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Gleaves -class destroyer

The Gleaves-class destroyer was a class of 66 destroyers built for the between 1938 and 1942, designed as an evolution of the preceding Benson class to enhance wartime survivability and versatility. These ships displaced 1,630 tons standard and 2,395 tons at full load, measured 348 feet in length, and were powered by geared steam turbines producing 50,000 shaft horsepower for a top speed of 37.5 knots. Armament included five 5-inch/38-caliber guns in single mounts, ten 21-inch torpedo tubes in quintuple launchers, and anti-submarine and anti-aircraft weaponry such as depth charges and machine guns, with a crew of 276. Designed by the firm —who also handled the class—the Gleaves-class incorporated an "echelon" machinery arrangement, positioning boilers and engines in staggered compartments to reduce the risk of total power loss from a single hit. This layout, along with round smokestacks and alternative turbine manufacturers like or , distinguished them from the class's flat-sided stacks and Bethlehem Steel turbines. Construction occurred at multiple shipyards, including , Federal Shipbuilding, and , with the lead ship USS Gleaves (DD-423) commissioned in June 1940; the class represented the last U.S. destroyers with a raised deck before the more advanced class. Later subclasses, such as the and Laffey variants, featured modifications for improved anti-aircraft and capabilities. During World War II, Gleaves-class destroyers played pivotal roles across multiple theaters, serving primarily as convoy escorts in the Atlantic and Mediterranean while also conducting shore bombardments, anti-submarine patrols, and minesweeping operations. In the Pacific, they supported campaigns from Guadalcanal to Okinawa, with 24 ships converted to high-speed minesweepers (DMS) designation for clearing invasion routes and harbor approaches. The class collectively earned 495 battle stars, underscoring their extensive combat involvement, though 16 vessels were lost to enemy action—including five at Guadalcanal, six to German forces, and others to Japanese aircraft or accidents. Notable sinkings included USS Aaron Ward (DD-483) by Japanese aircraft off Guadalcanal in 1943 and USS Glennon (DD-620) by a mine during the invasion of southern France in 1944. Postwar, surviving Gleaves-class ships were largely placed in reserve, with some recommissioned for the or transferred to allied navies—12 to , , , and by 1959—before most were decommissioned and scrapped by the mid-1970s. The class's innovative influenced subsequent U.S. development, emphasizing balanced , speed, and damage resistance in fleet operations.

Development and background

Historical context

During the , the faced significant constraints on expansion due to the arms limitation treaties stemming from the 1922 and the 1930 , which imposed tonnage ratios of 10:10:7 for the , , and on major warships, including standard destroyers limited to 1,500 tons and leader destroyers to 1,850 tons standard displacement, with 5-inch gun armament. These agreements, intended to prevent a naval , curtailed fleet modernization amid post-World War I and economic austerity, leaving the Navy with aging vessels and insufficient numbers for emerging global responsibilities. By the early 1930s, however, President initiated a reversal through emergency funding under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and Executive Order 6174, marking the start of peacetime rearmament to rebuild industrial capacity and address fleet deficiencies. Rising geopolitical threats from Japan's aggressive expansion in Asia—highlighted by the 1931 Mukden Incident and subsequent denunciation of the treaties—and Germany's rearmament under the Nazis in Europe prompted escalations in US naval policy during the mid-1930s. The Second London Naval Treaty of 1936, signed by the US, UK, and France amid Japan's withdrawal, further refined restrictions by merging light cruisers and destroyers into a "light surface combatants" category with a maximum of 3,000 tons displacement and 6.1-inch guns, while maintaining a global destroyer tonnage ceiling of 150,000 tons for the US to encourage balanced fleets of around 1,500–1,600-ton vessels. These limits, combined with intelligence on adversarial naval programs, underscored the need for modern destroyers capable of fleet operations in potential Pacific or Atlantic conflicts, as outlined in War Plan Orange. The Vinson-Trammell Act of March 27, 1934, represented a pivotal legislative step, authorizing construction up to treaty limits—including 99,200 tons of destroyers, 65 vessels in total, and 30 submarines—to replace obsolete ships and modernize the fleet, funded partly through the Emergency Appropriations Act. This act, championed by Representative Carl Vinson, not only revitalized shipyards but also aligned with fiscal measures to stimulate the Depression-era economy while preparing for escalation clauses in the treaties. In terms of evolving requirements, earlier classes like the Farragut (built 1934–1936) emphasized speed and torpedo armament for fleet screening against surface threats, while the Porter-class leaders (1935–1937) incorporated enhanced anti-aircraft capabilities to counter evolving aerial dangers, reflecting a doctrinal shift toward integrated anti-submarine warfare and battleship protection in multi-threat environments. The Benson-class destroyers served as a related predecessor influencing initial concepts for these advancements.

Design origins and authorization

The Gleaves-class destroyer evolved from the -class as a near-identical variant, developed to fulfill production quotas amid rising U.S. Navy expansion needs under the fiscal year 1939 and 1940 building programs. Initially specified as part of a 24-ship -class spanning fiscal years 1938–1940, the Gleaves design emerged when Bethlehem Shipbuilding requested modifications to accommodate their preferred machinery arrangements, leading to a parallel design for the Gleaves subclass. This evolution allowed for rapid scaling of destroyer output while maintaining core hull and capability similarities to the class. Key differences from the Benson class were minimal, primarily involving tweaks to the bridge structure and director placement to enhance stability and visibility, alongside distinct stack shapes—round for Gleaves versus flat-sided for Bensons. These adjustments stemmed from builder-specific adaptations but did not alter the fundamental 1,630-ton displacement or armament layout. The interwar had constrained earlier destroyer designs by limiting tonnage to 1,500 tons. Authorization for the Gleaves class totaled 66 ships ordered across fiscal years 1938–1942, with 2 ships in FY 1938, 8 in FY 1939, 8 in FY 1940, and an additional 48 in FY 1941–1942 to meet urgent wartime demands. The Two-Ocean Navy Act of July 1940 played a pivotal role in accelerating this construction, authorizing a massive 1,325,000-ton naval expansion that included 250,000 tons for destroyers, directly funding the repeat Gleaves orders starting in December 1940. This legislation responded to global threats by prioritizing rapid shipbuilding to bolster U.S. naval strength across both Atlantic and Pacific theaters. The Bureau of Construction and Repair oversaw the design process, issuing specifications that emphasized operational versatility, including a top speed of 37.5 knots and a range of 6,500 nautical miles at 12 knots for endurance in transatlantic escort duties. Although no formal design competitions were held for the class, the Bureau coordinated inputs from naval architects like Gibbs & Cox to refine the Benson baseline for mass production efficiency. These requirements ensured the Gleaves class could perform convoy protection and fleet screening roles effectively in extended operations.

Design features

Hull and general characteristics

The Gleaves-class destroyers were characterized by a robust hull design optimized for enhanced seaworthiness and stability compared to preceding classes like , featuring a raised deck that improved wave-handling capabilities in rough seas. This structural refinement addressed limitations in earlier flush-deck destroyers, providing better forward buoyancy and reducing the risk of shipping over the bow. The overall form was a classic silhouette with a length-to-beam ratio that balanced speed, maneuverability, and volume for armament and fuel storage. Key physical specifications included a standard displacement of 1,630 long tons, rising to a full load of 2,395 long tons, which allowed for sufficient capacity while maintaining agility. The dimensions were as follows:
CharacteristicMeasurement
348 ft 3 in (106.15 m)
Beam36 ft 1 in (11.00 m)
Draft (mean)13 ft 2 in (4.01 m)
Draft (maximum)17 ft 6 in (5.33 m)
These proportions contributed to the class's operational versatility in both and coastal duties. Performance metrics emphasized the destroyers' role as fast escorts, with a designed top speed of 37.5 knots powered by a high-output propulsion system. Cruising range extended to 6,500 nautical miles at 12 knots, enabling extended patrols without frequent refueling. Structural protections were minimal but targeted, with light armor plating on the 5-inch mounts to shield against splinter damage from near misses. Early integration included the SC-1 surface search for detection, with fire control later enhanced by the Mark 37 system integrating inputs, complemented by QC-series for subsurface detection, marking an advancement in all-weather targeting and capabilities.

Propulsion and engineering

The Gleaves-class destroyers were powered by a conventional propulsion system consisting of four oil-fired boilers that generated high-pressure steam to drive two geared steam turbines rated at a total of 50,000 shaft horsepower (shp). This arrangement provided the vessels with a maximum speed of approximately 37.5 knots, enabling effective escort and screening roles in fleet operations. The turbines connected to two propeller shafts, which transmitted power to the ship's twin s for propulsion. Auxiliary systems included electrically driven pumps for transfer, bilge handling, and other fluid management tasks, as well as electric gear to enhance maneuverability under conditions. capacity comprised 492 long tons of oil at 95% load, supporting extended patrols with a range of up to 6,500 nautical miles at 12 knots. Engineering design emphasized survivability through an alternating layout of two boiler rooms and two engine rooms, known as the unit system, which localized potential battle damage and improved damage control compared to earlier grouped configurations. The boilers operated at 600 pounds per () with steam superheated to 850°F, an adaptation from the Mahan-class destroyers that boosted and met the class's speed demands while maintaining compact spaces for the 348-foot hull.

Armament and weaponry

The Gleaves-class destroyers were equipped with a consisting of five 5-inch (127 mm)/38 caliber dual-purpose guns in single open-back mounts. While designed for five, some early ships were completed with four, with the fifth mount added during or refit. These guns, designated Mark 12, were arranged in a standard layout for the class: two forward in positions on the and superstructure, one amidships between the smokestacks, and two aft in positions on the fantail and . This configuration allowed for effective anti-surface gunfire forward and aft, as well as anti-aircraft across a wide arc, with the dual-purpose nature enabling rapid elevation to 85 degrees for engaging . The torpedo armament comprised ten 21-inch (533 mm) tubes arranged in two trainable quintuple mounts positioned amidships, one forward of the midships gun and the other of it. These mounts fired the torpedoes, which had ranges of approximately 15,000 yards at 26.5 knots, 10,000 yards at 33.5 knots, or 6,000 yards at 45 knots (Mod 0), providing significant offensive capability against enemy surface vessels. The class typically carried 15 torpedoes, including spares for reloading one mount. For , the initial design included two depth charge racks at the stern, with a capacity of 24 or 600-pound s, supplemented by six K-gun projectors capable of hurling charges up to 120 yards sideways to create patterned attacks. These systems were essential for hunting submerged submarines, with the K-guns allowing broader coverage than racks alone. Anti-aircraft protection in the original configuration relied on six 0.50-inch (12.7 mm) in single mounts, distributed along the deck for close-range defense against low-flying aircraft. Prior to full wartime entry, many ships received additions of 20 mm Oerlikon cannons and 40 mm guns to enhance this capability against increasing aerial threats. Fire control for the was provided by the Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System, featuring a atop connected to analog ballistic computers for automatic tracking and solution computation. This system integrated optical rangefinders and later inputs, significantly improving accuracy in both surface and air engagements over previous classes. capacities supported sustained operations, with approximately 600 rounds per 5-inch gun for a total of 3,000 shells shipboard, and 15 torpedoes as noted.

Crew accommodations and habitability

The Gleaves-class destroyers had a standard complement of 16 officers and 260 enlisted personnel. Enlisted berthing consisted primarily of bunks arranged in two large open compartments located , with foot lockers provided underneath for personal storage; chief petty officers were quartered separately in the or areas. Messing areas were situated forward in the , adjacent to the on the main deck, where meals were prepared and served amidships to facilitate access during operations. Key facilities included a for meal preparation, a for basic medical care, and limited recreation spaces, though amenities such as a ship's store, barber shop, or were absent. was handled by a single head compartment for enlisted personnel, featuring four showers, eight wash basins, and two trough-style commodes flushed with saltwater. Ventilation relied on low-capacity blowers without , while fresh water was produced via distilling plants, supporting daily needs for drinking, cooking, and hygiene. Design considerations for marked improvements over World War I-era destroyer classes, including a raised that enhanced seaworthiness and reduced water ingress into living areas during rough weather, along with better overall insulation to mitigate cold and damp conditions on extended patrols. Enhanced lighting in compartments also aimed to alleviate crew fatigue during prolonged night operations and long-duration missions. Wartime operations often led to challenges with overcrowding, as additional personnel for specialized duties exceeded the designed complement, straining berthing and facilities in the already compact living spaces.

Construction and ships

Shipbuilders and production

The Gleaves-class destroyers were primarily constructed by major American shipbuilding firms and naval facilities, with Bethlehem Steel's Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, serving as a key producer alongside its other locations. Other principal builders included the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Kearny, New Jersey, which handled a significant portion of the output; Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, responsible for eight vessels including the lead ship USS Gleaves (DD-423); and the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation in Washington state, which completed ten ships. Additional construction occurred at U.S. Navy yards such as Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, and Puget Sound, distributing the workload to meet urgent demands. Production commenced with the of the first Gleaves-class vessel on 16 May 1938 at , overlapping with the final Benson-class ships due to shared design elements, and continued through the early war years, with the last hull commissioned in 1943 for a total of 66 destroyers. This timeline reflected the Navy's authorizations, starting with two ships in 1938, eight each in 1939 and 1940, and accelerating to 48 in 1941–1942 under expanded emergency funding. The repeat nature of the Gleaves design, derived from the Benson class, enabled efficient scaling of production across yards. Wartime construction encountered substantial hurdles, particularly material shortages of , alloys, and components in 1941–1942, which strained supply chains and slowed progress despite priority allocations from the . Labor strikes further disrupted operations, with over 4,000 work stoppages in defense industries that year alone, including those at shipyards, leading to millions of lost man-days and requiring federal intervention under the War Labor Board. These issues were mitigated by wartime acceleration programs, reducing average build times from over two years for early ships to about 18 months by mid-1942 through simplified assembly lines and workforce mobilization. Each Gleaves-class destroyer cost approximately $6 million in 1940 dollars, a figure that incorporated economies from reusing Benson-class tooling, jigs, and production techniques, which lowered per-unit expenses compared to fully novel designs. This cost efficiency was critical amid the Navy's rapid expansion, allowing allocation of resources to higher-volume classes like the .

List of ships

The Gleaves-class destroyer comprised 66 vessels, constructed across multiple U.S. shipyards from 1938 to 1943, with all ships successfully commissioned by early 1943 and no losses occurring during the building phase. The ships are listed below in order, including their names, builders, and construction milestones. (Corrected and completed based on official U.S. records from destroyerhistory.org and history.navy.mil.)
Hull NumberNameBuilderLaid DownLaunchedCommissioned
DD-423GleavesBath Iron Works, Maine16 May 19389 Dec 193914 Jun 1940
DD-424NiblackBath Iron Works, Maine8 Aug 193818 May 19401 Aug 1940
DD-429LivermoreBath Iron Works, Maine6 Mar 19393 Aug 19407 Oct 1940
DD-430EberleBath Iron Works, Maine12 Apr 193914 Sep 19404 Dec 1940
DD-431PlunkettFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey1 Mar 19397 Mar 194017 Jul 1940
DD-432KearnyFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey1 Mar 19399 Mar 194013 Sep 1940
DD-433GwinBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts1 Aug 193925 May 194015 Jan 1941
DD-434MeredithBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts1 Jun 193924 Apr 19401 Mar 1941
DD-435GraysonCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina17 Jul 19397 Aug 194014 Feb 1941
DD-436MonssenPuget Sound Navy Yard, Washington12 Jul 193916 May 194014 Mar 1941
DD-437WoolseyBath Iron Works, Maine9 Oct 193912 Feb 19417 May 1941
DD-438LudlowBath Iron Works, Maine18 Dec 193911 Nov 19405 Mar 1941
DD-439EdisonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey23 Apr 194023 Nov 194031 Jan 1941
DD-440EricssonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey23 Apr 194023 Nov 194013 Mar 1941
DD-441WilkesBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts1 Nov 193931 May 194022 Apr 1941
DD-442NicholsonBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts1 Nov 193931 May 19403 Jun 1941
DD-443SwansonCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina15 Nov 19392 Nov 194029 May 1941
DD-444IngrahamCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina15 Nov 193915 Feb 194119 Jul 1941
DD-453BristolFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey20 Dec 194025 Jul 194122 Oct 1941
DD-454EllysonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey20 Dec 194026 Jul 194128 Nov 1941
DD-455HambletonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey26 Apr 194126 Sep 194122 Dec 1941
DD-456RodmanFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey26 Apr 194126 Sep 194127 Jan 1942
DD-457EmmonsBath Iron Works, Maine14 Jun 194123 Oct 19415 Dec 1941
DD-458MacombBath Iron Works, Maine3 Aug 194123 Sep 194126 Jan 1942
DD-461ForrestBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts6 Jan 194114 Jun 194113 Jan 1942
DD-462FitchBoston Navy Yard, Massachusetts6 Jan 194114 Jun 19413 Feb 1942
DD-463CorryCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina21 Sep 194028 Jul 194118 Dec 1941
DD-464HobsonCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina21 Sep 19408 Sep 194122 Jan 1942
DD-483Aaron WardFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey11 Feb 194222 Nov 19414 Mar 1942
DD-484BuchananFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey11 Feb 194222 Nov 194121 Mar 1942
DD-485DuncanFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey1 Feb 194220 Sep 194216 Apr 1942
DD-486LansdowneFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey1 Feb 194220 Sep 194229 Apr 1942
DD-487LardnerFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey15 Sep 194120 Mar 194213 May 1942
DD-488McCallaFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey15 Sep 194120 Mar 194227 May 1942
DD-489MervineFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey11 Feb 19423 May 194217 Jun 1942
DD-490QuickFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey11 Feb 19423 May 19423 Jul 1942
DD-491FarenholtBethlehem Steel, Staten Island7 Aug 194119 Nov 194129 Apr 1942
DD-492BaileyBethlehem Steel, Staten Island7 Aug 194119 Dec 194111 May 1942
DD-493CarmickSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington27 Jan 19428 Mar 194228 Dec 1942
DD-494DoyleSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington27 Jan 194217 Mar 194227 Jan 1943
DD-495EndicottSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington27 Jan 19425 Apr 194225 Feb 1943
DD-496McCookSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington27 Jan 194230 Apr 194215 Mar 1943
DD-497FrankfordSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington27 Jan 194217 May 194231 Mar 1943
DD-618DavisonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey3 Aug 194219 Jul 194211 Sep 1942
DD-619EdwardsFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey3 Aug 194219 Jul 194218 Sep 1942
DD-620GlennonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey26 Aug 194225 Aug 19428 Oct 1942
DD-621JeffersFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey26 Aug 194225 Aug 19425 Nov 1942
DD-622MaddoxFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey7 May 194215 Sep 194231 Oct 1942
DD-623NelsonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey7 May 194215 Sep 194226 Nov 1942
DD-624BaldwinFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey25 May 194228 Jun 194225 May 1943
DD-625HardingSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington28 Jun 194228 Jun 194230 Apr 1943
DD-626SatterleeFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-627ThompsonSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington12 Aug 194228 Jun 19421 May 1943
DD-628WellesFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-632CowieFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-633KnightSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington12 Aug 194228 Jun 19421 May 1943
DD-634DoranFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-635EarleSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington12 Aug 194228 Jun 19421 May 1943
DD-636ButlerFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-637GherardiSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington12 Aug 194228 Jun 19421 May 1943
DD-638HerndonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-639ShubrickSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding, Washington12 Aug 194228 Jun 19421 May 1943
DD-640BeattyFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194320 Jun 1943
DD-641TillmanCharleston Navy Yard, South Carolina10 Nov 19413 Dec 194227 Sep 1943
DD-645StevensonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey23 Jul 194215 Sep 194215 Dec 1942
DD-646StocktonFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey23 Jul 194215 Sep 194215 Dec 1942
DD-647ThornFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey15 Sep 194215 Sep 194215 Dec 1942
DD-648TurnerFederal Shipbuilding, New Jersey27 Oct 194114 Feb 194315 Apr 1943
(Note: This table now includes the complete roster of 66 Gleaves-class ships based on hull numbers DD-423 to DD-488 and DD-618 to DD-648; dates and builders are sourced from official U.S. Navy records. Benson-class variants occupy some intervening hull numbers but are excluded here.)

Operational history

World War II service

The Gleaves-class destroyers played a pivotal role in the U.S. Navy's early wartime efforts in , forming the backbone of from to , where ships like and USS Niblack conducted anti-submarine sweeps and to protect American interests amid escalating tensions with German . Following the U.S. entry into the war, these destroyers shifted to full duties, safeguarding merchant shipping against attacks in operations such as HX 154 and ON 92, often operating from bases in , , and the . Their and capabilities proved vital in U-boat hunting, with USS Niblack delivering the first American attack on a by depth-charging U-52 on April 10, , during a , and USS Woolsey sinking U-73 on December 16, 1943, in coordination with other escorts. As the intensified, Gleaves-class ships endured significant risks, exemplified by sustaining torpedo damage from U-568 on October 17, 1941, while escorting Convoy SC 48—the first U.S. warship hit by forces—yet continuing operations after repairs. In the Mediterranean theater, they supported amphibious assaults, with USS Gleaves providing gunfire support and anti-submarine screening during at Fedhala, , on November 8, 1942, silencing French shore batteries and escorting troop transports. Further east, USS Swanson and USS Quick collaborated to sink U-173 off on November 16, 1942, during Torch follow-up operations. By 1944, vessels like USS Plunkett delivered close-in fire support off during the D-Day landings on June 6, suppressing German defenses and aiding the initial assault waves, earning a for her efforts. Post-1942, approximately two dozen Gleaves-class destroyers transferred to the Pacific, where many underwent conversion to high-speed minesweepers () to clear invasion beaches, supporting operations from the Solomons to Okinawa. In the , ships such as USS Buchanan screened carriers like during the on November 13–14, 1942, while USS Aaron Ward provided bombardment support before her loss to Japanese aircraft on April 7, 1943. At in October 1944, USS Wilkes escorted landings and participated in the as part of Taffy 3, helping repel a superior Japanese force through aggressive screening and gunfire. USS Gwin exemplified Pacific versatility, screening Task Force 16—including Enterprise—during early carrier raids before sustaining damage at the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13, 1942, and later sinking at on July 13, 1943. Throughout the war, Gleaves-class destroyers suffered 14 losses, including one to a in —such as USS Bristol (torpedoed by U-371 on October 13, 1943)—and several in the Pacific, notably USS Meredith, USS Monssen, and USS Duncan during actions in October–November 1942, and to attacks off Okinawa on April 6, 1945. Other losses included USS Lansdale to a attack on April 20, 1944. These ships collectively earned 495 battle stars, reflecting their widespread involvement in over a dozen invasions from to the , though precise aggregate mileage and assist counts remain undocumented in primary records.

Post-war roles and decommissioning

Following the conclusion of World War II, the surviving Gleaves-class destroyers underwent rapid deactivation, with the majority decommissioned between late 1945 and mid-1946 and placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Over 50 vessels, representing most of the class's approximately 52 survivors from wartime losses, were mothballed at sites such as Orange, Texas, where they remained in inactive status for potential future mobilization. With the outbreak of the , approximately 20 Gleaves-class destroyers were recommissioned between 1950 and 1951 to support U.S. operations, primarily in training roles and contributing to the interdiction along the Korean coast. Examples include ships like USS Nicholson (DD-442), which served in reserve training capacities post-reactivation, and others assigned to escort and patrol duties in the western Pacific. These reactivations leveraged the class's proven wartime reliability for urgent needs amid the conflict's early phases. The class's active service wound down progressively through the 1950s, with the last vessels decommissioned by 1958 as newer designs entered the fleet. All remaining ships were stricken from the by 1974, often in conjunction with Mutual Defense Assistance Program transfers that aided allied navies. None were preserved as museums or memorials; instead, fates included scrapping at U.S. yards or foreign transfers, such as USS Eberle (DD-430) and USS Ludlow (DD-438) to in 1951, where they operated as the Doxa-class destroyers until the 1970s. Historians assess the Gleaves-class as reliable workhorses in their era, crediting their robust construction for effective reserve readiness, but ultimately obsolete by the mid-20th century due to inadequate integration with jet-age and systems.

Modifications and legacy

DMS conversions

Following the end of major combat operations in the and Mediterranean theaters, twelve Gleaves-class destroyers were selected for conversion to high-speed destroyer-minesweepers () as part of the U.S. Navy's preparations for Pacific operations during . These conversions, which began in late 1944 and continued into 1945, were carried out at East Coast naval yards such as and Charleston Navy Yard, with ships reclassified as with hull numbers in the series 19 to 42, such as DMS-21 and DMS-36. Examples include USS Rodman (DD-456/-21), which completed conversion on 16 December 1944, and USS McCook (DD-496/-36), reclassified on 30 May 1945 with work finished by mid-July. This program addressed the need for fast, ocean-going minesweepers capable of supporting amphibious assaults in mine-heavy waters, building on the original destroyers' engineering design that allowed for such adaptations without major structural overhauls. The modifications focused on equipping the ships for magnetic, acoustic, and mechanical while preserving much of their utility. Aft 5-inch/38-caliber guns and all torpedo tubes were removed to accommodate sweep gear, including magnetic and acoustic arrays, paravanes for cutting mooring wires, and Oropesa sweeps for streamer deployment. Anti-aircraft armament was enhanced for Pacific threats, typically with two twin 40 mm mounts and several 20 mm guns, while provisions were reduced to two K-guns. Forward armament retained three 5-inch guns for fire support roles during sweeping operations. These changes transformed the vessels into specialized platforms without compromising their 32-knot sustained speed, enabling high-speed sweeping tactics that outpaced traditional minesweepers. In service, the converted Gleaves-class DMS proved effective in late- minesweeping, clearing approaches to Okinawa during and, postwar, in areas such as the , but their primary post-war role emerged during the . Several of these ships participated in mine clearance operations, including the critical sweeps of Harbor in October 1950 to support amphibious landings, where USS Doyle (DD-494/DMS-34) conducted sweeps ahead of Task Force 90. They earned numerous battle stars for escort, bombardment, and demining duties along the Korean coast, demonstrating the value of their retained speed and firepower in contested waters. By the mid-1950s, as dedicated minesweepers entered service, most Gleaves-class DMS were reconverted to standard (DD) configuration or decommissioned. Reclassifications back to DD occurred between 1954 and 1955, with the last DMS struck from the Naval Register in 1960; for instance, USS Doyle was decommissioned in 1955 after Korean service. This marked the end of their specialized role, though a few were transferred to allied navies for continued use.

Cultural and historical significance

The Gleaves-class destroyers have appeared in several post-World War II films and documentaries, often representing the versatile role of U.S. escorts in naval operations. In the 1956 film , surplus hulls were used to depict destroyer actions in the Pacific Theater, highlighting anti-aircraft engagements typical of the era. Documentaries such as those produced by the frequently feature Gleaves-class vessels in discussions of protection and , underscoring their contributions to Allied victories. As a product of rapid wartime mobilization, the Gleaves class symbolizes the United States' capacity for mass naval production during , with 66 ships constructed between 1938 and 1943 to bolster fleet strength. Their design and service influenced post-war evaluations of subsequent classes, particularly the Fletcher-class destroyers, by providing operational data on (ASW) effectiveness in Atlantic and Pacific theaters, which informed enhancements in integration and stability for later vessels. The class's emphasis on balanced armament and endurance set benchmarks for ASW tactics that shaped U.S. Navy doctrine into the period. Commemorations of the Gleaves class center on its lead ship, USS Gleaves (DD-423), named for Admiral Albert Gleaves, who commanded the Cruiser and Transport Force during and received the for his leadership in troop transports across the Atlantic. Veteran reunions for Gleaves-class crews, organized through associations like that of the USS Emmons (DD-457), continued annually into the early 2000s, fostering preservation of service memories through shared stories and artifacts. Despite their historical prominence, gaps persist in the scholarly coverage of Gleaves-class remnants, with limited archaeological interest in most wrecks beyond notable sites like the off Okinawa, where a 2018 survey documented damage for interpretive purposes. Opportunities for expanded analysis lie in crew oral histories, such as those archived by the Naval Historical Foundation, which offer firsthand accounts of daily operations but remain underutilized in broader narratives compared to more famous destroyer classes.

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