracy.^[13] The full toss, by comparison, results from a higher release point or insufficient dip, preventing any ground interaction and delivering the ball on the full at chest or waist height, which can occasionally lead to no-ball penalties if deemed dangerously high.

Beamer as a Subtype

A beamer represents a particularly hazardous subtype of the full toss in cricket, characterized by a delivery that passes above the batsman's waist height without first pitching on the ground, often reaching chest or head level.^[14] This distinguishes it from standard full tosses, which may land below waist height and pose less immediate risk, as the beamers' elevated trajectory eliminates any opportunity for the batsman to react with a defensive shot or evasion.^[15] The primary dangers of a beamer stem from its direct path and potential velocity, which can result in severe injuries such as concussions, fractures, or worse if it strikes the batsman unprotected. Historically, beamers were occasionally employed as a form of intimidation by fast bowlers to unsettle aggressive batsmen, though such tactics have long been frowned upon for endangering player safety, as they cross into outright peril unlike legitimate short-pitched aggression.^[16] Today, they are strictly penalized under cricket's governing laws to prioritize welfare, reflecting a shift from tolerance in earlier eras to zero tolerance in modern professional play.^[15] Beamers can vary in pace, occurring accidentally from a bowler's loss of control or deliberately in heated confrontations, but all instances exceeding waist height are deemed illegal regardless of speed. Notable examples include "sledger" beamers, where fast bowlers like those in intense rivalries have unleashed them to psychologically dominate, such as during high-stakes matches where verbal banter escalates physical threats on the field.^[17] These variations underscore the beamers' role as an extreme tool in aggressive bowling strategies, though their use now invites immediate scrutiny and sanctions to curb any intent to harm.^[18]

Bowling and Technique

Causes of a Full Toss

A full toss often results from common technical errors during bowling attempts, particularly when aiming for a yorker. Bowlers may overcompensate by releasing the ball with a higher arm position or delayed timing, causing it to fail to dip and instead travel straight to the batsman at waist height.^[19] Biomechanical factors further contribute to these mishaps through improper execution of key actions. An inadequate wrist snap or incomplete follow-through prevents the ball from acquiring the necessary downward spin or dip, allowing it to float higher than planned.^[20] This issue is often exacerbated by front leg collapse or excessive lean back during delivery, which reduces release height control and dissipates energy in the kinetic chain.^[21] Although bowlers often report that fatigue and pressure, especially in death overs, impair coordination and timing—leading to greater variability in stride length and arm speed—quantitative studies indicate that technique parameters are largely maintained during spells, with only minor declines and increased error risk in specific conditions such as heat exposure or maximum effort bowling.^[22] Environmental influences can unpredictably alter ball flight, promoting full tosses even with sound technique. Wind conditions may push the ball off its intended path, reducing dip on fuller deliveries and causing elevation.^[23] Similarly, a wet ball from rain or dew reduces grip, making it prone to slipping from the fingers prematurely and resulting in erratic lengths, including unintended full tosses, without the bowler's ability to adjust precisely.^[24] These factors highlight the need for adaptive techniques to mitigate trajectory deviations.

Strategic Use

Unlike unintentional full tosses arising from technical errors, such planned deliveries are rare due to their high-risk nature but can surprise opponents expecting seam movement or bounce. Tactically, the full toss serves as a deceptive option following a sequence of yorkers in the death overs of T20 and ODI matches, where bowlers seek to vary pace and length to prevent batsmen from settling into a rhythm. Malinga, for instance, integrated wide full tosses into his strategy during the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 final, using them to cramp MS Dhoni's scoring options by pitching outside the off stump and limiting access to the leg side, even accepting the risk of wides to maintain pressure.^[25] Analysis of international ODIs shows that while full tosses concede more runs on average—particularly in the final 10 overs—bowlers must execute with precision to avoid punishment.^[26] However, its infrequency stems from the inherent danger of boundaries or sixes, with data indicating full tosses yield fewer dot balls and higher scoring rates compared to yorkers, making it a high-stakes gamble reserved for specific match situations.^[26]

Legal Aspects

No-Ball Rules

In cricket, a full toss is governed as a no-ball under Law 41.7 of the MCC Laws of Cricket when it constitutes an unfair non-pitching delivery. Specifically, Law 41.7.1 states that any delivery which passes or would have passed, without pitching, above the waist height of the striker standing upright at the popping crease is unfair, prompting the umpire to call and signal no-ball.^[3] Waist height is defined as the top of the striker's trousers in this upright position at the crease.^[3] The measurement of height for a full toss no-ball is consistently taken relative to the popping crease, regardless of the striker's actual stance or advancement down the pitch. This criterion ensures uniformity, as the delivery's trajectory is projected to determine if it exceeds waist height at that fixed point; even if the striker steps forward and meets the ball earlier, the call remains based on the hypothetical height at the crease.^[3] However, a full toss that reaches head height is deemed particularly dangerous under Law 41.7.2, factoring in the bowler's speed and the potential risk of injury, though the initial no-ball call stems from the waist-height threshold.^[3] These rules apply uniformly across all formats of the game, from Test matches to limited-overs cricket.^[3] Umpires assess full toss no-balls through a combination of visual judgment on the delivery's height and the bowler's front-foot position, with the square-leg umpire primarily responsible for foot-faults under Law 21.5 while the standing umpire evaluates height.^[9] In modern cricket, particularly in professional matches, technology such as Hawk-Eye ball-tracking assists in reviewing contentious height decisions, projecting the ball's path to the popping crease for precise verification, especially when a dismissal is involved.^[27] This integration enhances accuracy without altering the core criteria of the laws.^[27]

Penalties and Warnings

In cricket, a full toss classified as a beamer—passing above the batsman's waist height without pitching—is penalized as a no-ball under Law 41.7 of the MCC Laws of Cricket.^[3] In limited-overs formats, this results in a free hit on the subsequent delivery, where the batsman cannot be dismissed except for run-out, obstructing the field, or hitting the ball twice, as per ICC Playing Conditions. In Test matches, no free hit is awarded; instead, the batting side receives one run for the no-ball plus any additional runs scored off the bat or boundaries, added as extras to the total.^[3] If the umpire deems the delivery dangerous—based on factors such as speed, height, direction, and potential for injury, disregarding protective equipment—a warning system is enforced.^[3] The umpire issues a caution to the bowler as the first and final warning for the innings when the ball becomes dead, notifying the captain, batter, and scorers.^[3] A second dangerous non-pitching delivery leads to another no-ball call, immediate suspension of the bowler from bowling for the remainder of the innings, and completion of the over by a teammate, with the umpire reporting the incident.^[3] Deliberate beamers bypass the warning and result in instant suspension and reporting.^[3] The match referee handles post-match enforcement under the ICC Code of Conduct, particularly Article 2.12 for dangerous or unfair bowling, which can constitute a Level 2 or 3 offense depending on intent and repetition. Penalties include fines up to 100% of match fees, demerit points (four points triggering a ban of one Test or two limited-overs matches), and potential suspensions for repeated violations. Such measures ensure player safety and deter reckless bowling across international matches.

Game Impact

Batsman's Perspective

From the batsman's viewpoint, a full toss offers a prime scoring opportunity due to its lack of bounce, arriving at or below waist height that eliminates the uncertainty of pitch behavior. This trajectory enables batsmen to play powerful straight drives or lofted shots with minimal adjustment, often resulting in boundaries or sixes as the ball is presented ideally for aggressive play. If the full toss is above waist height, it is ruled a no-ball, granting the batsman a free hit in limited-overs formats, further enhancing the scoring potential. Elite coaches emphasize that recognizing and exploiting full tosses is a hallmark of batting expertise, particularly on pitches with variable bounce where such deliveries stand out as hittable. Former international spinner Graeme Swann has described the full toss as the easiest delivery to dispatch, underscoring its value in converting bowling errors into quick runs.^[28] Despite these advantages, full tosses carry inherent risks that can lead to dismissal if not executed perfectly. Mistimed attempts to capitalize often result in catches, especially when lofting the ball aerially toward fielders, or in being bowled if the batsman swings and misses. Swann highlights this paradox, noting that over 17% of wickets in T20 death overs occur off full tosses (as of 2018 data), demonstrating how the delivery's predictability can trap overconfident batsmen into errors.^[28] For advancing batsmen, the relative height of the full toss can exacerbate these challenges, turning a potential big shot into an accessible catch opportunity for the fielding side if the timing falters. Tactically, batsmen are encouraged to attack full tosses aggressively to punish the bowler's lapse and build momentum, prioritizing lofted cover drives or straight hits to clear the infield. However, vigilance is essential, as bowlers may disguise variations—like slower deliveries or subtle changes in pace—within a full toss trajectory to induce mishits. This approach allows skilled batsmen to dominate while mitigating the rare but costly pitfalls of over-aggression.^[29]

Bowler's Perspective

From the bowler's viewpoint, delivering a full toss represents a significant setback, as it typically results in a high likelihood of conceding boundaries or sixes due to the ball's accessibility at or below waist height without pitching.^[13] This error not only inflates the runs scored but also disrupts the bowler's rhythm and erodes confidence, particularly in high-pressure scenarios such as death overs where precision is paramount to restrict scoring.^[30] Statistically, full tosses contribute to elevated economy rates, often exceeding 8 runs per over in ODIs and T20s, as they provide batsmen with straightforward scoring opportunities that even skilled bowlers like Jasprit Bumrah record at 7.93 on such deliveries.^[31] For less controlled attempts, like those from Praveen Kumar, the economy on full tosses climbs to 12.67, underscoring their detrimental effect on overall performance metrics.^[13] To recover, bowlers often adjust by shortening their length immediately after a full toss, incorporating bouncers during warm-ups or practice to recalibrate their action and prevent further overpitching.^[32] Repeated full tosses, however, can prompt captains to alter bowling plans, such as rotating bowlers or shifting to defensive fields to mitigate further damage.^[30]

Historical and Notable Instances

Famous Full Tosses

In the 2025 ICC Champions Trophy semi-final between Australia and India in Dubai, Australian batsman Steve Smith faced a knee-high full toss from India's Mohammed Shami during a critical phase of the innings. Smith, charging down the track to attack, completely missed the delivery and was bowled, ending his innings on 73 off 82 balls and handing India a key breakthrough. This miss rattled Australia's batting; Australia were eventually dismissed for 264, losing by 4 wickets as India advanced.^[33]^[34] Full tosses have also been exploited for spectacular scoring, as exemplified by Chris Gayle's innings in the 2013 IPL match between Royal Challengers Bangalore and Pune Warriors India at Bengaluru. On a free-hit delivery—a waist-high full toss from Ashok Dinda—Gayle smashed it out of the stadium for six, reaching his century off just 30 balls (the fastest in IPL history at the time) en route to an unbeaten 175 off 66 balls, including 17 sixes. This shot highlighted the batsman's ability to punish errant bowling, powering RCB to 263/6 and a 130-run victory.^[35]^[36]

Incidents Involving Beamers

One notable incident involving a beamer occurred during the 1992 Cricket World Cup final between Pakistan and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In his final over of international cricket, Pakistan captain Imran Khan bowled a high full toss that was called a no-ball by the umpire, marking the only such infraction in his illustrious career spanning 88 Tests and 175 ODIs. The delivery, aimed at restricting England's chase, highlighted the pressure of the moment as Pakistan defended 249 to win their first World Cup title by 22 runs.^[37] Another controversial beamer took place in the 2005 Ashes series during the second Test at Edgbaston. Australian fast bowler Brett Lee delivered a 144.8 km/h thigh-high full toss to England's Kevin Pietersen, striking him on the leg in front of the stumps. Umpire Rudi Koertzen, who lost sight of the ball, did not give it out as leg-before-wicket, later apologizing to Lee for the error that denied him a wicket. Pietersen complained about the dangerous nature of the delivery, leading to verbal exchanges and heightened on-field tension between the players, with Lee finishing the innings with figures of 2 for 58. The incident underscored the fine line between aggressive fast bowling and perilous deliveries in high-stakes encounters.^[38]

References

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in cricket, an occasion where the ball is bowled (= thrown) and reaches the batter (= the player who tries to hit the ball) without hitting the ground first.
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