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ISOCELL

ISOCELL is a proprietary pixel isolation technology developed by Samsung Electronics for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, first introduced in September 2013 to enable higher resolution imaging in compact devices by minimizing optical crosstalk between adjacent pixels through physical barriers.^[1] This innovation builds on back-side illuminated (BSI) sensor designs by increasing the full well capacity by approximately 30% and widening the chief ray angle by 20%, thereby enhancing light sensitivity and color fidelity without sacrificing pixel size.^[1] These sensors are produced by Samsung and made available to other manufacturers for use in various devices. Over the years, ISOCELL has evolved through successive iterations to address challenges in mobile and automotive imaging. In June 2018, Samsung launched ISOCELL Plus, which replaced metallic barriers with a more reflective material to further reduce light loss and improve color accuracy, particularly in low-light conditions.^[2] This upgrade enabled the production of smaller 0.8μm pixels while maintaining high performance.^[3] In 2021, ISOCELL 2.0 was introduced, refining the technology by eliminating metal components entirely in favor of a seamless reflective structure, boosting light sensitivity by up to 16% and supporting ultra-high-resolution sensors exceeding 100 megapixels.^[4] These advancements have been integral to Samsung's mobile image sensor lineup, powering flagship smartphone cameras with features like high dynamic range (HDR), AI-enhanced processing, and tetrapixel binning for versatile shooting modes.^[5] Beyond consumer electronics, ISOCELL technology extends to automotive applications, where sensors provide enhanced visibility for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and safer mobility solutions through improved low-light performance and reliability.^[6] Samsung's ongoing innovations, such as the 200-megapixel ISOCELL HP2 in 2023 and the 0.5μm-pixel ISOCELL HP5 in 2025, continue to push boundaries in resolution and efficiency, solidifying ISOCELL's role in redefining digital imaging across industries.^[7]^[8]

History

Introduction and Early Development

ISOCELL is a pixel isolation technology for CMOS image sensors developed by Samsung Electronics, first announced on September 24, 2013, as an advancement over conventional backside-illuminated (BSI) sensors.^[9] The technology was created to tackle key challenges in mobile imaging as pixel sizes diminished to enable higher resolutions in compact devices, particularly below 1.4 micrometers, where traditional BSI sensors experienced increased electrical crosstalk—leading to color mixing—and diminished light sensitivity due to reduced quantum efficiency.^[9]^[10] At its core, ISOCELL addresses these issues by incorporating physical barriers, consisting of deep trenches filled with metal or oxide, between adjacent photodiodes to isolate pixels and prevent light and charge leakage.^[9] This design enhances color fidelity and sharpness by reducing crosstalk by approximately 30% compared to standard BSI pixels, while also boosting full well capacity by 30% for improved dynamic range.^[9]^[11] Initial prototypes demonstrated up to 20% greater light sensitivity across various lighting conditions, marking a shift from shared pixel architectures toward fully isolated cells.^[9] The technology was introduced as patent-pending, reflecting Samsung's ongoing development efforts prior to the public reveal.^[12] The inaugural ISOCELL sensor, model S5K4H5YB, is an 8-megapixel imager featuring 1.12-micrometer pixels in a 1/4-inch optical format, designed for mid-range smartphones and entering mass production in the fourth quarter of 2013.^[9]^[13] Early commercial adoption began with its integration into select mid-range devices later that year, followed by broader implementation in flagship models such as the Samsung Galaxy S5, released in 2014, which employed a 16-megapixel ISOCELL sensor with similar pixel isolation for enhanced low-light performance.^[14]^[10] This rollout signified ISOCELL's role in transitioning mobile camera systems to higher efficiency without compromising on miniaturization.^[15]

Key Milestones and Generations

In 2017, Samsung officially branded its image sensor lineup as ISOCELL, categorizing it into specialized sub-brands to highlight performance attributes: ISOCELL Bright for high light sensitivity, ISOCELL Fast for rapid autofocus, ISOCELL Slim for compact designs, and ISOCELL Dual for multi-camera systems. This branding strategy marked a shift toward targeted innovations in mobile imaging, with the first notable release under ISOCELL Bright being the GW1 sensor in 2019, featuring 64-megapixel resolution. Building on the original ISOCELL architecture, Samsung introduced ISOCELL Plus in 2018, incorporating reflective metal layers between pixels to minimize light reflection losses and boost color fidelity by up to 15%.^[2] This advancement debuted in slim-profile sensors such as the 3T2, a 20-megapixel model optimized for space-constrained devices.^[16] The year 2020 saw the launch of the ISOCELL Vizion series, debuting with the Vizion 33D time-of-flight (ToF) sensor in November and expanding the technology beyond mobile applications to include ToF and global shutter sensors for robotics and extended reality uses. Concurrently, Samsung introduced Tetracell pixel binning in the GN1 sensor, a 50-megapixel model with 1.2-micrometer pixels that achieved four times greater light sensitivity in low-light conditions.^[17] Advancements accelerated in 2021 with the debut of ISOCELL 2.0, which further refined pixel isolation by replacing metallic barriers with a seamless reflective structure, boosting light sensitivity by up to 15%.^[18] This generation premiered with the HP1, the world's first 200-megapixel mobile image sensor featuring a 1/1.22-inch optical format and 0.64-micrometer pixels. From 2022 to 2025, the ISOCELL HP series evolved rapidly to push resolution and performance boundaries. The HP3, announced in 2022, enhanced high dynamic range (HDR) capabilities with 14-bit processing for better detail in varied lighting. In 2023, the HP2 incorporated Tetra²pixel technology, enabling 16-times pixel binning for superior low-light performance while maintaining 200-megapixel resolution. In 2024, Samsung released the HP9, a 200-megapixel sensor with a 1/1.4-inch size for improved light capture, alongside the GNJ, a 50-megapixel model in a 1/1.57-inch format optimized for versatile mobile setups.^[19] Culminating recent innovations, the HP5 arrived in 2025 as the first sub-micrometer high-resolution sensor at 200 megapixels with 0.5-micrometer pixels, emphasizing ultra-fine detail and AI integration.^[8] ISOCELL sensors have achieved significant market adoption, with ongoing expansions into AI-optimized imaging for enhanced computational photography.

Technology

Core Design Principles

ISOCELL technology fundamentally relies on pixel isolation through deep trench isolation (DTI) structures to separate adjacent photodiodes in CMOS image sensors. These narrow trenches, filled with low-refractive-index materials such as silicon oxide, form physical barriers that minimize both electrical and optical crosstalk between pixels. By preventing charge leakage and light spillover, DTI reduces color crosstalk by approximately 30% compared to conventional backside-illuminated (BSI) sensors, enabling sharper images even in high-density pixel arrays.^[20] Each ISOCELL pixel functions as an independent "cell" optimized for light absorption, with dedicated microlenses directing incoming light directly onto the photodiode beneath. This design enhances quantum efficiency in the visible spectrum through better photon-to-electron conversion. Integrated with backside illumination, ISOCELL positions the wiring layer on the front side of the silicon substrate, allowing a greater portion of incident light to reach the photodiodes compared to front-side-illuminated (FSI) sensors while the added isolation mitigates the crosstalk inherent in BSI architectures. The technology also increases full well capacity by approximately 30% over conventional BSI designs.^[21]^[22] The sensor incorporates a Bayer pattern color filter array overlaid with anti-reflective coatings on the microlenses to suppress flare and internal reflections, ensuring accurate color reproduction. This configuration supports pixel size scalability down to 0.5 μm without a proportional loss in sensitivity, as the isolation and optical enhancements maintain light capture efficiency in ultra-compact designs.^[23]^[8] In comparison to alternatives, ISOCELL overcomes the light blockage from front-side wiring in FSI sensors by leveraging BSI principles, while surpassing standard BSI through its physical barriers that provide superior isolation in densely packed pixels, reducing overall crosstalk from around 19% to 12.5%.^[24]^[14]

Advancements and Variants

ISOCELL Plus represents an evolution in pixel isolation by incorporating highly reflective layers beneath the color filters, which recycle scattered light that would otherwise be lost, thereby enhancing overall light sensitivity by up to 15% and improving color fidelity.^[25] This advancement enables the creation of slimmer sensors, such as those with pixel sizes as small as 0.8 micrometers, without compromising performance, supporting ultra-thin camera modules.^[25]^[26] Tetracell technology introduces pixel binning by merging signals from adjacent 2x2 pixel arrays of the same color, effectively creating larger virtual pixels that quadruple light sensitivity while reducing resolution to one-fourth, ideal for low-light conditions. Building on this, the Tetra²pixel variant applies multi-stage binning in high-resolution sensors, such as 200-megapixel models, where initial 4-to-1 binning yields 50-megapixel output with doubled effective pixel size, and further binning achieves 12.5-megapixel images with 16 times the light sensitivity, simulating larger pixels up to 2.56 micrometers.^[7]^[18] ISOCELL 2.0 refines the core deep trench isolation (DTI) barriers by integrating a highly reflective material at the base, minimizing light reflection losses and crosstalk for up to 15% greater light absorption in sub-micrometer pixels. It incorporates Dual Pixel Pro, an all-pixel phase-detection autofocus system with multi-directional photodiodes that enable rapid focusing across the entire sensor area, even on fast-moving or low-contrast subjects. Additionally, it supports in-sensor zoom through intelligent cropping and remosaic techniques, enhancing versatility without additional hardware.^[27]^[28] The ISOCELL Vizion series extends the technology to specialized non-standard sensors, including time-of-flight (ToF) models like the Vizion 63D, a 0.3-megapixel indirect ToF sensor operating at 940 nanometers for precise depth mapping up to 10 meters. Global shutter variants, such as the Vizion 931 at 0.93 megapixels, capture entire frames simultaneously to eliminate rolling shutter distortion, making them suitable for high-speed applications like robotics where motion artifacts must be avoided.^[29]^[30] In 2025, Samsung introduced the Nanoprism technology in sensors like the ISOCELL JNP, applying meta-photonics to microlenses for approximately 25% improved light-gathering efficiency in miniaturized pixels.^[31] Advancements in AI and HDR processing leverage on-chip dual gain readout, where pixels switch between high and low conversion gains to capture wide exposure ranges in a single frame, enabling real-time HDR with dynamic ranges exceeding 100 dB. The dynamic range is quantified as DR = 20 \log_{10} \left( \frac{\max \ signal}{noise \ floor} \right), allowing recent models to approach human vision capabilities by merging short, medium, and long exposures with minimal motion artifacts via AI-driven fusion. Other variants include full dual-pixel implementations for all-pixel autofocus coverage and optimized slim designs achieving module thicknesses under 5 millimeters through compact pixel architectures.^[32]^[26]

Applications

Mobile Devices

ISOCELL technology has become integral to mobile photography, serving as the primary sensor in the main cameras of most flagship Android smartphones, where Samsung holds a leading position in the global mobile image sensor market with approximately 29% share as of 2025.^[33] This dominance enables advanced features such as 8K video recording at 30 frames per second and up to 100x digital zoom through high-resolution cropping, as demonstrated in devices like the Galaxy S21 Ultra equipped with the 108MP ISOCELL HM3 sensor.^[34]^[35] In low-light conditions, ISOCELL's Tetracell pixel binning technology merges four adjacent pixels to enhance light sensitivity, allowing for brighter and less noisy night mode images, a capability showcased in the Galaxy S series, including the S21 Ultra's HM3 sensor which supports seamless switching between ISO modes for improved clarity in dim environments.^[17]^[36] ISOCELL sensors also power multi-camera systems in smartphones, with variants like the 50MP JN1 used in ultra-wide lenses for compact modules that maintain high detail through pixel binning, and the 12MP 3J1 in telephoto setups with optical image stabilization (OIS) to facilitate computational photography features such as portrait mode, where dual-pixel autofocus aids precise subject isolation.^[37]^[38]^[39] Samsung supplies ISOCELL sensors to major brands including Google Pixel devices, which have incorporated them since the Pixel 6 series, and Samsung beginning to supply for Apple's iPhone lineup with the iPhone 18 in 2026 for enhanced imaging, alongside various Chinese manufacturers like Vivo.^[40]^[41]^[42] This widespread adoption has supported significant expansion in mobile camera shipments, with the global mobile phone camera module market reaching over $58 billion by 2022, driven in part by innovations in sensor efficiency and resolution.^[43] To address challenges in compact mobile designs with smaller pixels, ISOCELL employs HDR stacking techniques that combine multiple exposures to preserve dynamic range, ensuring vibrant details in high-contrast scenes without excessive noise.^[44] For instance, high-resolution models like the 200MP ISOCELL HP series enable effective digital zoom in everyday photography by cropping into ultra-detailed frames.^[45]

Automotive and Industrial Uses

ISOCELL technology has been tailored for automotive use through Samsung's ISOCELL Auto series, which supports advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and 360° surround view monitoring. These sensors, such as the 8.3-megapixel ISOCELL Auto 1H1, meet AEC-Q100 Grade 2+ certification standards, enabling reliable operation across a temperature range of -40°C to 105°C in vehicular environments.^[46] The series incorporates features like high dynamic range (HDR) up to 120 dB to handle extreme lighting contrasts, such as headlights and taillights during night driving, ensuring clear visibility for safety-critical functions including driver monitoring.^[47] In industrial applications, Samsung's ISOCELL Vizion lineup addresses demands for durable, high-performance imaging in robotics and automation. Global shutter sensors in this series, such as those designed for motion-intensive tasks, eliminate rolling shutter distortion and motion blur, facilitating precise object tracking in dynamic settings like assembly lines.^[48] Time-of-Flight (ToF) variants provide depth sensing up to 5 meters, supporting applications in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and industrial depth mapping with minimal latency at frame rates up to 120 fps.^[49] Radiation-hardened adaptations enhance resilience in harsh conditions, including drone-based inspections exposed to environmental stressors.^[6] Notable adoptions include integration of ISOCELL Auto sensors in Tesla's Autopilot system since 2021, stemming from a $436 million supply agreement that bolsters autonomous driving features.^[50] Hyundai vehicles employ these sensors for surround-view cameras, contributing to enhanced parking and navigation aids. In industrial contexts, monochrome ISOCELL configurations are utilized for factory inspection tasks, where their higher light sensitivity enables accelerated line scanning for quality control.^[51] Looking ahead, ISOCELL advancements are poised to integrate with LiDAR systems, with 8-megapixel automotive sensors like the ISOCELL Auto 1H1 supporting Level 4 autonomy by providing complementary high-resolution visual data for environmental perception.^[52] This convergence aims to improve object detection and decision-making in fully driverless operations as of 2025.^[53]

Sensor Models

High-Resolution Models

Samsung's high-resolution ISOCELL sensors, exceeding 100 megapixels, represent the pinnacle of mobile imaging technology, enabling unprecedented detail capture for premium smartphones. These models leverage advanced pixel binning and processing to balance ultra-high resolution with practical usability in low-light conditions and video recording. Key examples include the ISOCELL HMX, HP1, HP2, HP3, HP5, and HP9, each introducing innovations in pixel size, dynamic range, and computational enhancements tailored for flagship devices. The ISOCELL HMX, announced in 2019, was Samsung's first 108MP sensor, featuring a 1/1.33-inch optical format and 0.8μm pixels for superior light sensitivity. It employs Nonacell binning, combining nine pixels into one to produce 12MP images with an effective 2.4μm pixel size, significantly improving low-light performance. This sensor supports 4K video at 60fps and was notably integrated into devices like the Xiaomi Mi Note 10, marking an early milestone in high-resolution mobile photography.^[54] Building on this foundation, the ISOCELL HP1, released in 2021, introduced the industry's first 200MP mobile sensor with a 1/1.22-inch size and 0.64μm pixels. Tetra binning groups four pixels to yield 50MP outputs or further combines to 12.5MP with 2.56μm effective pixels, enhancing low-light imaging while maintaining sharpness. Capable of 8K video at 30fps, the HP1 debuted in smartphones like the Motorola Edge 30 Pro, prioritizing detail for professional-grade prints and crops.^[55] The ISOCELL HP2, announced in 2023, refines 200MP imaging in a compact 1/1.3-inch format with 0.6μm pixels, utilizing Tetra²pixel technology for 16-to-1 binning that delivers 12.5MP low-light shots. It enables in-sensor crop zoom up to 2x without resolution loss, thanks to advanced remosaicing algorithms, and supports 8K@30fps video with Super QPD autofocus for faster low-light focusing. Deployed in flagships such as the Galaxy S23 Ultra, the HP2 emphasizes versatile high-detail capture across lighting scenarios.^[56] Advancing HDR capabilities, the ISOCELL HP3, announced in 2022, features a 200MP resolution in a 1/1.4-inch sensor with 0.56μm pixels, incorporating staggered exposure to merge short, medium, and long exposures for superior color accuracy and dynamic range in mixed lighting. This dual-mode HDR (alongside Smart-ISO Pro) reduces motion artifacts and supports 8K@30fps or 4K@120fps video, making it ideal for challenging environments. The HP3's innovations enhance tonal fidelity in high-contrast scenes, as seen in devices like the Vivo X90 Pro+.^[57] Samsung's ISOCELL HP5, announced in 2025, pushes pixel miniaturization to 0.5μm—the smallest for high-resolution sensors—within a 200MP array on a 1/1.56-inch optical format, achieving a 150% increase in conversion gain and up to 40% random noise reduction via AI-enhanced processing and DTI Center Cut technology. This results in cleaner low-light images and supports 4K@120fps slow-motion video, broadening creative video applications. The HP5's compact design suits slim premium phones while preserving detail for zoomed or cropped outputs.^[23] Finally, the 2024 ISOCELL HP9 targets telephoto applications with its 200MP, 1/1.4-inch format and 0.56μm pixels, featuring Tetra²pixel binning for enhanced low-light performance at an effective 2.24μm binned size. It integrates support for electronic image stabilization (EIS) in high-frame-rate modes, including 4K@120fps and 8K@30fps, enabling steady zoomed footage. As the first 200MP telephoto sensor, the HP9 excels in distant subject capture with minimal quality degradation.^[58]

Mid-Range and Specialized Models

Mid-range ISOCELL sensors typically feature resolutions between 12MP and 64MP, balancing performance and cost for smartphones in the $300–$600 price segment. These models prioritize efficient pixel technologies like Tetrapixel binning for improved low-light sensitivity without the complexity of ultra-high-resolution arrays. For instance, the ISOCELL JN1, with a 50MP resolution, 0.64μm pixel size, and 1/2.76-inch optical format, enables compact integration in mid-range devices while supporting 4K video at 60fps and inter-scene HDR for seamless exposure transitions.^[37] Another representative mid-range sensor is the ISOCELL GM5, a 48MP model with 0.8μm pixels and Super Phase Detection (PD) autofocus, designed for quick subject capture in everyday scenarios. It employs Tetracell technology to merge four pixels into one effective 12MP output in low light, enhancing dynamic range via Smart WDR. This sensor is commonly deployed in budget-to-mid-tier handsets for its power efficiency and reliable 1080p video recording.^[59] The ISOCELL Slim 3T2 stands out for ultra-slim designs in mid-range phones, offering 20MP resolution with 0.8μm pixels in a compact module suitable for full-screen displays. Its triple-stacked architecture reduces module thickness to under 5mm, facilitating thinner devices without sacrificing front- or rear-camera performance.^[60] Specialized ISOCELL models extend beyond standard main cameras, targeting applications like telephoto, ultra-wide, and depth sensing. Recent additions include the 2024 ISOCELL GNJ, a 50MP sensor with 0.7μm pixels in a 1/1.57-inch format, supporting 2x in-sensor zoom and Super QPD autofocus for versatile main camera use in premium mid-range devices, and the ISOCELL JN5, a 50MP model with 0.7μm pixels in a 1/2.76-inch format optimized for compact modules with always-on targeting and rapid focusing.^[58] For ultra-wide lenses, the ISOCELL JN3 provides 50MP resolution with 0.7μm pixels, capturing expansive 120-degree fields of view with minimized distortion through advanced lens correction. This model enhances low-light performance via pixel binning to 12.5MP and supports rapid autofocus for dynamic scenes, as seen in devices like the Galaxy S25 Ultra (2025).^[61] Depth-specialized sensors like the ISOCELL Vizion 33D employ Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology with VGA resolution (640x480) and 940nm infrared illumination, achieving depth mapping up to 5 meters at sub-millimeter accuracy for AR effects and portrait mode bokeh. Its 4-tap pixel design processes ambient light interference in real-time, supporting integration in mid-range devices for enhanced computational photography.^[49]

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[48]
ISOCELL Vizion 33D | ToF Sensor | Samsung Semiconductor Global
The ISOCELL Vizion 33D is a ToF sensor using 4-tap pixels for precise depth sensing, measuring distances up to 5m with high accuracy.Missing: visible spectrum
[49]
Samsung unveils its first image sensor for cars, signs $436 million ...
Jul 13, 2021 · The ISOCELL Auto 4AC is a 1/3.7” sensor with 1.3 MP resolution (1,280 x 960). There is an ISP embedded into the sensor. The sensor meets the AEC ...
[50]
Automotive semiconductors | Samsung Semiconductor Global
“ISOCELL Auto” is based on Samsung Electronics' ISOCELL technology, which creates high-quality images using ultra-fine pixels. By giving vehicles a better idea ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[51]
Automotive Image Sensor | ISOCELL - Samsung Semiconductor
Samsung ISOCELL Auto image sensors combine high resolution of 8.3MP with advanced high dynamic range and flicker mitigation to offer safer, more pleasant ...
[52]
Automotive LiDAR 2025 - Yole Group
Mar 30, 2025 · LiDAR market surges with 1.6M units shipped in 2024—BYD, Li Auto, and Huawei are reshaping competition with mass-market integration.Missing: ISOCELL 8MP
[53]
This is how the Samsung ISOCELL Bright HMX 108MP ... - DPReview
Dec 18, 2019 · Samsung's Tetracell Technology helps increase performance in low light by merging clusters of four pixels into single pixels, combining the ...
[54]
Samsung Brings Advanced Ultra-Fine Pixel Technologies to New ...
Sep 2, 2021 · * Samsung first announced its ISOCELL technology in 2013, which reduces color crosstalk between pixels by placing a physical barrier, allowing ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[55]
ISOCELL HP2 | Mobile Image Sensor - Samsung Semiconductor
Enhanced low light autofocus with Super QPD enables fast and accurate imaging to capture movement, even in a 1 lux environment such as a room lit by a single ...Missing: SNR | Show results with:SNR
[56]
ISOCELL HP3 | Mobile Image Sensor - Samsung Semiconductor
It has both single-frame based Smart-ISO Pro and multi-frame based Staggered HDR to choose the optimal HDR mode. The 14-bit color depth creates pictures that ...
[57]
Samsung Unveils Versatile Image Sensors for Superior Smartphone ...
Jun 26, 2024 · The ISOCELL HP9 features 200 million 0.56-micrometer (μm) pixels in a 1/1.4-inch optical format. With its proprietary high-refractive microlens ...
[58]
ISOCELL GM5 | Mobile Image Sensor - Samsung Semiconductor
ISOCELL GM5 shoots 48 million pixels with a size of 0.7㎛ pixel size, and autofocus technology allows you to capture subjects quickly and clearly.Missing: 3M5 | Show results with:3M5
[59]
Samsung Introduces New Ultra-Slim 20Mp ISOCELL Image Sensor ...
The 0.8μm-pixel ISOCELL Slim 3T2 delivers 20-megapixel (Mp) resolution for both front and back cameras in today's sleekest mid-range smartphones.
[60]
ISOCELL HP9 | Mobile Image Sensor - Samsung Semiconductor
The ISOCELL HP9 is a 200MP sensor for telephoto, with 4x in-sensor zoom, 12x with telephoto, improved SNR, and AI for faster processing.
[61]
Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra to have upgraded ultrawide camera only
Sep 9, 2024 · According to him, the S25 Ultra will have a 50 MP ultrawide using the Samsung ISOCELL JN3 sensor, with 0.7um pixel size. ... model itself ...