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Indian Deep Space Network

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) is a specialized ground infrastructure comprising large radio antennas, communication systems, and control centers operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) through its Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), primarily designed to enable telemetry, tracking, command, and data acquisition for interplanetary spacecraft venturing beyond low Earth orbit. Established to support India's growing portfolio of deep space explorations, the IDSN facilitates real-time communication with distant probes by receiving weak signals and transmitting commands over vast distances, incorporating advanced technologies such as cryogenically cooled low-noise amplifiers and hydrogen maser atomic clocks for high-precision operations. The network's core facility is situated at Byalalu village, approximately 40 km southwest of in , on an earthquake-resistant site spanning about 100 acres, and was commissioned in 2008 specifically for the lunar mission, marking India's entry into deep space tracking capabilities. Key assets include the flagship 32-meter diameter fully steerable S/X-band (DSN-32), indigenously developed by for high-gain deep space links with tracking accuracy of 0.1 milli-degrees per second; a 18-meter S-band for additional support; and an 11-meter S/X-band for Earth-orbiting scientific payloads. In recent years, enhancements such as the "Tarang" 18-meter have been integrated to bolster capacity for ongoing and future missions. Since its inception, the IDSN has been pivotal in the success of landmark ISRO endeavors, including the lunar orbiter (2008), (2013), astrophysics observatory (2015), (2019), lunar landing (2023), and solar mission (2023), where it provided critical orbit-raising support, health monitoring, and scientific data downlink in collaboration with international partners like ESA and when needed. The network also hosts the Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) on-site for archiving and disseminating data, ensuring long-term scientific utilization while preparing for ambitious future ventures like the Shukrayaan orbiter, approved in January 2025, and planned elements.

Overview

Purpose and Role

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) is a specialized network of large antennas and ground stations operated by the () to enable tracking, , and command operations for interplanetary spacecraft venturing beyond . This infrastructure supports 's deep space endeavors by maintaining reliable contact with distant probes, ensuring mission control and data acquisition in environments where conventional near-Earth networks fall short due to signal weakness. At its core, the IDSN facilitates between ground stations and , including the transmission of commands for orbit adjustments and instrument activation, as well as the reception of scientific and payload data. It performs essential ranging to determine distance and Doppler measurements to assess velocity, while relaying vast amounts of data back to —critical for missions involving high signal attenuation over millions of kilometers. These functions rely on high-gain antennas to amplify faint signals, distinguishing the IDSN's role from ISRO's near-Earth tracking systems. The network adheres to standards established by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), promoting interoperability with global space agencies and enabling potential cross-support during joint missions. Operations primarily utilize the S-band (2–4 GHz) and X-band (8–12 GHz) frequency ranges for uplink and downlink, with modulation schemes such as binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) to optimize data integrity and efficiency in deep space conditions. Integrated within ISRO's overarching Telemetry, Tracking and Command (ISTRAC), the IDSN extends the agency's segment capabilities specifically for deep , complementing but separate from facilities designed for low-orbit satellites. This integration allows seamless coordination across ISRO's mission portfolio, from lunar explorations to interplanetary voyages.

Establishment and Location

The Indian Deep Space (IDSN) was established by the Indian Space Research Organisation () to support deep missions, particularly in anticipation of the lunar probe. Construction began in 2007, with land acquisition in the Byalalu area to facilitate the setup of essential infrastructure for tracking and communication with distant spacecraft. The facility was officially inaugurated on 17 October 2008 by , the then-chairman of ISRO, just days before the launch of on 22 October 2008. The primary hub of the IDSN is located at Byalalu village in , , approximately 40 km northwest of . This site, at coordinates 12.901767°N, 77.36819°E, was selected for its saucer-shaped terrain, which naturally shields against from urban sources like mobile towers and other communication devices, ensuring clear signal reception for deep space operations. The relatively elevated and rural positioning further minimizes electromagnetic noise, making it ideal for sensitive antenna systems. Initial development of the IDSN was led by , who served as the director of ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network) and acted as the project director for the construction of the primary 32-meter antenna. The setup included basic infrastructure such as power systems, control rooms, and connectivity links, with an allocated budget of approximately ₹100 crore (about $20 million at the time) as part of the broader mission funding. This proximity to Bengaluru enabled seamless integration with 's headquarters and ISTRAC's Network Control Centre, facilitating coordinated operations from the outset.

History

Development and Inauguration

The development of the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) was conceptualized in the early as part of the Indian Space Research Organisation's () strategic push to establish independent deep space communication and tracking capabilities. This effort was directly spurred by preparations for , India's inaugural lunar mission, which received government approval in November 2003 and necessitated a dedicated ground infrastructure for handling signals from distances beyond . Construction of the IDSN facility at Byalalu commenced in the mid-2000s under the oversight of ISRO's , Tracking and Command (ISTRAC), with emphasizing minimal to create a protected quiet zone essential for deep space . The project, executed primarily through expertise, involved collaboration among the (ECIL) for design and commissioning, the (BARC), ISTRAC, and the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC). Key phases encompassed foundation work and structural assembly around 2007, followed by system integration and testing in 2008 to align with Chandrayaan-1's impending launch. The total cost was approximately Rs 65 , achieved in record time through coordinated domestic efforts. Challenges during development included securing imported specialized components amid international supply constraints and rigorously enforcing the radio frequency quiet zone to prevent urban encroachment or that could compromise antenna performance. The initial operational team was primarily composed of experts from ISTRAC, supplemented by influences from global standards to ensure with international networks. The IDSN was inaugurated on October 17, 2008, at the Byalalu site by Chairman , in the presence of senior officials. This event symbolized India's induction into the select cadre of nations possessing sovereign deep space tracking infrastructure, akin to NASA's Deep Space Network and the Space Agency's , enabling autonomous support for interplanetary endeavors starting with Chandrayaan-1's launch five days later.

Key Expansions and Milestones

Following its inauguration, the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) underwent significant expansions to enhance its capabilities for both deep space and regional navigation missions. On May 28, 2013, the Navigation Centre () was activated at the Byalalu complex, integrating high-stability atomic clocks and dedicated infrastructure to support the (IRNSS), later known as NavIC. This addition marked a pivotal shift, broadening IDSN's role from interplanetary tracking to precise services, including time and for regional positioning accuracy up to 20 meters. In 2021, commissioned the Tarang 18-meter antenna at the Byalalu complex to support X-band and command operations, enhancing the network's capacity for deep space missions. Key operational milestones underscored IDSN's reliability in the late 2000s and 2010s. The network successfully tracked India's lunar orbiter for its entire 312-day operational duration from October 2008 to August 2009, providing continuous , command uplinks, and data downlink using the 32-meter antenna to relay over 95% of the mission's scientific objectives despite orbital challenges at 384,000 km. Similarly, during the (MOM) in 2013–2014, IDSN's 32-meter antenna executed critical command uplinks for the spacecraft's Mars orbit insertion on September 24, 2014, enabling real-time monitoring and trajectory corrections over 225 million km, contributing to India's first successful interplanetary insertion on the initial attempt. In recent years, IDSN has integrated seamlessly with advanced lunar and solar missions while incorporating software enhancements for improved performance. For in 2023, the network provided essential communication links for the propulsion module, lander, and rover, facilitating tracking from launch on July 14 through soft landing on August 23 and subsequent operations. , launched on September 2, 2023, relied on IDSN for trajectory maneuvers and en route to the Sun-Earth L1 point, with the 32-meter antenna supporting halo orbit insertion by January 6, 2024. These developments have also fostered international ties, including a planned team-up with NASA's IMAP mission to correlate observations for studies.

Facilities and Infrastructure

Antenna Systems

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) features four primary systems designed for high-precision tracking and communication with deep space probes: a 32-meter , two 18-meter (including the recent "Tarang" addition), and an 11-meter , all located at the Byalalu campus near . These utilize parabolic reflectors with S-band and X-band feeds to enable reliable uplink commands and downlink in the challenging environment of deep space signals. The 32-meter antenna employs a wheel-and-track mount for stable operation and a beam waveguide design that enhances gain magnification through a two-stage feed system, supporting S-band and X-band operations. It achieves (G/T) values of 37.5 dB/K for S-band and 51 dB/K for X-band at 45° elevation under clear sky conditions, with uplink capabilities up to 20 kW in S-band and 2.5 kW in X-band. This configuration allows simultaneous reception of right-circular polarization (RCP) and left-circular polarization (LCP) signals, along with two S-band and one X-band carrier, ensuring robust performance for long-duration missions. The 18-meter antenna is fully steerable with a dual-feed dish, optimized for S-band uplink at 2 kW and simultaneous S-band and X-band downlink. Its G/T specifications are 30 dB/K for S-band and 39.5 dB/K for X-band at 45° in clear skies, enabling the handling of two S-band downlink carriers and one X-band carrier concurrently for efficient multi-signal operations. This setup supports RCP or LCP for uplink, providing flexibility in . The additional "Tarang" 18-meter antenna, integrated in 2023, enhances X-band and command capabilities to support future deep space missions. The 11-meter antenna supports tracking and data reception for Earth-orbiting scientific payloads, such as the mission. It operates in S/X-band and is integrated into the IDSN complex for seamless mission support. Across all antennas, monopulse tracking systems ensure precision pointing with errors below 0.01 degrees, while cryogenic low-noise amplifiers enhance receiver sensitivity by minimizing thermal noise in X-band operations. These features, combined with adherence to Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards, allow the IDSN antennas to maintain high-fidelity links over vast distances.

Support Systems and Connectivity

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu relies on robust connectivity infrastructure to ensure seamless real-time control and data transfer with the Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Network Control Centre (NCC) in , approximately 45 km away. This includes dedicated optic links and high-performance satellite communications, enabling low-latency transmission essential for mission operations. These links facilitate the handover of , tracking, and command () data, supporting efficient integration with 's broader ground segment, including the at for post-launch transitions. Terrestrial optic connections further enhance reliability by providing redundant pathways for high-bandwidth data flows in S-band and X-band frequencies. Precise synchronization is maintained through high-stability active atomic clocks, which serve as the primary frequency references for all IDSN antennas. These clocks achieve exceptional frequency stability, with an Allan deviation of less than 3 × 10^{-15} at 1000 s integration time, enabling accurate Doppler measurements and ranging for deep space tracking. The timing supports short-term stability critical for real-time operations, complemented by atomic frequency standards for additional redundancy. This infrastructure ensures that and command generation align with standards like those from the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). Power systems at the IDSN are designed for 100% operational uptime, featuring uninterruptible supplies () and backup generators to mitigate outages during extended mission support. RF amplification chains, including amplifiers (TWTA), boost uplink signals to the required levels, up to 20 kW in S-band and 2.5 kW in X-band for the 32 m antenna, ensuring reliable command transmission over vast distances. The entire facility supports remote operations from the NCC in , incorporating automated scheduling for antenna usage and integrated fault detection systems for proactive monitoring and rapid response to anomalies.

Operations

Tracking and Telemetry Functions

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) facilitates spacecraft acquisition and tracking through its fully steerable 18-meter and 32-meter antennas, which employ monopulse tracking feeds to generate error signals for precise antenna pointing and signal lock maintenance. These systems utilize predictive algorithms based on spacecraft ephemeris data to anticipate positions, enabling reliable acquisition during initial contact and sustained tracking even amid orbital maneuvers such as thrust firings or attitude adjustments. The monopulse technique derives angular errors from the phase and amplitude differences in received signals, allowing the antennas to adjust pointing with milli-degree accuracy (15-30 mdeg) to maintain signal lock in deep space environments. Telemetry downlink operations at IDSN involve receiving spacecraft signals primarily in the X-band for payload data and S-band for housekeeping telemetry, with demodulation of pulse code modulation (PCM) and phase modulation (PM) formats to extract encoded information. Error correction is achieved using forward error correction codes, including Reed-Solomon, to mitigate bit errors caused by noise and distance-induced weakening, ensuring data integrity for scientific and engineering payloads. Supported data rates reach up to 8.4 Mbps in X-band under optimal conditions, as demonstrated in missions like Chandrayaan-2, where high-volume payload telemetry is downlinked during visibility windows. Ranging and Doppler measurements form critical components of IDSN's support, with two-way ranging employing pseudonoise () modulation on the uplink signal to measure round-trip time for distance determination. This technique, integrated with () for enhanced precision, supplements traditional ranging to achieve position accuracies suitable for deep space orbit determination. Doppler tracking analyzes shifts in the received signal to compute , providing velocity resolutions on the order of millimeters per second, essential for corrections during interplanetary transfers. Uplink command transmission occurs via S-band, where mission commands are encoded, modulated, and amplified up to 20 kW before broadcasting from the 32-meter to the . Confirmation of command reception is verified through subsequent loops, monitoring responses to ensure execution fidelity. These operations rely on closed-loop to account for signal effects. Deep space specifics necessitate procedures to handle significant light-time delays, such as the 5 to 20 minutes one-way propagation to Mars, where IDSN compensates by propagating states forward in time during updates and scheduling commands in advance to align with predicted arrival. This predictive compensation, combined with refinements from ranging and Doppler data, maintains operational continuity despite the communication lag inherent to interplanetary distances. As of , IDSN operations have incorporated enhancements for missions like NISAR, improving data handling for high-resolution observations.

Data Processing and Command Capabilities

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) handles downlink data processing through its systems, which perform and formatting in accordance with Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards to ensure compatibility with international , tracking, and command () agencies. data received via S-band and X-band carriers is demodulated and processed in real-time at the Network Control Centre (NCC), where (BER) monitoring maintains signal integrity for reliable data extraction. This processing supports the extraction of spacecraft health parameters and scientific payload information, enabling seamless integration with mission operations. Command uplink generation occurs at the Mission Operations Complex (MOX), where operational instructions are prepared and verified prior to transmission through IDSN antennas. Verification involves simulations to confirm command efficacy and safety, followed by uplink via high-power S-band transmitters (up to 20 kW from the 32-m antenna) to execute maneuvers, payload activations, and system updates. Security measures, including encryption protocols aligned with CCSDS guidelines, protect command integrity during transmission to prevent unauthorized access or tampering. Processed data is archived at the Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC), co-located with IDSN facilities, following (PDS) standards for long-term storage and retrieval. Quick-look products and near-real-time science data are relayed to principal investigators, facilitating prompt analysis while full datasets undergo quality validation. Anomaly resolution leverages streams for , allowing ground teams at MOX to identify issues such as subsystem failures or orbital deviations and initiate recovery sequences. Autonomous protocols on the handle predefined contingencies, with support providing overrides as needed to restore nominal operations. IDSN integrates with mission control software to support , utilizing tracking data like , Doppler, and measurements processed via least-squares fitting methods for precise . This enables accurate navigation updates essential for deep space mission planning and execution.

Supported Missions

Lunar Missions

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) played a pivotal role in supporting , India's inaugural lunar mission launched on October 22, 2008, aboard the PSLV-C11 rocket. Developed specifically as a mission requirement prior to launch, the IDSN's 32-meter antenna at Byalalu, near , enabled continuous tracking, telemetry reception, and command transmission throughout the spacecraft's operational life of approximately 312 days, until contact was lost on August 29, 2009. The network was instrumental during the (MIP) phase on November 14, 2008, providing real-time tracking and data relay as the probe impacted the , marking India's first direct lunar surface interaction. For , launched on July 22, 2019, the IDSN has delivered ongoing support to the orbiter since its lunar orbit insertion in September 2019, facilitating high-volume scientific data downlink and orbit maintenance. The network handled telemetry during the Vikram lander's attempted soft landing on September 7, 2019, and subsequent analysis following the communication loss with the lander. By mid-2023, the orbiter had transmitted over 65 terabytes of data through the IDSN, enabling detailed mapping of the lunar surface and studies. The IDSN's contributions extended to Chandrayaan-3, launched on July 14, 2023, where it tracked the propulsion module from launch through lunar orbit insertion on August 5, 2023, in collaboration with international partners like ESA and NASA's JPL. During the successful soft landing of the Vikram lander on August 23, 2023, near the , the network provided critical real-time telemetry and command support, ensuring precise navigation and confirmation of the touchdown. Ongoing surface operations of the Pragyan rover, which lasted until September 2023, relied on IDSN for relaying scientific data from instruments analyzing composition and temperature, with over 55 gigabytes downlinked from lander and rover payloads. Supporting these missions presented technical challenges for the IDSN, particularly in lunar libration zones where the Moon's position relative to Earth limits visibility, necessitating seamless antenna handovers between the Byalalu and other global deep space facilities to maintain uninterrupted coverage. Looking ahead, the IDSN is slated to support the Chandrayaan-5 mission, a collaborative effort with JAXA under the Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) project, approved by the Government of India on March 10, 2025. The network will handle tracking and telemetry for the mission's polar orbit insertion, with a planned launch around 2028 aboard an H3 rocket, focusing on water ice exploration at the lunar south pole.

Interplanetary Missions

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) played a pivotal role in supporting the (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, India's inaugural interplanetary endeavor launched on November 5, 2013, aboard a from . IDSN facilities at Byalalu, near , provided continuous tracking, , and command operations throughout the mission's 300-day cruise phase, enabling precise for the spacecraft's successful Mars insertion on September 24, 2014. Over the subsequent eight years of operations, IDSN relayed scientific data from MOM's payloads, including high-resolution images from the Mars Color Camera that captured Martian surface features and atmospheric phenomena, contributing to studies on the planet's and patterns until the mission's end-of-life declaration in October 2022 due to power constraints. By mid-2016, IDSN had facilitated the downlink of more than 1.5 terabytes of raw data, underscoring the network's capacity for long-duration deep space communications. IDSN's involvement extended to critical trajectory management for MOM, where its high-precision ranging and Doppler tracking supported three executed mid-course correction maneuvers—on December 11, 2013, June 11, 2014, and a pre-insertion test in September 2014—after the planned April 2014 maneuver was deemed unnecessary, to refine the spacecraft's heliocentric path and ensure arrival at Mars within the narrow orbital window. These corrections, informed by IDSN's real-time orbital determination in collaboration with international networks like NASA's Deep Space Network, minimized deviations and conserved propellant for the mission's elliptical of approximately 365 km by 80,000 km. Looking ahead, IDSN is slated to support the (VOM), or Shukrayaan-1, India's first planetary probe to , tentatively scheduled for launch in March 2028 via Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II. The network will track the spacecraft during its 112-day geocentric-to-Venus transfer orbit, providing ranging data for 4-6 anticipated mid-course maneuvers akin to those for MOM, before Venus orbit insertion around July 2028. Post-insertion, IDSN will relay data from VOM's suite of 16 payloads, focusing on Venus's thick cloud layers, surface emissions, and plasma environment, despite challenges posed by the planet's extreme conditions. Interplanetary operations via IDSN face inherent difficulties, such as one-way light-time delays ranging from 4 to 20 minutes for Mars communications, which complicate real-time command responses and require autonomous onboard fault detection. For Venus missions like Shukrayaan-1, additional hurdles include low signal-to-noise ratios due to the planet's dense, sulfuric acid-laden atmosphere, which attenuates radio signals and demands enhanced error-correcting codes and larger antenna apertures for reliable data recovery. These factors highlight IDSN's evolution in handling faint, delayed signals over vast distances, ensuring mission success for extended planetary engagements.

Solar Missions

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) provides critical tracking, telemetry, and command support for , India's first space-based solar observatory mission launched on September 2, 2023, via a from the . The spacecraft, carrying seven indigenously developed payloads for studying solar dynamics including coronal heating, mass ejections, and wind acceleration, underwent multiple Earth-bound maneuvers monitored by IDSN facilities before its insertion around the Sun-Earth L1 point on January 6, 2024. Ongoing telemetry from these payloads enables continuous data downlink via high-throughput X-band communications, facilitating real-time analysis of solar phenomena from approximately 1.5 million kilometers away. IDSN's role extends to halo orbit maintenance, where gravitational perturbations necessitate periodic station-keeping maneuvers roughly every three months to preserve the spacecraft's stable position and Sun-pointing orientation. As of late 2024, maneuvers occurred on February 22, June 7, and November 17, 2024, with additional ones in 2025, utilizing precise derived from IDSN's ranging and Doppler tracking data to execute thruster firings with minimal delta-V adjustments. This ensures the observatory's long-term stability, with the orbit demonstrating resilience since insertion, supporting uninterrupted observations critical for time-sensitive solar events. Key challenges in IDSN operations for include sustaining continuous visibility and tracking from ground stations, as the demands perpetual Sun-pointing to avoid by or , while handling variable signal conditions over the L1 distance. The network has managed substantial scientific data flows, exemplified by the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope generating up to 42 GB of uncompressed data daily before , contributing to cumulative volumes in the tens of terabytes by late 2025 for advancing coronal studies. International collaboration enhanced early mission phases, with the European Space Agency's deep-space antennas providing supplementary TT&C support during launch and transfer , transitioning primary operations to IDSN thereafter. Looking forward, IDSN is positioned to underpin future Indian solar missions, leveraging lessons from to enable more advanced observations in the Earth-Sun vicinity.

Future Developments

Upcoming Supported Missions

The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) is poised to play a pivotal role in ISRO's (VOM), scheduled for launch on March 29, 2028 aboard the LVM-3 from . The mission involves a 112-day interplanetary transit to , culminating in orbiter insertion on July 19, 2028, with IDSN's 32-meter DSN32 antenna at Byalalu providing critical tracking, , command (), and relay of scientific data from 19 payloads focused on Venusian atmospheric studies, including composition, dynamics, and surface features. This support will enable real-time monitoring during the transit and orbital operations, addressing the challenges of high-temperature and corrosive Venusian conditions through precise navigation and data downlink at enhanced rates. A national science meet on the mission was organized by on October 29-30, 2025. IDSN will also support the joint Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) mission, a collaborative effort with JAXA targeting a 2027-2028 launch via Japan's H3 rocket to explore the Moon's south polar region for water ice deposits. ISRO will furnish the precision lander for deploying JAXA's 350 kg rover near potential water ice sites, while IDSN antennas will handle landing trajectory tracking, rover mobility commands, and relay of subsurface drilling and spectroscopic data to assess lunar resource viability for future human exploration. Preparations include ongoing technical interface meetings and hardware design phases, with international agreements ensuring coordinated ground support for the mission's emphasis on polar volatiles and terrain mapping. Beyond these, IDSN anticipates involvement in extended phases of missions like NISAR's Earth-Moon calibration activities concluding in 2025-2026 (with the satellite declared operational on November 7, 2025), alongside exploratory concepts for sample returns in the , though specifics remain under development. Future operations face challenges such as accommodating higher data rates—potentially up to several Mbps for multi-payload relays—and coordinating simultaneous tracking for multiple , necessitating advanced X-band capabilities and software simulations for over vast distances. By November 2025, IDSN preparations encompass enhanced simulations for transit dynamics and bilateral agreements with partners like and to mitigate these issues.

Planned Network Enhancements

To support ISRO's seven major missions by March 2026 (as of November 2025), including commercial efforts and key scientific endeavors like the , the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) is expected to receive upgrades to handle increased data volumes and tracking demands. Ongoing research into signal processing aims to improve deep space communication efficiency, potentially incorporating advanced techniques for better signal detection and throughput. ISRO's sustainability efforts for ground infrastructure align with the Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) 2024, released on May 29, 2025, emphasizing debris mitigation protocols to ensure long-term operational reliability, with a goal of debris-free missions by 2030. These enhancements are backed by a budget allocation of 6,103 for capital outlay in 2025-26, supporting infrastructure evolution under ISRO's broader 2025-2030 roadmap for expanded networks.

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