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Mac

The Mac is a brand of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since its debut on January 24, 1984, initially under the full name Macintosh.^[1]^[2] Pioneered as a user-friendly alternative to command-line systems, the original Macintosh 128K integrated a graphical user interface (GUI), desktop icons, a built-in monochrome display, and a single-button mouse, making it the first commercially successful mass-market personal computer with these features and thereby popularizing intuitive visual computing for non-technical users.^[3]^[4]^[5] Its development stemmed from Jef Raskin's 1979 concept for an affordable appliance-like computer, which Steve Jobs repurposed by incorporating technology from the failed Lisa project, emphasizing a fixed hardware configuration to streamline design and reduce costs.^[6]^[7] Over four decades, the Mac line expanded from all-in-one desktops to include laptops (MacBook series), workstations (Mac Pro), and compact systems (Mac mini), evolving through processor shifts from Motorola 68000 to PowerPC, Intel x86, and Apple silicon (ARM-based M-series chips starting in 2020), while maintaining a proprietary ecosystem focused on seamless hardware-software integration.^[2]^[8] Key achievements include driving desktop publishing in the 1980s via PageMaker software and LaserWriter printers, establishing premium market leadership with high build quality and longevity, and achieving over 20% global PC market share in creative professional segments by the 2020s through innovations like Retina displays and neural engines for AI tasks.^[5]^[9] Defining characteristics encompass a closed architecture limiting third-party hardware modifications, which has drawn criticism for restricting repairability and user upgrades despite empirical evidence of superior reliability and resale value compared to commodity PCs.^[7]^[4]

Common uses

Personal computers

The Mac, formally known as Macintosh, is a line of personal computers produced by Apple Inc., first released on January 24, 1984, with the Macintosh 128K model.^[10] The name derives from the McIntosh apple variety, a favorite of project originator Jef Raskin, though Apple altered the spelling to "Macintosh" to circumvent trademark conflicts with apple growers.^[11] Unlike prior text-based systems, the original Macintosh pioneered widespread adoption of a graphical user interface (GUI) and mouse input, enabling intuitive point-and-click interactions that influenced modern computing paradigms.^[12] Macs operate on macOS, Apple's Unix-derived operating system, which benefits from deep hardware-software co-design, yielding superior battery efficiency, thermal management, and seamless feature integration compared to the more modular hardware ecosystem of Windows-based PCs from various manufacturers.^[8] This proprietary approach contrasts with the x86 architecture dominance in Windows PCs, where interchangeable components from third parties prioritize flexibility over optimized uniformity, often resulting in variable performance and compatibility.^[13] In a shift from Intel x86 processors used since 2006, Apple transitioned to its custom ARM-based Apple silicon starting with the M1 chip, integrated into Macs like the MacBook Air and Mac mini released on November 17, 2020, delivering marked gains in power efficiency and single-threaded performance due to unified memory architecture and on-chip neural engines.^[14] Subsequent iterations advanced this, with the M4 chip debuting in MacBook Pro models on October 30, 2024, featuring enhanced CPU cores, ray-tracing GPU capabilities, and up to 38 trillion operations per second for machine learning tasks, further solidifying Macs' edge in efficiency for professional workloads.^[15]

Rainwear

In British English, "mac" serves as a colloquial shorthand for a raincoat, originating from "mackintosh," the waterproof garment invented by Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh. On June 17, 1823, Macintosh patented a process (No. 4804) that dissolved natural rubber in naphtha to create a solution sandwiched between two layers of cotton fabric, yielding the first effective waterproof material for clothing.^[16]^[17] This double-textured cloth was first commercialized in Glasgow that year, marking the debut of mass-producible rainproof outerwear.^[18] The invention proved empirically advantageous during the early Industrial Revolution, as the fabric's impermeability allowed laborers in manufacturing, mining, and transportation to sustain productivity amid Britain's frequent rain, reducing downtime from wet clothing compared to prior oilskin or untreated alternatives that absorbed moisture.^[16] Historical records document its rapid adoption for practical use in outdoor trades by the 1830s, with tailors producing coats that withstood prolonged exposure without disintegrating, though early versions emitted rubber odors and stiffened in cold weather.^[18] Material evolution followed, addressing initial drawbacks: post-1840s vulcanization of rubber by Charles Goodyear enhanced durability and eliminated stickiness, while 20th-century shifts to synthetic polymers like PVC and Gore-Tex offered breathability absent in original rubberized cotton.^[16] Despite these advances, "mac" endures as slang in the UK and Australia for any knee-length raincoat, reflecting the term's cultural entrenchment beyond the patented fabric.^[19]^[20]

Nickname or slang

"Mac" functions as an informal term of address for an unknown man in American English, often in phrases like "Hey, Mac," conveying familiarity without specificity.^[21]^[22] This usage emerged in the early 17th century as a reference to Scotsmen, deriving from the Gaelic patronymic prefix mac meaning "son of," before generalizing in the 20th century as a neutral, buddy-like appellation particularly in Northeastern U.S. dialects and urban speech.^[23]^[24] The term gained prominence in mid-20th-century American popular culture, appearing in pulp fiction, film noir, and everyday dialogue as a phonetic shortening for quick, impersonal interaction, akin to "buddy" or "pal," rather than implying ethnic ties.^[25] Its decline since the late 20th century reflects shifts toward less regionally marked informal address, though archival evidence from World War II correspondence and songs like Louis Jordan's 1946 "Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" preserves its casual, democratic connotation for strangers.^[26] In North American naming conventions, "Mac" also shortens surnames beginning with "Mac-" or "Mc-," such as McDonald to Mac, through phonetic abbreviation common in vernacular speech, distinct from formal patronymic origins.^[27] It occasionally serves as a diminutive for given names like Maxwell, emphasizing brevity in informal contexts without altering core linguistic roots.^[28]

Names and people

Surname prefix

The prefix "Mac", derived from the Scottish and Irish Gaelic word mac meaning "son", functions as a patronymic element in surnames, denoting "son of" a specified forebear or ancestor.^[29] This usage traces to ancient Gaelic naming practices, where individuals were identified by appending mac to the father's given name, such as Mac Dòmhnaill for "son of Donald", a convention evident in records from at least the 10th century onward.^[30] These patronymics preceded the more structured Highland clan systems that solidified around the 11th to 12th centuries, serving as fluid descriptors of lineage rather than fixed hereditary titles.^[31] The variant "Mc", often interchangeable with "Mac", emerged as a scribal abbreviation in medieval English-language documents, where scribes contracted the full prefix to save space, leading to forms like "M' " or "Mc" in parish registers and legal texts from the 16th century.^[32] This abbreviation reflected pragmatic anglicization during periods of increasing administrative integration under English influence, such as following the Tudor conquests in Ireland and the Acts of Union in 1707, without altering the underlying Gaelic meaning or intent.^[33] Both forms remain phonetically equivalent in Gaelic pronunciation, with "Mac" retaining the fuller orthographic tradition in Scottish contexts and "Mc" more prevalent in Irish anglicized variants. Surnames incorporating "Mac" or "Mc" are empirically concentrated in historic Celtic regions, including the Scottish Highlands, Ulster, and western Ireland, where Gaelic-speaking populations predominated until the 19th century.^[31] Examples include widespread clans like MacDonald (from Mac Domhnaill, son of Donald) and MacLeod (from Mac Leòid, son of Leod), which together encompass tens of thousands of bearers globally due to emigration waves, particularly during the Highland Clearances of the 18th–19th centuries and the Irish Famine of 1845–1852.^[27] This distribution underscores the prefix's role in preserving patrilineal genealogy, allowing reconstruction of male-line descent through consistent reference to paternal ancestry, a causal mechanism rooted in pre-modern kinship structures rather than later imposed identities.^[31] Fixed surname adoption, often varying between "Mac" and "Mc" based on regional scribes or migration paths, arose organically from interactions with non-Gaelic bureaucracies, prioritizing record-keeping utility over cultural purity.^[33]

Notable individuals

Jef Raskin (March 9, 1943 – February 26, 2005) initiated the Macintosh project at Apple in 1979 as its manager, envisioning an affordable, user-friendly computer appliance inspired by principles of humane interface design rather than high-end hardware.^[34] His early memos outlined a system priced under $1,000 with bitmapped graphics and a graphical user interface, influencing the eventual product's core features despite later divergences under Steve Jobs.^[35] Raskin's focus on accessibility over performance stemmed from his academic background in computer science and music, leading to innovations like the Canon Cat in 1987 after leaving Apple.^[36] William McClellan "Mac" Thornberry (born July 15, 1958) served as U.S. Representative for Texas's 13th district from 1997 to 2021, chairing the House Armed Services Committee from 2015 to 2019 and ranking member prior.^[37] Raised on a family ranch, he earned a B.A. from Texas Tech University in 1980 and a J.D. from the University of Texas in 1983, specializing in defense policy reforms including modernization of military acquisition processes and countering China's technological advances.^[38] Thornberry's legislative record emphasized empirical assessments of threats, authoring bills like the National Defense Authorization Act provisions that streamlined procurement for agile responses to peer competitors.^[39] Mac Miller, born Malcolm James McCormick (January 19, 1992 – September 7, 2018), was an American rapper and producer who gained prominence through independent releases on platforms like YouTube starting in 2007, achieving commercial success with albums such as Blue Slide Park (2011), which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 without major label backing initially.^[40] His work blended hip-hop, jazz, and introspective lyrics, reflecting personal struggles with substance abuse, which contributed to his accidental overdose death at age 26 from fentanyl, cocaine, and alcohol.^[41] Miller's DIY approach exemplified rising artist autonomy amid shifting music industry economics, amassing over 10 million album equivalent units sold by 2018.^[42]

Places and geography

Settlements and regions

Mac. Robertson Land constitutes a coastal region in East Antarctica, situated between William Scoresby Bay to the east and Cape Darnley to the west, encompassing approximately the area from 60°E to 65°E longitude and southward from the coast.^[43] The region was first sighted in February 1912 by Australian explorer Douglas Mawson during the British, Australian, and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), with formal naming occurring in 1931 to honor Sir Macpherson Robertson, a Melbourne-based confectionery magnate of Scottish descent who sponsored the second BANZARE voyage (1929–1931) with a donation equivalent to £10,000 for fuel and provisions.^[44] This naming reflects patterns of Antarctic toponymy driven by expedition sponsors and explorers, often incorporating surnames with the Scottish Gaelic prefix "Mac," denoting "son of." The region features the Prince Charles Mountains and hosts Australia's Mawson Station, established on February 13, 1954, as the nation's first permanent Antarctic base south of the Antarctic Circle, supporting year-round research in glaciology, biology, and atmospheric sciences.^[43] Smaller settlements named Mac exist in various countries, typically as unincorporated communities or localities arising from local naming conventions or settler influences, though details remain sparse due to their obscurity. In the United States, instances include Mac in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, and Mac in Kentucky, both rural locales without significant documented population or infrastructure as of recent records.^[45] Similarly, in South Africa, Mac appears as localities in Limpopo and Eastern Cape provinces, potentially linked to colonial-era naming by Scottish or Irish-descended settlers.^[45] In Afghanistan, a place named Mac is recorded in Paktia Province, amid rugged terrain, with no available population data or etymological specifics beyond geographic databases.^[45] These minor sites underscore sporadic adoption of "Mac" in global place names, often without ties to prominent historical events or large populations.

Institutions and facilities

Macalester College, commonly abbreviated as Mac, is a private undergraduate liberal arts college founded in 1874 in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The institution enrolls 2,068 students from 49 U.S. states and 94 countries, maintaining a student-faculty ratio that supports small class sizes and emphasizes interdisciplinary studies, internationalism, and civic engagement.^[46] McMaster University, frequently referred to as Mac, is a public research university established in 1887, originally in Toronto before relocating to its current 121-hectare campus in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It pioneered problem-based learning in medical education and serves over 30,000 students across undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs, with strengths in health sciences, engineering, and humanities.^[47]^[48] Dedicated Mac laboratories function as specialized computing facilities at various universities, providing access to Apple Macintosh systems for tasks like graphic design, video editing, and software development. American University's Mac Lab, situated in the Anderson Computing Complex (room B-16), houses nine high-end Macintosh computers equipped for multimedia applications.^[49] The Mac Lab at the Universities at Shady Grove offers 30 recent-model iMacs with supported creative software, serving students across multiple institutions in the University System of Maryland.^[50] These labs typically operate during standard academic hours and prioritize academic use over general computing.^[51]

Organizations and businesses

Commercial entities

MAC Cosmetics was established in 1984 in Toronto, Canada, by freelance makeup artist Frank Toskan and salon owner Frank Angelo, initially supplying professional-grade cosmetics to the fashion and film industries through direct sales from Angelo's salon.^[52] The brand differentiated itself with highly pigmented, long-wearing products tailored for backstage use, adopting the motto "All ages. All races. All mediums" to reflect its broad applicability across diverse skin tones and professional contexts.^[52] Estée Lauder Companies acquired an initial minority stake in 1994, expanding MAC's retail presence, and completed full ownership in 1998 for approximately $60 million after Angelo's death in 1997, integrating it into a portfolio that boosted Estée Lauder's prestige beauty segment through MAC's counter sales model and artist collaborations.^[53] The Big Mac, created by McDonald's franchisee Jim Delligatti and test-marketed in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1967 before national rollout in 1968, consists of two all-beef patties, special sauce, shredded lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions, and a sesame seed bun, addressing consumer demand for a larger burger option during the chain's expansion era.^[54] As McDonald's flagship product, it has sustained core menu sales amid fluctuating fast-food trends, with the company reporting systemwide revenues exceeding $130 billion in 2024, partly attributable to enduring items like the Big Mac that maintain customer loyalty through consistent formulation and global standardization.^[55] Its introduction correlated with McDonald's surpassing $1 billion in annual sales by 1972, highlighting effective product innovation in scaling operations across thousands of outlets.^[56]

Government and non-profits

Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) are private health care insurers contracted by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to administer Medicare Part A and Part B claims processing, provider enrollment, and medical reviews within specific geographic jurisdictions across the United States.^[57] Introduced as part of Medicare contracting reforms authorized by the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, MACs replaced legacy fiscal intermediaries and carriers to enhance efficiency and accountability in a system handling over 1.3 billion claims annually as of fiscal year 2023.^[58] The 12 A/B MAC jurisdictions divide the country by provider type and region, with each contractor responsible for fraud detection, error reduction through targeted audits, and appeals processing, though empirical data from performance compliance metrics show variability in meeting CMS quality assurance standards.^[59] Oversight reports indicate persistent challenges in MAC efficacy, including inconsistent adherence to cost report review protocols that could enable improper payments totaling billions in potential overages. A March 2025 HHS Office of Inspector General audit across all jurisdictions identified 287 compliance failures, such as skipped reviews of graduate medical education costs and inadequate documentation, prompting recommendations for CMS to strengthen monitoring.^[60] Earlier GAO assessments confirmed that while reforms improved some operational controls, MACs failed to achieve full performance benchmarks in areas like timely claims adjudication and fraud recovery, contributing to delays averaging 45-120 days in provider appeals and estimated annual improper payments exceeding $20 billion despite scalability gains from centralized processing.^[61]^[62] These taxpayer-funded mechanisms demonstrate causal trade-offs: broad jurisdictional coverage enables volume handling but fosters bureaucratic inertia and incomplete fraud mitigation, as medical review programs reduce error rates by only 1-2% in audited claims subsets per CMS data. The M·A·C. AIDS Fund, founded in 1994 as the charitable arm of M·A·C. Cosmetics, allocates a portion of VIVA GLAM lipstick sales proceeds to non-profit grants supporting HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment access, and stigma reduction for marginalized communities worldwide.^[63] By 2023, the fund had disbursed over $400 million in grants to more than 1,500 organizations, prioritizing direct services like housing stability and health navigation for affected individuals, with annual funding cycles emphasizing measurable outcomes such as viral suppression rates in grant recipients.^[64] Impact assessments reveal contributions to localized interventions, including partnerships yielding $15 million for UNICEF programs targeting youth in high-prevalence regions, yet broader philanthropic trends show stagnant HIV funding around $600 million annually since 2010, raising questions about sustained causal efficacy amid competing priorities and donor fatigue.^[65]^[66] While the model's market-driven revenue stream avoids pure reliance on donations, evaluations underscore the need for rigorous, independent metrics over self-reported grant successes to validate long-term reductions in transmission rates.

Science, technology, and computing

Networking and hardware

In computer networking, a MAC address, or Media Access Control address, serves as a unique 48-bit hardware identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) by its manufacturer, enabling communication at the data link layer within a local network segment.^[67]^[68] This address operates under IEEE 802 standards, which govern protocols for local area networks such as Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), where it facilitates frame delivery by distinguishing devices on the same broadcast domain without relying on higher-layer addressing like IP.^[69] The first 24 bits (Organizationally Unique Identifier, or OUI) are allocated by the IEEE to vendors, ensuring global uniqueness, while the remaining 24 bits are vendor-specific, typically hardcoded into the NIC's firmware or hardware during production.^[70] MAC addresses are integral to hardware in devices ranging from routers and switches to endpoints like computers and smartphones, where they underpin low-level operations such as address resolution protocol (ARP) mappings and switch forwarding tables.^[71] In Ethernet and Wi-Fi hardware, the MAC sublayer handles contention resolution and error detection, with the address ensuring collision-free transmission in shared media environments.^[72] Although universally applied across hardware vendors, Apple Inc. incorporates MAC addresses in its Mac computers and iOS devices, adhering to the same IEEE conventions but implementing vendor-specific OUIs for identification.^[73] Modern developments address privacy trade-offs inherent in persistent MAC identifiers, which can enable tracking across networks despite their local scope. Apple introduced MAC address randomization in iOS 8 (2014), generating ephemeral addresses per Wi-Fi network to obscure device identity from probes, with this becoming default in iOS 14 (2020) and extending to macOS, iPadOS, and watchOS.^[74]^[75] This engineering choice mitigates causal risks of surveillance by advertisers or malicious actors but introduces challenges, such as complicating enterprise network policies reliant on static MAC filtering or certificate pinning, as randomized addresses evade consistent authentication.^[76]^[77] In IPv6 deployments, MAC addresses traditionally inform interface identifiers via the EUI-64 format, where the 48-bit MAC is expanded by inserting FFFE in the middle and flipping the seventh bit of the first octet to create a 64-bit ID, embedding hardware traceability into global addresses.^[78]^[79] However, privacy extensions in RFC 4941 and emerging standards like RFC 9797 promote randomized or temporary identifiers over EUI-64-derived ones, reflecting empirical evidence that static linkages exacerbate tracking vulnerabilities without proportional benefits in address autoconfiguration, especially as IPv6 adoption grows beyond IPv4's MAC-dependent ARP reliance.^[80]^[81] This shift underscores hardware-software tensions: fixed MACs optimize for deterministic networking but conflict with causal privacy needs in randomized environments.

Biology and other sciences

MacConkey agar, often abbreviated as Mac or MAC agar, is a selective and differential culture medium developed by British bacteriologist Alfred Theodore MacConkey (1861–1931) at the turn of the 20th century for isolating and identifying Gram-negative enteric bacteria, particularly pathogens from clinical specimens such as urine and wounds.^[82]^[83] The medium incorporates bile salts and crystal violet to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, while lactose and neutral red indicator allow differentiation of lactose-fermenting species (appearing pink/red) from non-fermenters (colorless colonies), aiding empirical validation in pathogen detection like Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.^[84]^[83] In immunology, the membrane attack complex (MAC) refers to the terminal complement pathway's pore-forming assembly of proteins (C5b-9), which inserts into pathogen cell membranes to induce osmotic lysis and eliminate microbes or infected cells.^[85] This cytolytic mechanism, an ancient evolutionary feature of innate immunity, disrupts membrane integrity via ion flux, with dysregulation implicated in conditions like atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, though therapeutic inhibition targets excessive host tissue damage rather than the core lytic function.^[86]^[85] In anesthesiology, minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) quantifies inhaled anesthetic potency as the alveolar partial pressure preventing purposeful movement in 50% of patients to a standardized noxious stimulus, such as surgical incision, at sea level and normothermia.^[87] Introduced in 1965, MAC values vary by agent (e.g., ~1.15% for isoflurane, ~6% for nitrous oxide) and patient factors like age or hypothermia, enabling dose comparisons and safety monitoring to avoid under- or over-anesthesia without relying on subjective endpoints.^[87]^[88]

Acronyms and technical terms

In information technology management, particularly within data center operations, MAC stands for Moves, Adds, and Changes, referring to the standardized procedures for relocating hardware (moves), installing new components (adds), and modifying existing setups (changes) to optimize infrastructure efficiency.^[89] These processes gained prominence in the post-2000s as organizations scaled data centers, often extending to IMAC (including installs) or IMACD (adding disposals) to encompass full lifecycle management of IT assets.^[89] Automation tools have increasingly integrated MAC workflows in the 2020s to reduce manual interventions and support dynamic environments.^[90] In cryptography, MAC denotes a Message Authentication Code, a symmetric-key mechanism that generates a fixed-length tag appended to a message to verify its integrity, authenticity, and origin, detecting any alterations during transmission.^[91] A prominent variant is HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code), which combines a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256) with a secret key to produce the tag, offering resistance to certain attacks on plain hash functions as specified in RFC 2104 published in 1997.^[92] HMAC remains a foundational standard, with NIST guidelines affirming its use for secure key derivation and validation in modern protocols.^[93] Evolutions include adaptations for quantum-resistant hashes and integration into cloud-native security for API integrity checks.^[94]

Arts, entertainment, and culture

Fictional characters and works

Angus MacGyver serves as the central figure in the action-adventure television series MacGyver, which premiered on ABC on September 29, 1985, and concluded after seven seasons on May 21, 1992. Created by Lee David Zlotoff and executive produced by Henry Winkler and John Rich, the character—portrayed by Richard Dean Anderson—is an operative for the fictional Phoenix Foundation who improvises solutions to crises using household items, scientific principles, and ingenuity, while avoiding lethal force due to a formative accident involving his friend.^[95]^[96] This archetype of resourceful problem-solving, termed "MacGyverisms," permeated popular culture, with the series achieving syndication in over 90 countries and inspiring the verb "to MacGyver" in dictionaries for denoting makeshift fixes.^[97] Mac, an 8-year-old boy, co-protagonizes the Cartoon Network animated series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, which aired from August 13, 2004, to May 3, 2009. Developed by Craig McCracken, the character—voiced by Sean Marquette—created his imaginary friend Blooregard "Bloo" Kazoo at age three and regularly visits the foster home for abandoned imaginaries, navigating chaos while balancing school, family bullying from brother Terrence, and emotional maturity beyond his years.^[98] The series, spanning six seasons and 79 episodes, emphasized tropes of childhood imagination and platonic bonds, earning acclaim for its inventive animation and character-driven humor without relying on violence.^[98] Other notable instances include Ronald "Mac" McDonald in the FX comedy It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, where the character, played and co-created by Rob McElhenney since the 2005 pilot, embodies misguided bravado and loyalty in a bar-owning ensemble, often through physical comedy and delusional self-image. In Nintendo's Punch-Out!! franchise, Little Mac—debuting in the 1984 arcade game—represents an underdog boxer from the Bronx who ascends via determination against larger foes, highlighting perseverance tropes in gaming narratives across sequels like the 1987 NES version.^[99] These depictions collectively trope "Mac" as everyman protagonists reliant on wit or grit, though MacGyver's engineering feats have drawn scrutiny for frequent divergence from verifiable physics, such as implausible explosive yields from mundane accelerants.^[97]

Music and media

"Mack the Knife," originally "Die Moritat von Mackie Messer" from Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's 1928 opera The Threepenny Opera, depicts a notorious criminal in a satirical ballad style.^[100] Bobby Darin's 1959 swing rendition propelled the song to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks, marking a crossover success from its theatrical roots to pop appeal through upbeat orchestration and vocal charisma.^[101] The track earned Darin the Grammy Award for Record of the Year at the 2nd Annual Grammy Awards in 1960, with sales exceeding 2 million copies in the U.S. by the early 1960s, driven by its narrative intrigue and rhythmic drive rather than fidelity to the original's darker tone.^[102] Rapper Mac Miller, born Malcolm James McCormick, achieved commercial breakthrough with his 2011 debut album Blue Slide Park, which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with 144,000 first-week sales, the first independently distributed debut to top the chart since 1995.^[103] His catalog amassed over 2 billion on-demand U.S. streams and 7 million digital downloads by 2018, reflecting evolution from frat-rap origins to eclectic alt-rap and jazz-infused works like Swimming (2018, No. 3 peak).^[104] Posthumously, releases such as Balloonerism (2024) topped the Top Album Sales chart, underscoring enduring demand fueled by raw lyricism on personal struggles over polished production.^[105] Indie rock artist Mac DeMarco, known for his slacker aesthetic and lo-fi production, released Salad Days in 2014, which peaked at No. 30 on the Billboard 200 and contributed to over 620,000 total album sales worldwide.^[106] ^[107] Subsequent albums like This Old Dog (2017, No. 13 peak) emphasized DIY home-recording techniques using budget gear, enabling accessible entry into indie circuits but prioritizing nostalgic vibe over high-fidelity engineering, which broadened cult appeal in niche scenes via platforms like Bandcamp and early streaming.^[107] His metrics highlight sustained mid-tier success, with Salad Days as the top seller, attributable to viral singles and festival rotations rather than mainstream radio dominance.^[106]

Sports

Teams and clubs

Macarthur FC is a professional soccer club based in Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia, competing in the A-League Men. Established in May 2018 through a consortium including the Macarthur Football Association, the club was granted entry into the league for the 2020–21 season following Western Sydney Wanderers' withdrawal of a license application. Over its first five full seasons through 2024–25, Macarthur FC recorded 47 wins, 31 draws, and 53 losses in league play, with no top finishes but qualification for the 2022 Australia Cup final (lost 1–2 to Melbourne Victory) and a victory in the 2024 Australia Cup (2–1 over Melbourne City).^[108] The club's highest league placement was sixth in 2020–21, with Matt Derbyshire leading scorers that year at 14 goals.^[109] Other entities include the Multnomah Athletic Club (MAC), a private athletic club in Portland, Oregon, founded in 1891, which fields competitive teams in sports such as rugby (Multnomah RFC, established 1973, with multiple national championships including 2010 and 2014) and historically in track, swimming, and basketball.^[110] MAC teams have contributed to U.S. Olympic representation, with over 40 alumni competing since 1900, though modern focus emphasizes amateur and club-level competition rather than professional leagues.^[110] These are distinct from conference affiliations like the Mid-American Conference (MAC), which governs collegiate teams but does not represent a singular "Mac" team identity.^[111]

Events and competitions

The Mid-American Conference (MAC) organizes annual postseason tournaments and championship games across its sponsored sports to crown conference champions and select NCAA tournament qualifiers. Established in 1946, the MAC's competitive structure emphasizes regional rivalries among institutions primarily in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and nearby states, promoting parity through balanced scheduling and tiebreaker protocols.^[112] Membership has evolved, with early departures like the University of Cincinnati in 1953 and expansions leading to 12 full members through 2024, expanding to 13 with the addition of the University of Massachusetts effective July 1, 2025.^[113] This framework supports events like football and basketball championships, where outcomes often reflect close competition rather than dominant hierarchies.^[114] In football, the MAC Championship Game pits the top two teams by conference winning percentage following an 8-game league schedule, with tiebreakers prioritizing head-to-head results, performance against common opponents, and scheduling strength.^[115] The divisionless format, adopted in 2024, ensures broader intra-conference matchups over a three-year cycle, with each team facing all opponents home and away at least once.^[114] Held at neutral sites such as Ford Field in Detroit, the 2024 game saw Ohio defeat Miami 38-3 on December 7, achieving a shutout margin unprecedented in MAC title history and securing Ohio's first championship since 1968.^[116] The 2025 championship is scheduled for December 6 at a yet-to-be-finalized venue, with Miami leading standings as of late October after a 26-17 victory over Western Michigan on October 26.^[117] The conference's regional emphasis sustains upset potential, as evidenced by historical volatility, though name, image, and likeness (NIL) incentives have intensified talent outflows to Power conferences, straining roster continuity.^[118] The MAC men's basketball tournament employs an 8-team single-elimination bracket seeded by regular-season standings, contested over three days at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse in Cleveland since 2020.^[119] Quarterfinals occur on Thursday, semifinals on Friday, and the final on Saturday, with the winner earning the conference's automatic NCAA bid. In the 2025 event (March 13-15), top seed Akron edged Miami 76-74 in the championship, claiming their second consecutive title and sixth overall, led by standout performances like Nate Johnson's contributions.^[120] This format underscores the MAC's competitive depth, where mid-tier seeds frequently advance, contrasting with talent disparities in elite conferences but challenged by player portal mobility post-NIL.^[118]

Other uses

Military terms

The Military Airlift Command (MAC) was a United States Air Force major command established on January 1, 1966, to consolidate strategic and tactical airlift assets previously dispersed across other commands, enabling unified global logistics support for troop deployments, equipment transport, and humanitarian missions.^[121] Headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, MAC evolved from World War II-era organizations like the Air Corps Ferrying Command (formed May 29, 1941), which prioritized rapid aircraft delivery to allies, addressing the causal need for expeditionary reach in conflicts where sea and land routes proved too slow or vulnerable to interdiction.^[122] During the Vietnam War, MAC operations delivered over seven million tons of cargo and passengers within South Vietnam from 1962 to 1973, relying on adaptive tactics like forward operating techniques to overcome terrain and enemy threats, which demonstrated airlift's tactical edge in sustaining ground forces amid contested supply lines.^[123] MAC's inactivation on June 1, 1992, and merger into the Air Mobility Command reflected post-Cold War strategic shifts, integrating airlift with aerial refueling from the former Strategic Air Command to counter reduced bipolar threats with versatile, multi-domain mobility rather than siloed logistics.^[124] This restructuring addressed bureaucratic redundancies—such as pre-1966 overlaps that fragmented planning and resource allocation—while prioritizing metrics like million ton-miles per day over simplistic tonnage counts, enabling data-driven assessments of deployment speed and sustainment in dynamic theaters.^[125] Empirically, MAC's model proved causally essential for power projection, as evidenced by its role in crises requiring uncontested aerial dominance, though inefficiencies arose from peacetime administrative bloat that diluted wartime focus until streamlined post-merger. Another prominent military application of the acronym MAC is the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), activated on February 8, 1962, as a unified joint command to coordinate U.S. advisory and combat support to South Vietnamese forces against communist insurgency, encompassing operational control of escalating troop commitments up to over 500,000 personnel by 1968.^[126] MACV directed cross-service efforts, including the covert Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG), which from 1964 conducted unconventional warfare, reconnaissance, and direct-action raids across borders, leveraging small-team insertions to gather intelligence and disrupt enemy logistics in denied areas where conventional forces faced high attrition.^[127] By 1973, MACV's dissolution aligned with U.S. withdrawal, highlighting tactical necessities like integrated pol-mil advising for counterinsurgency efficacy against bureaucratic challenges, such as command silos that initially hampered responsive adaptation to guerrilla tactics.^[128]

Miscellaneous applications

The wood of Maclura pomifera, commonly known as osage orange, exhibits remarkable durability and rot resistance due to its high density and natural oils, rendering it ideal for long-lasting fence posts, wagon wheels, and hubs. Native Americans historically fashioned bows, war clubs, and other tools from its flexible branches, leveraging the material's strength and elasticity. This wood also served as premium firewood, providing intense, prolonged heat owing to its energy content.^[129]^[130]^[131] In agricultural contexts, osage orange trees were extensively planted in the 19th century as living hedgerows for livestock enclosures, their thorny branches forming effective natural barriers without need for wire fencing. Post-Dust Bowl in the 1930s, the U.S. government promoted their use in Great Plains shelterbelts—strips of trees spanning millions of acres—to combat soil erosion by stabilizing sandy, wind-prone soils and reducing dust storms. The tree's adaptability to poor, rocky soils further supported these windbreak applications.^[132]^[133]^[134] The fruit bodies, termed hedge apples, contain compounds like limonene that have prompted folk uses as insect deterrents, placed in homes to repel spiders and cockroaches, though controlled studies confirm only modest efficacy against certain pests. Extracts from the genus Maclura have shown potential in ethnobotanical applications for dye production and minor wound treatments in traditional practices, but empirical data on broader utility remains sparse.^[135]^[136]

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[90]
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Mac Miller Tops Album Sales, Rap Albums Charts With 'Balloonerism'
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Mac DeMarco Debuts With 2019's 'Heart to Heart': Hot 100 First-Timers
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Macarthur FC. Australian cup winner 2 · A-League Men League level: Australia First Tier. Macarthur FC. €4.88m. Total market value. Squad size: 25 ...
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History - MAC - Multnomah Athletic Club
Founded in 1891, Multnomah Athletic Club has been a key part of Portland's culture ever since. MAC has influenced the social and athletic history of the city.
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Mid-American Conference
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History of the MAC - Mid-American Conference
May 29, 2014 · The MAC was founded as a five-school league on February 24, 1946 in Columbus, Ohio with Ohio, Butler, Cincinnati, Wayne State and Western Reserve admitted as ...Missing: date changes
[113]
University of Massachusetts Accepts Invitation to Join the Mid ...
Feb 29, 2024 · The University of Massachusetts has accepted an invitation to join the Mid-American Conference (MAC) as a full member, beginning on July 1, 2025.
[114]
MAC Announces Future Football Schedule Formats for 2024-26
Jan 25, 2024 · This new model will allow for each team to face all 11 conference opponents home and away at least once during a three-year cycle. Additionally, ...
[115]
MAC Announces New Football Tiebreaker Procedures
Sep 18, 2024 · Head-to-head competition between the two tied teams · Win percentage versus all common opponents · Win percentage versus common opponents based ...
[116]
Ohio Wins First MAC Football Championship Game
Dec 7, 2024 · Parker Navarro ran for two touchdowns and passed for two more and Ohio beat Miami (Ohio) 38-3 in the Mid-American Conference Championship game played at Ford ...
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2024 MAC Odds, Futures, Picks: Stuckey's Preseason MACtion ...
Aug 27, 2024 · The talent disparity from top to bottom just isn't as significant as other conferences, and that gap seems to be closing in the new landscape of ...
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2025 Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Tournament Basics
Mar 12, 2025 · The Rocket Mortgage Fieldhouse in downtown Cleveland will host the MAC's top eight yet again, an arrangement that started in 2020 and is set to ...Missing: structures | Show results with:structures
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No. 1 Akron Claims Second-Straight MAC Tournament Championship
Mar 15, 2025 · The Akron men's basketball team over Miami, 76-74, to capture the program's sixth Mid-American Conference Tournament title and seventh NCAA Tournament berth.
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[PDF] MILITARY AIRLIFT COMMAND - USAF Unit Histories
Aug 22, 2010 · The organization that would become widely known as the Air Transport Command was established in May 1941 as the Air Corps Ferrying Command, and ...
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[PDF] BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AIR MOBILITY COMMAND
Established and activated on 29 May 1941, ACFC was created by the US Army to fly American-build aircraft to Great Britain. Shortly after the US entered World ...
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Airlift During the Vietnam War - Air Mobility Command Museum
Between 1962 and 1973 the USAF delivered more than seven million tons of passengers and cargo within South Vietnam. Airlift air and ground crews' ingenuity and ...
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AIR MOBILITY COMMAND: 23 Years of Global Reach for America
Air Mobility Command was created on June 1, 1992, when the Military Airlift Command and Strategic Air Command were inactivated.
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[PDF] Measuring Airlift Effectiveness in the New Millenium - DTIC
Jul 8, 2023 · From there, we will briefly trace the evolution of strategic airlift metrics from tons per month to today's million ton-miles per day. A new ...
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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam: The Imperative of Pol-Mil ...
The Military Assistance Command, Vietnam MACV, was established in 1962 to support a more active U.S. operational effort in the war against communist insurgents ...
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[PDF] MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968-1973
Mar 31, 2025 · By late 1967 the Military Assistance. Command, Vietnam (MACV), had grown from a small, temporary advi- sory and assistance organization into ...
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[PDF] Records of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam - LexisNexis
Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) came into existence in February 1962. ... The mission and operation of Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) ...
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[PDF] Osage orange, Maclura pomifera, plant fact sheet
Uses. Osage orange has a long and interesting history of use by both Native Americans and early pioneers. Its wood was once in demand for making hubs and ...
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What is Osage Orange, and is it Edible? - Deep Green Permaculture
Apr 1, 2021 · It was traditionally used by Native Americans to make bows and war clubs. Additionally, it's also very best firewood. but there is, Osage orange ...
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Osage Orange - Eat The Weeds and other things, too
These trees were used largely on farms to produce hedgerows, thus hedge apple, and for fence posts. The wood is very dense and resists rot well. I have a friend ...
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Hedge apples: Benefits and uses of the Osage orange | FOX 2
Oct 14, 2024 · Its rot-resistant wood also found use in fence posts, tool handles, and even as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's “Great Plains Shelterbelt” ...
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Wildlife Food for Thought: Osage Orange
Oct 4, 2021 · After the Dust Bowl, this species was also used to plant shelterbelts throughout the Great Plains to stabilize loose, sandy soil. This tree has ...
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Maclura pomifera (Bowwood, Hedge-Apple, Mapo, Osage-Orange)
Genus: Maclura; Species: pomifera; Family: Moraceae; Uses (Ethnobotany):: Native Americans used the flexible but strong branches to make bows. It was also used ...Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
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https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plantfinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282737
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Maclura pomifera - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
It has various medicinal applications, including treatments for sore eyes, cancer, uterine hemorrhage, and tooth pain.