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ICP

Insane Clown Posse (ICP) is an American hip hop duo formed in , , in 1989 by Joseph Frank Bruce, known as , and Joseph William Utsler, known as . The group rose from local underground acts, initially as Inner City Posse, to establish as an independent label specializing in horrorcore and related genres, achieving commercial success through direct fan engagement rather than major label support after an early fallout with Disney-owned over lyrical content. ICP's music centers on the Dark Carnival, a fictional spiritual mythology depicting a pantheon of entities that judge souls in the afterlife, woven across a series of albums framed as "Joker's Cards" that explore themes of sin, redemption, and the supernatural. Their live performances feature clown makeup, theatrical violence, and rituals like spraying soda into crowds, fostering a communal among fans called Juggalos, who identify through hatchetman symbols and annual gatherings. ICP has released over a dozen studio albums, with notable chart performance including multiple top-10 entries like Mighty Death Pop! in 2012, and certifications such as platinum status for The Amazing Jeckel Brothers in the United States, reflecting millions in total sales sustained largely through merchandise, tours, and fan loyalty despite limited radio play. The duo's influence extends to , with both members competing in promotions like , blending their music career with ventures. Controversies have defined much of ICP's public image, stemming from lyrics graphically depicting murder, rape, and abuse, which critics in outlets like Blender magazine labeled as promoting depravity and stupidity, though the group maintains these serve narrative and cautionary purposes within their mythology. In 2011, an FBI report classified Juggalos as a "loosely organized hybrid criminal gang" based on isolated crimes by subsets of fans, prompting lawsuits from ICP against the U.S. government for defamation and civil rights violations, which highlighted tensions between fan culture and law enforcement perceptions but did not result in formal gang designation changes. Additional feuds, such as with Eminem over Detroit rap scene rivalries, and mockery from mainstream media, have reinforced their outsider status, yet they persist with new releases like the 2025 album The Naught, continuing to draw dedicated audiences amid ongoing debates over artistic intent versus societal impact.

Music

Insane Clown Posse

(ICP) is an American hip hop duo originating from , , consisting of Joseph Bruce () and Joseph Utsler (). The pair formed in 1989 under the name Inner City Posse, drawing from local gang culture and underground rap scenes, before rebranding as in 1991 to adopt a clown persona inspired by and carnival imagery. They established as an independent label, achieving commercial success without major label distribution by focusing on direct fan sales and merchandise. ICP's discography revolves around the Dark Carnival mythology, portraying a realm where deceased souls face judgment by malevolent entities. This narrative unfolds across six core "Joker's Cards" albums, each representing a card that reveals moral lessons through allegorical tales of sin, redemption, and afterlife consequences: (1992), (1995), Great Milenko (1997), (1999), Bizaar and Bizarr (2000), and The Wraith: Shangri-La (2002). The duo's style features painted faces, theatrical live performances involving soda spraying, and lyrics blending braggadocio with violent, grotesque scenarios often interpreted as cautionary or cathartic expressions of working-class alienation. The group's fanbase, self-identified as Juggalos, fosters a tight-knit emphasizing loyalty, communal rituals like hatchetman tattoos, and annual attendance at the festival, which began in 2000 as a multi-day event featuring ICP performances, wrestling, and carnival activities. In a 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment, the FBI classified Juggalos as a "loosely organized hybrid " due to isolated incidents of criminal activity among subsets, such as trafficking and assaults, prompting employment and enlistment against fans. ICP and four Juggalos sued the Department of Justice and FBI in 2014, arguing First and Fifth Amendment violations, but the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the designation in 2017, finding it a non-binding rather than a formal label. ICP gained prominence in underground rap through rivalries, including a prolonged feud with originating in the mid-1990s over disparaging remarks and diss tracks like ICP's "Slim Anus" and Eminem's references on (2000); the conflict subsided after mediation by Proof in 2005, with public reconciliation signals by 2009. Critics have faulted ICP's lyrics for promoting violence, , and misogynistic depictions, such as graphic fantasies against women, viewing them as reinforcing antisocial behaviors rather than mere artistic , though the duo maintains they serve as moral parables rooted in personal hardships.

Physical Sciences

Inductively Coupled Plasma

Inductively coupled (ICP) is an atmospheric-pressure source utilized in for , generated by coupling radiofrequency (RF) energy, typically at 27–40 MHz and 1–2 kW power, to a stream of gas flowing tangentially through a . The RF field induces a current in the gas, ionizing atoms to form a self-sustaining plasma column with electron densities exceeding 10^15 cm^{-3} and temperatures ranging from 6,000 to 10,000 K along the axial channel. This extreme thermal environment efficiently desolvates, atomizes, excites, and ionizes introduced sample aerosols, minimizing molecular band spectra and chemical interferences compared to lower-temperature sources. The technique originated in the mid-1960s through parallel developments, with American chemist Velmer A. Fassel at and Ames Laboratory demonstrating its viability as an excitation source for in 1966, enabling superior handling of elements like oxides. British researcher Stanley Greenfield independently reported similar configurations around the same period, while early commercial adoption followed in the 1970s. ICP's integration with detection systems yielded two core variants: ICP optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), which measures emitted line intensities for multi-element quantification with detection limits typically in the parts-per-billion (ng/) range for most elements, and ICP (ICP-MS), which ionizes species for mass-to-charge separation, achieving sub-parts-per-trillion sensitivity across nearly the entire periodic table. ICP-based methods excel in applications requiring robust trace element detection in complex matrices, such as of water and soils for , geochemical profiling of rocks and minerals, and metallurgical for alloy compositions. Relative to flame , ICP offers higher temperatures for complete dissociation of refractory analytes, reduced self-absorption and ionization interferences due to high densities, and simultaneous multi-element capability, processing up to 70 elements per sample in minutes. These attributes led to ICP-OES standardization in U.S. Agency protocols by the late , including Method 200.7 for trace metals in waters, facilitating testing. Advancements persist in instrumentation, exemplified by multi-quadrupole ICP-MS systems like the PerkinElmer NexION 5000, launched circa 2020, which employ tandem quadrupoles for enhanced spectral interference rejection via pre- and post-mass filtering, improving accuracy in high-matrix samples such as digested sediments or biological tissues without compromising detection limits. However, practical constraints include substantial argon consumption—outer, intermediate, and nebulizer flows totaling 12–18 L/min—elevating operational costs, pronounced matrix effects from high-dissolved solids (>0.2% for ICP-MS) that suppress signals and demand matrix-matched calibration or internal standards, and safety hazards from RF electromagnetic fields, ultraviolet emissions, and ozone generation requiring shielded enclosures and ventilation.

Computing and Blockchain

Internet Computer

The Internet Computer (ICP) is a blockchain protocol developed by the DFINITY Foundation to enable decentralized computation at web speed, positioning itself as a "world computer" capable of hosting applications and data traditionally reliant on centralized cloud infrastructure. Founded by Dominic Williams, the DFINITY Foundation was established as a non-profit in Zug, Switzerland, in October 2016, following Williams' initial inspirations from Bitcoin's rise in 2013. The protocol's mainnet, known as Mercury, launched on May 7, 2021, transitioning from test phases to public availability and emphasizing canister smart contracts—self-contained units of code and state that execute in parallel across subnets for scalability. Subnets allow independent execution environments, while Chain Key cryptography provides threshold signatures and key management to secure cross-chain interactions and verify network outputs with a single public key. ICP's native token, ICP, facilitates through the Network (NNS), a where token holders stake ICP into neurons to vote on proposals, with voting power scaled by lock-up duration. ICP can be converted into "cycles," a stable unit burned for computational resources, implementing a reverse gas model where developers pre-fund canisters rather than users paying transaction fees, enabling seamless browser-based interactions without wallets or gas payments. This model supports HTTP outcalls, allowing canisters to fetch external data or integrate with Web2 services directly, advancing ICP's goal of sovereign canisters hosting full web applications and potentially replacing centralized servers. In 2025, the ICP Ninja upgrade introduced AI-enhanced developer tools, including streamlined deployment processes and AI-assisted project bootstrapping via the update, aiming to lower barriers for building decentralized applications across platforms like , , and Windows. Amid , ICP's price peaked at approximately $700 in May 2021 before declining, trading around $3.23 as of late October 2025, reflecting broader altcoin trends and critiques of token inflation from ongoing emissions for network rewards. Critics have highlighted potential centralization risks from the DFINITY Foundation's early influence on node operations and NNS proposals, though analyses indicate progressive as independent node providers increase and governance matures. Adoption has lagged behind due to a steeper for its Motoko language and canister architecture, limiting developer migration despite features like on-chain and DeFi integrations. These challenges are offset by verifiable on-chain utility, such as secure asset holdings via Chain Key and expanding dApp ecosystems, underscoring ICP's focus on causal incentives for scalable, verifiable computation over hype-driven narratives.

Medicine

Intracranial Pressure

Intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to the total pressure exerted by tissue, (CSF), and blood within the rigid . In healthy adults, ICP typically ranges from 7 to 15 mmHg in the , equivalent to 5 to 20 cm H₂O, with values below 20 mmHg considered normal overall. The Monro-Kellie doctrine explains that the skull's fixed volume requires a constant total intracranial content; any increase in one component—such as parenchyma volume, CSF volume, or cerebral —must be compensated by a decrease in another to maintain stable pressure, or else ICP rises, potentially compromising cerebral . Pathological elevation of ICP, or intracranial hypertension, arises from causes including (TBI), intracranial tumors, , hemorrhage, abscesses, or from ischemia or . Sustained ICP above 20–25 mmHg risks cerebral herniation, where brain tissue shifts across dural partitions, leading to compression and death. Early symptoms include headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and pupillary changes; advanced signs manifest as Cushing's triad—systemic , , and irregular respirations—indicating ischemia from pressure-induced perfusion failure. ICP monitoring distinguishes invasive methods, which provide direct measurement, from noninvasive approximations. Invasive techniques, such as intraventricular catheters (external ventricular drains), serve as the gold standard, allowing continuous ICP readout and therapeutic CSF drainage, though they carry risks of (up to 10%) and hemorrhage. Noninvasive options, including sheath diameter measurement via (threshold >5 mm suggesting elevated ICP) or , offer screening utility but lack precision for guiding therapy, correlating poorly with invasive values in validation studies. Guidelines recommend invasive monitoring in severe TBI with ≤8 and abnormal CT findings, targeting ICP below 22 mmHg alongside cerebral perfusion pressure of 60–70 mmHg. Evidence-based interventions prioritize volume reduction per tiered protocols. First-line osmotherapy employs hypertonic saline or to draw fluid from brain tissue, with hypertonic saline preferred in some guidelines for sustained effect and lower renal risk, though randomized trials show equivalent short-term ICP control without mortality benefit. Brief to PaCO₂ 25–30 mmHg provides transient for herniation bridges to but risks ischemia if prolonged beyond 15–30 minutes. Barbiturate coma (e.g., ) induces metabolic suppression for refractory cases, reducing cerebral metabolism by 50%, yet meta-analyses indicate modest ICP lowering without consistent survival gains. removes bone to accommodate swelling, with 2020 Brain Trauma Foundation updates endorsing it selectively for refractory ICP based on trials like RESCUEicp showing functional improvement but higher disability rates. Persistent intracranial hypertension correlates with poor ; in severe TBI cohorts, uncontrolled ICP >20 mmHg contributes to mortality in nearly half of fatal cases, with overall rates exceeding 50% when -guided thresholds are unmet. integrating ICP with brain tissue oxygenation and microdialysis, as per updated guidelines, enhances causal targeting of secondary insults like or , though randomized evidence for routine use remains limited.

Business and Sales

Ideal Customer Profile

An Ideal Customer Profile (ICP) constitutes a detailed, data-informed representation of the entities most likely to derive substantial from a 's offerings, thereby maximizing long-term potential. It encompasses firmographic attributes such as size, thresholds, sector, and geographic location; technographic elements including stack and digital maturity; behavioral factors like purchasing patterns and engagement metrics; and environmental considerations such as market pressures or regulatory constraints. Unlike buyer personas, which delineate individual decision-makers' demographics, motivations, and challenges within organizations, an ICP prioritizes organizational fit and viability in B2B contexts, enabling teams to assess account-level alignment rather than personal traits. Developing an ICP involves aggregating empirical data from (CRM) systems, win/loss analyses, customer interviews, and market surveys to identify patterns among high-value clients, such as those exhibiting elevated lifetime value (LTV) through repeat purchases and expansions. This process typically includes cross-functional collaboration between sales, , and product teams to quantify attributes correlating with successful outcomes, followed by prioritization of segments based on metrics like conversion rates and customer acquisition costs. Regular iteration is essential, as static profiles risk obsolescence amid market shifts. In practice, ICPs refine lead scoring and qualification, optimize advertising spend on platforms targeting matching , and inform product development by highlighting shared pain points across segments, such as challenges in mid-sized tech firms. Empirical evidence links ICP adoption to enhanced efficiency, with aligned sales and efforts yielding 24% faster three-year growth and 27% faster growth compared to siloed approaches. Integration with (ABM) has accelerated since 2020, incorporating AI-driven tools for predictive scoring and dynamic profile updates based on real-time behavioral data, further boosting pipeline predictability. However, overly rigid ICPs can constrain growth by excluding emergent high-potential segments or fostering through infrequent validation against fresh sales data, potentially extending sales cycles or inflating costs on mismatched pursuits. Sources from sales consultancies emphasize the need for periodic reassessment—ideally quarterly—to mitigate these risks, underscoring that while ICPs enhance targeting precision, they demand empirical grounding over anecdotal assumptions.

Biology

Immune Checkpoint

Immune checkpoints refer to a set of regulatory molecules, including (PD-1), its ligand , and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), that downregulate T-cell activation and proliferation to preserve and avert . In physiological contexts, CTLA-4 on T cells competes with for binding to B7 molecules on antigen-presenting cells, delivering an inhibitory signal during early T-cell priming, while PD-1/ engagement inhibits effector T-cell function in peripheral tissues by attenuating TCR signaling and production. Tumors exploit these pathways by upregulating expression or recruiting regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4, thereby suppressing anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and enabling immune evasion. Therapeutic immune checkpoint blockade targets these molecules with monoclonal antibodies to reinvigorate T-cell-mediated tumor killing. , an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, received FDA approval on March 25, 2011, for unresectable or metastatic based on phase 3 demonstrating improved overall survival compared to gp100 . , an anti-PD-1 antibody, was first approved by the FDA on September 4, 2014, for advanced , with subsequent expansions to PD-L1-positive non-small cell (NSCLC) following trials like KEYNOTE-001. These agents function by preventing inhibitory ligand-receptor interactions, thereby enhancing T-cell infiltration into tumors and promoting durable responses in immunogenic cancers. Clinical efficacy varies, with objective response rates typically ranging from 20% to 40% across solid tumors, influenced by tumor and patient factors. In the KEYNOTE-024 phase 3 trial reported in 2016, monotherapy yielded a median overall survival of 30 months versus 14.2 months with platinum-based in PD-L1-high (TPS ≥50%) metastatic NSCLC, with a of 0.60 for death. Predictive biomarkers include PD-L1 tumor expression levels (via ), microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status, and high tumor mutational burden (TMB), which correlate with neoantigen load and T-cell reactivity, though none achieve perfect predictive accuracy due to tumor heterogeneity. Combinations with or radiation can boost overall response rates to 40-60% but often at the cost of heightened toxicity without universal survival gains. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) arise from unchecked T-cell activation, affecting up to 70% of patients, with severe (grade 3-4) events in 10-20% involving organs like the colon (), lungs (), or endocrine glands (). These events, which can onset months after treatment initiation, are managed primarily with corticosteroids, with anti-TNF agents or immunosuppressants for cases; CTLA-4 inhibitors like carry higher irAE rates (up to 60% severe) than PD-1/ blockers. Real-world evidence underscores that while landmark trials highlight survival benefits in selected cohorts, broad application reveals lower response durability and higher discontinuation rates, necessitating biomarker-driven patient stratification to mitigate over-optimistic expectations of universal efficacy. Post-2020 developments include bispecific antibodies targeting dual checkpoints (e.g., PD-1/CTLA-4 or /VISTA) or tumor-associated antigens, aiming to amplify T-cell engagement and overcome monotherapy resistance, with early trials reporting enhanced tumor inhibition in preclinical models of pancreatic and breast cancers. However, these agents introduce novel toxicity profiles and manufacturing complexities, with clinical data emphasizing the need for rigorous patient selection to balance incremental efficacy against compounded irAEs, as real-world outcomes lag trial benchmarks due to comorbid populations.

Economics

International Comparison Program

The International Comparison Program (ICP) is a global statistical initiative coordinated by the in partnership with the and other agencies, aimed at producing purchasing power parities (PPPs) to enable cross-country comparisons of real GDP volumes and price levels. Launched in 1968 as a collaborative effort between the United Nations Statistical Division and the of Pennsylvania's International Comparisons Unit, the program conducts periodic benchmark cycles involving price data collection from over 200 economies, representing more than 95% of global GDP and population. These cycles, such as those benchmarked to 2011, 2017, and 2021, gather prices for approximately 3,000 standardized across expenditure categories including food, , and , facilitating adjustments to nominal GDP figures distorted by fluctuations. The ICP's employs multilateral price comparisons through the Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc (GEKS) index number formula, which aggregates basic heading PPPs into higher-level aggregates while minimizing biases from bilateral comparisons, such as the tendency to overstate distances between dissimilar economies. National statistical offices conduct surveys in urban areas, with processed regionally (e.g., via Eurostat-OECD or African frameworks) before global integration, yielding PPPs that convert expenditures into a common "international dollar" for volume measures. The 2021 cycle, for instance, incorporated revisions to prior and extrapolated estimates up to 2023, addressing disruptions like the that delayed fieldwork. ICP results underpin key economic indicators, including poverty thresholds (e.g., the $2.15 daily line updated with 2021 PPPs) and global GDP rankings, where PPP adjustments have historically amplified the economic size of developing nations—for example, elevating China's global PPP GDP share beyond 18% following the 2011 cycle by accounting for lower domestic price levels relative to market exchange rates. These parities inform policy decisions on and international aid, though extrapolations between benchmarks introduce errors potentially up to 30-35% for non-surveyed countries. Critiques of the ICP highlight persistent challenges, particularly in low-income countries, where high non-response rates, urban-centric sampling, and inconsistent product specifications can skew PPPs toward overestimating volumes in rural or informal sectors. Poor input data from participating economies propagates errors across global aggregates, as insufficient coverage in one region affects multilateral balancing. Analysts have called for more frequent regional comparisons and enhanced verification to mitigate risks of national account manipulations or methodological inconsistencies, especially as demands grow for incorporating emerging categories like services in future cycles. The ongoing reference-year cycle, with results anticipated in 2027, aims to refine these processes amid evolving global trade patterns.

Organizations and Miscellaneous

Other Notable Uses

In education, particularly within inclusive and special education frameworks, ICP refers to the Individualized Curriculum Plan, a formal document that specifies tailored learning objectives, accommodations, and instructional strategies for students with diverse needs, as implemented in programs in regions such as the and certain U.S. schools. The (ICP) designates left-communist organizations, such as the Italy-based group founded on principles tracing from Marx to the early , emphasizing internationalist positions against national variants of . ICP Srl is an Italian firm established in 1980, specializing in aviation components including production alongside automotive parts like wiring harnesses and brake indicators. In emergency and , the Incident Control Point (ICP) is a predefined assembly location proximate to an event where teams convene to coordinate response, assess situations, and delegate authority, as defined in U.S. Department of Defense protocols and New Zealand's Coordinated System. The Insurance Core Principles (ICPs), issued by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS), comprise 26 foundational standards and guidance for prudential oversight of insurers, first developed in the early 2000s and revised in December 2024 to address solvency, governance, and globally. In governmental and military contexts, ICP stands for Internal Control Program, a structured framework for assessing risks, controls, and compliance to support operational integrity, as outlined in U.S. Department of State guidelines and Department of Defense instructions. In , ICP® denotes Piezoelectric technology, a trademarked system by PCB Piezotronics introduced in 1967 for accelerometers that integrates amplification circuitry to output low-impedance signals from piezoelectric elements, enabling robust measurement in industrial applications.

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